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An Archaeological Desktop Study for the Proposed 200Mw Wind Energy Facility Near Aberdeen, Camdeboo Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province - Scoping Phase Input

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An Archaeological Desktop Study for the Proposed 200Mw Wind Energy Facility Near Aberdeen, Camdeboo Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province - Scoping Phase Input AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESKTOP STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 200MW WIND ENERGY FACILITY NEAR ABERDEEN, CAMDEBOO LOCAL MUNICIPALITY, EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE - SCOPING PHASE INPUT Prepared for: Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd Contact person: Ms. Alicia Govender PO Box 148 Sunninghill 2157 Tel: (011) 234 6621 Fax: (086) 684 0547 Email: [email protected] Prepared by: Ms Celeste Booth Department of Archaeology Albany Museum Somerset Street Grahamstown 6139 Tel: (046) 622 2312 Fax: (046) 622 2398 Email: [email protected] July 2011 1 CONTENTS SUMMARY 2. INTRODUCTION AND BRIEF 3. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND HERITAGE 4. The Early Stone Age (1.5 million - 250 000 years ago) 4. The Middle Stone Age (250 000 – 30 000 years ago) 5. The Later Stone Age (30 000 years – recent) and Pastoralism within the last 2000 years 7. Human Remains 9. Rock Art (Paintings and Engravings) 10. The Historical Period (Last 500 years) 11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15. APPENDIX A 16. MAP 1 18. MAP 2 19. MAP 3. 20. 2 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESKTOP STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED 200MW WIND ENERGY FACILITY NEAR ABERDEEN, CAMDEBOO LOCAL MUNICIPALITY, EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE SUMMARY The area for the proposed Aberdeen Wind Energy Facility is located approximately 24km west of the small Karoo town of Aberdeen within the Camdeboo Local Municipality. The proposed 8 198ha area is situated along the R61 regional road that runs between Aberdeen in the Eastern Cape and Beaufort West in the Western Cape (approximately 108 km to the west of the proposed area for development). Murraysburg is situated about 60km to the north, and Klipplaat and Jansenville are located between 70km-90km to the south-east of the proposed area for development. The proposed area for development is on a relatively flat part of the landscape, however the Kamdeboo Mountains are situated just to the north-east of the study area. Several perennial streams occur within the proposed area for development as well as smaller dams and reservoirs. The vegetation cover is mainly Southern Karoo Riviere and Eastern Lower Karoo. Little is known about the archaeology of the immediate area, mainly because no systematic research has been conducted within the proposed area for development. One phase 1 heritage impact assessment (HIA) has been conducted through the area proposed for development (van Schalkwyk 2007) and several phase 1 archaeological impact assessments have been conducted within and surrounding the town of Aberdeen (Binneman 2009a-f), and a recent study for an environmental management plan (Fourie & Shand 2011), provides recent and accurate information about archaeological resources that may be encountered within the area proposed for development. According to the above specialist studies, it is possible that surface scatters of Early, Middle and Later Stone Age stone artefacts may be encountered, as well as associated organic and material remains. Khoekhoen pottery, rock engravings, the remains of historical buildings, features and European ceramics, as well as stone-walled kraals of both pre-colonial and historical origin may also be encountered during the survey. It is therefore recommended that: 1. A full phase 1 archaeological impact assessment be conducted to establish the range and importance of the exposed and in situ archaeological and heritage materials and features, the potential impact of the development and to make recommendations to minimize possible damage to these sites. 3 INTRODUCTION AND BRIEF Eskom Holdings SOC Limited is proposing to establish a commercial wind energy facility and associated infrastructure. The proposed area for the Aberdeen Wind Energy Facility has been considered as potentially suitable for the wind energy development to meet economic, social and environmentally sustainable criteria as well as issues relating to landscape character, value, sensitivity and capacity. These aspects have been balanced with technical constraining factors affecting the siting of a wind farm, including the wind resource (wind potential, land availability, accessibility and existing grid infrastructure). An area of 8 198ha is being considered within which the proposed facility will be constructed. The proposed Farms include: Portion 3 of Sambokdoorns 92; RE of Portion 4 of Sambokdoorns 92; RE of Sambokdoorns 92; Portion 1 of Klipdrift 73; Portion 2 of Farm 94; and RE of Portion 2 of Farm 94 (Maps 1 and 2). The proposed facility will be made up of a cluster of between 100 and 150 wind turbines with an optimal rated capacity of between 1.3MW and 2MW each and is expected to have a nominal generating capacity of approximately 200MW. Associated infrastructure will include: • A cluster of between 100 and 150 wind turbines to be constructed over an area of ~ 8 198 ha in extent • Concrete foundations to support the turbine towers • Cabling between the turbines to be lain underground • An on-site substation to facilitate the connection between the facility and the electricity grid • An overhead power line (400kV) feeding into Eskom’s electricity grid at the Droërivier Substation, approximately 140 km from the site1 • Main access road to site • Internal access roads between wind turbines • External roads to access the site may be required • Borrow pits within the site for the construction of access roads • Office/Workshop area for operations, maintenance and storage • Temporary water storage for construction and small storage for Operation • Storage of fuel during construction • Small Information centre and Operational & Maintenance building 1 Note that the power line is the subject of a separate EIA process. 4 Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd has been contracted to conduct the environmental impact assessment (EIA) by Eskom Holdings SOC Limited (the developer). This archaeological desktop assessment has therefore been prepared as part of the scoping phase for the proposed project in accordance with the National Environmental Act 107 of 1998, the National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999 and guidelines by the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA). ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AND HERITAGE (“Description of the Affected Environment”) No systematic archaeological research has been conducted within this region of the Eastern Cape, therefore little is known about the archaeology of the immediate area proposed for the Aberdeen Wind Energy Facility. The Albany Museum holds records of sites recorded mainly to the east of Aberdeen and closer to Graaff-Reinet, approximately 75km to the east of Aberdeen (Map 2). These are mainly rock art sites and open site scatters of stone artefacts in association with some other organic and material archaeological remains. However, one rock engraving, burials and historical buildings have also been recorded. The closest archaeological site in proximity to the proposed area for development that has been recorded is a rock shelter containing rock paintings, situated approximately 40km to the east, past Aberdeen. A farm situated approximately 70km to the north-west of the proposed area has been noted to contain about six to eight Later Stone Age sites including rock shelters with rock paintings. A number of rock engravings have been recorded and published in and around the Beaufort West area, within approximately 114km to the west along the R61 (Parkington et al. 2008) and recently, various Middle Stone, Later Stone Age, rock shelters, and rock engravings have been recorded about 75km to the north on a site about 34km south of Victoria West (Binneman et al. 2011a). The Karoo landscape has been occupied by humans since the Early Stone Age (ESA), spanning an occupation period of about 1.5 million years. Archaeological evidence is usually observed as surface scatters and is widely dispersed across the landscape. Caves are uncommon in the Karoo and open sites (Early Stone Age to the last 2000 years) generally consist of single-level occupations near sources of water such as rivers, streams and springs. Rock engravings are widespread over the Karoo landscape, substantial research has been conducted within the Northern and Western Cape areas of the Karoo (Parkington et al. 2008). Early travellers and trekboere (Dutch farmers) started entering this part of the Eastern Cape towards the end of the 18 th century and colonial settlement increased towards the second half of the 19 th century. 5 The following sections describe the possible archaeological encounters that may be expected within the proposed area for development and includes topics such as the Early Stone Age (ESA) and the Middle Stone Age (MSA), the Later Stone Age (LSA) and pastoralism within the last 2000 years, rock art (paintings and engravings) and the historical period. The Early Stone Age (ESA) (1.5 million-250 000 years ago) The Early Stone Age from between 1.5 million and 250 000 years ago refers to the earliest that Homo sapiens sapiens predecessors began making stone tools. The earliest stone tool industry was referred to as the Olduwan Industry originating from stone artefacts recorded at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. The Acheulian Industry, the predominant southern African Early Stone Age Industry, replaced the Olduwan Industry approximately 1.5 million years ago, is attested to in diverse environments and over wide geographical areas. The hallmark of the Acheulian Industry is its large cutting tools (LCTs or bifaces), primarily handaxes and cleavers. Bifaces emerged in East Africa more than 1.5 million years ago (mya) but have been reported from a wide range of areas, from South Africa to northern Europe and from India to the Iberian coast. The end products were similar across the geographical and chronological distribution of the Acheulian techno-complex: large flakes that were suitable in size and morphology for the production of handaxes and cleavers perfectly suited to the available raw materials (Sharon 2009). The most well know Early Stone Age site in southern Africa is Amanzi Springs, situated about 10km north-east of Uitenhage, near Port Elizabeth (Deacon 1970). In a series of spring deposits a large number of stone tools were found in situ to a depth of 3-4m.
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