Solid Waste Management in the World's Cities
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Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities Pre-publication presentation This is a pre-publication presentation of the forthcoming UN-HABITAT report: “Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities” Prepared on behalf of UN-HABITAT by: WASTE, Advisers on urban environment and development, Gouda, the Netherlands. (www.waste.nl) Edited by: David C. Wilson, [email protected], www.davidcwilson.com Anne Scheinberg, [email protected], www.waste.nl Ljiljana Rodic-Wiersma, [email protected] Co-written by a team of international experts including the editors and: Lilia Casanova, Philippines Sonia Dias, Brazil Sanjay K. Gupta, India Michael H. Simpson, USA Portia M. Sinnott, USA Reka Soos, Romania Andrew Whiteman, Bulgaria With support from: UN-HABITAT: Graham Alabaster, Gora Mboup, Philip Mukungu, Paul Onyango, Grace Wanjiru City profiles: Lizette Cardenas, Alodia Ishengoma Researchers: Kossara Bozhilova-Kisheva, Ivo Haenen, Irmanda Handayani, Arnold van de Klundert Other contributions: Jarrod Ball; Stephen Bates; Lilliana Abarca; Peter Faircloth, Tariq bin Yusuf; Manus Coffey Layout and graphics: Daniel Vilnersson, UN-HABITAT (layout), Verele de Vreede, WASTE, using materials (co-) developed by EnviroComms UK; WASTE and VNG International, the Netherlands Cover photo: Plastic collection with metal hooks by SHE team in Siddhipur. © Bhushan Tuladhar DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of material in this report do not imply of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis conclusions and recommendations of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or its Governing Council. Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 2009. All rights reserved United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) P.O. Box 30030, Nairobi 00100, Kenya Tel +254 v v 762 3120 Fax +254 20 762 3477 www.unhabitat.org Printed by: UNON Print Shop, Nairobi, 2009 Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities Pre-publication presentation Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities – Pre-publication presentation Contents A Note for Decision-makers. 1 Adapting technologies to local conditions. 23 Three Key System Elements in ISWM. 2 Reducing GHG emissions. 24 Public health (collection). 2 2.3 Resource Management (valorisation of Environmental protection (waste treatment recyclables and organic materials). 25 and disposal) . 3 Issues. 25 Resource management (valorisation of Approaches and good practice solutions. 26 recyclables and organic materials) . 3 Reduce and Reuse. 26 Three ISWM Delivery Strategies . 4 Recycle. 27 Inclusivity. 4 Organic waste valorisation . 28 Financial sustainability. 5 Sound policies and institutions . 5 3 Three ISWM delivery strategies . 30 Concluding remarks. .6 3.1 Inclusivity. 30 Issues. 30 1 Setting the scene. 7 Approaches and good practice solutions. 32 1.1 Introducing this book. 7 The solid waste ‘platform’. 32 1.2 The scale of the solid waste problem. 7 Participatory planning . 33 What is municipal solid waste?. 7 Siting facilities. 34 How much municipal solid waste?. .8 The informal sector as key stakeholders. 34 1.3 Historical perspectives. .9 3.2 Financial Sustainability. 36 Development Drivers in Solid Waste. .9 Issues. 36 Modernisation of Solid Waste in OECD Approaches and good practice solutions. 37 Countries. 10 Analysing costs. 37 1.4 The solid waste challenge in developing Raising revenues. 38 and transitional country cities . 11 Living within your means . 39 Why is solid waste a priority?. 11 Carbon Financing. 40 Solid waste and the MDGs. 12 Extended producer responsibility. 42 1.5 Sustainability in solid wastemanagement 3.3 Sound institutions & governance . 42 is possible. 13 Issues. 42 The ISWM framework. 13 Approaches and good practice solutions. 43 Think outside the box . 14 National Policy Framework . 43 1.6 Structure of this book . 15 Institutions and management. 43 Inter-municipal Cooperation . 44 2 Three Key System Elements in ISWM . 16 PPPs and 5-Ps: Public Private Partnerships 2.1 Public Health (Waste collection). 16 and Pro-poor PPPs . 44 Issues. 16 Professional competence and international Approaches and good practice solutions. 17 networking. 45 A ‘good’ collection service?. 17 Improving cost-effectiveness and service 4 Conclusions . 47 coverage. 18 Keeping the streets clean and drains clear. 18 Annex 1 Glossary of terms. 48 Engaging the users and creating effective channels of communication. 19 Annex 2 References, Sources and Additional 2.2 Environmental Protection (waste Reading. 53 treatment & disposal). 20 Issues. 20 Annex 3 City Profiles . 57 Approaches and good practice solutions. 21 Moshi, Tanzania. 57 Phasing out or upgrading open dumps. 21 Quezon City, Philippines . 63 Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities – Pre-publication presentation A Note for Decision-makers A solid waste crisis can significantly undermine the cred- ibility of a city government. Solid waste is embarrassing and difficult to discuss, so policy-making and political discussions have to deal with an array of taboos that trou- ble the process of arriving at a transparent political vision and concrete, achievable goals. And yet managing solid waste well and affordable is one of the key challenges of the 21st century, and one of the key responsibilities of a city government. It may not be the biggest vote-winner, but it has the capacity to become a full-scale crisis, and a definite vote-loser, if things go wrong. Man in front of his collected and selected carton in Serbia. A good solid waste system is like good health: if you are © WASTE lucky to have it, you don’t notice it, it is just how things are, and you take it for granted. On the other hand, if ies on six continents, that cities everywhere are making things go wrong, it is a big and urgent problem and every- progress, but also that there is plenty of room for improve- thing else seems less important. ment. The authors are interested in understanding and The urgency of the problem may tempt you to grab at sharing insights on what works and what doesn’t, under whatever is offered that sounds like a solution, particularly what circumstances, and why. if it appears to solve an urgent problem in a politically If you take just one message from this book, it should comfortable way. But if a solution seems ‘too good to be be that there are no perfect solutions, but also no absolute true’, probably it’s not true. Unfortunately, many shadowy failures: the specific technical and economic approaches figures keep popping up with a promise that they offer the that work in Denmark or Canada may not work in your one ‘right answer’, the magic bullet to slay the ‘garbage country. Seeking the perfect solution can delay improve- dragon’. ments when they are desperately needed. Much like in Instead, the reality is complex – but in its complexity most other human endeavours, also in waste management lies also its strength and resilience. In low- and middle- ‘the best is the enemy of the good’. income countries, there are usually a variety of formal and There is only one sure winning strategy, and that is to informal, public and private systems operating at one time, understand and build upon the strengths of your own city so the basis for a stable mixed system is present. What – to identify, capitalise on, nurture, and improve the most low- and middle-income cities miss is organisation, indigenous processes that are already working well. We specifically, a clear and functioning institutional frame- hope that this book will inspire you to be both creative work, a sustainable financial system, and a clear process and critical: to design your own models, to pick and mix, for pushing the modernisation agenda and improving the adopt and adapt the elements and components and system’s performance. As long as there is no overarching strategies that work in your particular circumstances. You framework, the mixture remains a cluster of disjointed sub-systems that do not function well together – or at all. This is a pre-publication short version of the book “Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities,” which will be available in early 2010. The book aims to show, through a consistent and parallel analysis of some 20 reference cit- Some recent solid waste crises 2008: waste piled up in Naples streets for months, as the local disposal sites were all full. National govern- ment intervened. 1993, 2000, 2005: major waste slides at dumpsites in Turkey, Philippines and Indonesia hit the world head- lines, killing 39, over 200 and 147 persons respectively. 1994: major outbreak of plague in Surat, India, blamed Different technologies for waste collection in one city. on uncollected solid waste blocking drains © UN-HABITAT, Jeroen IJgosse 1 Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities – Pre-publication presentation Three Key System and your citizens and stakeholders deserve the best system for your circumstances, and nothing less. If this book can Elements in ISWM contribute to that, we will have done our work well. Public health (collection) Build on the human and other capacities present in your Safe management of human excreta (sanitation) and city, including small enterprises and the informal sector. Focus on understanding and strengthening what is al- removal, treatment, and management of solid waste are ready working well. two of the most vital urban environmental services. While other essential utilities and infrastructure like energy, transport and housing often get more attention (and much This book and these notes are built around the concept more budget); failing to manage the ‘back end’ of the of integrated and sustainable (solid) waste management, materials cycle has direct impacts on health, length of life, known as ISWM.