Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 19(1A): 158-192, Jan./Mar. 2009 Received 30 December 2008; Accepted 1 March 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity

Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho*, Layanna C. F. de Sousa, Anna Cláudia de A. Tomaz, Leônia M. Batista, Margareth de Fátima F. M. Diniz, Petrônio F. Athayde-Filho, Josean Fechine Tavares, Marcelo S. Silva, Emídio Vasconcelos L. da Cunha

Revisão Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Caixa Postal 5009, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil

RESUMO: “Plantas do continente Americano com atividade antimalárica”. Malária é uma doença parasitária humana causada por protozoários do gênero Plasmodium. Esta doença tem acometido populações que habitam regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Anualmente, cerca de 500 milhões de casos ocorrem no mundo, o que permite ser considerada uma doença emergente de importância para a saúde pública. Neste contexto, os produtos naturais, a exemplo das espécies vegetais, têm suas moléculas bioativas como alvo para estudos farmacológicos, toxicológicos e fitoquímicos destinados à síntese de medicamentos mais eficazes para o tratamento de inúmeras doenças. Portanto, este trabalho fornece subsídio às pesquisas com produtos naturais para o tratamento da malária. Nesta revisão, 476 espécies de plantas do continente Americano foram relatadas para a atividade antimalárica, sendo destas 198 ativas e 278 inativas para algum tipo de Plasmodium, quando avaliados através de modelos in vitro e in vivo.

Unitermos: Atividade antimalárica, plantas medicinais, produtos naturais, continente Americano, revisão.

ABSTRACT: Malaria is a human parasitic disease caused by protozoa species of the Plasmodium genus. This disease has affected populations of the tropical and subtropical regions. About 500 million new cases occur annually on the world and therefore it is considered an emerging disease of important public health problem. In this context, the natural products as vegetables species have their bioactive molecules as targets for pharmacological, toxicological and phytochemical studies towards the development of more effective medicines for the treatment of many diseases. So this work intends to aid the researchers in the study of natural products to the treatment of malaria. In this review, 476 plants of the American continent were related for the antimalarial activity and of these vegetables species 198 were active and 278 inactive for some type of Plasmodium when they were evaluated through of in vitro or in vivo bioassays models.

Keywords: Antimalarial activity, medicinal plants, natural products, American continent, review.

INTRODUCTION percentage could still be higher because cross-border migration and the unrelated cases in the rural areas Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by protozoa (Debenedetti et al., 2002). In Colombia, it was registered species of the Plasmodium genus and it is transmitted about 120,000 cases of malaria in the decade of 90, while for human through the bite of infected female mosquito in Brazil, 509.000 cases were recorded in this same of the Anopheles genus (Veronesi, 1991). In each year, period with 96% of them occurred in the Amazon region about 100 - 500 million people are infected while 1 - 3 (WHO, 1997). million died with malaria in the world. This disease is The main species of the genus Plasmodium considered a public health problem of global scale by involved on the transmition of the malaria for human World Health Organization (WHO, 1997). It is estimated are: P. vivax, P. ovale, P. falciparum and P. malaria. that 40% of the population world lives in areas at risk Therefore, the third specie is the most causer of death of infection over 100 countries worldwide, which are (Harrison et al., 1998). Other species of this genus infect include countries of the American continent (Trigger & animals as P. knowlesi (monkeys), P. berghei (rodents) Kondrachine, 1998). and P. gallinaceum (fowl). The clinical events are fever, In the South America, especially in Bolivia, feeling of malaise, chills, muscle pain, fatigue, anemia, the malaria is responsible for considerable number of compromised liver, spleen and kidney and they occur morbidity and mortality. According to the Organización between 9 and 40 days after the bite of the infected Panamericana de la Salud (OPS 1997), 0.7% of the mosquitoes, depending on the species of Plasmodium Argentine population lives at risk of infection, but this (Neves et al., 2005).

158 * E-mail: [email protected], Tel./Fax +55-83-3216-7364 ISSN 0102-695X Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity

The treatment with single or combined drugs RESULTS AND DISCUSSION resistant to chloroquine has been used as an alternative therapy for malaria, but they are expensive and sometimes For this review, 476 species of plants were listed cause signal of toxicity due to limited knowledge about with possible antimalarial activity and distributed in the metabolism and mechanism of action of these 103 botanical families. Among those plant species 198 antimalarial drugs. However, all these medicines are still were active and 278 inactive against some Plasmodium are essential to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused type causer of malaria when evaluated in vivo or in by malaria, since the vaccine against this disease have vitro bioassays models. The antimalarial activity was limited activity in humans. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluated for P. falciparum, P. berghei, P. gallinaceum, develop new, safe and effective antimalarial medicines. P. vinckei, P. lophurae, P. cathemerium and P. yolii stains. So in recent years, there has also been growing interest The most studied botanical families were Asteraceae, in alternative therapies such the use of natural products, Simaroubaceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, especially those derived from plants which have showed Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Velloziaceae and Verbenaceae to produce promising results for the treatment of many which showed more than ten species of plants studied. diseases (Rates, 2001). In this context, the present work The main studies were developed in Brazil and United is a review about plants of the American continent with States due to the flora biodiversity offered by the first antimalarial activity. country or the financial-technology resource of the In the course of our continuing search for second one. All data are shown in Table 1. bioactive natural products from plants, we have recently Some researches are validation of the tradicional published reviews of extracts and compounds derived of medicine with the use of plants for the treatment of plants with the following potential activities: inhibitors malaria. Remijia ferruginea (Rubiaceae) of which the of mammary, uterine cervical and ovarian neoplasia 80 % ethanol extract obtained of the dried bark at the (Moura et al., 2001; Moura et al., 2002; Silva et al., dose of 500 mg/kg was active against P. berghei infected 2003); inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase (Gonçalves mice (Andrade-Neto et al., 2003) and Bidens pilosa et al., 2000); with central analgesic activity (Almeida (Asteraceae), one plant used in the Brazilian endemic et al., 2001); employed in prevention of osteoporosis area, showed antimalarial activity to different extracts (Pereira et al., 2002); for the treatment of Parkinson’s obtained of dried entire plant, leaves, root or stem against disease (Morais et al., 2003); anticonvulsant and anxiety P. falciparum and P. berguei through of in vitro and in disorders (Quintans-Junior, 2008; Sousa et al., 2008), with vivo bioassays models (Brandão et al., 1997; Krettli et antileishmanial (Rocha et al., 2005), giardicidal (Amaral al., 2001a,b; Oliveira et al., 2004). Other species of the et al., 2006), antileprotic (Barbosa-Filho et al., 2007a), Asteraceae family is Vernonia brasiliana in which the hypoglycemic (Barbosa-Filho et al., 2005) and anti- hexane extract of dried leaves decreased the infection of inflammatory (Falcão et al., 2005; Barbosa-Filho et al., P. berghei in mice and it was inactive for P. falciparum 2006a) activities; inhibitors of the acetylcholinesterase in vitro model (Carvalho & Krettli, 1991; De Almeida and angiotensin-converting enzyme (Barbosa-Filho et al., Alves et al., 1997); the decoction and aqueous extract of 2006b; Barbosa-Filho et al., 2006c), and with antiulcer Acanthospermum australe inhibited in vitro the growth of activity (Falcão et al., 2008a,b; Mota et al., 2009). Our P. falciparum stain or decreased the infection caused by P. group has also reviewed the medicinal and poisonous berghei in mice (Brandão et al., 1992; Carvalho & Krettli, plants of the Northeastern region of Brazil (Agra et al., 1991; Carvalho et al., 1991). Species of the Artemisia 2007, 2008), among other review articles (Alves et al., genus also were studied for antimalarial activity such 2000; Souza et al., 2005; Gonçalves et al., 2006; Barbosa- A. absinthium, A. vulgaris and A. ludoviciana. In the Filho et al., 2007b, 2008; Sena-Filho et al., 2008). researches, the aqueous extract of the first and second plant did not inhibit in vitro the growth of P. falciparum MATERIALS AND METHODS (Hernandez et al., 1990), while the 95% ethanol extract of the last specie was active against P. yoelii infected mice In this article, some reports about vegetable (Malagon et al., 1997). species of the American continent with antimalarial The vegetables species of the Cucurbitaceae activity were reviewed in the specialized literature family were also evaluated to this activity. So the 95% published up to December 2007. The search was carried ethanol extract obtained from the dried seed of Cucurbita out on data banks such as Biological Abstracts, SciFinder maxima popularly known as pumpkin strawberries was Scholar, Periódicos CAPES, Pubmed and NAPRALERT active in dose of 250 mg/kg against P. berghei infected (acronym for Natural Products ALERT - University mice (Amorim et al., 1991) and Momordica charantia, of Illinois in Chicago, U.S.A.). The references were called as melon from São Caetano, had the aqueous and consulted for details of the experimental models used chloroform extracts obtained of the dried flowers or for testing the extracts and derivates vegetables against aerial parts inactive against P. berghei, P. gallinaceum, malaria, activities and organism tested. P. cathemerium and P. lophurae (Carvalho et al., 1991; Spencer et al., 1947), the 95% ethanol extract obtained Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 159 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al.

of the dried leaves in the dose of 500 mg/kg was also chicken when the methanol and chloroform extracts inactive against P. berghei infected mice (Amorim et al., obtained from the wood were used (Spencer et al., 1947). 1991), while the infusion and 95% ethanol extract of the Other species used by American population did dried leaves and stem in dose of 1.0 g/kg were active not have antimalarial activity in condition evaluated. against P. berghei infected human or mice (Ueno et al., Such the 80% ethanol extract of Strychnos pseudoquina 1996). (Loganiaceae) in the dose of 1,000 mg/kg (Andrade-Neto Lantana cujabensis Schauer (Verbenaceae) is et al., 2003) and the aqueous extract obtained from the a shrub found in the Amazonian and Andean forests of dried bark of Coutarea hexandra (Rubiaceae) when it South America. Okunade & Lewis (2004) related that was evaluated to P. berghei infected mice (Carvalho et al., the 95% ethanol extract obtained of the dried leaves 1991). In similar, Deianira erubescens (Gentianaceae) and stem of this plant had antimalarial activity in vitro also did not show activity with the 80% ethanol extract against P. falciparum. Mcphail et al. (2007) evaluated the obtained from the dried leaves and root (Andrade-Neto antimalarial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of marine et al., 2003). The aqueous extract of the dried leaves of cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula (Oscillatoriaceae) Lisianthus speciosus was active against P. berghei infected in vitro model for P. falciparum. This extract in the mice and in vitro for P. falciparum stain (Carvalho & concentration of 2.0 μg/mL inhibited the growth of the Krettli, 1991), while the same extract obtained of the dried protozoa. root was inactive for P. berghei infected mice (Carvalho et Plant species of the Fabaceae family were al., 1991). In study elaborated by Diaz & Medina (1996), also evaluated such Bowdichia virgilioides which is the chloroform extract obtained from the dried stembark traditionally used against malaria by American natives of Tabebuia ochracea ssp. neochrysantha (Bignoniaceae) had the 95% ethanol extract obtained of the dried bark which is traditionally used against malaria in the Amazon active in dose of 250 mg/kg to P. berghei infected mice did not show bioactivity in vitro against P. berghei.

and in vitro to P. falciparum - MRC 20 (IC50 = 1 μg/mL) and P. berghei (IC50 = 0.2 μg/mL). In similar, Caesalpinia CONCLUSION pluviosa also had the 95% ethanol extract of the dried bark active in the dose of 500 mg/kg to P. berghei infected Plants represent a vital source to research new

mice and in vitro to P. falciparum - MRC 20 (IC50 = 15 μg/ active principles for the treatment of human diseases such mL) and P. berghei (IC50 = 8.3 μg/mL). as malaria which is considered neglected and emergent Species of plants of the Lauraceae family in American countries because the high incidence of such Nectandra aff. hihua and Licaria canella had the attacks of the female Anopheles mosquitoes infected 95% ethanol extract active when evaluated against P. with Plasmodium spp at risk of infection regions such falciparum - MRC 20 and P. berghei in vitro and in vivo the forests areas. In this paper a variety of plants of the bioassays models. However, the 95 % ethanol extract American continent evaluated against the main protozoa of the dried bark of Protium glabrescens (Burseraceae) causer of the malaria was related. However, we conclude in the 100 mg/kg dose was only active in vivo model that the plants with antimalarial activity are a few and to P. berguei, while it was inactive in vitro model to P. they do not have this therapeutic property fully defined. falciparum - MRC 20 and P. berghei (Deharo et al., 2001). Therefore, in this context, it is necessary to support Also were related in scientific literature some financially the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary species of the Solanaceae family with antimalarial research, mostly those related to natural products enabling activity. The plant Solanum nudum has been used by the discovery of new antimalarial pharmaceuticals. American community as Tumaco in Colombia to cure malaria and in according to Marcela et al. (2001), the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS aqueous extract obtained of the dried leaves and stem (0.3 % w/v - i.p.) was active against the P. berghei infected The authors thanks to College of Pharmacy, the mice. The 95% ethanol extracts of the dried leaves of University of Illinois at Chicago, U.S.A., for helping with Dunalia brachyacantha and Saracha punctata were the computer database NAPRALERT. And are grateful tested in vitro models for P. falciparum, so the first plant to CNPq and CAPES for financial support and research was active while the second one showed inactive. Both fellowships. the extracts also were evaluated in vivo models to P. vinckei and all were active (Moretti et al., 1998; Munoz et REFERENCES al., 2000). However, the 95% ethanol and hexane extracts of Acnistus arborescens did not have this activity for P. Agra MF, França PF, Barbosa-Filho JM 2007. Synopsis of the berghei stain (Brandão et al., 1985). plants known as medicinal and poisonous in Northeast Picrasma crenata (Veil.) Engl. (Simaroubaceae) of Brazil. Rev Bras Farmacogn 17: 114-140. is known as ‘granadillo’ or ‘quasia’, ‘palo amargo’ Agra MF, Silva KN, Basílio IJLD, França PF, Barbosa-Filho JM in Argentina and it is indicated such an antimalarial, 2008. Survey of medicinal plants used in the region febrifuge, tonic, antisyphilitic and insecticide. The Northeast of Brazil. Rev Bras Farmacogn 18: 472- aqueous and methanol extracts of the dried aerial parts 508. this plant showed antimalarial activity in vitro for P. Almeida RN, Navarro DS, Barbosa-Filho JM 2001. Plants with falciparum K-1 (Debenedetti et al., 2002). Other species central analgesic activity. Phytomedicine 8: 310-322. Alves JS, Castro JC, Freire MO, Cunha EVL, Barbosa-Filho from this botanical genus such P. excelsa and P. antillana JM, Silva MS 2000. Complete assignment of the 1H did not have this activity for P. gallinaceum infected Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 160 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity

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Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 163 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Mess et al., 1998 Franssen et al., 1997 Franssen et al., 1997 Franssen et al., 1997 Franssen et al., 1997 Brandão et al., 1985 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Franssen et al., 1997 Franssen et al., 1997 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Antoun et al., 2001 Active Inactive Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Results Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Ext. Ext. 2 2 Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Cl Cl 2 2 O soluble fraction O soluble fraction O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 95% EtOH Ext. H MeOH Ext. CH MeOH Ext. CH 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H CHCl Extract of the plant H CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl H CHCl H H 95 % EtOH Ext. H H CHCl H CHCl CHCl H 95 % EtOH Ext. H H DAP Bb * * DRt Bb Part of the plant DL Bb Bb Bb Bb DB + L Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb DL Bk Bb Colombia USA Brazil Puerto Rico USA Country Guatemala USA USA USA USA Bolivia USA USA USA USA USA USA Puerto Rico USA USA Schinz Roem Raddi Willd (Herb.) Herb. Herbert L. (L.) Thunb. (L.) (L.F.) Herb. (L.F.) L. AMARYLLIDACEAE Amaryllis belladonna ANNONACEAE Annona glabra L. AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera lanceolata Botanical family and scientific names AGAVACEAE Sansevieria guineensis Chlidanthus fragrans (Fairy Lily) Cooperia pedunculata Crinum americanum L. Crinum grandiflorum Deleuil Schinus andinus I.M. Johnston Schinus terebinthifolius Boophone disticha Crinum longifolium Habranthus texanus Herbert Hippeastrum flammigerum C. F. Hippeastrum puniceum Kuntze Hippeastrum vittatum Hymenocallis americana Hymenocallis expansa ANACARDIACEAE Mangifera indica radiata L. Squamigera Lycoris Plants of the American continent evaluated for antimalarial activity. 1. Plants of the Table

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 164 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Brandão et al., 1985 Wasicky et al., 1942 Wasicky Munoz et al., 2000 Loizaga & Sagastume, 1935 Dominguez, 1932 Steele et al., 2002 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1992 Banerjee & Lewis, 1954 Reference Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Calderon et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 1949 Becker, Calderon et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Muhammad et al., 2001 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Results Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei In vitro/ Rat/ Human adult Human adult / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Mouse/plasmodium berghei Mouse/plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Duckling/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro O 2 Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Hexane Ext. Total alkaloids Total 95 % EtOH Ext. Total alkaloids Total 95 % EtOH Ext. H H Decoction Total alkaloids Total H H Extract of the plant 95 % EtOH Ext. H CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. H H MeOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. * (9:1) MeOH-H H H 95 % EtOH Ext. 100 % EtOH Ext. H CHCl * DTBk DBk DTBk DTBk Rt DSmBk DTBk Wd Sd Part of the plant DL Wd DRt L + Sm L DSmBk DRt DAP EP DBk L DBk * DSmBk EP EP Brazil Brazil Bolivia Argentina Argentina USA Guiana USA USA Country Puerto Rico USA Bolivia USA Panama Bolivia Bolivia Brazil Brazil USA Brazil Peru USA USA Wall. Müll. Arg. Müll. Michaux Benth. & Hook Lam. L. L. L. Müll. Arg. Müll. Aspidosperma polyneuron Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schltdl. Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco L. Catharanthus roseus A.D.C. Aspidosperma oblongum Allemão Geissospermum vellosii Aspidosperma olivaceum Botanical family and scientific names Annona muricata L. Pastinaca species APOCYNACEAE Apocynum cannabinum L. Annona spraguei Saff. Conium maculatum L. Eryngium nudicaule Arg. Aspidosperma nitidum Müll. Geissospermum sericeum Benth. antidysenterica Holarrhena Duguetia furfuracea Duguetia hadrantha R.E. Fr. APIACEAE Apium graveolens Eryngium foetidum Eryngium yuccaefolium

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 165 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Carvalho & Krettli, 1991 Brandão et al., 1992 Carvalho & Krettli, 1991 Federici et al., 2000 Federici et al., 2000 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Jensen et al., 2002 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei Chicken/ Chicken/ Duckling/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Duckling/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Duckling/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Duckling/ Duckling/ Duckling/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Mouse/plasmodium berghei Rat/ Mouse/plasmodium berghei Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 CHCl CHCl Decoction H H CHCl H Dichloromethane Ext. Dichloromethane Ext. H CHCl H Ethyl acetate fraction 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Benzene Ext. H Extract of the plant CHCl H CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl H H H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl Hexane Ext. H H DEP Rt SBk DRtBk EP Bk DRt * * Rt Part of the plant L + Sm L * DAP Sm L Sm Brazil USA Brazil USA Peru Brazil Brazil USA Country Brazil Bolivia USA USA USA Cham. Lam. Miers O. Kuntze L. Klotosch Liebm. Mart. L. fa. subintegra ASTERACEAE Acanthospermum australe Kuntze AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex opaca ARACACEAE Euterpe precatoria ARACEAE Monstera deliciosa ARAUCARIACEAE Araucaria angustifólia ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia acuminata Botanical family and scientific names febrifuga Holarrhena Peschiera fuchsiaefolia ARALIACEAE Didymopanax vinosum E. March Duchartre Aristolochia prostrata Aristolochia trilobata Hedera helix Aristolochia triangularis

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 166 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Wasicky et al.,1942 Wasicky Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão e al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Munoz et al., 2000 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Hernandez et al., 1990 Hernandez et al., 1990 Hernandez et al., 1990 Malagon et al., 1997 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei / Plasmodium cathemerium In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium yoelii Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei O Ext. 2 Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Total alkaloids Total 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H H Hexane Ext. MeOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. CHCl H Sesquiterpene fraction 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. (1:1) EtOH-H H EtOAc Ext. H Extract of the plant CHCl CHCl CHCl H Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. * DL DEP EP DEP DEP DEP DEP EP DEP DEP DRt DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP Part of the plant AP DEP DEP Brazil Bolivia USA Cuba Brazil Brazil USA Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Mexico Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Cuba Country USA Brazil Brazil DC. DC. DC. DC. DC. Lam. (Lam.) Pers Wedd. DC. Keck L. L. L. (Kunth) Benth. Baccharis gaudichaudiana Baccharis genistelloides Alomia fastigiata polystachya Ambrosia species L. Ambrosia Antennaria linearifolia minus Bernh. Arctium Acanthospermum xanthoides Artemisia ludoviciana Baker Aspilia squarrosa Artemisia vulgaris Aster spp Baccharis anomala DC. Baccharis brachylaenoides Baccharis dracunculifolia satureioides Achyrocline Artemisia absinthium Botanical family and scientific names Achillea millefolium alata Achyrocline Baccharis helichrysoides Baccharis myrioc

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 167 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Oliveira et al., 2004 Brandão et al., 2001 Krettli et al., 2001a,b Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Reference Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Active Active Active Inactive Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Active Active Active Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Plasmodium vinckei Rat/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium falciparum / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium falciparum Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium falciparum / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 O Ext. 2 95 % EtOH Ext. 90 % EtOH Ext. 90 % EtOH Ext. 90 % EtOH Ext. 90 % EtOH Ext. 90 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. Butanol Ext. 100 % EtOH Ext. CHCl 100 % EtOH Ext. 80 % EtOH Ext. Butanol Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl Ether Ext. Butanol Ext. Ether Ext. 100 % EtOH Ext. Butanol Ext. CHCl H Extract of the plant 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 90 % EtOH Ext. 90 % EtOH Ext. 90 % EtOH Ext. DL DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DL DRt Part of the plant DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP Bolivia Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Country Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil DC DC. Oett. Schultz-Bip. DC. Spreng. Baker DC. L. Merr. & Sherrif. Merr. L. L. Bidens frondosa Bidens maximowicziana Willd. Bidens parviflora Bidens pilosa Botanical family and scientific names Baccharis oxyodonta Baccharis pauciflosculosa Baccharis rufescens Baccharis schultzii Baccharis semisserrata DC. Baccharis species Baccharis tarchonathoides Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. Bidens bipinnata Bidens biternata Bidens campylotheca Bidens ferulaefolia

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 168 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Brandão et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 2001 Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Krettli et al., 2001a,b Brandão et al., 2001 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Brandão et al., 1985 Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Equivocal Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Active Active Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Active Inactive Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium falciparum Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium falciparum / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium falciparum / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 3 O Ext. 2 Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. MeOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. MeOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Exudate H 95 % EtOH Ext. 90 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. Ether Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl Ether Ext. 100 % EtOH Ext. Butanol Ext. CHCl Butanol Ext. Ether Ext. CHCl Ether Ext. CHCl 100 % EtOH Ext. CHCl Ether Ext. Extract of the plant CHCl EtOAc Ext. DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP EP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DSm Part of the plant DSm Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil USA Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Country Brazil (DC.) Hieron Gardner Baker (L.) Polak. L. Mart. ex Colla Chaptalia nutans Chuquiraga fodinarum Baker Chuquiraga glabra (Spreng.) Baker Chuquiraga vagans (Gardner) Baker Clibadium armanii O.E. Schulz Conyza filaginoides Bidens tripartita Calea lantanoides Calea serrata Less. Calea species Calea teucriifolia Bidens segetum Botanical family and scientific names Dasyphyllum brasiliensis Cabr.

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 169 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Blair et al., 2002 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Blair et al., 2002 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Active Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Mouse/plasmodium berghei Mouse/plasmodium berghei Mouse/plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie O Ext. 2 Ext. Ext. 2 Ext. 3 3 Cl 2 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. H MeOH Ext. CH H MeOH Ext. MeOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. (1:1) EtOH-H 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Extract of the plant CHCl DEP DEP DAP DL+ Sm DAP DEP DEP EP DL DBh DEP DEP * DRt DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP Part of the plant Brazil Brazil Argentina Colombia Argentina Brazil Brazil USA Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Country DC. Sw. L. DC. Baker Baker Kunth DC. Lam. Hieron Eupatorium hecatanthum Eupatorium inulaefolium Eupatorium gaudichaudianum Eupatorium intermedium Eupatorium laevigatum Aubl. Eupatorium parviflorum Eupatorium rotundifolium Dasyphyllum spp Dasyphyllum synacantum Cabrera Elephantopus angustifolius valerianaefolia Erechtites glomerulatus Less. Eremanthus goyazensis Sch. Bip. Eremanthus incanus Less. Eremanthus mollis Sch. Bip. Eremanthus Eupatorium itatiayense scapigerus (DC.) Baker Eremanthus Baker sphaerocephalus Eremanthus maximus (D. Don) DC. Erigeron Eupatorium christieanum Botanical family and scientific names

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 170 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho & Krettli, 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho & Krettli, 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Reference Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Plasmodium vinckei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Rat/ Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Ext. Ext. 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. H MeOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Extract of the plant 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. DEP DEP DAP DEP DEP DAP DEP DFl + L DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DL Part of the plant DSm DL Brazil Brazil Argentina Brazil Brazil Argentina Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Bolivia Country Brazil Cabrera DC. Less. Cabrera Locock R.A. (Bong.) Cabrera (Lag.) Less. Eupatorium squalidum DC. Hook. Arn Eupatorium subhastatum Hook. Eupatorium vauthierianum Cabrera Gochnatia barrosii Gamochaeta simplicicaulis Gochnatia paniculata Gochnatia polymorpha Cabrera Gochnatia polymorpha Cabrera Gochnatia velutina albida DC. Heterocoma Isostigma peucedanifolium Jaegeria hirta Wedd. Lucilia recurva Botanical family and scientific names Eupatorium species brunioides Mart. Lychnophora

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 171 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Brandão et al., 1985 Franssen et al., 1997 Franssen et al., 1997 Brandão et al., 1985 Chaturvedula et al., 2004 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Francois et al., 1996 Francois et al., 1996 Franssen et al., 1997 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Mess et al., 1998 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Ext. Ext. Ext. 2 2 Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 Cl Cl 2 2 O soluble fraction O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 CHCl EtOAc Ext. H MeOH Ext. CH 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. MeOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Extract of the plant CHCl CHCl H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CH 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. CHCl EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. DEP DEP Sm DL+ Sm DEP DAP DL DEP DEP DEP DL Part of the plant EP DBk DEP DEP DAP DEP DRt DEP DEP DL DEP Brazil Brazil USA Surinam Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Bolivia Country USA Colombia Brazil Bolivia Guatemala Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Bolivia Brazil Baker Sch.Bip. Baker Baker Bong. Phil. Less. (L.) R. Br. (Kunth) Aristeg. (Kunth) Ruiz et Pavon Kuntze ex Thell. Kuntze ex Hieron. Cav. (L.) Cass. Baker species Piqueria trinervia Melampodium camphoratum Baker Mikania hirsutissima DC. Mikania schenckii Mikania subverticillata Piptocarpha oblonga Gardner Symphyopappus compressus Mutisia acuminata Piptocarpha rotundifolia Botanical family and scientific names Pluchea odorata Pollalesta discolor Pseudogynoxys pohlii Schkuhria pinnata lobata Neurolaena Stevia Senecio adamantinus Senecio brasiliensis Stevia decussata Stevia menthaefolia

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 172 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Reference Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Carvalho et al., 1991 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Carvalho & Krettli, 1991 Almeida et al., 1997 De Carvalho & Krettli, 1991 Almeida et al., 1997 De Carvalho et al., 1991 Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Active Inactive Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Active Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. CHCl EtOAc Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. CHCl EtOAc Ext. Extract of the plant 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. CHCl DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DEP DAP DAP Part of the plant DEP DEP DEP DAP DL DAP Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Bolivia Bolivia Country Brazil Brazil Brazil Bolivia Brazil Brazil Less. Baker Less. L’Herit ex DC L’Herit (Vell.) Rusby (Vell.) (L.) Less. Kuntze Gardner

Less. L. Kunth. florida Gardner Vernonia fruticosa Vernonia ferruginea Vernonia diffusa Vernonia discolor (Spreng.) Less. Vernonia disfolia Vernonia elegans Vernonia condensata Vernonia macrophylla Vernonia cognata Vernonia herbacea Vernonia Botanical family and scientific names Symphyopappus cuneatus Baker graveolens Tagetes minuta Tagetes pusilla Tagetes A. Gray gardneri Trichogonia grisebachii Trixis brasiliana (L.) Druce Vernonia brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less. Vernonia

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 173 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Diaz; Medina, 1996 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Loizaga & Sagastume, 1935 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium berghei In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Duckling/ Chicken/ Duckling/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Human adult Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. alkaloids Total EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl Extract of the plant CHCl DL DSmBk DEP DEP DEP DL DEP DFl DRt DEP DSd Sd DL DRt Rt DEP DEP Part of the plant Bolivia Colombia Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil USA Brazil Brazil Argentina Brazil Brazil Country Riedel C.K.Schneid. DC. Less. Less. Gentry (L.) Kuntze L. Less. mucronulata Vernonia pedunculata Vernonia polyanthes Vernonia salzmannii DC. Vernonia scabra Pers. Vernonia scorpioides (Lam.) Pers. Vernonia BERBERIDACEAE Berberis chrysacantha BIXACEAE Bixa orellana westiniana Vernonia Gardner robusta Viguiera Berberis flexuosa Ruiz. & Pavon. baccata Wulffia BIGNONIACEAE ochracea Tabebuia mirabilis Wunderlichia Botanical family and scientific names

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 174 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Antoun et al., 1993 Lovy et al., 1999 Lovy et al., 1999 Munoz et al., 2000 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Lovy et al., 1999 Lovy et al., 1999 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Antoun et al., 1993 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Antoun et al., 1993 Deharo et al., 2001 Deharo et al., 2001 Deharo et al., 2001 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Calderon et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Antoun et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum / Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Duckling/ Duckling/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Chicken/ falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium berghei In vitro In vivo Chicken/ Chicken/ falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Ext. Ext. 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 95 % EtOH Ext. H * 100 % EtOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. H MeOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H MeOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. H Extract of the plant H CHCl CHCl MeOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H * DFr DFr DAP DSm Bk DAP DBk DSm DFl Part of the plant DSmBk * DL * DEP * DAP Puerto Rico USA USA Bolivia Puerto rico USA Argentina Bolivia Puerto Rico USA Country Panama Brazil Puerto rico Brazil Brazil Brazil Argentina . & Rose Kunth. (Bull.) Gray Griseb. (Vatke) Urban. (Vatke) Jacq. Sprengel Johnst. Linn. L. Hope (L.) Gaertn. Schulzer CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia portoricensis BOLETACEAE Boletus queletii BORAGINACEAE succulenta Bourreria BOMBACACEAE Adansonia digitata Buddleja tucumanensis BURSERACEAE Swart glabrescens Protium Leccinum aurantiacum CACTACEAE pachanoi Britt Trichocereus BORAGINACEAE Borago officinalis Botanical family and scientific names Cavanillesia platanifolia corymbosa G. Don Cordia Ceiba pentandra polycephala Cordia species L. Cordia BRASSICACEAE Brassica campestris L. BUDDLEJACEAE Buddleja brasiliensis Buddleja globosa

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 175 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Calderon et al., 2000 Calderon et al., 2000 Antoun et al., 1993 Makler, 1994 Makler, Makler, 1994 Makler, Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Carvalho et al., 1991 Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Rat/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. MeOH Ext. MeOH Ext. * H Extract of the plant CHCl CHCl CHCl H CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl H H H H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H DBh * DL+ Bh DSmBk DL Rt Part of the plant Sm Bh Bk Rt DB + L DAP Fl * DEP Rt Brazil Puerto Rico Panama USA USA Country USA Bolivia Bolivia USA Puerto Rico Brazil USA Willd. Willd. Camb. L. Occhioni Mart. (Wild Cinnamon) (Wild Reissek Solms Willd. ex Schltdl. Willd. CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum brasiliense Calophyllum longifolium CANNABACEAE Cannabis sativa L. CANELLACEAE Canella winterana Botanical family and scientific names dinisii Capsicodendron CARICACEAE Carica quercifolia CARYOPHYLLACEAE Stellaria ovata Plenckia populnea Carica papaya L. CASUARINACEAE Casuarina equisetifolia CELASTRACEAE Maytenus aquifolium Maytenus boaria (Mayten)

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 176 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Amorim et al., 1991 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Antoun et al., 1993 Amorim et al., 1991 Ueno et al., 1996 Ueno et al., 1996 Ueno et al., 1996 Carvalho et al., 1991 Calderon et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Plasmodium berghei Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Human adult/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Duckling/ Duckling/ Duckling/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 95 % EtOH Ext. Infusion 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Infusion H H MeOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Extract of the plant CHCl CHCl CHCl H 95 % EtOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. DL DL+ Sm DAP DAP DEP * DSd DFl AP * * Part of the plant Bk DL Rt DSm Brazil Bolivia Bolivia Brazil Puerto Rico Brazil Brazil USA Brazil Brazil Country USA Bolivia USA Brazil L. Mart. Kunth Meisn. L.F. CONVOLVULACEAE Wall Cuscuta grandiflora Evolvulus martii Jacq. Ipomoea repanda CUCURBITACEAE Cucurbita maxima Duch. charantia Momordica Mart. Kielmeyera rosea Kielmeyera variabilis COMMELINACEAE Commelina elliptica Botanical family and scientific names EBENACEAE A. DC. poeppigiana Diospyros ELAEOCARPACEAE stipularis Vallea DATISCACEAE Datisca glomerata ( C. Presl ) Baill. ERYTHROXYLACEAE tortuosum Mart. Erythroxylum

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 177 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Franssen et al., 1997 Franssen et al., 1997 Franssen et al., 1997 Franssen et al., 1997 Gertsch et al., 2004 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Franssen et al., 1997 Franssen et al., 1997 Bravo et al., 1999 Franssen et al., 1997 Franssen et al., 1997 Kraft et al., 2001 Kraft et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Gertsch et al., 2004 Gertsch et al., 2004 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Deharo et al., 2001 Deharo et al., 2001 Deharo et al., 2001 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Deharo et al., 2001 Inactive Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium berghei In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Ext. Ext. /Propanol Ext. Ext. Ext. 2 2 2 Ext. 3 3 3 Cl Cl Cl 2 2 2 O Ext. O Ext. O soluble fraction O soluble fraction O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 H MeOH Ext. CH MeOH Ext. CH 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CH Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. H H Pet ether Ext H Pet ether Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Dichloromethane Ext. MeOH Ext. H Extract of the plant CHCl CHCl CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. H H 95 % EtOH Ext. Rt * * DL DBk DSmBk DL DEP L + Sm L DL DL DBk DSm DEP * DL DAP Part of the plant DBk Sd Bh DBk USA Brazil Brazil Bolivia Brazil Bolivia Brazil USA Guatemala Panama Brazil Brazil Brazil Venezuela Country Bolivia USA USA Bolivia Kunth F. Kunth. Lotsy DC. Muell. Arg. Muell. D.C. Michx. Sapium biglandulosa L. Sapium haematospermum Hub. reosulense Xenodendron FABACEAE A.C. Smith Amburana cearensis EUPHORBIACEAE cajucara Benth. Croton californicus Croton (W. Wright) H.B.K. Wright) Andira inermis (W. urucurana Baill. Croton Bauhinia reticulata species Dierberger Pera glabrata (Schott) Poepp. Phyllanthus piscatorum Botanical family and scientific names Bowdichia virgilioides Caesalpinia bonducella capitatus Croton guatemalensis Croton Caesalpinia pluviosa

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 178 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Carvalho et al., 1991 Lovy et al., 1999 Lovy et al., 1999 Lovy et al., 1999 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Andrade-Neto et al., 2003 Andrade-Neto et al., 2003 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Wasicky et al., 1942 Wasicky Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Deharo et al., 2001 Deharo et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 1992 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Calderon et al., 2000 Calderon et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Results Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium cathemerium In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ / Plasmodium berghei In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Ext. Ext. 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 100 % EtOH Ext. * Hexane Ext. 80 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl 80 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. MeOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. MeOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. Total alkaloids Total Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Decoction H Extract of the plant CHCl MeOH Ext. MeOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. H DBk DL DSd DRt DEP * DEP DL DFr * * * * DFr DRt Part of the plant DL+ Bh DL+ Bh DFr * Sm Brazil Brazil Brazil Puerto Rico Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Bolivia Brazil Country Panama Panama USA-MA Brazil USA Mart. L. F. Hayne C. Presl. L. (Vell.) Burkart. (Vell.) (S. F. Blake) (S. F. Copaifera trapezifolia GENTIANACEAE Deianira erubescens Cham. Desv. mucronata Crotalaria ( Bojer ex Hook. ) Raf. Delonix regia Vogel Desmodium discolor timbouva Enterolobium Galactia boavista Lupinus luteus L. Machaerium species peruiferum Myroxylon Cassia occidentalis Botanical family and scientific names Lindackeria laurina Lozania pittieri GANODERMATACEAE Ganoderma lucidum Reishi FLACOURTIACEAE Casearia sylvestris SW.

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 179 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Brandão et al., 1992 Carvalho & Krettli, 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho & Krettli, 1991 Brandão et al., 1992 Carvalho & Krettli, 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Deharo et al., 2001 Carvalho & Krettli, 1991 Deharo et al., 2001 Deharo et al., 2001 Deharo et al., 2001 Deharo et al., 2001 Deharo et al., 2001 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Active Active Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium berghei In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium berghei In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Duckling/ Duckling/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Decoction H H Decoction H MeOH Ext. H H 95 % EtOH Ext. H H . 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. Extract of the plant H CHCl CHCl H CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. H H DRt * DRt * EP DBk EP DRt DBk * DEP Part of the plant DL DEP DL Rt DAP Brazil Brazil USA Bolivia USA Bolivia Brazil Brazil Country Brazil USA Bolivia USA Argentina Rohwer L. (L.) R. Br. (Phil.) Epling. Briq. Aublet (Meissn.) Kosterm. Benth. (Lour.) S. Y. Hu. Y. S. Artemísia (Lour.) guianensis Tachia Leonurus LAURACEAE Licaria canella GERANIACEAE L. Herb Geranium robertianum Nectandra aff. hihua Persea americana Mill. LECYTHIDACEAE Leonotis nepetifolia Botanical family and scientific names Lisianthus speciosus Cham. & Schltd LAMIACEAE Glechoma hederacea Hyptis species boliviana Satureja (Motherwort) Leonurus cardíaca parvifolia Satureja

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 180 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Levander et al., 1991 Wasicky et al., 1942 Wasicky Andrade-Neto et al., 2003 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Spencer et al., 1947 Brandão et al., 1985 Spencer et al., 1947 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Carvalho et al., 1991 Spencer et al., 1947 Munoz et al., 2000 Spencer et al., 1947 Reference Brandão et al., 1992 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Debenedetti et al., 2002 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Antoun et al., 1993 Munoz et al., 2000 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Results Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium falciparum / Plasmodium cathemerium In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Duckling/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Duckling/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Duckling/ Chicken/ Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Duckling/ Rat/ Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 95 % EtOH Ext. Seed oil Total alkaloids Total 80 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H Extract of the plant Decoction H CHCl CHCl CHCl MeOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. H H * DSd Bk DBk DEP DL DFr DL Bk Part of the plant * DBk DAP DL * Bh * L + Sm L Bk Puerto Rico USA Brazil Brazil Brazil Bolivia Bolivia USA Brazil Country Argentina Brazil Puerto Rico USA Puerto Rico Mexico USA CF. L. Triana H.B.K. Link & Otto Jacq. L. F. LINACEAE Linum usitatissimum L. LOGANIACEAE Strychnos pseudoquina St. Hil. LORANTHACEAE Struthanthus species LILIACEAE Aloe spicata amoena (Herb.) M. Roem. Bomarea Smilax havanensis acutifolius Tripodanthus Magnolia grandiflora L. Botanical family and scientific names Bertholletia excelsa ovata St. Hil. Talauma MARCGRAVIACEAE rectiflora Marcgravia MALPIGHIACEAE Banisteriopsis leona sintensii Marcgravia LYTHRACEAE Heimia salicifolia MAGNOLIACEAE tulipifera Liriodendron

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 181 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Camacho et al., 2002 Camacho et al., 2002 Camacho et al., 2002 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 MacKinnon et al., 1997 MacKinnon et al., 1997 MacKinnon et al., 1997 MacKinnon et al., 1997 Antoun et al., 1993 Camacho et al., 2002 Camacho et al., 2002 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 MacKinnon et al., 1997 Reference Brandão et al., 1985 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 MacKinnon et al., 1997 MacKinnon et al., 1997 MacKinnon et al., 1997 MacKinnon et al., 1997 MacKinnon et al., 1997 Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Ext. 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 Hexane Ext. MeOH Ext. CHCl Pet ether Ext. MeOH Ext. Pet ether Ext. MeOH Ext. H Pet ether Ext. MeOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. H Butanol Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H Extract of the plant Hexane Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. DSmBk FshBk FshFr FshL FshWd Bk DL+ Sm DL DEP * * * DSm FshWd Bk Part of the plant DVn DAP FshWd FshL DL FshL FshWd FshBk Costa Rica USA Puerto Rico Panama Brazil Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Puerto Rico USA-FL USA Country Brazil Mexico Belize USA-FL Panama Costa Rica Costa Rica A.Juss. R. Parker A. Juss. (L.) Sleumer Roxb. ex Willd. Roxb. ex Standl. salvadorensis Cedrela toona Cedrela A.Juss. multiflora Guarea Heteropterys species Heteropterys MALVACEAE Hibiscus elatus Sw. Thespesia grandiflora DC. MELASTOMATACEAE DC. Miconia prasina (Sw.) Miconia racemosa (Aubl.) DC. MELIACEAE Aphanamixis polystachya Azadirachta indica Botanical family and scientific names Banisteriopsis metallicolor Galphimia glauca odorata L. Cedrela A. Juss. Chukrasia tabularis Dysoxylum fraseranum Benth. Vahl. glabra Guarea guidonia Guarea

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 182 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Bray et al., 1990 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 MacKinnon et al., 1997 Antoun et al., 1993 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 MacKinnon et al., 1997 Bray et al., 1990 Spencer et al., 1947 Antoun et al., 2001 Jenett Siems et al., 2000 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 MacKinnon et al., 1997 MacKinnon et al., 1997 Antoun et al., 2001 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Antoun et al., 2001 Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Active Active Inactive Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Active Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Duckling/ Duckling/ Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Duckling/ Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 H Pet ether Ext. MeOH Ext. H Pet ether Ext. MeOH Ext. H H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl H 95 % EtOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. MeOH Ext. H H 95 % EtOH Ext. * 95 % EtOH Ext. Extract of the plant CHCl CHCl CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. H L DSmWd DFr FshWd DL Bk Rt DL L + Sm L FshL DSm DL DSm Part of the plant FshBk FshL DL DL DRt USA Costa Rica Puerto Rico USA USA Bolivia USA Costa Rica Puerto Rico Panama Puerto Rico Country Costa Rica Costa Rica Puerto Rico Puerto Rico USA L. Labill. L. L. L. Cerv. L. L. L. L. T.D. Penn. pyriformis T.D. Guarea MYRICACEAE Myrica cerifera trichilioides Guarea Myrica pubescens Humb. & Bonpl. MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus globulus MENYANTHACEAE Menyanthes trifoliata MONIMIACEAE DC. Siparuna andina (Tul.) MORACEAE Castilla elastica Botanical family and scientific names Melia azedarach glabra Trichilia hirta Trichilia trifolia Trichilia MENISPERMACEAE L. Cissampelos pareira Psidium guajava

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 183 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Antoun et al., 2001 Calderon et al., 2000 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Calderon et al., 2000 Lopes et al., 1999 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1992 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Mcphail et al., 2007 Antoun et al., 1993 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Amorim et al., 1988 Active Active Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Rat/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 95 % EtOH Ext. MeOH Ext. CHCl H Extract of the plant H CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl MeOH Ext. Essential oil H EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Decoction H H EtOAc Ext. H H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. DL DSmBk L + Sm L DRt Part of the plant DRt DL+ Bh EOL Bk DL DL * DL Cells Rt + Sm L * DFl * EP DL Puerto Rico Panama USA USA Country Brazil Panama Brazil USA Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Panama USA USA Puerto Rico Bolivia Bolivia USA Brazil (L.) Kunth. L. Labill. Harvey Hook. (L.) D. Don. L. DC. ex Guill. Mill. L. Alba L. Maclura tinctoria Morus Ficus citrifolia OLEACEAE L. Chionanthus virginicus Botanical family and scientific names Dorstenia brasiliensis Lam. Olmedia áspera Ruiz & Pav. MYRISTICACEAE Warb. surinamensis Virola MORINGACEAE Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. MYRTACEAE Campomanesia species Eucalyptus globulus species Myrcia NYCTAGINACEAE hirsuta L. Boerhavia OSCILLATORIACEAE majuscula Lyngbya PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora incarnata L. Passiflora mexicana Juss. PHYTOLACCACEAE Petiveria alliacea PAPAVERACEAE mexicana Argemone PIPERACEAE pellucida Peperomia Piper peltatum

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 184 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Lovy et al., 1999 Lovy et al., 1999 Carvalho et al., 1992 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Lovy et al., 1999 Lovy et al., 1999 Lovy et al., 1999 Amorim et al., 1988 Amorim et al., 1988 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Antoun et al., 1993 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Bustillos et al., 2002 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Krettli et al., 2001a,b Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Active Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum / Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro In vivo Duckling/ Chicken/ Duckling/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium gallinaceum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Duckling/ Duckling/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Rat/ falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Duckling/ Duckling/ Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Duckling/ Duckling/ Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Duckling/ Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 2 Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 3 Cl 2 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 95 % EtOH Ext. CH H CHCl H 95 % EtOH Ext. 100 % EtOH Ext. CHCl H * * 100 % EtOH Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl H H H H Extract of the plant CHCl CHCl H CHCl H H DL * DFr DRt DFr DFr DFr RT DEP DL DEP DEP DL * * * EP Bk Part of the plant DRt Rt Bolivia Bolivia USA USA USA USA Brazil Brazil Brazil Bolivia Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Puerto Rico USA Country USA USA H. Christ (Pers.) Fr. L. Ruiz & Pav. Meisn. Jacq. L. Polypodium decumanum J. Smith POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium buchtienii POLYPORACEAE (Dicks.) Gray Grifola frondosa Murr. Laetiporus sulphureus versicolor (L. Fries) Pilat Trametes RHAMNACEAE Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke Piper umbellatum POACEAE species Andropogon POLYGALACEAE Monnina salicifolia POLYGONACEAE Coccoloba pubescens Coccoloba swartzii Coccoloba uvifera L. Polygonum aviculare Polyporus umbellatus Botanical family and scientific names Ceanothus americanus L. Ceanothus integerrimus Hook.

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 185 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Kohler et al., 2001 Kohler et al., 2001 Kohler et al., 2001 Kohler et al., 2001 Kohler et al., 2001 Kohler et al., 2001 Carvalho & Krettli, 1991 Antoun et al., 1993 Noster & Kraus, 1990 Noster & Kraus, 1990 Noster & Kraus, 1990 Antoun et al., 2001 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Muhammad et al., 2003 Muhammad et al., 2003 Noster & Kraus, 1990 Noster & Kraus, 1990 Noster & Kraus, 1990 Antoun et al., 1993 Munoz et al., 2000 Andrade-Neto et al., 2003 Antoun et al., 1993 Spencer et al., 1947 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Munoz et al., 2000 Loizaga & Sagastume, 1935 Munoz et al., 2000 Seeler et al., 1943 Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Active Inactive Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum / Plasmodium vinckei / Plasmodium berghei Plasmodium vinckei Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro In vivo In vivo falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Duckling/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Human adult Duckling/ Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O soluble fraction O soluble fraction O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Pet ether Ext. MeOH Ext. H Pet ether Ext. MeOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 35 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Ether Ext. EtOAc Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. Alkaloid fraction 95 % EtOH Ext. 35 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Ether Ext. EtOAc Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. 80 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H CHCl H H Extract of the plant CHCl CHCl H 95 % EtOH Ext. Total alkaloids Total H Total alkaloids Total * DSmBk DL Rt * DSmBk DSmBk * DSmBk DFr DBk * Wd DL Bk Part of the plant DEP DL DTBk DBk DBk Puerto Rico Mexico Puerto Rico USA Brazil Peru Mexico Puerto Rico Guatemala Bolivia Brazil Puerto Rico USA Brazil USA Country Brazil Bolivia Argentina Brazil Brazil Ruiz & Pav. L. Moens A. Gray. A. Juss. Vahl. (A.St. Hil.) DC. Krug & Urban. DC. Standl. L. L. RHIZOPHORACEAE Rhizophora mangle L. latiflora Coutarea Faramea occidentalis ROSACEAE Geum rivale Linn. Diodia brasiliensis Spreng. Psychotria klugii Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Schult. Randia aculeata Exostema mexicanum Randia spinosa (Jacq. ) H. Karst. Remijia ferruginea Rondeletia inermis RUTACEAE Amyris elemifera (Mill.) Sarg. Colubrina arborescens Botanical family and scientific names Mart. Ziziphus joazeiro Kageneckia lanceolata Esenbeckia febrífuga hexandra K. Schum. Coutarea RUBIACEAE Cinchona ledgeriana Cinchona pubescens

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 186 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Gantier et al., 1996 Jacquemond-Collet et al., 2002 Carvalho et al., 1991 Okunade et al., 2003 Jacquemond-Collet et al., 2002 Jacquemond-Collet et al., 2002 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Antoun et al., 1993 Montenegro et al., 2006 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Spencer et al., 1947 Bastos et al., 1996 Munoz et al., 2000 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Okunade et al., 2003 Okunade et al., 2003 Active Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Results Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium cathemerium Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei Mouse/ Plasmodium vinckei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium berghei In vitro Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Duckling/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Duckling/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 Total alkaloids Total Hexane Ext. CHCl H H Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H Extract of the plant CHCl CHCl CHCl Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. H ESmBk DTBk Rt DBk DEP * * DL+ Sm Rt Part of the plant * * DL DL Rt DAP * * FshSd Paraguay Venezuela USA Brazil Brazil Puerto Rico Brazil USA Country Brazil Brazil Brazil USA Bolivia Brazil USA L. Engl. DC. (Griseb.) Kraenzl. Cambess. (Mill.) Swingle K. Krause J. Hancock. Lour. (Mart.) Thunberg Galipea officinalis Galipea longiflora Orixa japonica SAPINDACEAE Sapindus divaricatus Serjania species SAPOTACEAE Chrysophyllum oliviforme Pouteria venosa SAXIFRAGACEAE febrifuga Dichroa Botanical family and scientific names Tul. Zanthoxylum minutiflorum Escallonia montevidensis Zanthoxylum naranjillo L. Hydrangea arborescens SCROPHULARIACEAE Calceolaria rivularis Zanthoxylum riedelianum SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus altíssima

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 187 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. Phillipson & O’Neill, 1986 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Active Results Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Active Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Plasmodium lophurae Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Duckling/ Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 H CHCl H H CHCl H Extract of the plant CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl H H H CHCl H H CHCl H H H H H H H H H H H Wd DWd Rt Rt Wd Sm Part of the plant Bk Fr Rt Rt Bk Rt Sm Sm L Rt Bk Bk * Bh Rt Rt Rt USA USA USA USA Country USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA Mill. F. Muell. F. Urb. Benth. F.Muell. Pierre & Engl. Roxb. Griseb. Planch. Botanical family and scientific names Cadellia monostylis Cadellia pentastylis Castela tortuosa Liebm. Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. Ailanthus excelsa Ailanthus imberbiflora Brucea antidysenterica Castela coccínea Turp. Castela depressa Castela macrophylla Castela spinosa Cronquist Castela tweediei Hannoa klaineana Irvingia gabonensis Baillon

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 188 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Debenedetti et al., 2002 O’Neill et al., 1985 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Debenedetti et al., 2002 O’Neill et al., 1985 Active Active Results Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Active Inactive Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 H H H H Extract of the plant CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl CHCl H H H H H H H CHCl H H H H MeOH Ext. H H H Pet ether Ext. H CHCl Rt Bh Wd Rt Part of the plant Sm Rt Sm Rt Rt Rt Rt Wd Wd Rt Rt Rt Wd DAP Wd Rt Rt DL USA USA USA Country USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA Argentina USA USA USA Panama Engl. Pierre Pol. Planch. Sw. Sw. Standl. (Eggers) Urb. Planch. Oliv. (Sw.) Planch. (Sw.) Hook. F. Botanical family and scientific names Irvingia smithii Picramnia antidesma Kirkia acuminata Klainedoxa gabonensis Klainedoxa grandifolia Odyendea zimmermannii Engl. Picramnia carpinterae Picramnia locuples Tul. Picramnia longissima Picramnia pentandra Picramnia sellowii Picramnia xalapensis Picrasma antillana Engl. (Vell.) Picrasma crenata Picrasma excelsa Picrasma nepalensis Benn. sprucei Hook. F. Picrolemma Planch. Simaba cedron

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 189 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Ingrid R. Mariath, Heloina de S. Falcão, José M. Barbosa-Filho, et al. O’Neill et al., 1985 Franssen et al., 1997 Franssen et al., 1997 Marcela et al., 2001 Lovy et al., 1999 Calderon et al., 2000 Antoun et al., 2001 O’Neill et al., 1985 O’Neill et al., 1985 O’Neill et al., 1985 O’Neill et al., 1985 O’Neill et al., 1987 O’Neill et al., 1988 Franssen et al., 1997 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Cabral et al., 1993 O’Neill et al., 1988 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Moretti et al., 1998 Brandão et al., 1985 Moretti et al., 1998 Reference Spencer et al., 1947 Spencer et al., 1947 Munoz et al., 2000 Active Inactive Active Active Active Active Active Active Inactive Active Active Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Results Inactive Inactive Active Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium gallinaceum Plasmodium vinckei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Chicken/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Chicken/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Mouse/ Plasmodium vinckei Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie Ext. Ext. Ext. 2 Ext. Ext. Ext. 3 3 3 3 3 Cl 2 O Ext. O soluble fraction O Ext. O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 2 2 2 CHCl MeOH Ext. CH MeOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. H CHCl MeOH Ext. Pet ether Ext. MeOH Ext. H MeOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. CHCl H 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. CHCl H Extract of the plant CHCl H DSmBk DL Rt * DFr DTBk * * * DFr DBk DL * * * DL DL+ Sm Part of the plant DFr Panama Puerto Rico USA Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Panama Guatemala Bolivia Brazil Brazil Brazil Bolivia Colombia Country USA Miers. (Sw.) G. Don. (Sw.) Mart. ex Schult. L. Ruiz & Pavon Mart. ex Schult. L. B. Sm. J. C. Mikan. Pohl. STAPHYLEACEAE occidentalis Turpinia TURNERACEAE ulmifolia Turnera THYMELAEACEAE L. Daphne mezereum VELLOZIACEAE bicolor Vellozia Simaba guianensis (Aubl.) Engl SOLANACEAE L. Acnistus arborescens compacta Vellozia glabra Vellozia Aubl. amara Simarouba glauca DC. Simarouba Dunalia brachyacantha Mart. epidendroides Vellozia lanata Vellozia flavicans Vellozia Solanum nudum Kunth Botanical family and scientific names TRICHOLOMATACEAE Lentinus edodes (Berck) Sing. Saracha punctata

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 190 Braz J. Pharmacogn. 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009 Plants of the American continent with antimalarial activity Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Carvalho et al., 1991 Antoun et al., 2001 Antoun et al., 1993 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Munoz et al., 2000 Reference Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Munoz et al., 2000 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Brandão et al., 1985 Antoun et al., 2001 Antoun et al., 2001 Antoun et al., 1993 Okunade & Lewis, 2004 Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Results Active Active Active Inactive Inactive Inactive Active Inactive Inactive Active berghei P. Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vinckei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Organism tested and Organism Plasmodium specie / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Rat/ Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Mouse/ Plasmodium berghei Macaca radiata/ / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro falciparum In vitro/Plasmodium / Plasmodium falciparum In vitro Ext. Ext. 3 3 O Ext. O Ext. 2 2 Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. Hexane Ext. EtOAc Ext. Hexane Ext. CHCl 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. Extract of the plant 95 % EtOH Ext. Hexane Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. EtOAc Ext. H 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. 95 % EtOH Ext. * DL * * * * * DEP * DL * * * * * DL Part of the plant DL * DBk DL DSm * DL+ Sm Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Bolivia Country Bolivia Brazil Brazil Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Peru St. Hil. Vahl. Vahl L. L. Pohl. Seub. Mart. L.B.Sm. & Ayensu L.B.Sm. & L.B. Smith L’Hér. Pohl phalocarpa Vellozia L. B. Smith piresiana Vellozia pusilla Vellozia Stachytarpheta dichotoma Schauer Stachytarpheta rhomboidalis grandis L.F. Tectona VITACEAE Cissus cissoides VOCHYSIACEAE Qualea grandifolia Qualea multiflora Mart. Salvertia convallariaeodora stipitata Vellozia subulata Vellozia VERBENACEAE Troncoso Aloysia gratissima Botanical family and scientific names leptophylla Vellozia Aloysia triphylla (Ruiz & Pav.) Aloysia virgata germinans Avicennia fruticosum Citharexylum spinosum L. Citharexylum Lantana cujabensis Schauer Stachytarpheta cayennensis

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz J. Pharmacogn. 191 19(1A): Jan./Mar. 2009