Chapter 3

Profile of Western Region 3.1 Introduction 3.2 District 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 History 3.2.3 Area 3.2.4 Topography 3.2.5 Rainfalls 3.2.6 Soil 3.2.7 Rivers 3.2.8 Population 3.2.8.1 District Decade-wise Growth in the Population 3.2.8.2 Taluka wise Distribution of Population 3.2.9 Agriculture 3.2.9.1 Irrigation 3.2.9.2 Pattern of Land Use 3.2.9.3 District Statistics of Land Usage (land holding) 3.2.9.4 Pattern of Cropping 3.2.9.5 The Area, Output (Production) and Yield (Productivity) of the Chief Crops 3.2.9.6 Area under Cultivation of Wheat and Jowar 3.2.10 Ahmednagar Agriculture Produce Market Committee (AAPMC) 3.3 District 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 History 3.3.3 Area 3.3.4 Topography 3.3.5 Rainfalls 3.3.6 Soil

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3.3.7 Rivers 3.3.8 Population 3.3.8.1 City Decadal Population Growth 3.3.8.2 District Decadal growth rate 3.3.9 Irrigation 3.3.10 Agriculture 3.3.10.1 Irrigation 3.3.10.2 Pattern of Land Use and Land Possessed 3.3.10.3 District Statistics of Land Usage (land holding) 3.3.10.4 Pattern of Cropping 3.3.10.5 The Area, Output (Production) and Yield (Productivity) of the Chief Crops 3.3.10.6 Area under Cultivation of Wheat and Jowar 3.3.11 Pune Agriculture Produce Market Committee (AAPMC) 3.4 District 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 History 3.4.3 Area 3.4.4 Topography 3.4.5 Rainfalls 3.4.6 Soil 3.4.7 Rivers 3.4.8 Population 3.4.8.1 City Decadal Population Growth 3.4.8.2 District Decade-wise Growth in the Population 3.4.8.3 Taluka wise Growth of Population 3.4.9 Irrigation 3.4.10 Agriculture 3.4.10.1 Pattern of Land Use 3.4.10.2 Land Holding 3.4.10.3 Pattern of Cropping 3.4.10.4 The Area, Output and Yield of the Chief Rabi

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3.4.10.5 Area under Cultivation of Wheat and Jowar 3.4.11 Satara Agriculture Produce Market Committee (AAPMC)

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3.1 Introduction The selected districts of western Maharashtra region are Ahmednagar, Pune and Satara. They are large in sized and scale like population, geographical area, market available near to the farmers and traders and transport facility. Ahmednagar is selected because it is a native place of the research student. Pune is selected as the Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing Board, Maharashtra is located here and the required data can be collected easily. Satara is selected as it is the boundary of and primary producer of Jowar crop (www.macp.gov.in). These three districts are nearer to the researcher, and convenient for data collection of Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees.

3.2

3.2.1 Introduction From the times of medieval the town Ahmednagar has been famous. “It being the capital of Ahmednagar’s Nizamshahi Kingdom was found by Malik Ahmad in the year 1494. This town was given the name ‘Ahmednagar’ after his very own name that is ‘Ahmed’. The legend goes behind of finding Ahmednagar city of which when Ahmed Shaha while hunting had seen a hunting dog attacked by a fox. Watching this, he sensed a good omen and found a city at the same place and named it after him. The district is named after the town of ‘Ahmednagar’ from medieval times.”1

3.2.2 History “In the year 1818, the Ahmednagar district which is most famously known as ‘Nagar’ has come into existence. The boundaries of Ahmednagar in 1822 had spread between Karmala in district and Vani Dindory subdivision of Nashik. In the year 1838, Ahmednagar was given the status of independent collectorate, till then from the year 1830 sub collector of Solapur had been inducted for this district. The Nashik sub collectorate of the sub-division of Chandor, Nashik: Pein and Igatpuri tehsil, Sinnar and Dindori had been under the district of Ahmednagar during the 1837- 38. The area had been reverted to the district of Ahmednagar by abolishing the sub- collectorate of Nashik in the year 1856. There were two districts namely Nashik and Solapur declared independent in the year 1869 which led to the present emergence of

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the district of Ahmednagar. The Ahmednagar district is irregular in shape which resembles like a slanting cross with 200 kilometers length and of 210 kilometer breadth. The district of Ahmednagar is a largest of the Maharashtra state for occupying its area and is in a somewhat a central position in the state of Maharashtra.”2 “After reorganization of Maharashtra state the district had been in corporated into the Bombay State, 1956. But from the year 1961 it constitute a part of the Maharashtra state. In the year 1961 the Ahmednagar district comprised of 1318 villages inhabited and the 5 towns dispersed over the 12 talukas and one mahal. During the 1961-71 decade there was up gradation of the Jamkhed Mahal and there was an increased in the number of tehsils to 13 and during the census of 1971 there had been inhabited villages – 1312, uninhabited – 5 and towns – 6. This was the same condition till the census of 1981. During the decade of 1971-81 there were some changes in district where there was a rise in village numbers which increased to 1503 (2 uninhabited villages were excluded) and the number in towns increased to 8 because of Warwandi and Rahuri were declared as towns. Through the notification of the State Government, the Rahuri town gained a municipal status and since Warwandi being qualified in the specific criteria given by the census to be declared as an urban area was declared as The Census Town. There were 13 tehsils with villages – 1556 and town – 13 during the census of 1991. At present the Ahmednagar district has tehsils – 14, towns – 19 and villages – 1584 (which includes uninhabited villages – 3).”3

3.2.3 Area Agricultural market structure and selling of Wheat and Jowar are core part of the research. Hence, it is necessary to study all the important factors with agriculture produces and APMC’s The area covered by the district of Ahmednagar is 17,048.00 square kilometer as per 2011 census and according to the area this district ranks first in the Maharashtra state. The table given below shows the talukas wise Ahmednagar district area.

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Table: 3.2.1

Taluka Wise Ahmednagar District Area

Serial Number Taluka Area in Square Kilometer 1 Akola 1509.94 2 Sangmner 1714.29 3 715.63 4 Rahata 608.56 5 568.55 6 Newasa 1228.48 7 Shevgaon 1029.68 8 Pathardi 1185.18 9 Nagar 1468.52 10 Rahuri 935.32 11 Parner 1932.95 12 1523.90 13 1525.29 14 Jamkhed 879.77 Source: District Census Handbook Ahmednagar 2011. According the area wise the smallest taluka is Shrirampur having an area of 568.55 square kilometers and the largest being the which has an area of 1932.95 square kilometers.

3.2.4 Topography In the district of Ahmednagar different land forms are found which make up its physical set-up. Following are the districts divisions of the physical set-up:

1. The Regions of Northern and Southern plains: This region is made up of Pathardi, Rahuri, Rahata, Newasa, Kopargaon, Shevgaon and Shrirampur tehsils. It also has the Pravara and Godavari basins. In this physical division the southern parts of tehsils like Jamkhed, Shrigonda and Karjat are included. Sina, Bhīma and Ghod rivers are also the parts of this plain.

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2. The Hilly Region of The West: In Ahmednagar western area, the main Sahyadri range touches the Akola tehsil which forms three main ranges they are – Baleshwar, and . Sahyadri’s highest peak is Kalsubai that of 1654 meter. The Region of Central Plateau: Tehsils like Karjat, Parner, Shrigonda, Ahmednagar, and Sangmner are parts of this region.

3.2.5 Rainfalls The district of Ahmednagar has its majority of the parts coming under the shadowy zone of the Sahyadri hills. The district average rainfall received is 578.8 millimeters out of which 77 percent being received during the period of the south west monsoon season (June to September) as shown in the table number 3.3.2 The rainfall distribution in the Ahmednagar district is very much uneven in its region to region. There is higher rainfall near to the hill of Kalsubai than any region of the Ahmednagar district. This region is made up of forest and by the mountain. There is lowest rainfall occurring in those areas which cover the district eastern part.

Table: 3.2.2

District Average Annual Rainfall

Months Rainfall in mm Months Rainfall in mm

January 4.28 July 94.45

February 1.24 August 82.02

March 4.16 September 169.83

April 8.6 October 66.74

May 22.54 November 31.88

June 116.07 December 8.48

Source: Indian Metrological Department, Pune

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From the above table it can be seen that the distribution of monthly rainfall is not equal. In the year the month which is having more rain is September. The monsoon season rainfall starts from the month of June and it goes on declining there on.

3.2.6 Soil “The “Deccan Traps” also known as the basaltic lava flow occupies over the whole district. These flows are often liked with inter trapped beds like sand stones, red bole beds, lime stones, porous thin mantle of black cotton soil, clay shales can be seen nearly all over the basaltic area. Looking into the depth of the soil and other related factors, total area of 26 percent is said to be suitable for the pattern of double cropping and the remaining for other crops like Groundnut, grasses, Bajra, Plantation and Sunflower as according to the Dry Farming Research Station, Solapur. There are four categories in which the districts types of soil is divided, they are: 1. Medium black soil 2. Coarse shallow soil 3. Reddish soil 4. Deep black soil The soil is rich in the plant nutrients like Magnesium, Potash and Lime. The Ahmednagar district’s north area has its soil relatively deep and rich. The grey soil and red soil can be seen in its south area. In this district there are no economic importance minerals to be found. The road metal and the building material used are extensively made up of the compact and hard basalts. The blocks which can be cut into desirable sizes are available from the soil which is of pinkish color.”4

3.2.7 Rivers The district has the main rivers like Bhīma, Sina and Godavari were Godavari’s tributary is Pravara and Pravara’s main tributaries are Mahalungi, Mula and Adhala. The tehsil of Ahmednagar, Shrigonda, Parner, Karjat and Pathardi makes the southern part of the district and constitute Bhima basin having its tributaries the Ghod and the Kukadi. The district as a boon, amongst its rivers has Mula, Godavari and Pravara.

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“The districts main rivers are Bhima and Godavari of which the Bhima is in the south and Godavari in north. The most distinguished is the which flows through the many regions of peninsular . It has its origin from the Sahyadri ranges near Trimbakeshwar being in the district of Nashik, which enters this district as a significant stream near the village Wadong in the tehsil of Kopargaon. In the district of Aurangabad and Ahmednagar this river forms a continued boundary by flowing in the southeast direction through its rich alluvial plains. Within the Ahmednagar district this river is having a length near about 200 kilometers. Godavari has an important tributary known as the ‘Pravara’. It has its origin in tehsil of Akola which is situated of the Sahyadri’s eastern slopes. This river has a length nearby to 200 kilometers in this district which meets the river Godavari in the village ‘Toka’ which is situated in the tehsil of Newasa. Because of the Pravara there are immense benefits that the district has gained through its proper, efficient and effective irrigation system for it has changed a part of the Ahmednagar into a well flourished and prosperous region in the state of Maharashtra. Its chief tributaries are the Adula, Mahalungi and Mula.”5 “The entire southern part of this district is occupied by the ‘Bhima basin’. The river Bhima flows through the boundaries between the Ahmednagar district and the district of Pune, for about sixty kilometers. Close to the Bhimashankar (Pune district) there is the origin of which enters the district of Ahmednagar near the village ‘Sangavi Dumale’. This village is situated in the Shrigonda tehsil which has a flow in the direction of southeast. The river banks are found to be generally low having generally a sandy bed and crossing in a few places by the corcky barriers. The principal tributaries of the Bhima River are the Ghod River and the Sina River. The river Ghod also has a flow in the direction of southeast for along 80 kilometers in the district forming a boundary between the districts of Ahmednagar and Pune. There is a rise in the Sina river at north of Ahmednagar which flows through the city by forming a portion of the boundary between the district of Beed and Ahmednagar. This river in the joins the river Bhima by some miles in the south of the district Solapur.” 6

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3.2.8 Population “Population statistics are an important resource for population estimate and projections are put to many uses example for comparative purpose, life expectancy, healthy life expectancy and other which all require detail age and gender break downs of population. Trends in population estimate are clearly important to facilitate to analysis of particular diseases and risk factor over time. While such population trend data are becoming available, it is important to aware that population estimate are essentially cross sectional or snap shots in time of populations, and only partially take account of population migration. Population projection calculated on a national and sub national bases are used by central and local government department in a wide range of ways, including to assistance of long term fiscal and economic planning, to forecast future demands for services and to held device strategy to deal with changing demographics. However these projections have a high degree of uncertainty and can change substantially.”7

3.2.8.1 District Decade-wise Growth in the Population: The table below depicts the population decade wise growth of the district of Ahmednagar from the year 1961 to 2011. There is an increase in the rural population from 1588654 to 3630542, in urban population from 187315 to 912617 and the total increase being 1775969 to 4543159. The average growth rate is 15.07 percent, 31.66 percent and 17.32 percent respectively.

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Table: 3.2.3 District Decade-wise Growth in the Population

Year Rural Urban Total

1961 1588654 (00.00) 187315 (00.00) 1775969 (00.00)

1971 2017617 (27.00) 251500 (34.26) 2269117 (27.76)

1981 2356941 (16.82) 351368 (39.71) 2708309 (19.36)

1991 2839454 (20.47) 533481 (51.83) 3372935 (24.54)

2001 3236945 (14.00) 803697 (50.65) 4040642 (19.80)

2011 3630542 (12.16) 912617(13.55) 4543159(12.44)

Source: Ahmednagar DSA_2015 District Census Handbook Ahmednagar, 2011 Figures in the brackets shows growth rate to the previous year This shows that the rural population is decreasing from 27.00 percent in the year 1971 to 12.16 percent in 2011, the urban population increasing from the year 1971 (34.26 percent) to 2001 (50.65) and the total number of population increasing from 1961 to 2011.

3.2.8.2 Taluka wise Distribution of Population: The given below table 3.2.4 shows taluka wise population distribution according to the 2001 and 2011 census. There are 14 talukas in the district of Ahmednagar whose total population increased in the year 2001 from 40,40,642 to 37,56,461 in the year 2011. From this total population, the rural population in 2001 was increased 32,36,945 to 35,30,772 in 2011, the urban population being 8,03,697 in 2001 and in 2011 being 1,25,919. From these 14 talukas it can be seen that in 2001 there were 5 talukas having zero population in urban areas (Newasa, Rahuri, Shevgaon, Karjat and ) while according to the 2011 census there are 9 talukas having zero urban population (Kopargaon, Rahata, Shrirampur, Newasa, Shevgaon, Pathardi, Rahuri, Shrigonda and Parner.

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Table: 3.2.4

Taluka wise Distribution of Population

Taluka wise Distribution of Population (2001) Taluka wise Distribution of Population (2011) Talukas Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

Akola 2,66,638(100) - 2,66,638(6.6) 2,81,904(96.6) 10,046(3.4) 2,91,950(7.8)

Sangmner 3,60,114(81.6) 81,325(18.4) 4,41,439(10.9) 4,00,275(94.8) 21,860(5.2) 4,22,135(11.2)

Kopargaon 2,06,340(74.4) 70,830(25.6) 2,77,170(6.7) 2,37,179(100) - 2,37,179(6.3)

Rahata 2,43,076(84.3) 45,203(15.7) 2,88,279(7.1) 2,62,146(100) - 2,62,146(6.9)

Shrirampur 1,67,697(65.4) 88,761(34.6) 2,56,458(6.3) 1,98,218(100) - 1,98,218(5.2)

Newasa 3,26,698(100) - 3,26,698(8.2) 3,57,829(100) - 3,57,829(9.5)

Shevgaon 2,03,676(100) - 2,03,676(5.0) 2,45,714(100) - 2,45,714(6.5)

Pathardi 1,92,045(89.4) 22,827(10.6) 2,14,872(5.3) 2,30,898(100) - 2,30,898(6.1)

Nagar 2,30,733(38.0) 3,75,957(62.0) 6,06,690(15.0) 2,55,862(84.2) 48,337(15.8) 3,04,199(8.1)

Rahuri 2,30,108(78.0) 64,816(22.0) 2,94,924(7.3) 2,53,013(100) - 2,53,013(6.7)

Parner 2,46,552(100) - 2,46,552(6.2) 2,74,167(100) - 2,74,167(7.3)

Shrigonda 2,51,032(90.5) 26,324(9.5) 2,77,356(6.9) 2,84,841(100) - 2,84,841(7.5)

Karjat 2,05,674(100) - 2,05,674(5.2) 2,24,133(95.1) 11,659(4.9) 2,35,792(6.2)

Jamkhed 1,06,562(79.4) 27,654(20.6) 1,34,216(3.3) 1,24,363(78.5) 34,017(21.5) 1,58,380(4.2)

Total 32,36,945(80.1) 8,03,697(19.9) 40,40,642(100.0) 35,30,772(96.6) 1,25,919(3.4) 37,56,461(100) District Source: District Social and Economic Analysis, 2007-2008, District Census Handbook Ahmednagar, 2011

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The table given above shows the district of Ahmednagar has its population unevenly distributed; its majority population in the year 2001 was living in (15.0 percent) which was followed by the Sangmner taluka where as in 2011 the majority of population leaves in Sangmner taluka (11.2 percent) where followed by Newasa taluka (9.5 percent).

3.2.9 Agriculture In the district of Ahmednagar the main activity/occupation undertaken by the people is farming. From the entire workers working in agriculture there are 75.42 percent people working as agricultural labors, farmers, animal husbandry and in other activities related to agriculture. The district is having irregular and in consist rainfall. The farmer for agriculture is mostly dependable on rains, dams, rivers and wells. “The chief Kharif crops are maize, red Gram sugarcane, Bajra, soybean and cotton. The important Rabi crops are wheat, Pulses, Jowar, onion and soybean. District main horticultural crops are pomegranate, papaya, guava, onion, kagzi lime, mango, banana and sapota.”8 The crops grown in the minor area in the district of Ahmednagar but which are considered to be a chief source of livelihood are black Gram, maize, groundnut and the leading crops of horticulture are pomegranate, mango, onion, lime and also the crops which are prominently registering a rise are ginger banana, custard apple and turmeric crops. “The major agro and allied industries are: Poultry, Feed, Mills (Flour, Oil, Rice and Dal), Fruit processing, Meat, Dairy, Goatary, Sugarcane (Sugar, Khandsari and Gur), Spices and Cotton Ginning.”9 “Production Infrastructure: Polyhouse, Feed Production Units and Shade net. Agri Processing Units: Milk Processing Units, Fruit/Sugar/Vegetable Live Stock Markets (MACP) Animal Husbandry: Poultry Units, Goatary Unit and Dairy Units Storage Infrastructure: Dry Storage Godowns and Cold Storages Sugarcane (Jaggery, Khandsari, and Sugar), Processing (Grading and Packing)”10

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3.2.9.1 Irrigation For the development of agriculture sector proper irrigation facility is very much essential. A well irrigated water supply gives the assurance to increase the capital formation, creating employment capacity and increasing level of income. Proper and reliable water supply sources give a well profitable yield. Because of proper irrigation facility there is a surplus amount of cultivation which is brought in the market for selling purpose thus helping to solve food problems of the population. In the district of Ahmednagar, the chief sources of irrigations are the well irrigation and the surface irrigation. Thus proper, efficient and effective irrigation facility helps the improved development in agriculture. In the district of Ahmednagar, irrigation is done through rivers, tanks and wells which help the farmers to cultivate the agricultural produce. It helps in the development of the agricultural sector. In comparison to the other talukas Ahmednagar, Karjat, Sangmner, Rahata, Shrirampur, Pathardi, Parner and Kopargaon have more number of wells. In this district lakes are to be found in the region of Bhatodi, Gunvadi, Musalvadi and Visapur. On the in the Akola taluka the dam is constructed which provides irrigation to Shrirampur, Sangmner, and Rahuri and Rahata talukas. ’s the Baragaon Nandur dam which is situated on the irrigates the region of Newasa, Shevgaon and Rahuri talukas. The district has other dams like in Parner taluka ‘Mandohal dam’, in ‘Pargaon Ghatsheel dam’ and on the river Adhala having ‘Devthana dam’. Pune districts, ‘Kukadi dam’ helps in providing irrigation to Shrigonda and Parner talukas. The Ahmednagar districts have lift irrigation schemes and percolation tanks as other irrigation source.

3.2.9.2 Pattern of Land Use It is essential for land use classification for maximising productivity and for conservation of land to attain prosperity. It also require considerable amount of time and income source and so there has to be justification for classifying any type of land in different types of categories. The two major factors which have influence on land used pattern are the human factor and the physical factor. Climate, topography, soil are the physical factors whereas the human factors are occupation, population density,

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technology development and its use, socio and economic conditions and others. Following given table shows the land of the district.

The table below shows different year wise percentage of land use in the district. The area of forest in the 1971 report is 11.61 whereas the report of 1991 is having 10.10 and 2011 report shows 08.32 areas in percentages. This output indicates a downward trend in the land being made use for forest area as due to the land being used for settlements and roads. The table given below shows the district land utilization in percentage. Table: 3.2.6 District Land Utilization in Percentage

Sr. No. Land Use 1971 1991 2011

1 Forest Area 11.61 10.10 08.32

2 Area not available in Cultivation 09.85 08.57 08.74

Other Uncultivated Land 3 01.86 04.00 06.14 Excluding Fallow Land

4 Fallow Land 03.14 07.53 07.21

5 Net Sown Area 73.54 69.80 69.59

Total 100 16.97 8.22

Source: Socio – Economic Review of Ahmednagar District 2012-13

The land area which was not available for cultivation in 1971 is 09.85 and 1991 report is 08.57 percentages whereas the report for 2011 indicates 08.74 percent, thus having a fairly positive change. It can also be seen that there is a also a positive change in the other cultivation area from the reports of 1971 being 01.86 percentage, in 1991 it increased to 04.00 percentage and finally it went up to 06.14 percentage in 2011.

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There has also been a increase in the fallow area in a positive way, as the reports related to the different decades show. They are in 1971 it was 03.14, 1991 being 07.53 and in 2011 it being 07.21 percentages. There is a negative change in the net area sown, as it can be seen from the above table. From the reports of 1971 the net area sown is 73.54, in 1991 it is 69.80 and in 2011 being 69.59 percentages.

3.2.9.3 District Statistics of Land Usage (land holding) According to the socio economical survey for the year 2006-07 total number of the khatedars or the land holders and size of the land they hold in their names are given in the table given below:

Table: 3.2.7 District Size of Land Holding

Serial Size of Land Area Land Holders Number (in Hector) Percentage Hectors Percentage Numbers 1 Up to 01 9.49 127900 35.14 239151

2 01 to 1.99 23.19 312445 31.42 213899

3 02 to 3.99 31.44 423553 23.20 157906

4 04 to 9.99 26.14 352165 9.04 61517

Total 100.00 1347322 100.00 680609

Source: Socio-economic abstract of Ahmednagar district, 2006-07

The above table gives information regarding the district of Ahmednagar, land holder 35.14 percent have only 9.49 percent of the land holding having a land side up to 1 hector while the land holders of 31.44 percent have 23.19 percent land holding and having a land size up to 1.99 hectors. Thus, it can be said that less than the 2

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hectors of land is owned by 66.56 percent of total cultivators and land holders owning more than the two hectors of land are 33.44 percent.

Thus it can be found that of more than 66 percent of the land holders of Ahmednagar district are belonging to the category of marginal and small farmers. Hence, to increase their profit the farmers have to grow more or maximum yield from their small land holdings and for this they have to use modern techniques of agriculture and also a proper market for marketing their goods. The farmers are not very rich and required funds for cultivating their farmers. For funds purpose they take loan from the local Savkars (money lenders) or from the person to whom they sell their farm produce. It is seen that majority of the times these money lenders cheat the farmers. To overcome this problem there are funding agencies which provide funds to the farmers for agricultural purpose. They are shown in the following table:

Table: 3.2.8 Rural Funding Agencies

Number of Rural Semi Urban Agency Banks Branches Branches

Commercial Banks 25 130 90

RRB’s 1 - 16

District Central Co-operative Banks 1 257 -

Co-operative Agricultural and Rural 1 - 11 Development Banks

Primary Agricultural Co-operative 1325 1325 - Societies

Total 1353 1712 117

Source: http://macp.gov.in/ahmednagar-district-profile2013

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The agencies are Commercial Banks, RRB’s, District Central Co-operative Banks, Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks and Primary Agricultural Co-operative Societies. Commercial Banks are 25, its rural branches are 130 and semi urban branches are 90, RRB’s one and its semi urban branches are 16. The District Central Co-operative Bank one and its rural branches are 257, Co- operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank one and its semi urban branches are 11 and the Primary Agricultural Co-operative Societies are 1325 and the rural branches are 1325. The total number of banks and its branches are 3182 which are not enough to provide the required amount of funds required by the total farmers. Hence, the farmers tend to take loans or financial help from the local traders or the Savkars. They repay this loan by giving the cultivated produce or cash.

3.2.9.4 Pattern of Cropping Indian economy is agricultural based and its people (more than 70 percent) are occupied in agriculture. From the very earlier period man is shifting and doing farming activities for their sustenance. Agriculture or farming is dependent on natural climatic conditions being given through nature and if conditions are favourable than agriculture bloom. If conditions do not favour agriculture, it can cause natural disaster/calamities. Slope, temperature, rainfall, proper soil, good weather conditions are few of the natural factors which affect cropping or agriculture to be effective. All components are necessary for good agriculture and even one component is not present it may harm an area depending on its physical conditions and so it also leads to different areas or regions having different types of crops. Cash crops and food crops are grown in the district of Ahmednagar as it is having a land which is fertile and full binding of its people who are engaged in agriculture. From the ancient times agriculture is their main occupation and has that agriculture instinct in them and their culture. Day by day population is expanding and land area being same, with the natural calamities and manmade disasters one is finding shortages of food. Farmers have felt the need to grow more crops by having more productivity and yield in the agriculture area by adopting new methods of agriculture or improvising the old traditional way of farming, by making use for better quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, modern

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irrigation methods and others. Farmers are now taking more than one crop at a time for increased yield and productivity in short period and thus having multiple crops in a year. Now a day’s crops can be seen to be grown all throughout the year, hardly giving a gap within two crops for cultivation. There can be seen crop area to be different related to place and time because the pattern of cropping depends on various factors as rainfall, demography, physiography, climatic conditions, soil fertility and others. Hence we find different crops being grown in different areas in the district.

The below given table illustrates its different crop wise area for the years 1971, 1991 and also 2011 in the district. According to below given information in the table, area under crop is inconsistent regarding the period like Gram, wheat, Bajra and the other crops. In accordance with the report of the year 1991 Jowar crop is having maximum area under cultivation being 54.22 percent related to 1971 and 2011. The following table shoes different crop area in percentage. Table: 3.2.9 Different Crop Area (in percentage)

Area Fruits Wheat Jowar Bajra Groundnuts Sugarcane Gram and Year Vegetables

1971 04.51 50.43 35.06 02.06 05.04 01.96 00.88

1991 04.64 54.22 31.55 00.99 05.54 01.58 01.38

2011 07.19 48.12 29.00 02.00 08.17 02.41 03.10

Source: Socio-Economic Review 2012-13

Here it shows a decline in cultivation compared to the previous years. Maximum area under cultivation for wheat crop is 07.19 percent in the year 2011. It is having an increasing trend from 1971 to 2011 but its percentage of area under cultivation related to other crops is low. There is more of area used under Sugarcane

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cultivation from the reports of 1971, 1991 and 2011, which also shows an positive increase in the area used for its cultivation like- 05.04, 05.54 and 08.17 percent respectively. Bajra crop shows a decline in the area of cultivation for the years 1971 – 35.06, 1991 – 31.44 and in 2011 – 29.00 percentages. There can be seen variance in cultivation area for groundnut crop which is not satisfactory regarding other crops. The reports for the year 1971 shows 02,26, 1991 shows 00.99 percent and the year 2011 being 02,00 percent. There is not a much cultivation area for Gram crop compared to other crops. Its percentages with its years are, for 1971 – 01.96, 1991 – 01.58 and 2011 – 02.4. The table above shows an positive increase in the cultivation area, which being in the year 1971 – 00.88, 1991 – 01.38 and 2011 – 03.10 percentages. Thus, it can be noted that farmers have more preference for cash crops rather than the traditional ones.

3.2.9.5 The Area, Output (Production) and Yield (Productivity) of the Chief Crops The main crops which are cultivated in the district are Paddy, KhJowar (Kharif Jowar), Bajra, Maize, Tur and others in the Kharif season whereas in the Rabi season Jowar, Wheat, Gram, Maize and others. The following table shows the area, production and productivity of the district for last five years.

Kharif Crops The table 3.2.10 gives the information about the food grains; particularly the food grains and particularly the cereals were dominant over the region covered under Kharif crops in the year. From the total area covered of Kharif crops, 8.59 percent of which was occupied by Pulses and 51.16 percent by cereals which being the total area of 59.75 percent of both Pulses and cereals of the total area under Kharif crops. The table given below depicts Area, Output and Yield of the Chief Kharif Crops

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Table: 3.2.10 The Area, Output and Yield of the Chief Kharif Crops

Average of Last Five Years Sr. No. Crop Area Production Productivity Kharif (ha) MT Kg/ha

1 Paddy 9016 9156.00 977.60

2 KhJowar 71 4.48 495.00

3 Bajra 202271 174805.80 934.60

4 Maize 31268 59513.11 2651.80

Total Kharif Cereals 242626 243479.39 -

5 Tur 14446 8005.61 551.60

6 Moog 16231 10274.89 526.80

7 Udid 10068 4408.17 502.60

Total Kharif Pulses 40745 22688.67 -

Total Kharif Food grains 283371 266168.06 -

8 KhGroundnut 4357 3527.22 878.40

9 Soybean 55099 5876.40 1264.60

10 Sunflower 4472 4337.84 970.00

Total Kharif Oilseeds 63928 13741.46 -

11 Cotton 69153 64095.00 960.40

12 Sugarcane 57748 4331.00 750.00

Total Cash Crops 126901 68426.00 -

Source: MSS of Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra Competitiveness Project (First Midterm Review 22 April – 3 May 2013)

Amongst Oilseeds, groundnut was the chief cultivated crop and 6.81 percent out of the total area covered under Oilseeds, Soybean being 86.18 percent and also the area covered under other Oilseeds – sunflower is negligible.

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Thus from the above given information it can be said that in this district there is about 51.16 percentage of Gross Cropped Area comes under cereals, 8.59 percentage under the Pulses and 58.16 percentage comes under the food grains. The Kharif Jowar being the chief cereal crop accounts to 00.03% and the Kharif Bajra accounts for 42.65% of the Gross Crop Area. The area of oilseeds is 13.48 percent of the overall Gross Cropped Area.

Rabi Amongst Rabi and Kharif Crops in this district, it is the Rabi crop which dominates the district and food grains dominate the Rabi crop. It can be noted from the table 3.2.11 given below, that in this district the Rabi season dominates agriculture and near about 44 percentage of the Gross Cropped Area comes under the Rabi crops. Table: 3.2.11 The Area, Output and Yield of the Chief Rabi crops in the District

Average of Last Five Years Sr. No. Crop Area Production Productivity 1 Rabi (ha) MT Kg/ha 2 Jowar 485713 38767.00 766.80 3 Wheat 132406 232291.00 1556.80 4 Maize 13170 11176.00 1944.00 Total Rabi Cereals 631289 282234.00 - 5 Gram 94149 69288.00 729.60 Total Rabi Pulses 94149 69288.00 - Total Rabi Food grains 819587 351522.00 - 6 Safflower 11943 7185.40 636.60 7 Sunflower 2826 1304.10 869.60 8 Groundnut 4713 8934.10 1796.80 Total Rabi Oilseeds 19482 17423.60 -

Source: MSS of Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra Competitiveness Project (First Midterm Review 22 April – 3 May 2013)

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The table above shows Area under cultivation for Rabi crops is being dominated by the food grains. 42.93 percent which is the maximum portion of the area comes under the cereals (food grains). Jowar being the chief food grain crop during the Rabi season which comes under 76.93 percent of area under the Rabi cereals. Of the entire Gross Cropped Area 33.08 percent is constituted by Rabi Jowar. Wheat food grain also comes in Rabi crop which makes 20.97 percentage areas of the entire Rabi cereals and the Gross Cropped Area being 9.00 percent. Of the entire Gross Cropped Area 6.40 percent is constituted by the chief pulse crop being Gram. Rabi Oilseeds constitute below 1.32 percent of the Gross Cropped Area which is quiet negligible compared to the other Rabi crops. Safflower comes under the Rabi Oilseeds which constitutes 61.30 percent the chief area of Rabi Oilseeds.

3.2.9.6 Area under Cultivation of Wheat and Jowar The district of Ahmednagar has agriculture as the chief occupation of the people. Majority of the people are still working as farmer laborers in the farm. The other allied activity - animal husbandry, sericulture, horticulture and others are also based on agriculture. The district experiences an irregularity of rain in the monsoon season, due to which agriculture is mostly relying on the stored water through dams, canals, rivers, wells and other irrigation facilities. There are Kharif and Rabi crops taken in the district. Mung, Bajra, Tur, Cotton, Sunflower as Kharif crops and Wheat, Jowar, Groundnuts, Grams, Sunflower, Onion. Sugarcane is also cultivated in large quantity and because of which Sugarcane factories can be found in the district.

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Table: 3.2.12 Area under Cultivation of Wheat and Jowar

Area under Cultivation Sr. No. Year (Area in “00” ha) Wheat Kharif Jowar Rabi Jowar

1 2010 – 2011 1337 - 5400

2 2011 – 2012 0481 - 4346

3 2012 – 2013 0389 - 4448

4 2013 – 2014 0519 - 5039

5 2014 – 2015 0572 - 4438

Total 3298 - 2367

Source: DSAO, Ahmednagar 2016

“From the above table it can be seen that the largest cultivation area for Wheat and Rabi Jowar is in the year 2010-2011. Wheat being the largest crop is accounting for 3298 hectare area under cultivation (2010 – 2011 to 2014 – 2015), whereas Jowar crop has 2367 hectares of land under cultivation from the year 2010 – 2011 to 2014 – 2015. The cultivation area under wheat crop is decreasing and though there is more cultivation area of Rabi Jowar, it can be seen that the total Jowar area is decreasing. Change in the food habits of the people is one of the reasons for it. Though this one of the reason, it is also because of the sugarcane crop cultivation being taken by the farmers mostly in canal region and due to low rainfalls.”11

3.2.10 Ahmednagar Agriculture Produce Market Committee (AAPMC) “The establishment of the Ahmednagar Agriculture Produce Market Committee (AAPMC) is established on 1/10/1954. Its location is in the central part of the city having different types of amenities. Being an autonomous body is constituted under “The Maharashtra Agricultural Produce (Marketing Regulation) Act, 1963” in the

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year 1977. The purpose is to regulate markets which have various types of goods. These APMCs are basically set up for providing farmers marketing needs by providing them a place/platform to sell their agriculture produce at prices which are competitive and also sell in different markets. The total number of Ahmednagar Agriculture Produce Market Committee (AAPMC) is 14 and having 30 sub markets. Farmers bring their produce like – Kharif crops (Soybean, Sugarcane, Bajra, Maize, Cotton and others), Rabi Crops ( Pulses, Soybean, Wheat, Jowar and others), Major horticultural Crops – Onion, Sapota, Guava, Banana, Papaya, Mango, Pomegranate, Kagzi Lime other types of food grains, cereals, vegetables and fruits.”12 The following table shows the Taluka wise main markets and submarkets of the APMC.

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Table: 3.2.13 Taluka wise Main Markets and Submarkets of the AAPMC Main Total Number of Main Total Number of Submarkets Market Markets Submarkets Ahmednagar 1 Nepti 1 Jamkhed 1 1 Mirajgaon 1 Karjat 1 Rashin 1 (Najer) Shinda 1 Sakuri-Rahata 1 Kopargaon 1 Sakuri 1 Ghodegaon 1 Newasa 1 Kukana 1 Sonai 1 Takali 1 Parner 1 Dhokeswar Nighoj 1 Tisgaon 1 Takali Manur 1 Pathardi 1 Kharbandi - 1 Kasar Bhalgaon 1 Wambori 1 Rahuri 1 Songaon 1 Nimone 1 Ashwi Budruk 1 Sangmner 1 Talegaon 1 Sakur 1 Shevgaon 1 - Kashti 1 Shrigonda 1 Ghogargaon 1 Belapur 1 Shrirampur 1 Taklibhan 1 Shamsherpur 1 Akole 1 Kotule 1 Loni Khurd 1 Rahata 1 Kholhar Budruk 1 Total 14 30 Number Source: www.msamb.com/ApmcDetail/Profile 24/10/2017

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“Thus, it can be seen from the above table the different taluka wise Ahmednagar Agriculture Produce Market Committee where there are total 14 main APMC markets and 30 sub markets.” 13 “The facilities provided by Ahmednagar Agriculture Market Committee are as follows: 1. Caring facility. 2. Tank having the capacity to hold four lakhs liters water. 3. Roads are concrete based in the internal market area. 4. The entire market has electricity facility. 5. The market committee is provided with security. 6. It provides facilities for bank transactions. 7. Bathrooms and toilet facilities 8. Facility of drainage system. 9. Grading machine for onion is provided which divides it into five types of sizes. 10. Export of Onion facility. 11. The onion sheds for grading have the capacity of 1500 trucks.” 14 The above facilities given by the AAPMC help all the functionaries to have eased while doing their trading activities related to marketing. They are able to perform their activities smoothly and efficiently.

Conclusion The district of Ahmednagar is the biggest in the state of Maharashtra. It occupies a central position in the western Maharashtra. It lies between the 73040’ east to 75043’ east longitudes and 18020’ north to 19059’ north latitudes having 200 kilometer width and length of 210 kilometers. The district of Ahmednagar has three chief divisions and they are the central plateau region, northern and southern plain region and western hilly region. In the district western boundary lies the Sahyadri mountain ranges. The Sahyadri ranges are further subdivided into Harishchandragad range which lies in the south, in the middle lies the Baleshwar range and Kalsubai-Adula range in the north.

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The Bhima and Godavari flows through Ahmednagar district. Godavari river has the following tributaries like Mula, Dhora and Pravara and the river Bhima have tributaries – Kukadi, Sina and Ghod. The district Soil is of four types and they are medium black, red soils, deep black and coarse shallow soils. The district of Ahmednagar experiences four type of season – the hot summer, the rainy monsoon, the going back south-west monsoon and the cold winter. The starting of hot summer season is from the month of June till end of the first week of June. The south-west season of rains starts from June to the month of September, exiting of the monsoon season is in the month of October and November. The season of winter commences from December to February end. 578.8 millimeter average annual rainfall is received by this district and out of which 77 percent is received in the month of June, July, August and September. The Ahmednagar district rainfall is not even in its regions. . In the district of Ahmednagar the main activity/occupation undertaken by the people is farming. From the entire workers working in agriculture there are 75.42 percent people working as agricultural labors, farmers, animal husbandry and in other activities related to agriculture. The district is having irregular and in consist rainfall. The farmer for agriculture is mostly dependable on rains, dams, rivers and wells. Social change and the economic development are highly essential for an under-developed country, and the important means of co-operation through which the further progress for transformation and growth of present economic setup have to be highly geared or accelerated by increasing the productivity of both industrial and agricultural. The developed information and technology has modernized the concept of communication into a global one. Information from any place can travel to any other place in the globe provided internet facility is available. This also helps e- business or e-commerce. The cultivation area under wheat crop is decreasing and though there is more cultivation area of Rabi Jowar, it can be seen that the total Jowar area is decreasing. Change in the food habits of the people is one of the reasons for it. Though this one of the reason, it is also because of the sugarcane crop cultivation being taken by the farmers mostly in canal region and due to no, low or irregularity in rainfalls.

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There are total 14 main Ahmednagar Agriculture Market Committee markets and 30 sub markets. They help the farmers to sell their agricultural produce at fair rates and also provide Minimum Support Price for their produce. Thus, they are motivated to produce in large quantities and sell the produce in local markets or export it to foreign countries and improve their standard of living.

3.3 Pune District 3.3.1 Introduction The researcher as selected the topic “An Analytical Study of Agriculture Market Structure in Western Maharashtra Region” for the research and Pune district is one of the district in western Maharashtra region. It is most necessary to study this area which is influenced by the rainfall, climatic conditions, soil types and the other types of agricultural economic futures. So an attempt is made to give brief information about this district.

3.3.2 History Maharashtra’s cultural capital and the state’s second largest city Pune is popularly called as the “Oxford of the East” or the “Green City”, has a history which goes back to thousand years. “Pune mention in a copper plate inscription during the Rashtrakuta empire in 700’s .References in the Sanskrit language for Pune being known as Punyapur and Punnaka (150 AD) and later on as ‘Poorna Nagar’ can be found. “The Pune district had being known as “Punya Vishaya” and “Punnaka Vishaya” where Punya means ‘holy’ and the word ‘Vishaya’ means ‘region’. It is described as such, for Pune is having a of the two rivers - Mutha and Mula which in the Hindu religion is considered to be holy.” 1 “The Yadava Dynasty ruled over it in the 900’s and the Mughals defeated the Yadavas in 11th century. After this, Pune was for the long time under the rule of Muslims. Ahmednagar’s Sultan in the year 1604 gave/granted a small village ‘Pune’ to Sivaji’s grandfather – Maloji Bhosale who ruled over Pune till the year 1630. “Adil Shahs sardar Murar Jagdev Pandit, in year 1631 attacked Pune and captured it, where Shahaji Raje restored it.”2

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“In the eighteenth century (during thirties) Peshwa Bajirao I built an palace in Pune. In the seventeenth century the area other than the main town, which was made by the inside of the and the area surrounding it constituted the parts of Poona. The main town was called as “Kasbe Pune” meaning the town of Poona and the other parts as ward names or separate locality names. Raje Shivaji son of Shahaji Raje became the Maratha King after his father and in 1818 the Maratha Power ended. From here the British Empire came into rule and set it up in the city of Pune. During the British rule Pune had been the ‘Monsoon Capital’ which was then the Bombay Presidency. In the year 1857 the Pune City Municipality had been established for the experiment of local self-government. Pune was also a center for the movement of social and religious reforms during the struggling period of India’s independence. To achieve the economic development after 1951 Pune went through a fast transformation as a response for the challenges of achieving the economic development. There are development in the area’s like infrastructure municipal corporations, universities, school, colleges, industries, airport, hospitals, cultural activities, magazines and newspapers (which are published from the period of pre- independence) excellent and well equipped libraries, The National Defense Academy, The Maharashtra Industrial Corporation (MIDC), Pune Cantonment, has IT Park, hills and valleys, park and temples and others. Many industrialists who are Pune based like Bajaj, Kirloskar, Garware and others have expanded the empire of industries from Pune the world. “Central government has several establishments which are manufacturing arms and ammunition.”3 There are eminent musicians, chartered accountants, scientists, lawyers, engineers, sportsman, authors, tax consultants, doctors and others have increased the standard of the city. The Pune district has a significant place in the development of India’s economy.

3.3.3 Area The total area which is occupied by the district of Pune is near about 15643 square kilometer which being the total five percent of the full area of the state of Maharashtra. The district area is further divided into urban and rural area. According to the 2001 census the district has villages – 1844, Grampachayats - 1234, panchayat

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samitees – 13, councils – 11, Municipal corporations – 2, Cantonment boards – 3 and tehsils – 13. These tehsils are namely - Baramati, Daund, Indapur, Khed, Mulshi, Shirur, Velha, Ambegaon, Bhor, Haveli, Junnar, Maval and Purandar. There are Changes since 2001 to 2011 and Government Notification Number which is further given in detail in Administrative Setup details as per Census of 2011. According to the 2011 Census the district of Pune is second in ranking for the population size in the state and is its district headquarters of Pune City. Ahire village in Haveli Community Development Block is having smallest area of 20.25 hectares amongst the 1877 villages of Pune district and the Bawada village in Indapur Community Development is having the largest area of 8,097.00 hectares. The Fursungi village in Haveli-Community Development Block is the most populated (66,062 persons) and Padalghar village in Mulshi- Community Development Block is the least populated (7 persons). It is also one of the most urbanized districts which have 61.0 percent of its population living in the urban areas. Pune’s literacy rate is 86.2 percent which is higher than that of state literacy rate having 82.3 percent. The Pune City is called as the land of Education in state of Maharashtra where all educational facilities are available and the Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) is also located in the district. The world famous Bajaj Automobile and Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (Telco) are also located in Pune district. The ‘Pune Festival’ is being celebrated during the festival of Ganesh Chaturthi in the city of Pune. According to the Census of 2011, the city population is 31,15,431 and of the Pune Metropolitan Region is 50,49,968 which is a fully urban tehsil of the district of Pune. In the city of Pune the statutory urban local bodies are as follows: 1. Pune Cantonment 2. Khadki Cantonment 3. Pune Municipal Corporation Following table 3.3.1 shows the taluka wise Pune district area.

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Table: 3.3.1

Taluka wise Pune district Area

Serial Number Taluka Area in Square Kilometer

1 Haveli 1028.42

2 Mulshi 1027.65

3 Bhor 865.31

4 Maval 1100.00

5 Velhe 531.61

6 Junnar 1474.77

7 Khed 1461.08

8 Ambegaon 1111.73

9 Shirur 1790.08

10 Baramati 1383.01

11 Indapur -

12 Daund 1391.78

13 Purandhar 1154.44

14 Pune -

Source: District Census Handbook Pune 2011.

According to the information given in the above table the area wise the smallest taluka is Velhe having an area of 531.61 square kilometer and the largest being the Shirur taluka which has an area of 1790.08 square kilometer. For the purpose of administration the city is further divided into the four zones and fourteen administrative two divisions. There is also rapid growth seen in

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population in the region of Pune city which includes – The Pune Cantonment, Pune Municipal Corporation and Khadki Cantonment Board areas. The administrative setup is given in detail in the following point.

3.3.4 Topography “The district of Pune lies in the state of Maharashtra which is in its western region. To its north-west it is bounded by the district of , in the west by the , in the south by the district of Satara, in the south-east district of Solapur and in the north-east and the north lays the Ahmednagar district. This district extends to the which is on the east side from the Sahyadri mountain range or the where the district of Pune is located. On the side which is sheltered from the wind (leeward side) of the Western Ghat lies on the district of Pune. It is at an altitude of 1863 feet (559 meters). Its location is in between 73.20 to 75.10 easts and to the north 17.50 to 19.20. The two Municipal Corporations in Pune district are: 1. Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) 2. Pimpri - Chinchawad Municipal Corporation (PCMC) In Pune city’s west side Pimpri-Chinchawad is located which touches the national High-way of Pune-Mumbai. Akurdi, Chinchawad, Bhosari, Pimpri and Nigadi come under the Corporation area, developed as Industrial Zone by Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation.” 4

3.3.5 Rainfall Rainfall is an important resource of water. Most of the agriculture is dependent on rainfall. The soil absorbs water which comes through rain. This water is then available through wells, boar wells and hand water pumps. Dams, canals, water reservoirs and others are built to store water which can be used in future. Because of this, irrigation facility can be developed. “The district of Pune receives an annual rainfall at the average of 675 millimeters and it being received all through the south-west monsoon period. In few of the tehsils the rainfall is received from the south-east or north-east but in the maximum parts of Pune district the rains are received from south-west monsoon. Pune

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districts average rainfall being 3000 to 4000 millimeters. Annual rainfall of 722 millimeters is received by the Pune City chiefly between the month of June and the month of September because of south-west monsoon. The zone having medium rainfall in the district have an average rainfall – 900 millimeter, the average rainfall in the eastern region is in between 600 to 700 millimeter which being received in the period of south-west monsoon and there is an average rainfall in the western region of 1171 millimeter. At present, there is irregularity in the rainfall and unpredictable relating to the period of Indian monsoon. Though, the district being receiving rainfall from the south-west monsoon, there are few talukas which get rains from the south- east / north-east. The region which is drought prone located in the extreme east receives 500 to 600 millimeter rainfall.”6 Following table 3.3.2 shows the annual rainfall of the year 2003 to 2012 for Pune city and the talukas of the district of Pune. It shows the decadal average and yearly average rainfall.

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Table: 3.3.2 2003 – 2012 (Rainfall in millimeter) Annual Rainfall Data

Decadal Taluka 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Average

Pune City 335.3 652.4 1239.5 1246 779.44 689.29 909.7 1169 979.9 492.7 849.32

Haveli 452.2 890.6 1250.36 1247.5 859.04 706.02 938.3 1147.8 979.6 505.4 897.67

Mulshi 1251 1878 2875.8 2804 1834 1602 1836.7 1592 1792 1438 1890.35

Bhor 712 1380.1 1714 1762 1429.4 998 1213 1121 1129.3 833 1229.18

Maval 1026 1466 2561 2252 1442.6 1399.5 1364.8 1168 1482 1013 1571.14

Velhe 1420 2054.4 6320.6 3997 3263 2409 1405 2043 2695.1 2070.4 2667.7

Junnar 648.2 771.8 1344.4 1237 880 747.4 706 862.3 769 557.1 852.32

Khed 386.2 775 973.1 1461.1 756.5 692.66 639.6 1018.4 637.7 436.2 777.65

Ambegaon 421.8 735.1 1025 1338.3 830.9 735 732.3 823.4 836 616.16 809.44

Shirur 266 374 460 760 774 492 859.6 849.5 441.8 321 549.69

Baramati 113.2 521 711 567 622 454 738.8 804.6 291 235 505.76

Indapur 163.3 651.9 696.1 668 640.3 345.4 932.4 805.8 399 250.6 555.28

Daund 156.3 522 742.2 594 604.85 326.7 474.3 639.3 347.6 337.4 474.46

Purandhar 215 710 1158 1476 519 497 806 602 609.4 371 696.34

District 540.46 995.87 1647.9 1529.2 1081 814.62 968.3 1046.1 956.38 676.9 Average

Source: Government of India, Ministry of Water Resources, Central Ground Water Board, 1810/DBR/2009

There is variation in normal rainfall annually all over the district which is about 468 millimeter to 4659 millimeter. Around Daund which is in the district’s eastern part have minimum rainfall of 468 millimeter and Jejuri having 494 millimeters with Baramati having 486 millimeter. There is an increase in the rainfall

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towards the westward which is highest nearby around 4659 millimeter in Western Ghats. Area’s surrounding Daund and Indapur which are in the eastern part of the Pune district, Pune City which is situated in the central part of the Pune district have such rainfall around its areas and also small region around the northern parts near Junnar there are chances of they having a normal rainfall in these parts up to maximum of 50 to 55 percent. According to the analysis of the rainfall, there are occurrences of the drought prone areas in the central, southern, eastern, south - eastern and the north western parts around Baramati, Daund, Damdhere, Shirur, Bhor, Alandi, Talegaon, Jejuri and Indapur cover about 50 percent area of Pune district. For the year 2003 – 2012 the average annual rainfall according to taluka wise range for about 474 millimeter (Daund) to 2668 millimeter (Velhe) which is shown in the above table.

3.3.6 Soil The ability of the soil to maintain and give moisture is dependent on the texture and structure of soil. Soils nutrients status in the rural farming areas is accountable for its productiveness. The material of the weathering of basalts which is contRoleed by the climate is nothing but the Soil. This material or the product contains a fairly high proportion of calcium carbonate and having much porosity but of moderate to low permeability. Its texture is generally clayey loam. The Pune districts soil based on this physical type of characteristics can be divided mainly into three groups, they being –

1. Red Soil: This type of soil can be seen in Ambegaon, Khed and Junnar block where chilies, groundnut and Bajra are mostly cultivated in this soil.

2. Brown Soil: In the western region of Purandar, Daund and Shirur this kind of soil which is shallow and coarser than the black soil is found.

3. Black Soil: The black soil is mainly used for cultivating Rabi crops like the Gram, sugarcane, wheat and Jowar for it helps to retain the moisture over a longtime. This soil can be found in the eastern parts of regions like Daund, Shirur, Purandar and Khed where this soil is in the layers of several feet deep found in the eastern parts of Pune.

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Soil which is found to be suitable for growing paddy is in the regions of Velhe, Mulshi, Maval, and Bhor and in the parts of western region Ambegaon, Junnar and Khed blocks.

3.3.7 Rivers The chief river of the district of Pune is ‘Bhima’. There are other rivers which are also important for water resource and they are – Pushpavati, Krushnavati, Kukadi, Meena, Ghod, Bhima, Bhama, Andhra, Indryani, Pavna, Mula, Mutha, Ambi, Mose, Shivganga, Kanandi, Gunjavni, Velvandi, Neera, Karha, Velu etc. and the others. It can be said that at least one river flows in each taluka level. In the season of summer these rivers are dry and flooded in the season of rainfall. Some of the major dams in this district are the Manikdoh, Pavna (Pavna), Bhatgar (Velvandi), Dimbe (Ghod), Pimpalgaon (Pushpavati), Devghar, Khadakwasala (Mutha), Panshet (Mose), Veer (Neera), Valvahan (Indrayani), Yedgaon (Kukadi), Mulshi (Mula), Chapet (Kanandi), Chas-Kaman and also Ujani (Bhima), Meena (Meena) and others.7

Some of the major dams are: “Yedgaon (Kukadi), Pimpalgaon (Pushpavati), Manikdoh, Meena (Meena), Dimbe (Ghod), Chas-Kaman and Ujani (Bhima), Andhra (Andhra), Valvhan (Indrayani), Pavna (Pavna), Mulshi (Mula), Temghar, Khadakwasla (Mutha), Varasgaon (Ambi), Panshet (Mose), Chapet (Kanandi), Bhatgar (Velvandi), Devghar, Veer (Neera) Lonavla region (Wadgaon-Maval Taluka) is known as Lake District of Maharashtra region attributable to various lakes during this area which are, Bhushi, The Lonavla Lake, INS Shivaji, Pavna, Valvhan, Tungarli, Andhra, Shirawta Lake. But the Sahyadris and its branches provide ton of chance for damming the streams resulting in sizable amount of lakes in Pune district.8

3.3.8 Population: In the year 1901 and 1911 the population grew slowly because of the five epidemics of the plague where 30,000 people died. The Pune Municipal Corporations population in its area illustrated a fall which was marginal in census of the 1931 which grew slowly and steadily after 1931. Due to several reasons like no problems regarding help and employment opportunities in various fields like research and

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defense establishment and educational institutions and industries which attracts population in flow in large quantity from outside the Pune district. Other reason was influx (after the partition in 1947) of the refugees from Sind and the Punjab provinces.

3.3.8.1 Pune cities Population structure India’s census has gone through population strength in various decades. In 2011 the population was 31.24 lakhs which was an increment from the year 1951 which had 4.88 lakhs population which was due to the result of urbanization and industrialization in the Pune city, which is shown in the following table: Table: 3.3.3 Pune Cities Population Structure

Year of Census Population (In Lakhs) Change in Decadal (Total)

1951 4.88 N.A.

1961 6.06 1.18

1971 8.56 2.50

1981 12.03 3.47

1991 16.91 4.88

2001 25.38 8.47

2011 31.24 5.86

Source: Census of India 2001, 2011

“In accordance with the 2001 census, the population of the city had been close to twenty five lakhs. It is found that in last fifty years, the population of the city is growing more than five times which is because of its economic activity. India is having a young population where the median age of population is of twenty four years

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and population of less than the thirty five years old is about sixty five percent of total population. Under the age of thirty, the population percentage is sixty two. Due to Immigration, there is increase in the estimated population to be fifty percent and which also shows the reasonable share of age group of the population in between twenty five to thirty four. Economic activities which are conducted on the cites outskirts, chiefly in the region of Pimpri – Chinchawad, have direct impact on Pune city Since there being a increased expansion and development in the industries inside and its outskirts of Pune, it can be said to be a reason for the increasing population in 1960’s to 1980’s. Though these industries were in the outskirts of the city of Pune ( Pimpri – Chinchawad and Bhosari), it was seen that these industries employees mainly chose to reside in the Pune City and which gave a firm increase of more than thirty five percent for every decade in the population. .”9 “The economy had been developing fast and its pace also increased which after the year 1991, it resulted in increased growth in the population. There had been high level in-migration because of the rapid development and expansion in service sector business organizations and in the industry of Information technology and Communication. There were about 3.1 lakh people who migrated to the city of Pune during 1981 to 1991 period. In between the year 1991 to 2001 this number went up to 7.4 lakhs. Of the city’s population thirteen to twenty percent accounted for migration. It was noted that the reason for population growth of about fifty percent had been mainly because of migration. It can be noticed that, the population in both areas of the cantonment showed a decline in between the period of 1981 and 2001. This decline was compensated through the increased population growth in the area of Pune Municipal Corporation. This helped the overall growth of the city’s population as it surpassed three million in the year 2011.”10 In the area of Pune Municipal Corporation and in accordance to the 2001 census, the population density had been five thousand nine hundred and three people per square kilometer. In the same census year, the household’s total number within the limits of Pune Municipal Corporation was 555,771 and the populations literacy rate was estimated was that of seventy seven percent in Pune. The rate of literacy for males was eighty one point four percent and that of females are seventy two point two percent.11

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According to the census of 2011 (census2011.co.in), the male literacy rate was eighty point ninety six percent, the female being seventy nine percent and on the whole Pune literacy eighty two point zero seven percent. The estimation of the Pune Municipal Corporation regarding that population who are engaged in the activities of the business or are professionals are in total ninety seven percent and those who are occupied in agriculture either indirectly or directly are only three percent. “The Information Technology Industry employees round about two point twenty five lakhs which is twenty three percent of the population which is working in this industry. “12 The city area grew more and more persistently as there was addition of areas from its surrounding. The period after independence saw a high growth in both the city and the area surrounding it. “The merger of Poona Suburban Municipal Committee and the Poona Municipal Committee formed the Corporation in 1950 lead to the increased growth in Pune city and the city area of Pune grew to one hundred and thirty nine point seventy square kilometers in the year nineteen sixty two to one hundred and forty six point eleven square kilometers in the year nineteen eighty three. After this, there had been the addition of thirty eight villages (fringe) in the Corporation area in nineteen ninety seven and this being the largest expansion of the city to three hundred and sixty eight point eighty nine square kilometers. But, in the year - two thousand one, the cities area lessened as the total number of fifteen villages being removed from the Corporation area which still remains the same.”13 The district population according to the 2011 census in the year two thousand eleven being 9,426,959 which was comparatively thirty point thirty four more than the year two thousand one. “The density of the population being six hundred and three individuals per square kilometer and literacy rate in 2011 being eighty seven point nineteen percent, where the literacy rate of females were eighty one point thirteen percent and that of males being ninety seven point seventy two percent. The population of urban and rural is being sixty point eighty nine and thirty nine point eleven percent respectively.”14

3.3.8.2 District Decadal Growth Rate The following table 3.3.4 shows that according to the data obtained from the Census 2011, Pune’s population is approximately 33,04,888. Its growth trend shows that there is an unexpected decrease in population for the year 2001. There is a low

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growth rate seen with an average of 22.5 percent in every decade. This trend of growth shows that it has decreased from the year 1991 to 2011 though there is an unexpected affirmative increase from the year 1991 to 2001.

Table: 3.3.4 District Decadal growth rate

Year Total Population of Pune Growth Rate

1921 1,33,227 0.0

1931 1,62,001 21.6

1941 2,57,554 59.0

1951 4,88,419 89.6

1961 6,06,777 24.2

1971 8,56,105 41.1

1981 12,03,351 40.6

1991 15,66,651 30.2

2001 25,40,069 62.1

2011 33,04,888 30.1

Source: Census of India 2001 and Census of India 2011, www.censusindia.com

As per the latest data available from census 2011, the population of Pune is approximately 33, 04,888. The growth trend of Pune shows that there was a sudden decrease in the population in year 2001. From year 1981 a low growth is observed of an average 22.5 % per decade. The growth trend of Pune shows that growth rate is decreased from 1991 to 2011 but a sudden positive growth is observed from 1991 to 2001.

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3.3.9 Irrigation For development in agriculture water resource plays a very important role. Rainfall is a natural resource which provides water for growing crops. But since rainfall is seasonal and not predictable for its sufficiency for growing crops, farmers sought for artificial supply of water from water reservoirs. It is an attempt made to supply the water essentials for growth of the plants. Rain water is stored in dams, canals, watersheds, water tanks and others. There are lakes and rivers for water purpose. Agriculture mainly depends on monsoon. As it is the fact, rains do not continue throughout the year, and alternate source of water such as well, tube well, canal is used to make water available throughout the year. Irrigation has become necessary not only to provide water during summer and winter season but also sometimes in rainy season if monsoon is not as per expectations. Farmers have got an option to choose from available methods of irrigation- Stream Method (Pravahi Paddhat), Drip Irrigation (Thibak Sinchan) and Sprinkle Irrigation (Tushar Shinchan). Stream irrigation is the method where there is free flow of water but this method leads to wastage of water to some extent/ Drip and Sprinkle Irrigation are better alternate if the water has to be saved. It is used for dry areas where vegetation can take place with the help of irrigation facilities, landscape maintenance, for cultivating crops in any season and in regions where there is insufficient rainfall. “ In Pune district other than rainfall water is available from rivers like Kukadi, Pushpavati, Ghod, Krushnavati, Meena, Andhra, Ghod, Bhama, Mula, Indrayani, Ambi, Pavna, Mutha, Mose, Gunjavni, Shivganga, Neera, Kanandi, Velu, Velvandi, Karha and others. There are also dams, rivers and lakes from where water can be available for agriculture purpose. However, despite these major rivers, the district is predominantly rainfed. Irrigated cultivated area accounts for only around 25% of the gross cultivated area in the district. The irrigation distribution however varies across the various talukas. Barring Pune city (which is 100% irrigated), the highest irrigated taluka is Mulshi (51.8% irrigation), followed by Mawal and Haveli at 33.5% and 32% respectively. The least irrigated is Velhe – at 16% irrigation.” 15

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3.3.10 Agriculture Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the Pune district. It is a major source of employment to the owner of the farm (self-employed), People who practiced agriculture on sublet lands, people who sublet their lands and land laborers. Pune cities nearby area is chiefly agrarian and hence, it is known as an important place for market and also for marketing the agricultural produce. It is also considered to be a market reliable for trading in clothes, silver and gold, food grains, leather goods and others for the resident consumers and the consumers from outside Pune. The major crops are rice, Jowar, sugarcane, chilies, wheat, Gram, Bajra, groundnuts, Pulses, fruits, flowers and vegetables. The district of Pune in majority of its area’s has developed irrigation facilities and therefore cultivates both Kharif and Rabi crops. It has agriculture and also agricultural allied industries.

3.3.10.1 Pattern of Land Use and Land Possessed Land holding means the number of land possessed in acres by the agriculturists or the farmers. Land has to be used properly for maximum productivity of cultivation for farm produce. The pattern of land use shows how the land resources are used effectively for various purposes in a region/state. The land usage of pattern of any state or region is decided by two important factors- Barren and Uncultivable area 1. Irrigation development 2. Population growth The following table 3.3.6 gives information about Pune districts pattern of land usage. It shows that from the total geographical area, the land under usage for nonagricultural purpose is about 23 percent (forest). Land as current and other fallow is approximately 7 percent.

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Table: 3.3.5 Pattern of Land Use

Percentage to Geographical Area (% to district) Geographical Area

Sr. Taluka Barre Total No. Land Crop n and Perma Misc. Gross Fores under Cultiv Curren Net ping Uncul nent Trees Other Crop t Non- able t Sown Inten tivabl Pastur and fallows ped Area agri. Waste fallows Area sity e e Groves Area Use (%) area

1 Pune City 0.77 1.96 5.59 80.11 4.16 0.00 0.00 5.46 2.68 0.04 0.04 100.0

2 Haveli 8.55 5.89 11.08 3.06 1.85 7.34 0.00 0.88 8.35 61.55 69.25 112.5

3 Mulashi 6.65 16.09 10.66 6.35 0.79 1.95 0.00 7.33 17.53 39.30 42.67 108.6

4 Bhor 5.71 13.74 17.53 1.94 0.19 22.60 0.04 3.10 0.84 40.01 53.93 134.8

5 Mawal 7.24 28.94 1.02 5.99 0.80 3.63 0.83 0.96 3.52 54.31 60.92 112.2

6 Velha 3.20 21.61 5.89 3.85 1.61 2.05 0.00 9.31 18.4 37.28 47.81 128.2

7 Junnar 8.86 15.08 4.93 2.19 0.66 1.24 0.07 0.37 2.93 72.54 86.62 119.4

8 Khed 8.79 14.62 5.48 1.45 1.35 6.89 0.67 0.63 4.18 64.73 76.56 118.3

Ambegao 9 6.68 23.30 5.00 1.43 5.41 2.88 0.67 0.29 0.38 60.63 74.71 123.2 n

10 Shirur 9.97 3.87 5.80 4.30 3.61 1.41 1.01 0.88 1.54 77.66 84.28 108.5

11 Baramati 8.85 3.57 6.37 3.51 1.88 2.29 0.00 4.96 2.11 75.30 103.7 137.7

12 Indapur 9.40 5.36 1.98 3.99 1.82 0.99 12.63 2.85 1.21 69.18 76.96 111.3

13 Daund 8.26 3.80 9.35 5.64 3.27 2.11 1.36 3.32 2.91 68.23 89.52 131.2

14 Purandhar 7.06 2.01 5.05 2.39 3.38 4.28 0.95 1.81 2.38 77.75 80.77 103.9

Total 100.0 11.00 6.67 4.13 2.11 4.20 1.64 2.45 4.31 63.49 75.09 118.3

Source: Chief statistician, Commissionerate of Agriculture, Pune 2012

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Thus, it can be seen that land which is available in different types like - pastures which are permanent, cultivable waste, other types of trees and the bushes and groves are of approximately 14.71 percent. This land if properly developed through development of wasteland schemes/ Programmes can be made productive for a useful purpose.

3.3.10.2 District Statistics of Land Usage (land holding) The Pune districts land holding pattern for 2011 is given in the table 3.3.7 from the information it can be deduced that farmers have different sizes of land holdings and farmers who have below 2 hectares of landholding are about 80.50 percent (small farmers and marginal farmers). Table: 3.3.6 Statistics of Land Usage

Land Size of land Number of Percentage of Percentage of Serial Operated holding Holders Land Holders Area Number (lakh (hectare) (lakh) (100%) Operated hectare)

1 0.0 to 1.00 4.19 1.85 56.45 18.36

2 1.00 to 2.00 1.79 2.54 24.13 25.20

3 2.00 to 3.00 1.02 2.78 13.83 27.58

4 3.00 to 4.00 0.36 2.07 4.87 20.54

10.00 to 5 0.05 0.84 0.69 8.33 20.00

Total 7.43 10.08 100 100

Source: Agriculture Census 2011

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Farmers who have above 2 hectares land holdings are near about 19.50 percent. Thus, it can be said that, small farmers and marginal farmers average landholdings of the district of Pune is 1.42 hectares and 0.44 hectares respectively.

3.3.10.3 Pattern of Cropping The district of Pune has its most of its area under the category of scarcity zone whose agriculture is mostly dependent on monsoon rains. Because of this reason, pattern of cropping dominates the Rabi crops are shown in the following table. Table: 3.3.8 The Area Allocation for Varied Crops Sr. No. Crops Distribution of Area (Percentage) 1 Kharif Jowar 0.3 2 Rice 5.6 3 Bajra 10.3 4 Other Kharif Cereals 2.0 5 Tur 0.3 6 Mung 0.6 7 Udid 0.2 8 Other Kharif Pulses 1.1 9 Sunflower 0.2 10 Soybean 0.1 11 Groundnut 4.1 12 Sugarcane 10 13 Kh. Fodder 2.1 14 Total Kharif 27.3 15 Rabi Jowar 35.6 16 Wheat 5.3 17 Other Rabi cereals 0.7 18 Gram 4.1 19 Safflower 0.7 20 Rabi Sunflower 0.2 21 Summer Groundnut 0.3 22 Rabi fodder 2.0 23 Total Rabi 49.3 24 Soybean fodder 0.59 25 Total summer 1 26 Total cereals 60 27 Total Pulses 7.0 28 Total oilseed 6.0 29 Fruits 2.7 30 Vegetables 9.3 Gross Cropped Area 1131580 ha Source: MSS_2013

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3.3.10.4 The Area, Output (Production) and Yield (Productivity) of the Chief Crops Rabi: Amongst Rabi and Kharif Crops in Pune district, it is the Rabi crop which dominates the district and food grains dominate the Rabi crop. The food grains occupy 99 percent of its total Rabi crop area. It can be noted from the table 3.3.9 given below, that cereals under food grains dominate its major part area of cultivation of 85 percent. In food grains, Jowar is the chief crop in Rabi season and out of the area under Rabi cereal, 60 percent is covered by Rabi Jowar and the area covered by wheat crop is 19 percent. ‘Gram’ being the chief crop in Pulses covers 12 percent area in the Rabi crops. The proportion of Oilseeds is insignificant. Table: 3.3.9 The Area, Output and Yield of the Chief Rabi Crops in the District of Pune (2011-2012) Serial Number Name of Crop Area (00 ha) Production Productivity (Kg/ha)

1 Rabi Jowar 1736 1348.87 0777 2 Wheat 553 942.87 1705 3 Maize 139 371.13 2670 4 Other 24 010.80 0450 Total Rabi Cereals 2452 2673.67

1 Gram 354 293.11 828 2 Other 62 28.95 467 Total Rabi Pulses 416 322.07 Total Rabi Food grains 2868 2995.73

1 Sunflower 7 4.55 650 2 Safflower 5 1.49 297 3 Sesame 1 0.31 310 Total Rabi Oilseeds 13 6.35 Total Rabi Season 2881 3002.08 Source: MSS_2013

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Kharif The table 3.3.10 gives the information about the food grains, particularly the cereals were dominant over the region covered under Kharif crops in the year 2011- 2012. From the total area covered of Kharif crops, 7 percent was occupied by Pulses and 71 percent by cereals which being the total area of 78 percent of both Pulses and cereals of the total area under Kharif crops. Rice and Bajra were the chief crops amongst the cereals. Table: 3.3.10 The Area, Output and Yield of the Chief Kharif Crops in the District of Pune (2011-2012) Sr. Name of Area (00 Production (00 Productivity No. Crop ha) mt) (Kg/ha) 1 Rice 599 795.47 1328 2 Jowar 23 23.46 1020 3 Bajra 538 553.06 1028 4 Ragi 123 131.49 1069 5 Maize 88 250.80 2850 6 Other 20 9.50 475 Total Kharif Cereals 1391 1763.78 7770

1 Tur 16 8.03 502 2 Mung 39 18.56 476 3 Udid 9 7.55 839 4 Other 77 27.72 360 Total Kharif Pulses 141 61.87 2177 Total Kharif Food 1532 1825.65 9947 grains

1 Soybean 45 95.99 2133 2 Groundnut 358 402.03 1123 3 Sesamum 12 3.49 291 4 Sunflower 4 3.56 890 5 Niger 12 3.97 331 Total Kharif Oilseeds 431 509.04 4768

1 Sugarcane 1333 1266.35 95 Total Kharif Season 1963 2334.69 14715 Source: MSS_2013

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From the given above information about area, output and yield of the crops in the district of Pune out of the total gross cropping area, food grains occupy 67 percent, cereals occupying 60 percent and the Pulses under this area occupies 7 percent. The chief crop is being the Rabi Jowar.

3.3.10.5 Area under Cultivation of Wheat and Jowar The districts central part around the city is mostly industrialized area but still agriculture plays an important role. A big portion of the cultivated land is still dependent on rain. The monsoons are highly unpredictable and if it not as required (less or more) it may lead to droughts or floods which can harm the crops negatively and thus have an adverse effect on the agriculture sector. Wheat, Jowar, Bajra, Rice, vegetables and Pulses are the chief crops in the monsoon. The chief cash crops are sugarcane, cotton and Oilseeds. Pulses like Tur, Gram, Moong and many other crops are grown in this district. The following table given below shows the area under cultivation for Wheat and Jowar crop. It can be seen that the largest cultivation area for Wheat is in the year 2014-15, Kharif and Rabi Jowar is in the year 2010-11. Table: 3.3.11 Area under Cultivation of Wheat and Jowar

Area under Cultivation Sr. No. Year (Area in “00” ha) Wheat Kharif Jowar Rabi Jowar Total Jowar 1 2010 – 2011 0600 0087 4485 4725 2 2011 – 2012 0553 0055 1736 1791 3 2012 – 2013 0530 0040 1771 1817 4 2013 – 2014 0643 0032 2516 2548 5 2014 – 2015 0718 0035 2683 2718 Total 3044 249 13191 1640 Source: DSAO, Ahmednagar 2016

Wheat being the largest crop is accounting for 3044 hectare area under cultivation (2010 – 2011 to 2014 – 2015), whereas Jowar crop has 1640 hectares of

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land under cultivation from the year 2010 – 2011 to 2014 – 2015. From the total area which is covered under Jowar, 249 hectare is being cultivated in Kharif season and 13191 hectares in the Rabi season. The cultivation area under wheat crop is decreasing and though there is increase in cultivation area of Rabi Jowar, it can be seen that the total Jowar area (Kharif and Rabi) is decreasing. Change in the food habits of the people is one of the reasons for it. Cash crops like sugarcane, onion, cotton and others with Oilseeds also have adverse effect on the food grains. There is fall in the area under cultivation of Jowar mainly due to it not being a commercial crop.

3.3.10 Pune Agriculture Produce Market Committee (PAPMC) “The Pune Agriculture Produce Market Committee (PAPMC) is established in the year 01/05/1957 for controlling the sale of required farm produce, whose actual work started from 01/04/1959. The Regional Agriculture Produce Market Committee was declared on 10/01/2008 whose actual working started on 30/01/2008. On 10/05/2012, The Pune District Agriculture Produce Market Committee was divided and the Pune Agriculture Produce Market Committee was announced and whose working began on 11/05/2012. It is located in the market premises at Gultekadi, Market Yard, and Pune. The Pune Agriculture Produce Market Committee is constituted under the provisions of “The Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing Development and Regulation) Act, 1963”. Its main purpose is to establish a judiciary for purchasing and selling of the farmer’s agriculture produce, for meeting the requirements and also to provide farmers with a well-organized farming system. The total number of The Pune Agriculture Produce Market Committee (PAPMC is 13 and having 30 sub markets. Farmers bring their produce like – Wheat, rice (different types of food grains), jiggery, onion, tomato, groundnut, maize, mango, pomegranate other types of food grains, cereals, vegetables and fruits. The following table shows the Taluka wise main markets and submarkets of the APMC.”

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Table: 3.3.12 Taluka wise Main Markets and Submarkets of the AAPMC

Total Number of Total Number Main Market Submarkets Main Markets of Submarkets

Pune 1 Khadki 1 Pimpri Chinchwad 1 Moshi 1 Baramati 1 Nasrapur 1 Kikwi 1 Bhor 1 - - Daund 1 Kedgaon 1 Yavat 1 Patas 1 Haveli 1 Uttamnagar 1 Indapur 1 Bhigwan 1 Nimgaon Ketki 1 Bavada 1 Walchandnagar 1 Junnar 1 Belhe 1 Otur 1 Narayangaon 1 Alephata 1 Khed 1 Chakan 1 Shelpimpalgaon 1 Pait 1 Kude 1 Manchar 1 Ghodegaon 1 Loni 1 Taleghar 1 Chandoli 1 Mulshi 1 - - Nira 1 Saswad 1 Shirur 1 Pimple Jagtap 1 Pabal 1 Vadgaon Rasai 1 Jambut 1 Talegaon Dabhade 1 - - Total Number 13 30 Source: https://www.msamb.com/ApmcDetail/Profile 24/10/2017

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Thus, it can be seen from the above table the different taluka wise Pune Agriculture Produce Market Committee where there are total 13 main APMC markets and 30 sub markets. “The facility provided by Pune Agriculture Market Committee in the market premises is in accordance with the agriculture produce is as follows: 1. Provision of farmer residence 2. Providing facility of plant sale, plots for sale 3. Facility of Gasoline pump 4. Farmers can solve their grievances through Grievance Redressal Cell 5. In the premises of the market free first aid center is provided to the market entities in the premises of the market 6. Provision of weight cats of 40 and 50 ti 7. For the purpose of higher agricultural use, alternative land arrangement is made 8. Market is having facilities like safety, electricity, water, roads, transport systems, drainage lines 9. For demonstration of market prices for every market committee in Maharashtra The above facilities given by the PAPMC help all the functionaries to have eased while doing their trading activities related to marketing. They are able to perform their activities smoothly and efficiently.”

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Conclusion In this chapter, information is given of the Pune district and its regions, history, location as to where the district of Pune lies, its topography, area, Administrative set- up which gives information regarding its educational infrastructure and education positions. It has both industrial and educational hub. All over from India there is migration of the labour, workers, educated , highly qualified both agriculture and non- agriculture , industry employees, employees in the Information Communication Technology to the district of Pune. Climatic conditions, its agriculture position, land holdings, its overall population and other info information related to Pune District. Pune district is Maharashtra’s cultural capital and the state’s second largest city. The total area which is occupied by the district of Pune is near about 15643 square kilometer which being the total five percent of the full area of the state of Maharashtra. The district area is further divided into urban and rural area. According to the Census of 2011, the city population is 31,15,431 and of the Pune Metropolitan Region is 50,49,968 which is a fully urban tahsil of the district of Pune. The Pune districts soil based on this physical type of characteristics can be divided mainly into three groups. Though, the district being receiving rainfall from the south-west monsoon, there are few talukas which get rains from the south-east / north-east. The chief river of the district of Pune is ‘Bhima’ and many others water resources which facilitates agriculture with irrigation developments. Due to several reasons like no problems regarding help and employment opportunities in various fields like research and defense establishment and educational institutions and industries which attracts population in flow in large quantity from outside the Pune district and so there is increased population in the district. There is a steady increase in the literacy percentage in the district of Pune for the period 1951 to 2011. . It has agriculture and also agricultural allied industries. Land if properly developed through development of wasteland schemes/Programmes can be made productive for a useful purpose. The district of Pune has its most of its area under the category of scarcity zone whose agriculture is mostly dependent on monsoon rains. Because of this reason, pattern of cropping dominates the Rabi crops. The districts central part around the city is mostly industrialized area but still agriculture plays an important role. A big portion of the cultivated land is still dependent on rain. The monsoons are highly unpredictable and

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if it not as required (less or more) it may lead to droughts or floods which can harm the crops negatively and thus have an adverse effect on the agriculture sector. “The Pune Agriculture Produce Market Committee (PAPMC) is established for contRoleing the sale of required farm produce. There are many facilities provided by the APMC to the entities concerned with it.

3.4 Satara Profile 3.4.1 Introduction

The researcher as selected the topic “An Analytical Study Of Agriculture Market Structure In Western Maharashtra Region “ for the research and is one of the district in western Maharashtra region. It is most necessary to study this area which is influenced by the rainfall, climatic conditions, soil types and the other types of agricultural economic futures. So an attempt is made to give brief information about this district.

3.4.2 History According to John J. Anderson, 1876, ‘A manual of general History’ - “ History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including an account of the rise and fall of nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected the political and social condition of the human race.” Thus, following is the history of the district of Satara which lies in the western Maharashtra. The districts name ‘Satara’ has number of alternatives as to why it is called ‘Satara’. Actually, the name Satara is a name given to the fort in Satara. The other names given to this fort are – Saptarshi, Ajimtara, Manglai, Shahgad, , Ukabain, Manglai and the Ismtara. This fort being built by the second Bhoj of Shilatar king in 1190 was named as Ajinkyatara which had seventeen burujas and doors. Thus, because of this the fort has been given the name Satara. Another reason being that, south east is known as Satara. There is a village known as Satdare and so Satara. Ajinkyatara was named as Saptarshi from which the Satara word came in existence. It had been in the past known as Azimtara from the name Azim Shah who was the son of Aurangzeb.

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“The inscriptions which are as old as 200 BC are historical and shows that it is the oldest ancient known place in the district of Satara is ‘ Karhakada’ which at present is known as ‘’. In the ancient history there was a place known as ‘ Viratnagari’, (at present ‘Vai’) it being believed that this place had been visited by the Pandavas when they had been in their period of exile (thirteenth year of exile) . To be proud of the district also has the history of the oldest rashtrakuta. It is believed that the oldest Rashtrakutas have come from the old Kuntala which is in the famous valley of . ‘Manpur’ was the capital of the ruler Manank in the 350 – 375 BC which is now known as ‘Mann’ in the district of Satara. With Manank, there had been other Rashtrakuta rulers (Vakatakas of Vidharbha) in conflict. Then after they (Rashtrakutas) had become feudatories to Chalukyas and had come into importance under the Dantidurga around the 753 CE. After this, came the empire of Chandragupta II/Mahendratiya Kumargupta I (451 – 455 AD), Satavahans (550 – 750 AD). In the year 1926, first Muslim invaded the Deccan. There was an end of the Nizam Dynasty in the year 1636. Shivaji Maharaj then won the fort of Satara and conquered Parali in 1663, after him this fort was conquered by Aurangzeb and the same was again conquered in 1706 by Parshuram Pratinidhi. Chattrapati Shahu in 1708 had been crowned inside the Satara fort and in the present there live the Shivaji Maharaja’s direct descendants. The third Anglo – Maratha War fought in 1818 was won by the British Empire who had annexed most part of the Maratha territory to the Bombay Presidency, but had been restored the titular to Raja Pratap Singh and gave him Satara as principality, an area which was much more larger than the present district of Satara. He was deposed in the year 1839 and his brother Shahaji took the throne but died with no male heir to the throne in the year 1848 and thus, Satara had been again annexed by British government and thus again added to the Bombay presidency. Thus from the year 1349 Satara had been directly under the rule of British government, although until 1863 no regulations were introduced. The Satara district in 1848 which was known as the Satara Province was further divided in 11 sub divisions, which are Targaon, , Wai,Karad, Satara, Valva, Jaoli, Pandharpur, Khanapur and . There was formation of new 12 mahals in 1856, they were – Mayni in Khanapur, Koli in Karad, Sangli and Bhalvani in Phandharpur, Pimpoude in Koregaon, Natepute and Pusegaon in Khatav, Shirala and Peth in Valva,

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Bamnoli in Jaoli, Helvak in Targaon and Khandala in Wai. These sub divisional boundaries had been reconstructed in 1862 and the district of Satara included the sub division of Khanapur, Malshiras, Wai and khandala Peta in Wai, Pandharpur, Bijapur, Patan, Khatav, Shirala Peta in Valva, Jaoli, Man, Karad, Targaon, Valva and Koregaon. In 1863 the Targaon taluka had been transferred to the district of Satara from the district of Belguam and to Solapur in 1864 Pandharpur was transferred. In the year 1867 the sub division of Targaon was abolished. Thus, construction and re construction went on and at present according to the 2011 Census, for the purpose of administration, the district of Satara is further divided in four sub-divisions which are Karad, , Wai and Satara with 11 numbers of tehsils. The subdivision of the Karad district include Patan and Karad tahsils, Phaltan district include the subdivisions – Man, Khatav and Phaltan, the subdivision included in Satara district are – Koregaon, Jaoli and Satara and the district of Wai includes the subdivisions are , Khandala and Wai.”1

3.4.3 Area The district of Satara is a district of the state of Maharashtra which lies in western India having an area of 10.480 kilometer square with a population being 30,03,741 out of which according to the 2011 Census 18.99 percent is urban population (5,70,378) and rural population being 81.01 percent living in rural area (24,33,363). According to the Census 2001 in the district of Satara there were 1739 inhabited villages (including 23 uninhabited villages), 15 towns and 11 tahsils. According to the Census 2011 in the district of Satara there are 1745 inhabited villages (including 26 uninhabited villages), 22 towns and 11 tahsils from these there are 13 Census Towns, one Nagar Parishad and 8 Municipal Councils. The villages are stretched over Patan (434), Karad (217), Satara (211), Jaoli (161), Khatav (143), Koregaon (138), Wai (126), Phaltan (125), Mahabaleshwar (111), Man (104) and Khandala (66). From Census 2001 to Census 2011 there are no changes in the number of districts. The district of Greater Bombay of Census 1991 was divided in two parts which formed the Suburban district of Mumbai and Mumbai. In the same way by

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bifurcating Akola, Bhandara, Dhule and Parbhani new district were formed as Washim, Gondiya, Nandurbar and Hingoli respectively. The Census 2001 Nashik division had 5 districts, Aurangabad division had 8 districts, Nagpur division had 6 districts, division had 6 districts, Pune division had 5 districts, Amravati division had 5 districts and the district of Satara being included in the division of Pune. There are 13 numbers of new villages being created after the Census 2001. Following table 3.4.1 shows the taluka wise Satara district area.

Table: 3.4.1 Taluka wise Satara District Area

Serial No. Taluka Area in Square Kilometer

1 Satara 907.26

2 Koregaon 914.53

3 Khatav 1452.83

4 Karad 1133.35

5 Patan 1478.29

6 Wai 711.36

7 Jaoli 590.25

8 M. Shwar 503.37

9 Khandala 521.10

10 Phaltan 1235.96

11 Man 1454.94

Source: District Census Handbook Satara 2011.

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According to the information given in the above table the area wise the smallest taluka is Mahabaleshwar having an area of 503.37 square kilometer and the largest being the Patan taluka which has an area of 1478.29 square kilometer. For the purpose of administration, the district of Satara is further divided in four sub-divisions which are Karad, Phaltan, Wai and Satara with 11 numbers of tahsils. The subdivision of the Karad district include Patan and Karad tahsils, Phaltan district include the subdivisions – Man, Khatav and Phaltan, the subdivision included in Satara district are – Koregaon, Jaoli and Satara and the district of Wai includes the subdivisions are Mahabaleshwar, Khandala and Wai. The administrative setup is given in detail in the following point.

3.4.4 Topography

The district of Satara is having two most important hill systems, they are –

1. The offshoots and the Mahadev range 2. The offshoots and the Sahyadri range The Sahyadri system comprises the chief range of Sahyadris which, through its full length of 16 miles from the north to the south side forms the west side boundary of this district. Within the limits of the Satara district, the Sahyadris chief range is about 8 miles from north of , passes the south-west for nearly about 20 miles. The crest then has a turn up in the east of south which is in an irregular line, continuing south by east for about forty miles until it enters the district of Kolhapur near Pritchard, which is about 15 miles of the taluka of Patan. Within its boundary of the Satara district of 60 miles the Sahyadri crest is being guarded by the five forts. With the pattern of diverse cropping, this district can be further classified in three broad regions–

1. The west Hilly tracts which comprises Patan, Jaoli, Mahabaleshwar and the parts of Wai, Karad and Satara talukas. 2. The irrigated areas – Karad, Wai, Satara and the parts of the Koregaon talukas of the central region

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3. The talukas which are drought –prone of Koregaon (east), Khandala, Man (east) and Khatav. The district of Satara shows a major seasonal variation in the temperature as well as in rainfall conditions and it also is a part of tropical monsoon.

3.4.5 Rainfall

Rains are very important from the point of farming because it provides water for its irrigation purpose. Rainfall is an important resource of water. Most of the agriculture is dependent on rainfall. The soil absorbs water which comes through rain. This water is then available through wells, boar wells and hand water pumps. Dams, cannels, water reservoirs and others are built to store water which can be used in future. Because of this, irrigation facility can be developed. “A chief rainfall characteristic is its seasonality. Though there is precipitation in all seasons, during south-west monsoon it is followed by the monsoon period of north-east. However majority of the mean annual rainfall of the region is being received throughout the south-west period of monsoon from the month of June to the month of September. The north-eastern monsoon starts in the second half of the month of September during this period rainfall goes on decreasing from east to the west. There is very less rainfall in the cool season which is from the month of October to January in this region. Throughout this region its maximum and goes on decreasing from east to west. Maximum rainfall being received during hot season and has unequal distribution. It goes on decreasing from the north-west to the west.”2 Following table 3.4.2 shows the annual rainfall of the year 2003 to 2015 for the talukas of the district of Satara. It shows the decadal average and yearly average rainfall.

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Table: 3.4.2 2006 – 2015 (Rainfall in millimeter) Annual Rainfall Data Decadal Taluka 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Average Satara 1530.4 1196.7 722.5 909.1 1011.2 777.6 686.0 1182.8 1034.2 582.1 963.26 Jawali 2676.2 1675.9 1502.0 1448.1 1530.1 1737.2 1258.8 1787.0 1638.2 1175.4 1642.89 Koregaon 1258.0 855.8 537.4 7661.1 904.2 497.4 360.6 596.0 470.1 360.7 1350.13 Karad 997.3 1007.4 807.9 131.0 872.8 593.6 550.6 569.5 663.1 317.4 651.06

Patan 2902.6 2208.2 1251.0 1179.1 1511.2 1804.4 1574.4 1510.3 1525.5 826.1 1629.28

Phaltan 588.6 695.0 339.0 835.0 1028.4 342.2 267.1 469.0 300.7 317.9 518.29

Man 472.6 549.2 433.1 787.0 761.5 225.8 269.0 407.2 383.2 302.6 459.12

Khatav 632.1 549.1 374.2 779.7 814.6 373.1 273.4 574.9 552.2 376.0 529.93

Wai 1334.7 987.1 7997.0 905.2 1029.0 873.2 650.1 881.4 674.0 402.7 1573.44

Mahabaleshwar 8403.1 6245.1 5660.4 4203.0 4244.0 6456.8 3908.7 3812.0 5650.9 3449.7 5203.37

Khandala 664.1 648.5 439.8 562.8 562.3 433.8 451.0 633.2 485.7 418.0 529.92 Source: Satara.gov.in 2016

The above table shows that in the year 2006 the minimum rainfall was in the Man taluka and maximum rainfall in Mahabaleshwar taluka. In the year 2007 the minimum rainfall had been in the Khatav and maximum rainfall in Mahabaleshwar taluka. In the year 2008 and 2009 there was minimum rainfall in Phaltan and Khandala taluka respectively and maximum in Mahabaleshwar taluka for both the talukas. It can be seen in the year 2010 and 2011 there was minimum rainfall in Khandala and Man taluka respectively and maximum in Mahabaleshwar taluka for both the talukas. The year 2012 and 2013 shows minimum rainfall in Phaltan and Man taluka respectively and maximum in Mahabaleshwar taluka for both the talukas. In the year 2014 and 2015 there was minimum rainfall in Phaltan and Man taluka respectively and maximum in Mahabaleshwar taluka for both the talukas.

From the above table it can say that, the Man taluka receives lowest rainfall in the decadal average that is 459.12 and the maximum rainfall in the Mahabaleshwar taluka.

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3.4.6 Soil

There can be a local variation in the land use, which is the result of variation in the soil and accordingly in population distribution. The agricultural developments and the soil conditions are highly related and reflected in the population densities. Regions have densely population regions because of high fertility of the soil which is good for farming purpose. The thin layers of the soil on the slops have low population density. The variations in the color of the soil, its texture, its fertility can result in the local variation of land use, and also in turn of the distribution of population (Sawant and Athawale 1994). “The entire Satara comes under the Deccan Trap area where hills are made of the trap which is intersected by the strata of basalt and is covered on the top with laterite. The plains have different type of soils; mostly the common one found is the black colored loamy clay which contains carbonate of lime. Crops are well cultivated with proper irrigation facilities.”3

There are different types of soils in the district of Satara, they are –

1. Coarse shallow soil 2. Laterite soils 3. Black soils

1. Coarse shallow soil: This type of soil is mainly found in the hilly ranges, especially in the offshoots of southern flanks of the Mahadev ranges and Sahyadri. This soil is shallow which mostly covers the forest region in Jaoli, the western part in Satara tehsil, Patan and Mahabaleshwar. The eastern parts of Phaltan tehsil, Khatav and Man have an extremely poor soil and which is shallow.

2. Laterite soils: The region of Jaoli, the west part of Satara tehsil, patan and Mahabaleshwar is covered by this soil. It has a color of red to brown because of the iron oxide present in it and which is shallow in its depth. The soil has

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low contents of phosphoric. ‘Tambadi Mati’ is the local name for this soil. Tambadi mati has different depths which is classified as –

i. Deep Laterite Soil: The river Koyana valleys have deep laterite type of soils. They have rich textures which are highly suitable for cultivation purpose. Tributaries of the Krishna river have this type of soil where rice production is cultivated in this deep laterite soil zone.

ii. Medium Deep Laterite Soil: A large area is covered by the medium deep laterite soil which being found in plateau top and river valleys. It has less depth and course structure which is highly suitable for the purpose of agriculture.

3. Black Soil: The color of the black soil varies from brown to darkish black which occurs in the various depths. On this depth basis the black soil is further divided into two – medium black type of soil and deep black soil. The black soil covers majority part of this region. It is basically derived from the basalt of the Deccan trap, and the black color which is derived from the hums and clay type of complex. (Bunting 1967)

According to the I.C.A.R. (1989) the soil had black color because of the presence like organic compound of iron and aluminum accumulated hums and hydrated double iron, titian ferrous magnetite and aluminum silicate.

The black soil is further differentiated as below: i. Deep Black type of soil: This soil is of clayey type and of color black. They have low nitrogen but rich proportion of Potash and Phosphate and which contains high proportion of the Calcium Carbonate and the PH value being higher than the other type of soils. These types of soils are majority seen closely to the rivers like Nira and Krishna valley. They are found chiefly in the northern part of the tehsil Phaltan, the central part of tehsil Wai, Karad and Satara. The soils capacity of holding water is high.

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ii. Medium Black type of soil: Except the Mahabaleshwar taluka black soil is found nearly in many regions of the district of Satara. There is less amount of this type of soil in the Jaoli and Patan tehsil. The soil is thin and of less fertility when compared to the depth black type of soil. This soil needs facilities like irrigation.

3.4.7 Rivers

“The Krishna River and the are both main rivers of the district of Satara. In southern India Krishna river is one of three largest sacred rivers. This river flows 172 kilometers approximately in the district of Satara. The beginning of the river Krishna is from eastern brow of Mahabaleshwar plateau which is 4500 feet above the sea level. Krishna’s Feeder River (small) is Kudali, Tarali Urmodi and Vienna. In the district of Satara Krishnas largest tributary is the Koyna Manganga River is one of the representatives with the of Bhima drainage in the north eastern part and in the north of this district repectively.”4

3.4.8 Population

“To measure the future demand for energy, food, services, land use changes, forecasting the future demographic characteristics and water the planners, geographers and government policy makers make use of the population projections round the world. Population projection helps the geographers to imagine or visualize the effects of the density of population on the land use and also physical settings of cities. It also helps in showing the major trends which may affect the economic development and by helping the policymakers in planning/drafting their policies for various types of projection scenarios.”5

“The Directorate of the Census Operations in the State of Maharashtra has released an official 2011 Census details of Satara, which being a district of the Maharashtra state. In the year 2011, the population of Satara district being 3,003,741 out of which the females were 1,492,899, males 1,510,842 and the density of

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population (persons per square kilometer) was 287. The population of Satara had been 2,808,994 out of which the females were 1,400,668 and the males being 1,408,326 being according to the 2001 Census.”6

3.4.8.1 City Decadal Population Growth:

“The important aspect for demographic study is population by which the impact of different other resources can be realized that which has been deterrent/incentive to the growth of population.”7

The growth of population is an important aspect to regions demographic changes. The change in population or the population growth concept is mostly used to forecast the change inhabitants number of the territory during particular time of period, regardless of the fact that the change being positive or negative.

In the following table 3.4.3 shows the cities decadal growth of population from the year 1901 to 2011 in this district.

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Table: 3.4.3 City Decadal Population Growth

Decadal Growth of Serial Total Growth Rate in Year Population Number Population Percent Per Year In Person In Percent

1 1901 26,022 0 0 0

2 1911 19,145 -6,877 -26.43 -3.04

3 1921 22,454 3,309 17.28 1.59

4 1931 26,379 3,925 17.49 1.60

5 1941 36,405 10,026 38.01 3.19

6 1951 41,670 5,265 12.81 1.20

7 1961 48,709 7,039 18.60 1.70

8 1971 66,433 17,724 36.39 3.07

9 1981 83,336 16,903 25.44 2.25

10 1991 95,180 11,844 14.21 1.33

11 2001 108,048 12,868 13.52 1.27

12 2011 570,378 462330 18.99 1.29

Source: District Census Handbook of Satara District 1991, 2001, 2011 shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in

From the above table it can be seen that the population has a declining trend in the year 1901 to 1911 in its starting period. There is a decline in the percent due to the epidemic diseases to -26.43 percentages. In the next two decades there is increase in the population by 17.49 percentages in 1931 and 17.28 percentages in the 1921 year. There can be seen a high increased rate in population by 38.0 percentages in the

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decade 1941due to a natural growth and rural migration. Satara city camp area was left by the British army after the Independence and migrated to other places and it resulted in the 1951 decade for a declining trend in the population. It can be seen from the table that from the year 1981 till the 2001 year there is a decline in the trend by 25.44 percentages and by 11.32 percentages respectively. There can be seen an increased rate in population by 18.99 percentage in the decade 2011 due to a natural growth, rural migration and improved medical facilities.

3.4.8.2 District Decade-wise Growth in the Population The population growth rate is expressed as the percentage increase or the decrease in a population over the previous census and therefore it being most commonly known as decadal population growth rate which indicate the addition of percentage of population to the before census. The table given below gives information regarding the decadal growth rate of the population of this district and Maharashtra from the year 1971 to 2011. Table: 3.4.4

District Decade-wise Growth in the Population (in percentage)

Decadal Growth of Population in Percentage Serial Number Census Year Satara District Maharashtra State

1 1971-1981 18.02 24.54

2 1981-1991 20.24 25.72

3 1991-2001 14.58 22.72

4 2001-2011 6.93 15.99

Source: District Census Handbook of Satara: 1971-2011

From the above table, in every decade from the year 1971 to 2011 growth rate of this district being always low than corresponding state growth rate. In the 1981 to 1991 decade both the district and the state have registered the maximum growth rates

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20.24 and 25.72 percentage respectively. There was an increase in birth rate and decrease in the death rate which was due to improvements in health care and in sanitation during the 1971 -1981 decade and thus there being a high growth rate in this decade. But then onwards one can see a continuous decline in growth rate of the population in both the district as well as the state level in the 1981-1991 decade. The lowest population growth rate is seen in the 2001-2011 decade at both the state and district level as 15.99 and 6.93 percentages respectively due to the population explosion awareness decrease in the birth rate in the urban areas and also because of people migrating to other regions for the purpose of employment, education and other purpose.

3.4.2.3 Taluka wise Growth of Population:

Growth rate of population changes both in terms of time and space. So we can find variations in growth rates among eleven talukas of Satara District. Following table gives an idea about taluka wise growth of population in Satara District 2011.

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Table: 3.4.5 Area, Gram Panchayats and Number of Villages of Taluka and District Population

Percent to district General Population (2011)’000 total Serial Numbe Numbe Taluka Numb Area % to r of Total S.C. S.T. r er Male Female Total (sq.km) Total revenue (%) (%) (%) of G.P. villages

1 Satara 906.53 8.65 208 202 253.62 248.05 501.67 9.94 9.12 0.82

2 Koregaon 943.27 9.00 139 142 129.14 128.19 257.33 8.03 7.43 0.60

3 Khatav 1384.43 13.20 136 133 136.91 138.20 275.11 8.83 8.32 0.51

4 Karad 1140.94 10.88 219 198 296.04 287.31 583.35 10.20 9.77 0.43

5 Patan 1433.70 13.68 336 241 145.09 154.54 299.63 6.53 6.01 0.52

6 Wai 624.85 5.96 119 99 100.23 100.52 200.75 8.00 6.20 1.80

7 Jaoli 583.36 5.56 155 126 52.79 55.10 107.89 4.60 3.36 1.24

8 M. Shwar 529.85 5.05 111 79 37.69 35.16 72.85 8.88 4.90 3.98

9 Khandala 532.06 5.07 66 65 70.60 66.86 137.46 8.06 7.17 0.89

10 Phaltan 1189.66 11.35 123 128 176.42 166.27 342.69 14.58 13.78 0.80

11 Man 1542.60 14.71 104 96 113.99 111.20 225.19 11.58 11.41 0.17

12 total 10480.0 100.0 1716 1509 1512.5 1491.4 3003.9 9.54 8.76 0.78

Source: District Social and Economic Review 2012

In the table 3.4.5 above information relating to Area, Gram Panchayats and Number of Villages of Taluka and District Population is given. The district has Gram

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panchayats – 1509 and villages – 1716. The district population being 30.04 lakhs with 16.71 and 19 percent of the total population leaving in Satara and Karad talukas, which have 8.36 percent and 9.25 percentage of the total area of district. Patan and Phaltan talukas have population of 9.95 and 11.41 percentages which have maximum population in the district respectively. The talukas like Satara, Patan, Phaltan and Karad have 57.50 percent out of the district population. The populations in other district are 1 to 9 percentage of the whole population of the district. The population gender ratio is 53.13 percentages of the female population and the male being 46.87 percentages.

3.4.9 Irrigation

In agriculture, irrigation has an significant role to play. Wells, tanks, bandharas and Government canal are the chief water supply sources. There are many areas or places which are benefitting from the lift irrigation from the wells, streams and rivers. At frequent gap irrigation of fields is required for proper crop cultivation and this gap or interval mostly depend on the soil type and crop water requirement.

“ The significant irrigation projects in this district are the , , Koyana dam and the . The Krishna Project for irrigation purpose have two dams – the dhom dam which is across the Krishna river and the Kanher dam which is across the along their left bank canal and the right bank canal from each dam.”8

“There are also other medium irrigation projects like Yeralwadi project, Urmodi Bhandara and Krishna Khodashi canal in Satara. Wells and minor irrigation projects are the other type of sources in Satara. . The river Bhima watershed, which being the tributary of Krishna, include the north-east and north of this district and the north of Mahadev hills. The remaining area of the district is being drained by upper Krishna and also its tributaries. There are few major irrigarion which include the Krishna cannal.”9

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3.4.10 Agriculture

Satara has a monsoon type climate, which have an important role to play and influence agriculture and the pattern of settlement. Climate of Satara district is taken into account as one of the many significant geographical factors, which have influence on the distribution of the population and the economic activities of man. Average of the weather conditions at any place over a long time is known as the climate of that place. Various different types of elements of the climate like – humidity, rainfall, wind and temperature have influence on the human life. Amongst these elements temperature and the rainfall have a major influence on the population distribution and agriculture (Sawant and Athavale 1994).

“Satara district has agriculture as its main source for their livelihood and its 69 percent of the population is occupied in agriculture. From its entire geographical area – 75.53 percent of its population land is being cultivated. The details given by the Bureau of economics and statistics till the year 2010 – 2011 illustrates, that the net sown area of this district being 708971 hectares and the net irrigated area being 230778 hectares (Survase 2015). The maximum land cultivated is in Khatav taluka – 11.44 percent and the least being the Mahabaleshwar taluka – 0.96 percent (Dawane 2015).”10

3.4.10.1 Pattern of Land Use Land holding means the number of land possessed in acres by the agriculturists or the farmers and the land has to be used properly for maximum productivity of cultivation for farm produce. The pattern of land use shows how the land resources are used effectively for various purposes in a region/state. The land usage of pattern of any state or region is decided by two important factors- Barren and Uncultivable area, the irrigation development and the population growth. The following table 3.7 gives information about Satara districts pattern of land usage. The pattern of land used shows as to how effectively the land resources are being utilized for various purposes in the district. The pattern of land use of every district is decided by the irrigation development and the population growth. The table given below depicts the pattern of the land use of Satara district in detail.

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Table No: 3.4.6 Pattern of the Land Used

Percentage to Total Geographical Area Geogr aphical Misc Barre Land Crop Serial Area ellan Gros n and under Perm Curre ping Numb Taluka (perce Fores Culti eous Other Net s Uncu non- anent nt Inten er nt to t vable Trees allow Sown Crop ltivab agric Pastu Fallo sity district Area waste and s Area ped le ultur re ws (perc ) Grov Area Area al use ent) es

1 Satara 8.65 9.7 8.4 6.2 2.5 9.1 0.0 3.7 3.7 60.7 88.7 146.2

2 Koregaon 9.00 11.1 3.9 5.4 5.4 0.0 0.0 10.5 13.6 54.9 70.3 128.1

3 Khatav 13.20 3.0 7.4 0.9 0.2 4.1 1.5 11.5 11.9 80.5 100.6 125.0

4 Karad 10.88 10.2 1.9 3.8 0.2 1.4 0.0 1.5 0.6 76.6 85.5 111.5

5 Patan 13.68 19.7 8.7 2.6 6.5 9.6 3.1 2.1 4.1 42.6 52.1 122.3

6 Wai 5.96 20.6 3.2 1.6 0.0 8.5 0.0 4.6 4.2 56.5 79.1 140.0

7 Jaoli 5.56 22.8 10.5 2.5 5.6 2.2 0.0 3.0 4.9 50.5 65.4 129.7

Mahabalesh 8 5.05 59.7 2.5 1.2 3.2 6.8 0.5 14.5 4.9 12.6 24.4 193.6 war

9 Khandala 5.07 12.1 17.0 0.4 0.9 9.6 0.1 7.1 14.9 55.7 99.4 178.5

10 Phaltan 11.35 9.2 11.5 2.6 6.5 6.3 0.0 3.9 7.9 60.1 76.9 128.0

11 Man 14.71 8.6 15.4 1.3 7.6 16.1 0.0 2.2 4.3 28.2 30.0 106.6

Total 100 16.97 8.22 2.59 3.5 6.70 0.47 5.87 6.82 48.85 70.4 128.4

Source: DSA 2013

The table above shows that from out of total geographical area, land which is under the non-agricultural use is of 31 percent like – cultivable waste, forest, permanent waste, groves and miscellaneous trees. Land under other and current fallow is nearly about 12 percent and the land sown is about 55 percent. Thus, land available in form of permanent pastures, current as well as the other fallows,

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cultivable waste and land under the trees crop and groves is total about 23.4 percent. These lands can be made into productive use through proper implementation of programs for wasteland development. Cropping intensity being 124 percent of this district, is marginally high than the average of Maharashtra state which is 117 percent.

3.4.10.2 Land Holding The Satara districts land holding pattern for 2011 is given in the table 3.4.8 From the information it can know that farmers have different size land holdings and nearly about 88 percentage of the farmers are having land holdings under 2 hectares (who are marginal and small farmers) but out of the entire land holdings of this district they are holding about 54 percent only. Table: 3.4.7 Pattern of Land Holding in the District (percentage to the total) Medium Av. Marginal Small Farmers Semi Medium Large Farners Serial Farmers (4-10 Land Taluka Farmers (<1 ha) (1-2 ha) Farmers (2-4) (>10 ha) Number ha) Holding Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area in ha

1 Satara 77.69 40.71 16.83 31.85 4.35 15.28 0.93 6.61 0.19 5.55 0.75

2 Koregaon 67.56 35.53 23.45 30.76 7.67 23.72 1.23 7.58 0.08 2.40 0.85

3 Khatav 55.98 24.70 21.36 19.66 18.27 38.04 4.25 16.06 0.13 1.54 1.21

59. 4 Karad 80.10 14.90 5.46 4.14 23.25 0.80 9.01 0.06 3.07 0.47 20

5 Patan 71.10 23.24 16.20 20.45 8.55 22.31 3.50 19.19 0.65 14.82 1.03

6 Wai 76.98 42.62 16.84 29.97 4.83 16.32 1.23 8.50 0.12 2.58 0.79

7 Jaoli 64.63 27.83 20.86 25.30 10.85 25.11 3.58 16.38 0.07 5.37 1.19

8 M. Shwar 67.28 30.84 20.22 25.75 9.28 26.35 2.84 13.15 0.15 3.91 1.00

9 Khandala 66.90 31.05 20.09 29.16 11.12 28.37 1.78 8.87 0.11 2.54 1.07

10 Phaltan 60.32 23.24 25.65 30.33 11.12 26.54 2.67 13.14 0.24 6.76 1.12

11 Man 51.64 17.56 23.73 24.11 18.40 34.01 6.07 22.71 0.17 1.61 1.50

12 Total 67.89 29.99 19.68 24.25 9.68 26.83 2.55 14.14 0.19 4.78 0.96

District Average 0.44 1.23 2.77 5.54 24.81 Source: Agriculture Census 2011

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In the table given above it can be seen that the medium and the large farmers (4 hectares and more) are about 3 percent and are having about 19 percent of the total land and the lands which are remaining are with the semi medium farmers. Thus, the average land holding of small farmers and the marginal farmers of this district is 1.23 and 00.44 hectares of land respectively.

3.4.10.3 Pattern of Cropping The agriculture in this district is chiefly dependent on the monsoon rainfall and is also categorized as the scarcity zone. The pattern of cropping is dominated by the Kharif crops. “Area under the cultivation for Kharif crops is near about 60 percent. Area under the cultivation for Rabi crops is near about 35 percent and area for summer crops is small. The districts Jowar crop is 33 percent of the gross cropped area. From the total area under cultivation for Jowar 70 percent and 30 percent is cultivated in the Rabi season and Kharif season respectively. The table 3.4.9 given underneath shows the districts cropping pattern.

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Table: 3.4.8

Cropping Pattern in the District and Maharashtra

Satara Maharashtra Percentage to Percentage to Crops Area “00” Area “00” Gross Cropped Gross Cropped Hectare Hectare Area Area Rice 505 8.62 15164 7.82 Wheat 366 6.24 8781 4.53 Jowar 1762 30.07 32290 16.66 Bajra 257 4.38 8382 4.33 Other Cereals 279 4.76 6605 3.41 Total Cereals 3169 54.10 71222 36.75 Gram 273 4.66 10751 5.55 Tur 23 0.39 12331 6.36 Other Pulses 473 8.07 14815 7.64 Total Pulses 769 13.13 37897 19.55 Total Food grains 3938 67.22 109119 56.30 Groundnut 423 7.22 2377 1.23 Safflower 21 0.36 2519 1.30 Soybean 461 7.87 30103 15.53 Sunflower 42 0.72 3207 1.65 Total Oilseed 947 16.16 38206 19.71 Cotton 6 0.10 28395 14.65 Sugarcane (H) 706 12.05 10220 5.27 Fruits* 78 1.33 4692 2.42 Vegetables 183 3.12 3170 1.64 Gross Cropped 5858 100 193802 100 Area

The * denotes the year 2011-2012 Source: Agricultural and Statistical Information of Maharashtra State 2012 and Season and Crop Report 2012

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Throughout the three year ending periods from 2010 – 2011 till 2012 – 2013, the gross cropped area (GCA) for the area being under the Kharif crops had been mostly dominated by the food grains particularly the cereals. From the entire area being under the Kharif crops the Pulses and cereals constituted 13.13 percent and 54.10 percent respectively. Jowar was the chief crop among the cereals being 30.07 percent of the area being under cereals cultivation which was followed by the Kharif crop – Bajra (04.38) and the Kharif crop paddy (08.62). Thus it can be said that in Satara, near about 73 percentage of GCA of land is under food grains, Pulses being 12.26 percentage and cereals being 60.32 percentage.

3.4.10.4 The Area, Output and Yield of the Chief Rabi Amongst Rabi and Kharif Crops in this district, it is the Rabi crop which dominates the district and food grains dominate the Rabi crop. It can be noted from the table 3.4.10 given below, that in this district the Kharif season dominates agriculture and near about 44 percentage of the Gross Cropped Area comes under the Rabi crops.

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Table: 3.4.9 The Area, Output and Yield of the Chief Rabi Crops (2011-2012)

Area Production Serial Productivity Crop Name (00 (tonnes) Number (Kilogram/Hectare) hectare) “00” 1 Rabi Jowar 1347 1414 1050 2 Wheat 334 608 1820 3 Maize 60 168 2800 Other 4 0 0 0 Cereals Total Rabi Cereals 1741 2190 - 1 Gram 248 198 800 2 Other Pulses 0 0 0 Total Rabi Pulses 248 198 800 Total Rabi Food grains 1989 2388 - 1 Sunflower 0 0 0 2 Safflower 8 3 350 Other 3 0 0 0 Oilseeds Total Rabi Oilseeds 8 3 350 Source: DASO, Satara 2013

Area under cultivation for Rabi crops is being dominated by the food grains and has 84 percent of area under cultivation for Rabi cereals that is under the Rabi Jowar. 73.10 percent which is the maximum portion of the area which comes under the cereals (food grains). Jowar being the chief food grain crop during the Rabi season which comes under 64.12 percent of area under the Rabi cereals for Rabi Jowar. Of the entire Gross Cropped Area 22.30 percent is constituted by Rabi Jowar. Wheat food grain also comes in Rabi crop which makes 21.76 percentage areas of the entire Rabi cereals and the Gross Cropped Area being 7.15 percent. Of the entire Gross Cropped Area 4.99 percent is constituted by the chief pulse crop being Gram. Rabi

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Oilseeds constitute below 1 percent of the Gross Cropped Area which is quiet negligible compared to the other Rabi crops. Safflower comes under the Rabi Oilseeds which constitutes the chief area of Rabi Oilseeds. Of Gross Cropped Area 2.68 percent comes under the area for Rabi spices, flowers and vegetables.

Kharif The table 3.4.11 gives the information about the food grains, particularly the food grains particularly the cereals were dominant over the region covered under Kharif crops in the year 2011-2012. From the total area covered of Kharif crops, 13.13 percent was occupied by Pulses and 54.10 percent by cereals which being the total area of 67.72 percent of both Pulses and cereals of the total area under Kharif crops. Jowar (chief crop), Bajra and Kharif paddy were the crops amongst the cereals accounting for 30.07 percent, 4.38 percent and 8.62 percent respectively of the area under cereals.

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Table: 3.4.10 The Area, Output and Yield of Chief Kharif Crops in the District (2011-2012)

Productivity Serial Area Production Crop Name (Kilogram/Hectare) Number (00 hectare) (tonnes) “00”

1 Kharif Paddy 480 708 1475

2 Kharif Jowar 338 567 1678 3 Bajra 258 172 665 4 Ragi 70 69 982 5 Maize 118 245 2076

6 Other Cereals 6 2 334

Total Kharif Cereals 1270 1763 - 7 Tur 24 10 435 8 Moong 42 21 509 9 Udid 44 27 623 Total Kharif Pulses 110 58 - Total Kharif Food grains 1604 2128 - 10 Groundnut 394 510 1294 11 Niger 15 5 302 12 Soybean 470 793 1688 Total Kharif Oilseeds 879 1308 - 13 Cotton 9 51 959 14 Sugarcane 657 65043 99 Total Cash Crops 666 65094 - 15 Vegetables 183 222939 - 16 Fruits 78 108509 -

Source: DASO, Satara 2013

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Amongst Oilseeds, groundnut was the chief cultivated crop and 44.66 percent out of the total area covered under Oilseeds was for groundnut, by Soybean being 48.68 percent and also the area covered under other Oilseeds – sunflower, Niger and sesame had been negligible. Thus from the above given information it can be said that in this district there is about 60.32 percentage of Gross Cropped Area comes under cereals, 12.26 percentage under the Pulses and 73 percentage comes under the food grains. The Rabi Jowar being the chief crop in cereals which accounts for 21.03 percentage of the Gross Crop

Area of Kharif Bajra accounts for 11.88 percentage of the Gross Crop Area. Both the crops – Kharif Bajra and Kharif Jowar together have accounted for 33 percentage of the Gross Crop Area. Area under the Oilseeds is being 15.19 percentages of the Gross Crop Area and area under the vegetables being 6.46 percentage of the Gross Crop Area.”11

3.4.10.5 Area under Cultivation of Wheat and Jowar “Satara district is rain fed area in large portion. The dependency of agriculture mainly lies on monsoon, because of which the pattern of cropping is dominated by Kharif crops. Rabi crops which are low water intensity, crops like Jowar and Bengal Gram are too major crops in this district.”12 Table: 3.4.11 Area under Cultivation of Wheat and Jowar Area under Cultivation Sr. No. Year (Area in “00” ha) Wheat Kharif Jowar Rabi Jowar Total Jowar 1 2010 – 2011 0437 0446 1338 1784 2 2011 – 2012 0366 0363 1399 1762 3 2012 – 2013 0350 0325 1236 1561 4 2013 – 2014 0388 0297 1380 1677 5 2014 – 2015 0383 0234 1458 1692 Total 1924 1685 6811 8476

Source: DSAO, Ahmednagar 2016

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From the above table it can be seen that the largest cultivation area for Wheat and Kharif Jowar is in the year 2010-2011 and Rabi Jowar it is in the year 2014- 2015.Jowar being the largest crop is accounting for 8476 hectare area under cultivation (2010 – 2011 to 2014 – 2015), whereas Wheat crop has 1924 hectares of land under cultivation from the year 2010 – 2011 to 2014 – 2015. From the total area which is covered under Jowar, 1685 hectare is being cultivated in Kharif season and 6811hectares in the Rabi season. The cultivation area under wheat crop is decreasing and though there is increase in cultivation area of Rabi Jowar, it can be seen that the total Jowar area (Kharif and Rabi) is decreasing. Change in the food habits of the people is one of the reasons for it. Though this one of the reason, it is also because of the sugarcane crop cultivation being taken by the farmers mostly in canal region (Krishna and Nira canal).”12

3.4.11 Satara Agriculture Produce Market Committee (SAPMC) “The establishment of the Satara Agriculture Produce Market Committee (SAPMC) is established on 12/05/1952. Its location is in the main part of the city having different types of amenities. Being an autonomous body is constituted under “The Maharashtra Agricultural Produce (Marketing Regulation) Act, 1963. The purpose is to regulate markets which have various types of goods. These APMCs are basically set up for providing farmers marketing needs by providing them a foundation to sell their agriculture produce at prices which are competitive and also sell in different markets. The total number of Satara Agriculture Produce Market Committee (SAPMC) is 10 and having 21 sub markets. Farmers bring their produce like –Wheat, Jowar, Bajra, Gram, tur, groundnuts, Jaggery, tomato and other types of food grains, cereals, vegetables and fruits.” 13 The following table shows the taluka wise main markets and submarkets of the SAPMC.

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Table: 3.4.12 Taluka wise Main Markets and Submarkets of the SAPMC

Total Number of Total Number of Main Market Submarkets Main Markets Submarkets

Atit 1 Nagthane 1 Satara 1 Vaduth 1 Gajavdi 1 Gondavle Budruk 1 Dahivadi 1 Malawadi 1 Kudat 1 Jawali 1 Mahabaleshwar/Pachgan 1 Karad 1 Masur 1

Wathar Station 1 Koregaon 1 Rhimatpur 1 Shirval 1 Lonand 1 Khandala 1 Malharpeth 1 Patan 1 Tarle 1 Mahewadi 1 Phaltan 1 - -

Pusegaon 1 Vaduj 1 Pusesavli 1 Bhuinj 1 Vai 1 Pachwad 1 Surur 1 Total Number 10 21

Source: https://www.msamb.com/ApmcDetail/Profile 24/10/2017

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Thus, it can be seen from the above table the different taluka wise Satara Agriculture Produce Market Committee where there are total 10 main APMC markets and 21 sub markets. “The facilities provided by Satara Agriculture Market Committee are as follows: 1. Farmers residence 2. Black board 3. Administrative Building 4. Phone 5. Roads 6. Wire Fencing 7. Electricity 8. Bore wells 9. Weighing Bridge 10. Veterinary Hospital The above facilities given by the SAPMC help all the functionaries to be able to have comfort while doing their trading activities or the activities related to it. They are able to do their activities smoothly and efficiently and also with ease.”14

Conclusion

It is most necessary to study this area which is influenced by the rainfall, climatic conditions, soil types and the other types of agricultural economic futures. So an attempt is made to give brief information about this district. The districts name ‘Satara’ has number of alternatives as to why it is called ‘Satara’. It is one of the names given to the fort in Satara. The district of Satara is a district of the state of Maharashtra which lies in western India having an area of 10.480 kilometer square with a population being 30,03,741 out of which according to the 2011 Census 18.99 percent is urban population (5,70,378) and rural population being 81.01 percent living in rural area (24,33,363). The district of Satara is having two most important hill systems, they are – The offshoots and the Mahadev range and the offshoots and the Sahyadri range. The Man taluka receives lowest rainfall in the decadal average that is 459.12 and the maximum rainfall in the Mahabaleshwar taluka. There are

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different types of soils in the district of Satara, they are – Coarse shallow soil, Laterite soils and Black soils. The Krishna River and the Koyna River are both main rivers of the district of Satara. In the year 2011, the population of Satara district being 3,003,741 out of which the females were 1,492,899, males 1,510,842 and the density of population (persons per square kilometer) was 287. The population of Satara had been 2,808,994 out of which the females were 1,400,668 and the males being 1,408,326 being according to the 2001 Census. The significant irrigation projects in this district are the Kanher dam, Veer dam , Koyana dam and the Dhom dam. Satara district has agriculture as its main source for their livelihood and its 69 percent of the population is occupied in agriculture. The agriculture in this district is chiefly dependent on the monsoon rainfall and is also categorized as the scarcity zone. Satara district is rain fed area in large portion. The dependency of agriculture mainly lies on monsoon, because of which the pattern of cropping is dominated by Kharif crops. Rabi crops which are low water intensity, crops like Jowar and Bengal Gram are too major crops in this district. The above facilities given by the SAPMC help all the functionaries to be able to have comfort while doing their trading activities or the activities related to it. They are able to do their activities smoothly and efficiently and also with ease.

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Reference

1. Sawant S.B, 1994, ‘Population Geography’, Mehta publishing house, Pune- 30.pp-118 2. Deshpande C. D. (1971) N.B.T. of India, New Delhi, p-41. 3. District Census Handbook Ahmednagar 2011. 4. Economic Survey, 2010. p.15 5. Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2001-10p.47 6. www.nabarddatabank.com 7. www.scotpho.org.uk 8. http://macp.gov.in 9. http://macp.gov.in 10. http://macp.gov.in 11. www.apmcnagar.com 12. Ahmednagar District Booklet.pdf (application/pdf Object) 13. www.apmcnagar.com 14. ibid 15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune Poona A Socio-Economic Survey Part II by D.R. Gadgil, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 16. Pune – The growing industrial city 1990, a booklet published by Mahratta Chamber of Commerce and Industries 1990. 17. Directorate of Census Operations, Maharashtra (2007) : Maharashtra Administrative Atlas, Census of India 2001, Mumbai, p.15 18. in.wikipedia.org 19. shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in 20. shodhganga.inflibnet.in 21. Www.en.wikipedia.org 22. Maharashtra at a Glance (2005) Directorate General of Information and Public Relation, Government Central Press, Mumbai.p.11 23. Census of India 2001 and Census of India 2011, www.censusindia.com 24. Census of India 2001 and Census of India 2011, www.censusindia.com p. 78

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25. ibid: 656 26. Ibid p. 78 27. Ibid p. 6 28. census2011.co.in 29. Maharashtra Agricultural Competiveness Project, Marketing Strategy Supplement-Pune 2013 30. MCCIA (2008) Profile and Analysis of Pune Manufacturing Inc., an Intelligence Report on the Growth of Pune Industries, Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture, Pune. p. 128 31. http://www.puneapmc.orgDistrict Census Handbook Satara, www.censusindia.gov.in 32. shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in 33. en.wikipedia.org 34. Mahaagri.gov.in 35. shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in 36. www.census2011.co.in 37. Mishra H.N. (1980), ‘Urban system of a Developing Economy’, Heritage Publishers, New Delhi, p.75 38. Government of Maharashtra, (1988), Districts in Maharashtra – Satara. Bombay : Directorate of Information and Broadcasting, p. 37. 39. en.wikipedia.org 40. www.serialsjournal.com 41. www.kvbksatara.org 42. http://macp.gov.in 43. https://www.msamb.com 44. https://www.msamb.com

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