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Requerimiento De Proteína, Lípidos Y Carotenoides Para Crecimiento Y Reproducción Del Camarón Pimienta Lysmata Wurdemanni Y Del Pez Payaso Amphiprion Ocellaris

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Requerimiento De Proteína, Lípidos Y Carotenoides Para Crecimiento Y Reproducción Del Camarón Pimienta Lysmata Wurdemanni Y Del Pez Payaso Amphiprion Ocellaris Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Rio SECRETARÍA DE EDUCACIÓN PÚBLICA TECNOLÓGICO NACIONAL DE MEXICO INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE BOCA DEL RÍO DIVISIÓN DE ESTUDIOS DE POSGRADO E INVESTIGACIÓN REQUERIMIENTOS DE PROTEÍNA, LÍPIDOS Y CAROTENOIDES PARA CRECIMIENTO Y REPRODUCCIÓN DEL PEZ PAYASO Amphiprion ocellaris Y DEL CAMARÓN PIMIENTA Lysmata wurdemanni. TESIS QUE COMO REQUISITO PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE: DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS EN ACUACULTURA PRESENTA M.C. LORENZO DÍAZ JIMÉNEZ DIRECTOR DE TESIS DRA. MARTHA PATRICIA HERNÁNDEZ VERGARA BOCA DEL RÍO, VER., SEPTIEMBRE DE 2018 Km. 12 Carr. Veracruz-Córdoba, Boca del Río, Ver. C.P. 94290 Tel. y Fax, (01 229) 9860189, 9862818, 9861894 e-mail: [email protected] www.itboca.edu.mx RESUMEN Se realizó una serie de experimentos para determinar el requerimiento de proteína, lípidos y carotenoides necesarios para el crecimiento y reproducción del pez payaso Amphiprion ocellaris y del camaron pimienta Lysmata wurdemanni. Además de lo anterior, se evaluaron condiciones ambientales para el cultivo, como: iluminación y color del fondo de peceras, para determinar su efecto sobre el creciminiento y pigmentación corporal de ambas especies. Durante la evaluacion de requerimientos nutrimentales en los peces, se usaron 11 dietas con contenidos de proteína de 370 a 430 g kg–1 y lípidos de 80 a 120 g kg–1, mientras que para los camarones se utilizaron nueve dietas con proteína de 330 a 390 g kg–1 y lípidos de 70 a 90 g kg–1. Como fuentes de carotenoides en las dietas de los peces, se utilizó astaxantina y luteina, mientras que en las dietas de los camarones se uso astaxantina y β-caroteno. Los pigmentos se usaron en concentraciones de 0.5, 1 y 1.5 %. En la evaluacion de color de fondo e iluminación se utilizaron peceras negras y blancas, y espectros de luz rojo y blanco, además de un grupo control (peceras sin iluminaciónn y color de fondo negro). Los resultados demostraron que el requerimiento de proteína/lípidos (P/L) adecuado para juveniles de pez payaso es de 430/100 g kg–1 de P/L, con lo que se tienen alta supervivencia y ganancias en peso similares a las dietas comerciales, además, se recomienda incluir un alto porcentaje de proteína vegetal (≥ 18 %) en la dieta. En los camarones se determinó que una relación 340/70 g kg–1 de P/L, es suficiente para promover un crecimiento eficiente, sin embargo durante la fase reproductiva es necesario incrementar el contenido nutrimental en la dieta (410/90 g kg–1) para mejorar la calidad y viabilidad de los huevos. Los peces alimentados con las dietas con 0.5 y 1 % de astaxantina tuvieron una pigmentación rojiza y contenido de carotenoides totales en piel y músculo significativamente superior (P<0.05) en comparación a los peces de los demás tratamientos. En los camarones, ambas fuentes de carotenoides promovieron su crecimiento, reproducción y pigmentación, sin embargo, la variación de los niveles de inclusión en la dieta afectaron su aprovechamiento. En ambas especies, el color de fondo negro de las peceras mejoró su pigmentación corporal, mientras que el espectro de luz no tuvo un efecto significativo. Lo anterior, es necesario que se considere durante la producción en cautiverio con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad de los peces y camarones. Palabras clave: Especies marinas ornamentales, requerimientos nutrimentales, crecimiento, reproducción y pigmentación corporal. I ABSTRACT A series of experiments was carried out to determine the protein, lipids and carotenoids required for the growth and reproduction of the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris and the peppermint shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni. In addition to the above, environmental conditions were evaluated for the culture, such as: illumination and background color of fish tanks, to determine its effect on the growth and corporal pigmentation of both species. During the evaluation of nutritional requirements in the fish, 11 diets with protein contents of 370 to 430 g kg-1 and lipids of 80 to 120 g kg-1 were used, while for shrimp, nine diets with protein of 330 to 390 g kg-1 and lipids of 70 to 90 g kg-1 were used. As sources of carotenoids in fish diets, astaxanthin and lutein were used, while astaxanthin and β-carotene were used in the diets for shrimp. The pigments were used in concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 %. In the evaluation of background color and lighting, black and white fish tanks and red and white light spectra were used. In addition a control group of fish tanks without illumination and black background color. The results showed that the protein/lipids (P/L) requirement for juvenile clownfish is 430/100 g kg-1 of P/L, which has high survival and weight gains, similar to those of commercial diets. In addition, it is recommended to include a high percentage of vegetable protein (≥ 18%) in the diet. In the shrimp, it was determined that a ratio of 340/70 g kg-1 of P/L is sufficient to promote efficient growth, however during the reproductive phase it is necessary to increase the nutritional content in the diet (410/90 g kg-1) to improve the quality and viability of the eggs. Fish fed diets with 0.5 and 1% astaxanthin had a reddish pigmentation and total carotenoid content in skin and muscle significantly higher (P <0.05) compared to the fish of the other treatments. In the shrimp, both sources of carotenoids promoted their growth, reproduction and pigmentation, however, the variation of the levels of inclusion in the diet affected their assimilation. In both species, the black background color of the fish tanks improved their body pigmentation, while the light spectrum did not have a significant effect. The previous, it is necessary to be considered during the production in captivity with the purpose of improving the quality of the fish and shrimp. Keywords: Marine ornamental species, nutritional requirement, grown, reproduction and corporal pigmentation. II DEDICATORIA A mis padres, por el amor y fuerza que transmiten a la familia. A mis hermanas, por su tenacidad y perseverancia. A mi familia, por su apoyo incondicional. A las personas que se dedican a la actividad acuícola y a aquellas que procuran que México sea un mejor país. III AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por la beca núm. 387491. A la Dra. Martha Patricia Hernández Vergara y al Dr. Carlos Ivan Perez Rostro por su confianza y apoyo. A la Dra. Maria Isabel Jimenez Gracia, al Dr. Alejandro Pérez Legaspi y al Dr. Miguel Angel Olvera Novoa por sus recomendaciones y sugerencias para la mejora de este documento. Al Dr. Luis Alfredo Ortega Clemente y a la IQ. Erendira Rocha Miler por sus sugerencias y espacio otorgado durante los análisis químicos y proximales. A mis compañeros y amigos: Magdiel, Alfredo, Andres, Veronica, Carlos, Daniel, Yadira y Julieta por su apoyo durante la construcción de los sistemas de cultivo y mantenimiento de animales. IV ÍNDICE RESUMEN ....................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... II DEDICATORIA ........................................................................................................... III AGRADECIMIENTOS ................................................................................................ IV INDICE DE TABLAS ................................................................................................ VII INDICE DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................. VIII INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................... 1 2. ANTECEDENTES .................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Generalidades de Amphiprion ocellaris ................................................................ 10 2.1.1 Distribución .................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Grupos sociales y reproducción del genero Amphiprion ................................ 12 2.1.3 Crianza en cautiverio ...................................................................................... 13 2.1.4 Estudios nutricionales ..................................................................................... 14 2.2 Generalidades de los camarones Lysmata ............................................................. 15 2.2.1 Distribución de Lysmata wurdemanni ............................................................ 17 2.2.2 Sistema de reproducción ................................................................................. 17 2.2.3 Avances en protocolos de producción de camarones carídeos ornamentales 20 2.2.4 Estudios nutricionales de Lysmata spp. .......................................................... 21 2.3 Los carotenoides y su aplicación en la acuacultura. ............................................. 22 3. JUSTIFICACIÓN ..................................................................................................... 25 4. HIPÓTESIS ............................................................................................................... 26 5. OBJETIVOS .............................................................................................................. 27 5.1 Objetivo general .................................................................................................... 27 5. 2 Objetivos particulares ..........................................................................................
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