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To the NADCA Standard ACR Joe, the title of the document should read “Air Systems Cleaning Specialists” and also at the bottom of each page it reads Air Cleaning System Specialists. Air Systems Cleaning Specialist To the NADCA Standard ACR Copyright © 2013 NADCA, All Rights Reserved ii | NADCA AIR SYSTEMS CLEANING SPECIALIST TABLE OF CONTENTS NADCA Air Systems Cleaning Specialist MODULE 1 Overview of Heating Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems Cleaning ..................1 History of Heating Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems Cleaning ................1 Factors Affecting the HVAC (Duct) Cleaning Industries Growth ............................................2 What is HVAC Contamination Composed Of? ..........................................................................3 The National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA) ...........................................................4 MODULE 2 HVAC Systems Overview ....................................................................................................................7 Principles of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems ............................................7 Types of HVAC Systems...............................................................................................................27 Basic Components of HVAC Systems ........................................................................................31 MODULE 3 Protecting Health & Safety of Occupants and Building .................................................................45 Preliminary Recommendations on HVAC Cleaning................................................................45 HVAC Systems and IAQ ..............................................................................................................47 HVAC Systems and Mold ............................................................................................................51 Preparing and Protecting the Site ...............................................................................................52 Cross Contamination Avoidance ................................................................................................55 Security Issues and Responsibilities ...........................................................................................55 MODULE 4 Performing the Cleaning ...................................................................................................................57 Preliminary Determination Inspection or Assessment ............................................................57 Administrative Controls ..............................................................................................................58 Protecting Health and Safety ................................................................................................59 Engineering Controls and containment ....................................................................................66 Work Practices ..............................................................................................................................72 MODULE 5 HVAC Cleaning and Mold Remediation .......................................................................................101 Bacteria & Fungi .........................................................................................................................101 ACR Mold Section .....................................................................................................................106 IICRC S520 and Other Mold Guidelines, Standards and Regulations ................................108 Biological Contamination in HVAC Systems ..........................................................................109 Microbial Remediation Overview (Structural Remediation) ...............................................113 HVAC Cleaning and Structural Mold Remediation ...............................................................124 NADCA Position Paper Chemicals in HVAC Systems ..........................................................127 Indoor Environmental Professionals (IEP) .............................................................................128 AIR SYSTEMS CLEANING SPECIALIST NADCA | iii iv | NADCA AIR SYSTEMS CLEANING SPECIALIST MODULE 1 Overview of HVAC Systems Cleaning WHAT WE’LL LEARN • History of Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems Cleaning • Factors Affecting the HVAC (Duct) Cleaning Industries Growth • What is HVAC Contamination Composed Of? • The National Air Duct Cleaning Association (NADCA) History of Heating, Ventilating & Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems Cleaning Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems Cleaning, commonly referred to as “duct cleaning” traces it’s roots back to the mid-1900’s. Initially duct cleaning was primarily conducted in the northern part of the United States, strictly in the residential market. The main purpose was removal of large amounts of gross contaminants from the duct system. Many duct systems were constructed with both supply and return grilles located within the home’s flooring. This would allow large amounts of floor debris to end up in the duct system such as carpet fibers, dirt, dust and anything else that was small enough to pass through the floor register. As time progressed the industry of duct cleaning has taken on a new complexion that has crossed over from gross contamination removal to the improvement of system efficiency and indoor air quality. Initially the main thrust behind the cleaning of duct systems was geared towards the increase of air flow and efficiency in a heating and cooling system. In general, ducts were cleaned using large vacuum trucks which could establish high amounts of suction. These trucks would be connected to the furnace AIR SYSTEMS CLEANING SPECIALIST NADCA | 1 MODULE 1 | Overview of HVAC Systems Cleaning through a series of hoses at a main connection point. The large volume of suction from the truck would then be utilized as air driven devices or brushes would be sent down the ducts through various openings to dislodge the debris from the duct walls. All debris would then be transported through the hoses to the vacuum truck for easy disposal. This technique was widely used and accepted throughout the United States as the standard practice for duct cleaning. This technique still remains popular in some areas of the country today. Over the past 30 years duct cleaning techniques have come a long way and industry associations like the National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA) have lead the way in assisting professionals with education, research and outreach programs. NADCA has also been instrumental in assisting the general public in determining what to look for from professional duct cleaning or HVAC cleaning companies. NADCA has also worked closely with EPA in the US and similar agencies around the world to ensure government guildelines and publications include information on the correct methods for properly cleaning HVAC systems. We will look at NADCA activities in more detail in the last section of this MODULE. Factors Affecting the HVAC (Duct) Cleaning Industry Growth Numerous factors must come into the equation when attempting to address nationwide duct cleaning. The original invention of the power vacuum truck left a number of issues needing answers. It seemed that the original system of truck cleaning worked very well when used as designed, but if you ventured outside of the standard duct system configuration many questions began to arise. Specifically when addressing the type and size of the duct system. Many new unanswered questions needed to be addressed. Duct cleaning techniques were historically a regional issue and most new contractors were spin off’s or new start-ups from an existing company. This meant as the industry began to expand outside of their regional zones, duct construction and fabrication techniques began to change. The emergence of tighter buildings in the 70’s now catapulted duct cleaning into the forefront as many people viewed HVAC system remediation as a new industry. Facilities from around the country were looking to this newly discovered industry to answer some critical questions. One of the most common questions was can my type of ductwork be cleaned? Over time HVAC cleaning has become a well established profession with industry and government guidelines, standards, specifications and in some cases even state regulations. 2 | NADCA AIR SYSTEMS CLEANING SPECIALIST Overview of HVAC Systems Cleaning | MODULE 1 Duct Cleaning – The Misnomer Duct cleaning is perhaps one of the worst “If you decide to terms that could be applied to what the have your heating and cooling modern day professionals actually do. The system cleaned, commonly accepted terminology has become it’s important to make sure the HVAC cleaning and restoration or HVAC service provider remediation. Duct cleaning of course is a agrees to clean all non-glamorous term used to describe what components of the system and is has become a highly technical business. Some qualified to do so.” states now require HVAC remediation firms –US EPA to be licensed under current HVAC state licensing requirements. Another reason duct cleaning is not an accurate term is the significant amount of work which must be conducted throughout the entire HVAC system including the main air handling unit and terminal units. In most cases the highest levels of contamination and remediation exist in these areas and require extensive knowledge of mechanical components for
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