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The Oasis of Memory THE OASIS OF MEMORY Historical memory This summary was written with the difficult goal of condensing the report titled “The oasis of memory”, the complete version of which and human rights violations contains over 1000 pages in two volumes. The report includes an analysis of human rights violations in the Western Sahara since 1975 in the Western Sahara based on interviews and testimonies gathered from 261 victims. It also analyzes the impact on individual people, families and women, Carlos Martín Beristain the forms of resistance of the victims, and, finally, the demands for Eloísa González Hidalgo truth, justice and reparation for victims as well as the responses from the state of Morocco. ummary S Summary As Nobel Peace Prize winner Adolfo Perez Esquivel points out, “In the research work that summarizes the ‘The oasis of memory’ report, Dr. Carlos M. Beristain tries to recover both the Historical Memory and the human rights situation in the Western Sahara, developing an approach that follows the methodology of the Truth Commissions in which he has participated, and combining the psychosocial approach that he contributed to the REMHI Commission in Guatemala, with the importance of gathering direct information and experiences from victims”. The value of memory is in the transformation of life. This report is dedicated to Sahrawi victims and survivors who have made it possible with their courage and generosity. Carlos Martín Beristain MD, is a physician and Doctor of Social Psychology. He has worked for 24 years in Latin America and in the Basque Country with human rights organizations and victims of violence. He was the coordinator of the Guatemala: Nunca Más report, and has Sahara HistoricalWestern memory and human rights violations in the worked as a consultant in Truth Commissions in Peru, Paraguay and Ecuador. He has conducted several surveys for the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and has been a consultant for the International Criminal Court in several African countries. Eloisa Gonzalez Hidalgo has a PhD degree in International Law from the Carlos III University in Madrid. She has conducted research in the University of Essex (United Kingdom), the University of Ottawa (Canada) and in the University of Deusto (Basque Country). She has worked with various NGOs on human rights-related issues in Algeria, Colombia and Mexico. THE OASIS OF MEMORY OF MEMORY THE OASIS THE OASIS OF MEMORY Historical memory and human rights violations in the Western Sahara Carlos Martín Beristain Eloísa González Hidalgo SUmmary Project funded by: Aieteko Jauregia -Aiete Pasealekua, 65-2 20009 Donostia -San Sebastián www.euskalfondoa.org Edita: www.hegoa.ehu.es UPV/EHU Edificio Zubiria Etxea Avenida Lehendakari Agirre, 81 • 48015 Bilbao Tel.: 94 601 70 91 • Fax: 94 601 70 40 [email protected] UPV/EHU Edificio Carlos Santamaría Plaza Elhuyar, 2 • 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Tel.: 943 01 74 64 • Fax: 94 601 70 40 [email protected] UPV/EHU Biblioteca del Campus, Apartado 138 Nieves Cano, 33 • 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz Tel.: 945 01 42 87 • Fax: 945 01 42 87 [email protected] Being imprisoned and forced into keeping silence at all times, we would use a thread from our melhfas (Sahrawi women’s hijabs) to write our names, identify ourselves and communicate with each other ... Testimonial drawing. Alonso Gil. Pen on paper. 25 x 19 cm. Laayoune. Western Sahara. 2012 Printing Press: Lankopi, Inc. Layout and design: Marra, SL Legal Deposit: BI-2136-2012 ISBN: 978-84-89916-73-9 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License (Spain) This work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License (Spain). Under this license, you are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work under the following conditions: You must attribute the work to its authors, you may not use this work for commercial purposes and you may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. To see a copy of this license, visit Acknowledgements and Dedication. This report has been possible only thanks to the collaboration of the Sa- hrawi organizations and individuals who have supported this research by providing their contacts, practical support and experiences: - Asociación de Familiares de los Presos y Desaparecidos Saharauis (The Association of Families of Saharawi Prisoners and Disappeared Persons - AFAPREDESA). - Asociación Saharaui de Víctimas de violaciones graves de Derechos Humanos (The Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Human Rights Violations - ASVDH). - Colectivo de Defensores de Derechos Humanos Saharauis (The Saharawi Human Rights Defenders Group - CODESA). We wish to thank each of the people interviewed, for their availability and the confidence with which they have shared their stories and suffe- rings, their resistance to horror, and their hope. This report is dedicated to all victims of human rights violations in the Western Sahara. To those who have shared their testimonies and courage to tell their stories in an environment of control, fear and forgetfulness. To all those victims it has not been possible to reach in this study, but whose experience is also reflected in these pages. To those who are gone, who died in the bombings or secret detention centres, which were left be- hind in the mass graves and to the disappeared, whose names and stories we have seen in the story of their relatives and witnesses, to those who do not even have a name and who are a part of this process and of the significance of this shared memory. Legal Team: Gabriella Citrioni and Alejandro Valencia. Support Team: Iker Zirion, María López Belloso, Maitane Arnoso, Mohamed Ahmed Laabeid, Concepción Onaindia, Sergio Bollain, Elena Pollan, Taleb Bouya Mayara. English Translation by Andrés Krakenberger Summary Contents Volume I Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Presentation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Research methodology ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Researching on human rights violations and the experience of the victims in the Western Sahara Number and type of testimonies Human Rights Violations Selection, access to victims and interviews Researched period Representation, human rights violations typology Case studies Revision of secondary sources Testimonies and primary sources Training of the interviewing teams Support from local organisations Aspects that were taken into account during the research Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27 A transition and peace process for Western Sahara The mandate to verify the human rights situation No equity or reconciliation Making the people in the refugee camps invisible Territory and natural resources Understanding past history Intensity and depth of violence Failure to break with the past: continuity of perpetrators There can be no transition without change No peace process whatsoever: neither from the top downwards nor from the bottom upwards A gender dimension The many faces of victims The experience of different groups of the Saharan population The role of human rights organizations and victims 5 The oasis of memory Chapter 1. Chronology ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 2. The impact of terror ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 The use of fear in human rights violations Chapter 3. Bombing against civilians ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Indiscriminate attacks on civilians The case of the bombing of Um Dreiga Bombing in Guelta, Amgala and Tifariti Chapter 4. Plunder and forced displacement in the desert ............................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 5. Mass graves in Lemsayed .............................................................................................................................................................................................
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