B-Modes and TES Polarimeters

Hsiao-Mei (Sherry) Cho National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA

Thursday June 27th, 2013 LTD15, Pasadena, CA Outline

Part I: Current CMB polarimeter systems ● Science ● How to measure B-modes? ● Near future CMB polarimeter systems

Part II: Next-generation feedhorn-coupled CMB polarimetry ● On-chip detection over a multi-octave bandwidth design ● Program directions Acknowledgements

TES Polarimeter Projects Multi-Octave collaborations

● ABS ● University of Michigan ● ACTPol ● NIST-Boulder ● BICEP 2/Keck array/BICEP3 ● CLASS ● LiteBIRD* ● EBEX Special Thanks ● PIPER ● POLARBEAR I/II Dr. Kent Irwin ● SPIDER Dr. Jeff McMahon ● SPTpol /3G Dr. Brad Benson Dr. Mike Niemack Goal

Searching for inflationary B-mode polarization signal in CMB

Direct probe of inflation Detection of the cosmic gravity wave (g-wave) background would probe the inflationary era (10-35 s?) “De-lens” to improve inflationary gravity wave search sensitivity E-Modes and B-Modes Polarization maps broken into mathematical basis sets

Density waves: “divergence”, Unique gravity wave but no “curl” signature: “curl” mode

● Similar to the fundamental theorem of vector calculus (Helmholtz theorem), but for a tensor field ● Measuring B mode polarization is a very clean way to probe gravity waves in inflation Primordial gravitational waves and B-modes

EE Approx EE/BB foreground

BB G-waves r=0.3 decay once inside the horizon.

Reionization peak B modes from lensing of E modes (not (zr=10) Horizon size at primordial). decoupling (zdec=1089) Measurements before TESs Decision, decision and decisions 1. Optics Off axis Gregorian, Crossed- Dragone or Refractor

2. Polarization modulation TES polarimeter projects: HWP or VPM ABS ACTPol 3. Beam forming BICEP 2/Keck array/BICEP3 Feeds, Lenses, or Phased-arrays CLASS EBEX EBEX6K 4. Multichroic LiteBIRD* 90/150GHz or 90/150/220GHz PIPER POLARBEAR I/II 5. Readout Simons array TDM or FDM SPIDER SPTpol SPT-3G Off axis Gregorian: POLARBEAR-1

Sky Huan Tran Telescope

Primary Primary

Secondary Receiver

Secondary Receiver Crossed-Dragone: Atacama B-Mode Search (ABS)

Cold (~4 K) crossed-Dragone optics with ~60 cm diameter mirrors and an aperture diameter of ~25 cm

60 cm Refractor: SPIDER Suborbital Polarimeter for Inflation Dust and the Epoch of Reionization

Spider Instrument Insert (one of six) Half-Wave Plate (HWP): The E and B Experiment (EBEX)

● Continuous 1.24 Hz rotation at 4 K 150 150 ● 1,000,000 rotations during 2012 flight 250 ● 15 mWatt power dissipation 250 410

150 5 mm gap Variable-Delay Polarization Modulator (VPM): Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) Variable-Delay Polarization Modulator (VPM): Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) Feedhorn-Coupled: SPTPol 95 GHz 150 GHz

Contoured feed horn; maintains polarization angle Detector in waveguide section with ࣅ/4 backshort

Crossed absorbers

6 cm 1 cm Lens Coupled & Multichroic: POLARBEAR-2

Incident light AR coated lens

Si lens 90/150 GHz

Planar Detector antenna wafer Phased Array: BICEP2/Keck Array/BICEP3/SPIDER Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (BICEP) Multichroic: ACTPOL A polarization sensitive receiver for the 6- meter Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT)

90/150 GHz Feed array wafers Time-Division Multiplexer (TDM): Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER)

1,280-pixel SQUID Multiplexer Frequency Domain Multiplexer (FDM): POLARBEAR-1 R1 Bias comb L1 L2 L3 Ln ΣVi(fi) RB C1 C2 C3 Cn

RS RS RS RS Nulling comb R R 2 I1 fb Σ-Vi(fi) L&Cs I2

SQUIDs Demodulator Updates Atacama B-Mode Search (ABS) Currently in second year of observation

Princeton, Johns Hopkins, NIST, UBC, U. Chile ACTPOL

Currently on the telescope! 150 GHz array (PA1) BICEP2 (2010-12)/Keck Array (2011- )/BICEP3 (2014- ) Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (BICEP)

BICEP MOUNT

EXISTING DASI MOUNT BICEP MOUNT CLASS Status Deploying telescopes 2014-2015

Polarbear ACT/ABS

CLASS The E and B Experiment (EBEX)

12 days of data collected in 1/2013 and are being analyzed

150 150

250 250 410

150 150

30 cm PIPER

Plan to fly in 2015! POLARBEAR-1 APC, Cardiff , C.U. Boulder, Dalhousie, Imperial, IPMU, KEK, LBNL, McGill, UC Berkeley, UCSD E-mode polarization Observing since 2012

1 year of data -- CMB Polarization Map today ~15x deeper than Planck POLARBEAR-2

Plan to deploy 2014

250 mK 350 mK 4 K 300 K modulator Digital demodulat

Vbias

Lin o SPIDER Suborbital Polarimeter for Inflation Dust and the Epoch of Reionization

● Currently, Spider is in the field, at the CSBF facility in Palestine, TX, with five of her 6 telescopes installed. ● Will launch this fall, probably in the air around Christmas (depending on, among other things, the winds). The goal is to get a 24 day flight (two trips). SPTPol

2012 to mid-2013: Observed 100 deg2 SPTpol “deep” field

2013-2015: Observe 500 deg2 KECK field and “de-lens” large scales to constrain primordial gravity waves from inflation

150GHz

95GHz Near Future Projects

● EBEX6K: 90/150/220 GHz, FDM, 2016, ? ● Simons array: 3 x Polarbear2, FDM, 2016 ● SPT-3G: 100/150/220 GHz, FDM, 2016 ● LiteBIRD*: Lite (Light) Satellite for the Studies of B-mode Polarization and Inflation from Cosmic Background Radiation Detection, 60/78/100GHz and 140/195/280GHz, FDM, 2020 Next-generation feedhorn-coupled CMB polarimetry (nearly) Multi-Octave Horn Coupled Architecture

Prototype feed Ring Loaded (cross-section) Corrugated Feed

Round to Quad- Ridge Transition

cross-section of Prototype quad-ridge Quad Transition waveguide OMT Design Next Steps –Microwave SQUID Multiplexer

feedline Single channel detail

rf-SQUID

resonator

Microwave SQUID Multiplexer chip

● Read out 100s – 1000s of TESs with 6 lines (2 coax, 2 flux ramp, 2 TES bias) ● First on sky demo Mustang1.5 on GBT anticipated fall 2013 Take Home Messages

● Every system is complicated ● Many talks and posters on CMB today ● Stay tuned! Many more results are coming!! ● Multichroic detectors are welcome ● Multiplexer readout are needed

Thank local organizing committee!! ☺ TES polarimeter projects

On-going observation Will deploy in 2013-2014 Will deploy 2015-2020 ABS BICEP3 EBEX6K (balloon)? ACTPol CLASS LiteBIRD*(Satellite) BICEP 2 POLARBEAR II PIPER(ballon) EBEX (balloon) SPIDER Simons array Keck array SPT-3G POLARBEAR SPTpol