November 7, 2018 Mr. Roger Kirchen Virginia Department of Historic

2200 Energy Drive | Canonsburg, PA 15317 844-MVP-TALK | [email protected] www.mountainvalleypipeline.info

November 7, 2018

Mr. Roger Kirchen Virginia Department of Historic Resources Division of Review and Compliance 2801 Kensington Avenue Richmond, VA 23221

Subject: Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance, Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) FERC Docket No. CP16-10, DHR File #2014 1194

Dear Mr. Kirchen:

On behalf of Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC (Mountain Valley), a joint venture between affiliates of EQT Midstream Partners, LP and affiliates of NextEra Energy, Inc., Con Edison Midstream Gas, LLC, WGL Holdings, Inc., and RGC Midstream LLC, you will find one (1) hard copy and one (1) CD of Mountain Valley Pipeline Project, Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance, Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles- Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) dated November 2018.

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has been consulting with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) on the treatment of historic properties that will be adversely impacted by the proposed project. A document titled Mountain Valley Pipeline Project, Revised Historic Property Treatment Plan for the Bent Mountain Rural Historic District (080-0322), Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731), and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) (Treatment Plan), dated February 2018, was developed to document Mountain Valley’s efforts to coordinate with consulting parties and other stakeholders to identify mitigation measures appropriate to address the proposed project’s potential adverse effects to the Bent Mountain Rural Historic District (080-0322), Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731), and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689). The Treatment Plan also proposed mitigation measures designed to mitigate the adverse effects of the project. This draft for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) boundary justification and period of significance is one component of the Treatment Plan.

This document, prepared by SEARCH on behalf of Mountain Valley, was prepared in accordance with the Mountain Valley Pipeline Project, Management Summary, Work Plan, and Schedule, Historic Property Treatment Plan Implementation, Bent Mountain (080-5677), Bent Mountain Apple Orchard (080-5731), and Coles-Terry (080-5689) Rural Historic Districts, DOCKET NO. CP16-10, DHR FILE #2014 1194. This draft establishes the boundaries and periods of significance for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689). The draft establishes the evaluative framework for architectural field survey and forthcoming eligibility evaluations. Mr. Roger Kirchen November 7, 2018 Page 2 Under Stipulation IV.I of the executed Programmatic Agreement for the project, we are submitting this draft document to you for comment. Comments should be directed to Paul Friedman at the FERC within 30 days. He can be reached at:

Paul Friedman Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 888 First Street NE Washington, DC 20426 (202) 502-8059

We look forward to receiving your comments on this document. Following receipt of comments from DHR and other interested and consulting parties, SEARCH will complete revisions to the draft and a final document will be submitted to your office. Should you have any questions or comments, feel free to contact Evelyn Tidlow by telephone at (612) 812-5478 or by email at [email protected]. Thank you for your attention.

Sincerely,

Megan E. Neylon Environmental Permitting Supervisor

Attachment: One (1) hard copy and one (1) CD of Mountain Valley Pipeline Project, Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) dated November 2018. cc: Mary Krueger, NPS (with attachments) Ann Rogers, CAPP (with attachments) Sonja Ingram, Preservation Virginia (with attachments) Ashley Webb, Historical Society of Western Virginia (with attachments) Richard Caywood, Roanoke County (with attachments) Grace Terry (with attachments) Alison Blanton, Roanoke Valley Preservation Foundation (with attachments) Evelyn Tidlow, GAI (without attachments)

2200 Energy Drive | Canonsburg, PA 15317 844-MVP-TALK | [email protected] www.mountainvalleypipeline.info

November 7, 2018

Ms. Alison Blanton Roanoke Valley Preservation Foundation 120 West Campbell Avenue SW Roanoke, VA 23221

Dear Ms. Blanton:

Ms. Alison Blanton November 7, 2018 Page 2 Under Stipulation IV.I of the executed Programmatic Agreement for the project, we are submitting this draft document to you for comment. Comments on this document should be added directly to the docket by contacting Paul Friedman at the FERC within 30 days. He can be reached at:

Paul Friedman Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 888 First Street NE Washington, DC 20426 (202) 502-8059

A copy of these comments should also be sent to Evelyn Tidlow by email at [email protected]. Thank you for your attention.

Sincerely,

Megan E. Neylon Environmental Permitting Supervisor

Attachment: One (1) hard copy and one (1) CD of Mountain Valley Pipeline Project, Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) dated November 2018. cc: Roger Kirchen, VDHR (with attachments) Mary Krueger, NPS (with attachments Ann Rogers, CAPP (with attachments) Sonja Ingram, Preservation Virginia (with attachments) Ashley Webb, Historical Society of Western Virginia (with attachments) Richard Caywood, Roanoke County (with attachments) Grace Terry (with attachments) Evelyn Tidlow, GAI (without attachments)

2200 Energy Drive | Canonsburg, PA 15317 844-MVP-TALK | [email protected] www.mountainvalleypipeline.info

November 7, 2018

Ms. Ann Rogers Preserve Roanoke and Committee for Appalachian and Piedmont Preservation 6347 Back Creek Road Boones Mill, VA 24065

Dear Ms. Rogers:

Ms. Ann Rogers November 7, 2018 Page 2 Under Stipulation IV.I of the executed Programmatic Agreement for the project, we are submitting this draft document to you for comment. Comments on this document should be added directly to the docket by contacting Paul Friedman at the FERC within 30 days. He can be reached at:

Paul Friedman Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 888 First Street NE Washington, DC 20426 (202) 502-8059

A copy of these comments should also be sent to Evelyn Tidlow by email at [email protected]. Thank you for your attention.

Sincerely,

Megan E. Neylon Environmental Permitting Supervisor

Attachment: One (1) hard copy and one (1) CD of Mountain Valley Pipeline Project, Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) dated November 2018. cc: Roger Kirchen, VDHR (with attachments) Mary Krueger, NPS (with attachments Alison Blanton, Roanoke Valley Preservation Foundation (with attachments) Sonja Ingram, Preservation Virginia (with attachments) Ashley Webb, Historical Society of Western Virginia (with attachments) Richard Caywood, Roanoke County (with attachments) Grace Terry (with attachments) Evelyn Tidlow, GAI (with no attachments)

2200 Energy Drive | Canonsburg, PA 15317 844-MVP-TALK | [email protected] www.mountainvalleypipeline.info

November 7, 2018

Ms. Ashley Webb Historical Society of Western Virginia 101 Shenandoah Avenue NE Roanoke, VA 24016

Dear Ms. Webb:

Ms. Ashley Webb November 7, 2018 Page 2 Under Stipulation IV.I of the executed Programmatic Agreement for the project, we are submitting this draft document to you for comment. Comments on this document should be added directly to the docket by contacting Paul Friedman at the FERC within 30 days. He can be reached at:

Paul Friedman Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 888 First Street NE Washington, DC 20426 (202) 502-8059

A copy of these comments should also be sent to Evelyn Tidlow by email at [email protected]. Thank you for your attention.

Sincerely,

Megan E. Neylon Environmental Permitting Supervisor

Attachment: One (1) hard copy and one (1) CD of Mountain Valley Pipeline Project, Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) dated November 2018. cc: Roger Kirchen, VDHR (with attachments) Mary Krueger, NPS (with attachments Ann Rogers, CAPP (with attachments) Sonja Ingram, Preservation Virginia (with attachments) Alison Blanton, Roanoke Valley Preservation Foundation (with attachments) Richard Caywood, Roanoke County (with attachments) Grace Terry (with attachments) Evelyn Tidlow, GAI (with no attachments)

2200 Energy Drive | Canonsburg, PA 15317 844-MVP-TALK | [email protected] www.mountainvalleypipeline.info

November 7, 2018

Ms. Grace Terry 4718 Wembley Place SW Roanoke, VA 24018

Dear Ms. Terry:

Ms. Grace Terry November 7, 2018 Page 2 Under Stipulation IV.I of the executed Programmatic Agreement for the project, we are submitting this draft document to you for comment. Comments on this document should be added directly to the docket by contacting Paul Friedman at the FERC within 30 days. He can be reached at:

Paul Friedman Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 888 First Street NE Washington, DC 20426 (202) 502-8059

A copy of these comments should also be sent to Evelyn Tidlow by email at [email protected]. Thank you for your attention.

Sincerely,

Megan E. Neylon Environmental Permitting Supervisor

Attachment: One (1) hard copy and one (1) CD of Mountain Valley Pipeline Project, Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) dated November 2018. cc: Roger Kirchen, VDHR (with attachments) Mary Krueger, NPS (with attachments Ann Rogers, CAPP (with attachments) Sonja Ingram, Preservation Virginia (with attachments) Ashley Webb, Historical Society of Western Virginia (with attachments) Richard Caywood, Roanoke County (with attachments) Alison Blanton, Roanoke Valley Preservation Foundation (with attachments) Evelyn Tidlow, GAI (with no attachments)

2200 Energy Drive | Canonsburg, PA 15317 844-MVP-TALK | [email protected] www.mountainvalleypipeline.info

November 7, 2018

Ms. Mary Krueger National Park Service 950 Pearl Hill Road Fitchburg, MA 01420

Dear Ms. Krueger:

Ms. Mary Krueger November 7, 2018 Page 2 Under Stipulation IV.I of the executed Programmatic Agreement for the project, we are submitting this draft document to you for comment. Comments on this document should be added directly to the docket by contacting Paul Friedman at the FERC within 30 days. He can be reached at:

Paul Friedman Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 888 First Street NE Washington, DC 20426 (202) 502-8059

A copy of these comments should also be sent to Evelyn Tidlow by email at [email protected]. Thank you for your attention.

Sincerely,

Megan E. Neylon Environmental Permitting Supervisor

Attachment: One (1) hard copy and one (1) CD of Mountain Valley Pipeline Project, Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) dated November 2018. cc: Roger Kirchen, VDHR (with attachments) Alison Blanton, Roanoke Valley Preservation Foundation (with attachments) Ann Rogers, CAPP (with attachments) Sonja Ingram, Preservation Virginia (with attachments) Ashley Webb, Historical Society of Western Virginia (with attachments) Richard Caywood, Roanoke County (with attachments) Grace Terry (with attachments) Evelyn Tidlow, GAI (with no attachments)

2200 Energy Drive | Canonsburg, PA 15317 844-MVP-TALK | [email protected] www.mountainvalleypipeline.info

November 7, 2018

Mr. Richard Caywood Roanoke County Board of Supervisors 5204 Bernard Drive Roanoke, VA 24018

Dear Mr. Caywood:

Mr. Richard Caywood November 7, 2018 Page 2 Under Stipulation IV.I of the executed Programmatic Agreement for the project, we are submitting this draft document to you for comment. Comments on this document should be added directly to the docket by contacting Paul Friedman at the FERC within 30 days. He can be reached at:

Paul Friedman Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 888 First Street NE Washington, DC 20426 (202) 502-8059

A copy of these comments should also be sent to Evelyn Tidlow by email at [email protected]. Thank you for your attention.

Sincerely,

Megan E. Neylon Environmental Permitting Supervisor

Attachment: One (1) hard copy and one (1) CD of Mountain Valley Pipeline Project, Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) dated November 2018. cc: Roger Kirchen, VDHR (with attachments) Mary Krueger, NPS (with attachments Ann Rogers, CAPP (with attachments) Sonja Ingram, Preservation Virginia (with attachments) Ashley Webb, Historical Society of Western Virginia (with attachments) Alison Blanton, Roanoke Valley Preservation Foundation (with attachments) Grace Terry (with attachments) Evelyn Tidlow, GAI (with no attachments)

2200 Energy Drive | Canonsburg, PA 15317 844-MVP-TALK | [email protected] www.mountainvalleypipeline.info

November 7, 2018

Ms. Sonja Ingram Preservation Virginia 204 West Franklin Street Richmond, VA 23220

Dear Ms. Ingram:

Ms. Sonja Ingram November 7, 2018 Page 2 Under Stipulation IV.I of the executed Programmatic Agreement for the project, we are submitting this draft document to you for comment. Comments on this document should be added directly to the docket by contacting Paul Friedman at the FERC within 30 days. He can be reached at:

Paul Friedman Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 888 First Street NE Washington, DC 20426 (202) 502-8059

A copy of these comments should also be sent to Evelyn Tidlow by email at [email protected]. Thank you for your attention.

Sincerely,

Megan E. Neylon Environmental Permitting Supervisor

Attachment: One (1) hard copy and one (1) CD of Mountain Valley Pipeline Project, Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) dated November 2018. cc: Roger Kirchen, VDHR (with attachments) Mary Krueger, NPS (with attachments Ann Rogers, CAPP (with attachments) Alison Blanton, Roanoke Valley Preservation Foundation (with attachments) Ashley Webb, Historical Society of Western Virginia (with attachments) Richard Caywood, Roanoke County (with attachments) Grace Terry (with attachments) Evelyn Tidlow, GAI (with no attachments)

MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE PROJECT

DRAFT NRHP BOUNDARY AND PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE

Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

DOCKET NO. CP16-10 DHR FILE #2014 1194

Prepared for

2200 Energy Drive Canonsburg, Pennsylvania 15317

Prepared by

2800 Dorr Avenue, Suites H&I Fairfax, Virginia 22031

November 2018

Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... i

LIST OF FIGURES ...... ii

LIST OF TABLES ...... ii

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1-1

2.0 BENT MOUNTAIN APPLE ORCHARD RURAL HISTORIC DISTRICT ...... 2-1 2.1 HISTORIC CONTEXT ...... 2-1 2.1.1 Predecessors to the Apple Orchards of Bent Mountain ...... 2-1 2.1.2 The Bent Mountain Turnpike ...... 2-2 2.1.3 The Rise of Orchards ...... 2-4 2.1.4 Tazewell Price’s Les Landes (080-0487) ...... 2-5 2.1.5 Apples in the Late Nineteenth Century ...... 2-6 2.1.6 William M. Hale-related Resources ...... 2-8 2.1.7 The Willett-Vest House ...... 2-8 2.1.8 Apples in the Early Twentieth Century ...... 2-9 2.1.9 Transportation Networks ...... 2-13 2.1.10 King-Waldron House (080-0494) ...... 2-13 2.1.11 Apples in the Late Twentieth Century ...... 2-14 2.2 PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE ...... 2-17 2.3 BOUNDARY JUSTIFICATION ...... 2-17

3.0 COLES-TERRY RURAL HISTORIC DISTRICT ...... 3-1 3.1 HISTORIC CONTEXT ...... 3-1 3.1.1 Early Inhabitants of the Bent Mountain Area ...... 3-1 3.1.2 The Lewis Tract ...... 3-2 3.1.3 The Elijah Henry House (080-5297)...... 3-3 3.1.4 The Price Lands ...... 3-3 3.1.5 The Coles and Terry Families Establish Roots ...... 3-4 3.1.6 The Coles’ Bent Mountain Plantation ...... 3-5 3.1.7 John Coles Terry ...... 3-7 3.1.8 Antebellum Landscape ...... 3-7 3.1.9 The Civil War ...... 3-9 3.1.10 Reconstruction ...... 3-11 3.1.11 Joseph Motley Terry Acquires Land ...... 3-11 3.1.12 The John Coles Jr. Family in Reconstruction ...... 3-12 3.1.13 John Coles Terry in Reconstruction ...... 3-12 3.1.14 The Decline of Tobacco ...... 3-13 3.1.15 The Rise of Apple Cultivation ...... 3-14 3.1.16 Late Nineteenth Century ...... 3-14 3.1.17 The Elijah Henry House (080-5297) at the Turn of the Twentieth Century ...... 3-14 3.1.18 The Coles Family in the Late Nineteenth Century ...... 3-15 3.1.19 Joseph Motley Terry in the Late Nineteenth Century ...... 3-16

i Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

3.1.20 John Coles Terry in the Late Nineteenth Century ...... 3-17 3.1.21 Prosperity from Apples ...... 3-19 3.1.22 Agriculture in the Early Twentieth Century ...... 3-19 3.1.23 The Last Years of John Coles Jr...... 3-20 3.1.24 John Coles Terry in the Early Twentieth Century ...... 3-20 3.1.25 The Terry-Coles Cemetery (080-0490) ...... 3-21 3.1.26 The Civilian Conservation Corps on Poor Mountain ...... 3-21 3.1.27 Grace Terry Moncure Inherits the Terry Estate ...... 3-22 3.1.28 The Coles Terry Rural Historic District in the Late Twentieth Century ...... 3-23 3.2 PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE ...... 3-27 3.3 BOUNDARY JUSTIFICATION ...... 3-27

4.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 4-1

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1. Map of Roanoke County, VA...... 2-3 Figure 2-2. Jordan Woodrum, undated photograph. Source: Jack and Jacobs 1912...... 2-5 Figure 2-3. Joseph Leland Perdue. Source: Jack and Jacobs 1912...... 2-6 Figure 2-4. Samuel Henry Willett. Source: Jack and Jacobs 1912...... 2-9 Figure 2-5. Apple pickers in the Woodrum orchard, ca. 1912. Source: Jack and Jacobs 1912...... 2-11 Figure 2-6. Apple pickers at a Bent Mountain orchard, ca. 1912. Source: Jack and Jacobs 1912...... 2-12 Figure 2-7. 1947 USGS aerial photograph ...... 2-15 Figure 2-8. 1960 USGS aerial photograph ...... 2-16 Figure 2-9. Proposed Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District boundary ...... 2-21 Figure 3-1. Col. Andrew Lewis. Source: Jack and Jacobs 1912...... 3-2 Figure 3-2. Map of Roanoke County, VA ...... 3-8 Figure 3-3. John Coles, ca. 1864. Source: Jack and Jacobs 1912...... 3-9 Figure 3-4. John Coles Terry, ca. 1891. Source: The Roanoke Times January 22, 1891. ... 3-17 Figure 3-5. 1947 USGS aerial photograph ...... 3-25 Figure 3-6. 1960 USGS aerial photograph ...... 3-26 Figure 3-7. Proposed Coles-Terry Rural Historic District boundary ...... 3-31

LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1. Bent Mountain Apple Farmers and their Orchards, 1879...... 2-7 Table 2-2. Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5631) Surveyed Resources...... 2-19 Table 3-1. Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) Surveyed Resources...... 3-29

ii Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

1.0 INTRODUCTION This document, prepared by SEARCH on behalf of Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC, provides the draft National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) boundaries and periods of significance for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and the Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689), per the DHR-approved Historic Property Treatment Plan for the Bent Mountain (080-5677), Bent Mountain Apple Orchard (080-5731), and Coles-Terry (080-5689) Rural Historic Districts. The information contained in this document will be used to prepare NRHP nominations for the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and the Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689), in accordance with the previously mentioned Treatment Plan.

1-1 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

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1-2 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

2.0 BENT MOUNTAIN APPLE ORCHARD RURAL HISTORIC DISTRICT Located in southwestern Roanoke County, the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District is a collection of historic barns, cabins, stately farm houses, remnant orchards, country roads, and family cemeteries that give testimony to a time period when the cultivation of apples shaped the landscape and the lives of the people who inhabited it. Farmers cultivated apples in Virginia since the first days of European settlement and made their first plantings of apples in today’s Roanoke County in the mid-eighteenth century. Extensive cultivation on a commercial scale began in Bent Mountain in the Reconstruction period (1865-1877) as area farmers planted orchards with the hope that apples could bring them new prosperity since tobacco was in decline. The success of apple cultivation created an orchard boom at Bent Mountain and in neighboring communities by the late nineteenth century. This boom continued into the mid-twentieth century. The prosperity from apples left a mark across the landscape as farm houses replaced pioneer cabins. Well-groomed, beautifully aligned orchards crept across fields and up the slopes of the area. Apples provided a way of life for many residents of Bent Mountain. As the twentieth century progressed, apple growers in Bent Mountain and elsewhere faced a number of challenges from external market forces to ballooning production and maintenance costs, leading to the start of a decline in apple production in the post-World War II period that continued until the present when only a small handful of orchards remain in the Bent Mountain area.

2.1 HISTORIC CONTEXT 2.1.1 Predecessors to the Apple Orchards of Bent Mountain The community that became Bent Mountain evolved from pioneer homesteads established in the mid-eighteenth century in what was then Augusta County. The area attracted new settlement in the early nineteenth century once regional conflicts with Native Americans subsided and new land became available for agricultural development. Bent Mountain became an identifiable community in the years after the creation of Roanoke County in 1838.1

The patchwork of apple orchards in the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District developed after the Civil War; however, apples had been cultivated in the United States since the early colonial days. The farmers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries primarily cultivated apples for use as livestock feed and cider. They grew their trees from seed, resulting in orchards with irregular layouts and trees with varying size and shape. American varieties of apples developed by the mid-seventeenth century in New England. One of the first American varieties to gain popularity was developed in New York and named the Newtown Pippin. Benjamin Franklin had a barrel of Newtown Pippins shipped to him while he was living in London in 1759. Cultivation of this apple ultimately spread to Virginia where a seedling nursery existed as early as the 1750s. Thomas Jefferson developed a 400-acre orchard that included Newtown Pippins in the 1760s and George Washington similarly planted an apple orchard in 1774. After its introduction in Albemarle County, this greenish-white, juicy, aromatic apple became known in Virginia as the Albemarle Pippin.2 This American variety of Pippin apple was the first cultivated as a commercial crop, and by the American Revolution, farmers exported Albemarles to England.3

1 Deedie Dent Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County (Roanoke, Virginia: Roanoke County Sesquicentennial Committee, 1988), 96. 2 J.C. Folger, The Commercial Apple Industry of North America (New York, New York: Macmillan, 1921), 22. 3 Susan A. Dolan, Fruitful Legacy: A Historic Context of Orchards in the United States, with Technical Information for Registering Orchards in The National Register of Historic Places (Washington DC: National Park Service, 2009), 27.

2-1 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

In the 1760s, David Willett planted one of Roanoke County’s earliest orchards in the Back Creek community which is located eight miles east of the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District. Willett was the great-grandfather of Samuel Henry Willett who later cultivated apples in the district.4 Bent Mountain-area farmer John Richerson’s fruit was described in an 1832 newspaper. Richerson’s apples were “of the mammoth species, and in color and flavor resembled the delicious New York Pippin.” Richerson dubbed these apples, which likely were Albemarle Pippins, “Richerson’s Virginia Winter Pippin.”5

Apple cultivation, particularly for commercial purposes, was not widespread in the Bent Mountain area prior to the Civil War because of the predominance of tobacco. By the antebellum period, tobacco had been extensively cultivated and profitable in Virginia for well over a century. As the older tobacco plantations in eastern and central Virginia had become exhausted, planters looked westward to areas like Bent Mountain to establish new plantations. The Coles family and their kin, the Terrys, who were among the earliest European-American land owners in the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District, are examples of this trend. While residents of Pittsylvania County, they developed and operated tobacco plantations using enslaved and indentured servant labor in the Bent Mountain area in the 1840s. The continued focus on tobacco left little room for experimenting with apple orchards; however, farmers never forgot that apples could thrive in the area.6

2.1.2 The Bent Mountain Turnpike The Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District features the remnant corridor of the so- called Bent Mountain Turnpike, a highway developed by business interests in the antebellum period to connect the growing settlements of the region. Businessmen and farmers from Bent Mountain, then part of Botetourt County, and Jacksonville, later known as Floyd and the seat of Floyd County, organized in 1832 to develop the Jacksonville and Bent Mountain Turnpike. The road extended from Floyd through the Bent Mountain area and passed over Bent Mountain to connect with roads leading to Salem. Due to physical obstacles, labor challenges, and financial problems, work on the turnpike stalled until 1849 and was completed in 1859.7 The Bent Mountain Turnpike remained the principal transportation route through the Bent Mountain area into the early twentieth century and formed the template for the modern Bent Mountain Road that was a vital market connection for the apple orchards of the district.

A Civil War-period map help to illustrate the setting of the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District prior to the rise of extensive apple cultivation. Walter Izard’s Map of Roanoke County (Southern Section) was created in the 1860s and probably was the most detailed map of the area up to that date (Figure 2-1).8 The map shows several features that became prominent in the postwar apple industry of the area. The homestead of “T. Price” (Tazewell Price) is illustrated

4 George S. Jack and E.B. Jacobs, History of Roanoke County (Roanoke, Virginia: Stone, 1912), 82. 5 “John Richerson of Amherst,” Lynchburg Virginian, March 5, 1832. 6 Grace Terry Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” Journal of the Roanoke Historical Society Winter, no. 2 (1967): 30–37. 7 Nelson Harris, A History of Back Creek (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia, 2018), 22–23. 8 Walter Izard et al., Map of Roanoke County, Va. (Southern Section) (Richmond, Virginia: Confederate Chief Engineer’s Office, n.d.), Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2012589690/.

2-2 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

Figure 2-1. Map of Roanoke County, VA.

2-3 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

at the center of the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District. Price developed an extensive orchard after the war, as is discussed below. Also depicted is the Bent Mountain Turnpike that passes from north to south through the district and Price’s land.

2.1.3 The Rise of Orchards The Civil War disrupted the evolving plantations and smalls farms of the Bent Mountain area, leaving economic devastation for area farmers and, in turn, influencing a new agricultural focus after the war. Many male residents of the area served in the Confederacy.9 Zeal and excitement gradually deteriorated, particularly in the Confederacy, as the hardships of war became an everyday reality. Farms and plantations suffered, homesteads fell victim to raiding by Confederate and Union troops, and law and order disintegrated. In the later years of the war, the Union Army pushed through Roanoke County and the Bent Mountain area. The force of several hundred men from the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry traveled along the Bent Mountain Turnpike. Following the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, area slaves fled to Union lines and freedom.10

During the Reconstruction Period (1865-1877), Bent Mountain planters cultivated tobacco, but challenges increased to the point that planters searched for a new central crop. In the early 1870s, the Bent Mountain area, and also neighboring Back Creek, remained, in the words of the Richmond Whig, “very large tobacco growing sections,” as they had been in the antebellum period.11 The abolition of slavery necessitated new labor arrangements for plantation owners. While the specifics for the Bent Mountain area are unknown, elsewhere in Virginia arrangements such as sharecropping—where families work on farms for a share of the crop’s value—existed in the absence of slavery. Pests also attacked plants. In May 1874, flies descended on the tobacco fields and weakened the crop for the season.12 There also was the perennial problem of tobacco worms.13

In the 1860s and 1870s, a handful of area farmers planted apple orchards. Apples had been cultivated with success in the past, although their cultivation was not extensive. The expansion of railroads in the Reconstruction Period meant that this perishable fruit could more efficiently reach markets as far away as New York and even overseas. Thus, apples held more potential as a cash crop than they had in previous years when they primarily were used for animal feed or local consumption. Moreover, the cultivation of apples, compared to tobacco and other crops, was less intensive after an orchard was established. As a late nineteenth-century newspaper summarized the trend from tobacco to apples, “no one [was] willing to sunburn his back and strain his eyes to work tobacco for the sake of the few dollars to be earned by its cultivation, when it’s so easy to raise golden apples.”14

Jordan Woodrum (1822–1901) was a Bent Mountain farmer cited as a major influence on the success of apples at Bent Mountain. Woodrum, who was born in West Virginia, was educated at Roanoke County’s Hollins Institute (Figure 2-2). He received a law degree and became a

9 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 74. 10 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 204. 11 “More Bad News About Tobacco,” Richmond Whig, May 22, 1874. 12 “More Bad News About Tobacco.” 13 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 232–36; Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” 32–34. 14 Harris, A History of Back Creek, 42.

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newspaper publisher in Fincastle and Salem. He settled in the Bent Mountain area after the Civil War. In 1870 at “the base of Bent Mountain,” he planted what has been described as the first commercial Pippin apple orchard in the area.15 A later county history celebrated Woodrum’s achievement. “In this mountain vastness Mr. Woodrum saw great possibilities…and under the guidance of his masterly intellect, and by the work of his hands, this wilderness in a few short years was made ‘to blossom like the rose.’”16

John Coles Terry, one of the largest landowners in the Bent Mountain area, also heavily invested in apples in the post-Civil War period. His investment began in the 1870s when he planted his first 25-acre Albemarle Pippin, Winesap, and York Imperial orchard.17 Tazewell Price, John Coles, Joseph Motley Terry, and John Jackson Huff also planted orchards in the 1870s.

2.1.4 Tazewell Price’s Les Landes (080-0487) Figure 2-2. Jordan Woodrum, Tazewell Price (1819-1897) was one of several slave- undated photograph. Source: Jack and Jacobs 1912. owning tobacco planters who transitioned to growing apples in the Reconstruction Period. Price built a handsome estate house called Les Landes, meaning “The Moors” in French. The precise build date of the home is disputed. A surveyor with the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the 1930s stated Price built the home between 1860 and 1865.18 Local historian Deedie Kagey stated Price built the home in 1871.19 Land record research and Izard’s Map of Roanoke County (Southern Section) indicates the 1860s time frame is the more likely build date. In 1863, Tazewell Price and his brother, Warfield, became the owners of over 3,000 acres inclusive of the site of Les Landes.20 The seller, John M. Price, likely was a relative, and the tract had tobacco fields and a dwelling.21 Warfield became bankrupt after the Civil War and sold his portion of the tract to Joseph M. Terry in 1867.22

Les Landes, situated on the Floyd and Bent Mountain Turnpike in the eastern portion of the district, was a prominent landmark for travelers who passed through the area.23 During their survey of

15 Harris, 35. 16 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 74–79. 17 “Orchard and Beautiful Peaks,” The Evening News Roanoke October 19, 1908. 18 Ernest H. Weaver and Works Progress Administration, “Virginia Historical Inventory: Tazewell Price Home” (Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, July 13, 1936), Library of Virginia. 19 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 299. 20 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Deed from Executors of John M. Price to Warfield Price and Tazewell Price” (1863), Deed Book G, Page 57, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 21 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Deed from John M. and Eliza Price to John Coles” (1855), Deed Book E, Page 316, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 22 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Deed from Warfield Price to Joseph M. Terry” (1867), Deed Book G, Page 307, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 23 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 253–301.

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historic sites in 1936, the WPA interviewed Joseph Leland Perdue, who owned Les Landes at the time, and P.H. Thompson, an African American who knew about the property’s history. The WPA noted some of the historic owners of the property: John M. Price owned the property up to 1863; Tazewell Price owned the property from 1863 to 1896; his daughter Cammie T. West owned the property from 1896 to 1909; and Joseph Leland Perdue (Figure 2- 3) owned the property afterwards. The Inventory described Les Landes as “a brick structure, large and imposing. It was built by slave labor.”24 This suggests a date of construction earlier than 1871.

Joseph Leland Perdue (1860-1942) settled in Bent Mountain with his family in 1873 (see Figure 2-3). Originally a farmer, he became a merchant in the 1890s. He found success in the profession and also invested in apple orchards. Perdue and his wife Lucy then purchased the “old Tazewell Price homestead” from Price’s daughter in 1909. Several years later, a county history described Figure 2-3. Joseph Leland the homestead as “one of the oldest and most substantial Perdue. Source: Jack and Jacobs residences in the whole county, together with one hundred 1912. acres of fine land containing one of the oldest and best apple orchards on Bent Mountain, including many fine Pippin trees.” Perdue also had orchard tracts elsewhere in the area and was described as active in the development of the orchard business in the Bent Mountain. Ida May Perdue married John R. Zirkle, a farmer and fruit grower, in 1910. The Zirkles lived at the Perdue homestead and owned the property through much of the twentieth century.25

2.1.5 Apples in the Late Nineteenth Century The Bent Mountain farmers who planted orchards after the Civil War began to harvest in the late 1870s. Data for several apple farmers and their production are available for the 1879 season and presented in Table 2-1.26 Tazewell Price had one of the most extensive orchards in the area. His 18-acre orchard consisted of 200 bearing trees. The Coles and Terry families also had extensive acreage that included orchards. Many of the apple growers in the Bent Mountain area at this time were involved in other types of agriculture, from growing cereal crops to raising livestock. Some were involved in other occupations. Joseph Motley Terry, for example, was a lawyer and a merchant while Tazewell Price worked as a teacher in the local Bent Mountain school.

In the late nineteenth century, Woodrum’s orchard at the base of Bent Mountain was particularly successful. A single crop had, in one of the highest years, brought $15,000, as Woodrum and other

24 Weaver and Works Progress Administration, “Virginia Historical Inventory: Tazewell Price Home.” 25 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 84. 26 “1880 Federal United States Census Population Schedule: Cave Springs, Roanoke County, Virginia” (Roanoke County, Virginia, 1880), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com.

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apple farmers arranged for their apples to be sold in Europe as well as domestically. Woodrum’s success advanced fruit growing in Roanoke County.27

Table 2-1. Bent Mountain Apple Farmers and their Orchards, 1879. Farmer Acres Bearing Trees Bushels John Coles 8 60 500 John Jackson Huff 2 20 100 Tazewell Price 18 200 200 John Coles Terry 12 70 700 Joseph Motley Terry 16 80 350 Source: 1880 Agricultural Census, Cave Springs Magisterial District, Roanoke County, Virginia

The emerging apple industry of the late nineteenth century was dependent upon transportation to reach the market. In the 1870s and 1880s, farmers hauled apples over Bent Mountain to Roanoke, a two-day journey. Commercial interests in Roanoke County sought to improve transportation in the southwestern part of the county with the construction of a new railroad line. The Roanoke & Southern Railway construction began in 1890 to connect Roanoke with Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and points between. The railway opened in 1892. Although the roughly north-south route was ten miles west of Bent Mountain, the proximity of this transportation corridor considerably reduced the time farmers spent transporting their apples to market. After traveling down the district’s Bent Mountain Turnpike to the depot at Starkey, they loaded barrels on the train.28

The Back Creek community, located east of Bent Mountain and the district, also prospered due to apple cultivation. Prior to the success of apples, the area was one of the poorest in the county. The orchards surpassed other types of farms in the county in terms of value per acre. The orchards also employed numerous area laborers. An 1895 Salem newspaper description of fall harvest illustrated community involvement in the industry at Back Creek. The description applied to the Bent Mountain area as well:

The road was lined with teams hauling empty barrels one way and barreled apples the other to the depot, thus employing the teams of the neighborhood to haul the apple crop. Boys and girls are given employment in picking, while it will take the men several months to pack and barrel the product. This gives employment to a large number of people, cultivates the money among all classes and promotes prosperity in general.29

Prosperity was evident in Bent Mountain by the late nineteenth century. “Anyone familiar with this section thirty years ago would be astonished at the improvement of the place and people,” read an 1897 newspaper article that praised the influence of the apple industry in the Bent Mountain area. “The old-time double log houses have been torn down,” the article continued, “and in their places have been erected substantial, neat six to eight-room cottages, tastefully designed and painted.” This description of dwellings, however, ignored the homes of some of the African-

27 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 74–79. 28 Harris, A History of Back Creek, 36. 29 Harris, 38.

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American families in the area, which had been described just five years earlier as being “of the most wretched character.”30

2.1.6 William M. Hale-related Resources The late nineteenth century Hale-related resources on Green Hollow Drive represent the homestead established by William H. Hale (1868-1945). The homestead thrived on apple farming. Though born in Indiana, Hale’s ancestry ran deep in southwestern Virginia. His family had settled in the region in the eighteenth century. About 1890, Hale married Vioma Conner (1870-1941) who came from a family with similarly deep roots in the area. 31 In 1895, Hale built the frame house that now stands on Green Hollow Drive and farmed the property. 32 Decennial census records from 1900 through 1940 list the William & Vioma Hale household. The Hales had at least ten children. Census records show that the home was often filled with people.

Hale’s tract of land around the house was some 300 acres and he was extensively involved in apple cultivation. In 1912, he acquired acreage from the former Tazewell Price property. At the time, the tract was owned by Price’s daughter, Cammie T. West. The tract Hale acquired included a quarter-acre cemetery.33 The cemetery, according to a 1936 WPA survey of the Price tract, contained the graves of the Price family’s slaves.34 Tazewell Price and his wife, Elizabeth, were also buried in the cemetery. When West sold the land to Hale, she retained a right-of-way so she could visit the cemetery.35 According to local oral history, the graves of Tazewell and Elizabeth Price were relocated from the Hale tract in 1984 to a cemetery in Henry County.36 The fate of the enslaved burials is unknown.

In addition to the farmland, the William Hale property had a grist and saw mill frequented by area residents. Hale also was an amateur veterinarian known for his work with horses.37 He gave his land to his children, including his son Sim Hale. Sim Hale (1888-1961) built a home on the property in 1919. Sim, a lifelong farmer like his father, married Crettie Manning and the couple had eight children. Sim’s sister, Edith, also inherited land from her father and, with her husband Bill Hall, built a home on the property.38

2.1.7 The Willett-Vest House The Willett-Vest House is representative of a decades-old apple orchard farmstead. The original owner of the property was Samuel Henry Willett (1872-1945). Born at Bent Mountain, he descended from Willetts who had settled in Roanoke County in the mid-eighteenth century. Willett’s great-grandfather, David, is said to have planted Pippin apple trees in the Back Creek

30 Gilberta Whittle, “Up on Bent Mountain,” The Times, November 21, 1892. 31 “William Hale Certificate of Death (1945),” Virginia Death Records, 1912-2014, Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, Virginia, n.d.), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 32 Ann M. Rogers, “Preliminary Information Form: Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731)” (Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 2017). 33 Rogers. 34 Weaver and Works Progress Administration, “Virginia Historical Inventory: Tazewell Price Home.” 35 Rogers, “Preliminary Information Form: Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731).” 36 Find A Grave, “Tazewell Price Burial: Oakwood Cemetery, Henry County, Virginia,” August 3, 2018, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/113315986/tazewell-price. 37 Rogers, “Preliminary Information Form: Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731).” 38 Rogers.

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area in the mid-eighteenth century. Willett’s father, Marion, was a Confederate veteran and well-known Justice of the Peace in the Bent Mountain area.39

In 1896, Samuel Willet (Figure 2-4) purchased property that now includes the Willett-Vest House.40 A farmer and apple grower, he planted nearly one thousand trees on this property around the turn of the twentieth century. A 1912 county history provided the following description of Willett’s farm:

[Willett] is the owner of a fine Bottom Creek farm, where he engages to some extent in stock raising and agricultural pursuits. He has planted an orchard of nine hundred Pippin apple trees. They are in thrifty condition and will be extremely valuable in a few years. Mr. Willett is a firm believer in the future of Bent Mountain apples, and every year he plants additional trees.41 Figure 2-4. Samuel Henry Willett. Source: Jack and Jacobs Willett married Flora Baldwin (1873-1958) and they 1912. raised a family on their farm. Decennial census records from the years 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940 list the household and their six children. In 1920, Willett built the present dwelling on the property.42 He died in 1945.43

By 1957, however, Jack Poff was the owner of the property. Poff continued to farm the orchard on the former Willett property. The Poff orchard has been described as fertile and prosperous. Poff raised a family on the property and hired laborers to pick apples.44 He owned the orchard up to 1969. The next owner was Fred Hale, a grandson of William M. Hale, who owned the property up to 1972 and continued to grow apples during his tenure. The Vest family presently owns the home.45

2.1.8 Apples in the Early Twentieth Century In the early to mid-twentieth century, apples continued to take center stage in farm production, and orchard owners remained the leading businessmen of the Bent Mountain area.46 The apple industry brought “hundreds of thousands of dollars” into the area.47 In 1902, a newspaper reported that Bent Mountain was “rapidly coming to the front as one of the best apple-growing portions of

39 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 82. 40 Rogers, “Preliminary Information Form: Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731).” 41 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 82. 42 Rogers, “Preliminary Information Form: Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731).” 43 “Samuel Henry Willett Certificate of Death (1945),” Virginia Death Records, 1912-2014, Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, Virginia, 1945), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 44 Rogers, “Preliminary Information Form: Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731).” 45 Rogers. 46 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 302–5. 47 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 74–79.

2-9 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) the state.”48 Apples grown on Bent Mountain at that time included the Albemarle Pippin, Johnson’s Fine Winter, York Imperial, and Winesap.49 A 1912 history of Roanoke County listed the leading men of the Bent Mountain community and nearly all were apple growers. They included Joseph R. King, George W. Powell, McH. Booth, E.O. Tinsley, Jordan Woodrum, Benjamin Bowman, Preston Edward Simpson, Andrew Jackson Howell, and John Benjamin Willett.50

Joseph Motley Terry and his son, John Coles Terry, were some of the most prominent apple growers in the Bent Mountain area in the early twentieth century, as was their relative, John Coles Jr. They credited their success in apple growing to the Albemarle Pippin. While Albemarle trees took many years to mature, the return on the investment of time brought wealth to the Terrys.51 John Coles Terry had some 20,000 Albemarle Pippin trees around the turn of the twentieth century.52 Albemarles, though not the only apple variety grown by the farmers of Bent Mountain, had gained broad favor among consumers in the United States. The Terrys, as well as another prominent apple-growing family, the Woodrums, sent their crops to New York where they brought a price of five dollars a barrel. Albemarles also were popular overseas. The Queen of England reportedly favored them. “We learn that Mr. J. Coles Terry, one of the largest growers of apples on Bent Mountain, this county, shipped his crop of Pippins this year to Liverpool, England, and that his returns from them, received a few days ago, showed these famous apples netted him $6 per barrel,” described a 1901 newspaper report. “Who wouldn’t raise such apples? Hurrah for Bent Mountain!”53 In 1904, another newspaper reported that Terry had sold his apples at $11 per barrel to Great Britain.54

John Coles Jr. also prospered from apple growing. Around the turn of the twentieth century, he built a dwelling described as “one of the richest” in the Bent Mountain area.55 Coles was described in a 1912 Roanoke County history as “perhaps the best-known citizen in the Bent Mountain district.56

Apple cultivation produced several associated industries and activities in the Bent Mountain area. In the early twentieth century, a revolution in communication—the telephone—reached the Bent Mountain area. The establishment of telephone lines was directly related to the need for apple growers to communicate with their counterparts in the area. In 1910, the Fruit Growers Telephone Cooperative received a charter from the state to construct lines along the county roads in southwestern Roanoke County. In short time, more than 200 residents had acquired accounts with the company. Other companies arose, including the Bent Mountain Telephone Company in 1911. These companies provided the first telephone service to the Bent Mountain area.57

48 “Grows Fine Apples,” Richmond Dispatch, October 25, 1902. 49 “Fine Crop of Virginia Apples,” Staunton Daily Leader, August 9, 1907. 50 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County. 51 Harris, A History of Back Creek, 46. 52 “Grows Fine Apples.” 53 “Final Price for Apples,” Salem Times-Register, January 4, 1901. 54 “Virginia’s Apple Crop,” Staunton Spectator & Vindicator, July 22, 1904. 55 “Fire Destroys Nice Home,” Salem Times-Register and Sentinel, April 7, 1904. 56 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 78. 57 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 302; Harris, A History of Back Creek, 70–73.

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The Bent Mountain Apple and Cold Storage Company, a joint stock company of investors from Roanoke, purchased orchard land on Bent Mountain in the early twentieth century. The company purchased 80 acres from J. W. Chambers and 125 acres from Jordan Woodrum to build a cold storage warehouse to take advantage of apple market prices.58 A notice in a trade publication stated that the company incorporated in 1902 with $100,000 of capital and a plan to build in “the Back Creek district.”59 John W. Woods served as the company president, Ernest B. Fishburne served as secretary and treasurer, and R. H. Woodrum, J. B. Fishburne, and James B. Woods were listed as additional investors.

Droves of laborers supported apple production of the Bent Mountain area, although little has been written about their experiences or identities (Figures 2-5 and 2-6). The Woodrum Family’s apple packing shed employed 30 to 40 men around the turn of the twentieth century.60 Photographs of the orchards of the Bent Mountain area from a 1912 history of Roanoke County depict white laborers; however, census returns from the period identify many African-American residents as farm laborers. Sources indicate that quality of life was poor for many late nineteenth-century Bent Mountain African-American laborers. Gilberta S. Whittle, a late nineteenth-century newspaper writer familiar with Bent Mountain, wrote about the dwellings of African-American laborers in an 1892 newspaper article. Typically, the structures were single room log cabins set on crudely-place stone footings. The dwellings were, in her words, “of the most wretched character” and included

Figure 2-5. Apple pickers in the Woodrum orchard, ca. 1912. Source: Jack and Jacobs 1912.

58 “Grows Fine Apples.” 59 “New Plants and Improvements,” Ice and Refrigeration 23, no. 2 (1902): 67–68. 60 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 305.

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Figure 2-6. Apple pickers at a Bent Mountain orchard, ca. 1912. Source: Jack and Jacobs 1912.

“a door on creaking wood hinges, with a clumsy latch of the same material as its only fastening, a rude fireplace of stone, an ill-fitting shutter to a sashless window opening in the wall, called by courtesy a window.”61

Roanoke County apple orchard owners took advantage of a unique labor source during World War II: German prisoners of war (POWs). During the war, Mason’s Cove (about 20 miles north of the district) was the location of a German POW camp where captured German soldiers were held in camps. Beginning in 1943, the War Department assigned prisoners to work picking apples in the county’s orchards. The work assignment continued to 1946.62 Local historian Deedie Kagey has described that during the time of their internment, some POWs developed friendships with local families. After the war, Bent Mountain locals and the former POWs maintained their friendships through correspondence. Former POWs also settled in Roanoke County following the war.63

Frosts damaged the regional apple crop significantly in the late 1910s and early 1920s. For the orchards of Bent Mountain, the damage was so severe that, in 1919, only 10 percent of a full crop was produced.64 Production continued to suffer from harsh winters into the early 1920s, although by 1922, orchard owners were able to raise their production to 30 percent of a full crop.65

61 Whittle, “Up on Bent Mountain.” 62 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 352. 63 Nicholas J. Linville, Interview with Deedie Kagey of Roanoke, Virginia, August 6, 2018. 64 “Apple Crop Report,” New York State Fruit Grower 3, no. 7 (1919): 7. 65 “Virginia Apple Crop Is Estimated at 1,066,000 Barrels,” Richmond Times Dispatch, June 25, 1922.

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The challenging period of heavy frosts did not deter orchard owners in Roanoke County. Into the 1930s, their production levels returned to normal and, despite the economic depression, they were able to plant new trees.66 The WPA studied apples in Roanoke County in the late 1930s and early 1940s, reporting that some 28,539 immature trees existed in the county. Also, the WPA found that the county had over 153,000 trees of bearing age. The county’s 739 apple farmers reported a harvest of 280,402 bushels in 1939.67

2.1.9 Transportation Networks The Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District features a distinct transportation network that supported apple cultivation and harvest, and connected the farms and orchards of the district. The Bent Mountain Turnpike, which forms most of the eastern boundary of the district, had been completed just before the Civil War. The turnpike carried local and regional traffic, including nineteenth-century ox carts pulling wagons of apple barrels to twentieth-century trucks hauling the harvest.

The turnpike was established as a private enterprise, but Roanoke County took over maintenance of the road in the late nineteenth century. By the early twentieth century, the Virginia State Highway Department had acquired jurisdiction of the road. The Highway Department worked to improve the road’s surface, which was unpaved. In 1932, the Highway Department redeveloped the road as two-lane corridor and designated it Route 221.68 The configuration of the updated route diverged slightly from the original turnpike in some sections in the Bent Mountain area. Tinsley Lane (also known as Route 711), located to the north of the district, is a portion of the original turnpike that the 1930s configuration did not incorporate. The route along the eastern border of the district, however, appears to follow the same configuration as the original antebellum turnpike, with the exception of the section of Route 221 between the two points intersecting Green Hollow Drive.

Throughout the district there were country roads connecting farms and orchards. These roads were largely unnamed until later in the twentieth century and all were unpaved. Some of the roads served individual orchards. For example, the mid-to-late twentieth-century orchard of Lois and Lindbergh Waldron (discussed below) had a road known as the Buggy Road. The Buggy Road supported planting, harvesting, and other orchard activities from the 1930s to 1990.69

2.1.10 King-Waldron House (080-0494) Harry King (1905-1964) started his orchard in the 1930s. King acquired a tract of land in the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District shortly before 1935. He planted 17 acres with apple trees and the orchard thrived. The Harry King household is listed in the 1940 census and included his wife, Mabel (1912-1955), and their young daughter, Lois (born 1936).70 Lois married

66 Virginia Writers’ Program, Roanoke: Story of County and City (Roanoke, Virginia: Stone, 1942), 167. 67 Virginia Writers’ Program, 165. 68 Harris, A History of Back Creek, 56–58. 69 Rogers, “Preliminary Information Form: Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731).” 70 “1940 Federal United States Census Population Schedule: Henry C. King [Harry C. King], Cave Spring, Roanoke County, Virginia” (Roanoke County, Virginia, 1940), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com.

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Lindberg Waldron, a foundry worker, in 1954.71 She and Lindberg took over the family orchard in the 1950s and operated it until 1990. Lois King Waldron remains the owner of the former orchard property.72

2.1.11 Apples in the Late Twentieth Century Apple cultivation in Roanoke County, as across the state of Virginia, underwent a dramatic drop through the 1950s. In 1950, there were 148,735 apple trees in the county; by 1960, the number had decreased by more than half to 66,609.73 Throughout Virginia, the number of apple trees also declined in the mid-to-late twentieth century. Available figures report that there were four million apples trees in the state in 1937, and less than one million trees left by 1972.74 In the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District, the extent of apple orchards is evident in aerial photographs from 1947 and 1960.75 Orchard parcels are depicted in the 1947 aerial photograph (Figure 2-7). The same number is evident in the 1960 aerial photograph (Figure 2-8), although a portion of one of the larger parcels appears to have been abandoned since 1947. This photographic evidence implies that the orchards of the district were in decline, although perhaps not as quickly as elsewhere in the county.

Following the general trend in agriculture across the United States, apple production declined in the Bent Mountain area and Roanoke County after the mid-twentieth century. By this time, competition and the costs of production were rising. These factors pressured commercial orchard owners. In the early years, orchard owners largely competed with their contemporaries in the region; however, the proliferation of improved highways and trucking alleviated the transportation challenges of the past to the point that orchard owners in Bent Mountain competed on a national level. Moreover, farmers who set out new orchards planned them as large-scale commercial orchards that produced one type of apple as opposed to the comparatively smaller acreages of mixed fruit varieties that had characterized Bent Mountain since Reconstruction. Postwar apple production costs increased as well. Pruning, fertilizing, spraying, and mowing became fundamental to orchard management, and the expense to perform these tasks fluctuated with wages, energy prices, and the cost of fertilizer and pesticide. By the late twentieth century, as Susan A. Dolan has written in her context of United States orchards, “a highly competitive economic environment for commercial orchards created very small profit margins for orchardists.”76

71 “Marriage Certificate of Lois Eva King Waldron and Charles Lindberg Waldron,” Virginia Marriages (Roanoke County, Virginia, 1954), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 72 Rogers, “Preliminary Information Form: Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731).” 73 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 511–12. 74 Creighton Lee Calhoun, Old Southern Apples (Vermont: Chelsea Green, 2010), 12. 75 United States Geological Survey, “Aerial Photographs: Roanoke County, Virginia,” 1947; United States Department of Agriculture, “Aerial Photographs: Roanoke County, Virginia,” 1960. 76 Dolan, Fruitful Legacy: A Historic Context of Orchards in the United States, with Technical Information for Registering Orchards in The National Register of Historic Places, 115.

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Figure 2-7. 1947 USGS aerial photograph

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Figure 2-8. 1960 USGS aerial photograph

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With apple cultivation in decline, some Bent Mountain farmers put more focus on other agriculture such as raising livestock or growing cabbage.77 Many others gave up farming altogether in what was a nationwide trend away from farms to wage employment. The Bent Mountain area became a bedroom community for the larger employment centers of Salem and Roanoke.78 Residential developers built several new communities on former agricultural land while older farmsteads and barns disappeared from the landscape. Nevertheless, much of the Bent Mountain area retained its rural and agricultural character into the late twentieth century. The Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District is a prominent landscape feature.

2.2 PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE The Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (RHD), a rural landscape featuring family estates, single-family cemeteries, cabins, rural roads and paths, a service station, and a unique natural setting consisting of Bottom Creek, Mill Creek, springs, and mountain vistas, is locally significant under Criterion A for its association with nineteenth- and twentieth-century agriculture in Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, Virginia. The district’s period of significance begins in 1870, the date of the earliest commercial orchard planting in the Bent Mountain area by farmer Jordan Woodrum, and ends in 1968. Numerous other area farmers followed Woodrum’s original planting in an agricultural transition that propelled apple cultivation to the forefront of the local Bent Mountain community economy. Into the twentieth century, apples brought wealth to orchard owners and provided income for area residents whose dwellings, from the impressive ca. 1870 Les Landes estate of Tazewell Price to the modest ca. 1910 King-Waldron House, reflect the impact of the apple industry. Although apples grew in Bent Mountain commercially as late as 1990, the industry largely declined in the 1960s. The period of significance ends in 1968, the current 50-year historic threshold. This period of significance reflects the district’s full industrial development.

2.3 BOUNDARY JUSTIFICATION The Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District is a rural and agricultural district containing a variety of historic resources, including family estates, single-family cemeteries, cabins, rural roads and paths, a service station, and a unique natural setting consisting of Bottom Creek, Mill Creek, springs, and mountain vistas (Table 2-2). Located in Bent Mountain, a historically rural community in southwestern Roanoke County, Virginia, the district includes an orchard and orchard remnants dating to a period of large-scale apple cultivation in the area ca. 1870 to 1968. The National Park Service provides guidance in defining the boundaries of Rural Historic Districts in two bulletins: Guidelines for Evaluating Rural Historic Landscapes (Rural Historic Landscapes) and Defining Boundaries for National Register Properties (Defining Boundaries).79 The Rural Historic Landscapes guidelines define a Rural Historic Landscape as “a geographical area that historically has been used by people, or shaped or modified by human activity, occupancy, or intervention, and that possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of areas of land use, vegetation, buildings and structures, roads and waterways, and natural features.” The Defining Boundaries bulletin notes that such a boundary should “consider

77 Rogers, “Preliminary Information Form: Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731).” 78 Linville, Interview with Deedie Kagey of Roanoke, Virginia. 79 Laura Flint McClelland, “National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes” (National Park Service 1999); Donna J. Seifert, “National Register Bulletin: Defining Boundaries for National Register Properties” (National Park Service 1997).

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the setting and historically important landscape features” of a proposed district and that “a combination of features,” in addition to obvious boundaries such as county lines or property lines, may be appropriate. The present study takes a combination of features into consideration, including the recommendations included in a previous PIF (Rogers 2017) to justify the boundaries of the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District.

Rogers (2017) preliminarily defined the boundaries of the Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District in her May 2017 PIF, with a September 2017 Addendum. Generally, the previously-defined boundary encompassed the various historic resources adjacent to the historic apple orchards and excludes modern construction such as the Stoneridge development. Rogers’ boundaries are generally appropriate, but require a more precise definition. Rogers (2017) delineated the district to include “land surrounding Mill Creek and its feeder springs, headwaters and wetlands,” and the 17-acre King-Waldron orchard.80

Based on architectural field survey, SEARCH concludes the western and southern district boundaries require amendment. The previously-drawn western boundary extended northwest of the 10568 Bottom Creek Road/Henry-Gregory House (080-5677-0008) parcel boundary, including portions of adjacent parcels that do not include contributing resources. It does not appear to conform with any parcel boundaries, roads, or natural features. SEARCH recommends extending the western boundary to Bottom Creek, a prominent natural feature. Bottom Creek and its distributaries are depicted on the 1890 Christianburg, Va. USGS quadrangle map. This waterway is often mentioned in primary and secondary historical sources as a prominent landscape feature of the Bent Mountain area. This boundary update also avoids the inclusion of partial parcels in this portion of the district. The previously-drawn southern boundary extended north of Rocky Road, dividing parcels into partial segments. SEARCH recommends extending the southern boundary to Rocky Road, a prominent manmade feature. Rocky Road is a historic local route depicted as an unpaved road on the 1950 Ellison, Va. USGS quadrangle map. These updated boundaries encompass all contributing resources defined by Rogers (2017).

SEARCH recommends retaining the eastern and northern district boundaries delineated by Rogers (2017). Bent Mountain Road (US Route 221)¸ a corridor established in the antebellum period as the Bent Mountain Turnpike, forms the eastern boundary. Bent Mountain Road is the primary thoroughfare through the area and serves rural roadside businesses and older farmsteads. The eastern boundary excludes a parcel developed ca. 1992 at 10700 Green Mountain Drive. The northern boundary follows former orchard boundaries depicted on the 1950 Ellison, Va. USGS quadrangle map. The boundary excludes a ca. 2017 development at 244 Cobble Lane called Stoneridge at Bent Mountain (Figure 2-9).

80 Rogers, Ann. 2017. Bent Mountain Orchard Rural Historic District Preliminary Information Form.

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Table 2-2. Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5631) Surveyed Resources. SEARCH 2018 Resource Secondary VDHR ID Name Location Year Built Resource Type Style Form # of Stories Interior Plan NRHD Contributor Category Resource(s) Status (yes/no) Central Les Landes House (aka, 10721 Bent Mountain Barn (1900); Cemetery 080-0487 ca. 1870 Domestic Single Dwelling Italianate Rectangular 2 Passage, Single Yes Tazewell Price House) Road circa 1897 Pile Garage (1900), barn, barn, shed, barn 10808 Bottom Creek 080-0494 King-Waldron House ca. 1910 Domestic Single Dwelling Vernacular No data 2 No data (1910), domestic Yes Road dwelling (1930), orchard 080-5148 Conner Cemetery Bent Mountain Road No data Funerary Cemetery No data No data No data No data No data Yesx South side of Cobble 080-5326 Lawrence Cemetery ca. 1891 Funerary Cemetery No discernible style No data No data No data No data Yesx Trail 10664 Bent Mountain Shed (1950), garage 080-5653 House ca. 1945 Domestic Single Dwelling No discernible style Cape Cod 1.5 No data Yes Road (Rt 221) (1950) 10661 Bent Mountain 080-5654 Service Station ca. 1950 Commerce/ Trade Service Station No discernible style Rectangular 1 No data Store/market (1950) Yes Road 10710 Bent Mountain 080-5655 House 1963 Domestic Single Dwelling Ranch Rectangular 1 No data No data Yes Road (Rt 221) 080-5669 House 120 Cobble Lane ca. 1890 Domestic Single Dwelling No discernible style Rectangular 2 Dog-trot No data Yes Garage (1950), Garage 10518 Bent Mountain (1950), Playhouse 080-5677-0002 House ca. 1950 Domestic Single Dwelling Colonial Revival Cape Cod 1.5 No data Yes Road (Rt 221) (2013), Chicken coop (2013) 10858 Green Hollow 080-5677-0006 Cabin ca. 1940 Domestic Single Dwelling Rustic Revival T-Plan 1 No data No data Yes Drive 10568 Bottom Creek 080-5677-0008 Henry-Gregory House ca. 1900 Domestic Single Dwelling No Style No data 1.5 No data Cemetery (1899) Yesx Road (Rt 607) N/A Willett (Vest) House Green Hollow Drive ca. 1920 Domestic Single Dwelling No Style No data 1.5 No data Yes N/A Historic Road Network Bottom Creek Road ca. 1910 Transportation Road Yes N/A Buggy Road Bottom Creek Road ca. 1910 Transportation Road Yes N/A Circumnavigator Bottom Creek Road ca. 1910 Transportation Road Yes Hale Cabin remnant, N/A Edith and Bill Hale House Green Hollow Drive ca. 1900 Domestic Single Dwelling No discernable style No data 2 No data No Hale Homestead State Route 205/ N/A Bent Mountain Road ca. 1870 Transportation Road Yes Bent Mountain Road x 2018 survey access restrictions prevented photographs. SEARCH used previously-recorded survey data to determine eligibility.

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Figure 2-9. Proposed Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District boundary

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3.0 COLES-TERRY RURAL HISTORIC DISTRICT The Coles-Terry Rural Historic District, located in the Roanoke County community of Bent Mountain, is associated with the lives and activities of the Coles and Terry families, as well as with other historical district residents. This historic context discusses the people, places, and events associated with the history of the district and its surroundings. The period of significance (1820-1968) spans the early nineteenth century through the mid-to-late twentieth century. District settlement intensified in the early decades of the nineteenth-century as the area’s advantageous setting for agriculture became widely recognized. Large early nineteenth-century estate tracts gradually subdivided as development progressed and new settlers arrived. These settlers included the Coles and Terry families, who established tobacco plantations and operated them into the Reconstruction Period. After the decline of tobacco, the Coles and Terry families developed highly prosperous farms and apple orchards in the district from the late-nineteenth throughout the early-twentieth century. The inhabitants of the district and their impact on the landscape are visible in historic dwellings, single-family cemeteries, barns, apple orchards, local roads, pastures. As agriculture declined in the mid-to-late twentieth century, these resources became visual reminders of the agricultural heritage of the Bent Mountain area.

3.1 HISTORIC CONTEXT 3.1.1 Early Inhabitants of the Bent Mountain Area Native American habitation of the modern district dates to approximately 9,900 Before Current Era (BCE). By the early historic period ca. 1607, the Tutelo and Saponi groups inhabited the region.81 The wilderness trail network they established persisted for centuries and became an aid to Euro-American exploration and settlement.82 Several expeditions concerned with expanding the fur trade, including Abraham Wood (1654), John Lederer (1669), and Batte and Hallom (1671), represented the first direct Euro-American contact with the region.83 Thomas Marlin and John Salling followed their lead in the early eighteenth century. As trade between Euro-Americans and the Native American groups of the interior expanded, new settlers struck out for southwestern Virginia. They came down former Native American pathways such as the Great Wagon Road and the Traders Path, both of which reached northward to Pennsylvania and southward to North Carolina. The pioneers often ventured from the course of these roadways to settle upon former Native American fields or undeveloped tracts along creeks and rivers. Newcomers were predominantly Scots-Irish and Germans of Quaker, German Baptist, and Presbyterian faiths.84

Bent Mountain, east of the Coles-Terry Rural Historic District, was the most prominent landmark in the vicinity of the district for mid-seventeenth-century European-American settlers. The district lay within an extensive county called Augusta. Alexander Ingraham and John Mills were early

81 Ralph Brown, “A Sketch of the Early History of South-Western Virginia,” The William and Mary Quarterly 14, no. 4 (1937): 501–13. 82 Susan Yarnell, The Southern Appalachians: A History of the Landscape (Asheville, North Carolina: United States Forest Service, 1998), 6. 83 Alice Vance Briceland, “Thomas Batte,” Encyclopedia Virginia, 2013, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/ Batte_Thomas_fl_1630s-1690s#start_entry. 84 New South Associates, “Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline, Roanoke County, Virginia (VDHR File #2014 1194)” (Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 2016), 13–15.

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Bent Mountain settlers who acquired tracts ca. 1753. The French and Indian War (1754-1763) disrupted new and existing settlements in southwestern Virginia.85 Afterwards, the flow of newcomers in southern Augusta County influenced the formation of a new county called Botetourt. With the frontier in relatively stable condition, the isolated settlements of earlier years evolved into prosperous family farms. Commercial establishments such as taverns and inns appeared.86 Place names for streams, peaks, mountains, and other natural features, became established, including Bent Mountain which may have been named for early land surveyors James and William Bent, and Poore Mountain (later known as Poor Mountain) which was named for a Major Poore.87

3.1.2 The Lewis Tract Lord Dunmore’s War (1774) and the Revolutionary War (1775- 1783) took place far from the district, yet influenced future events there. The peace that came after these wars ushered a new period of settlement in Botetourt County where abundant land, including the district itself, remained available. The land encompassing the district became part of the so-called Lewis Tract in this period. The Lewis Tract was a 20,000-acre parcel of land that belonged to General Andrew Lewis (1716-1781), a veteran of Lord Dunmore’s War (1774) and the Revolutionary War (1775-1783) (Figure 3-1). According to local lore, George Washington granted Lewis the tract in return for military service.88 The tract included much of present-day Roanoke and Floyd Counties. Lewis resided at Richfield Plantation, his “home place” near the emerging town of Salem.89

After Lewis’s death in 1781, his grant passed to his heirs, including his fourth son, Andrew, Jr. The younger Lewis (1758- Figure 3-1. Col. Andrew 1844) had come of age during times of frontier warfare. Lewis. Source: Jack and Jacobs 1912. Remembered as “a valiant Indian fighter,” he rose to the rank of colonel. A resident of Salem acquainted with Col. Lewis described him as “a man of commanding figure and appearance... He was upwards of six feet high, of uncommon strength and agility, and his form of the most exact symmetry. He had a stern countenance, and was of a reserved and distant deportment, which rendered his presence more awful than engaging.”90 Col. Lewis, who developed a “primitive” log home called Longwood atop Bent Mountain in the early nineteenth century, was a prominent early settler of the area. The mountain in this period was a wilderness, described in a later biography of Lewis as “the home of the panther, the wolf, and the bear.”91 As his family expanded, Lewis and his wife Agatha

85 Deedie Dent Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County (Roanoke, Virginia: Roanoke County Sesquicentennial Committee, 1988), 36. 86 Nelson Harris, A History of Back Creek (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia, 2018), 18–19. 87 Grace Terry Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” Journal of the Roanoke Historical Society Winter, no. 2 (1967): 30–31. 88 Moncure, 30. 89 George S. Jack and E.B. Jacobs, History of Roanoke County (Roanoke, Virginia: Stone, 1912), 76. 90 Frederick Peyton quoted in J. Lewis Peyton, History of Augusta County, Virginia (Staunton, Virginia: Samuel M. Yost & Son, 1882), 334–35. 91 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 76.

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Madison, a cousin of James Madison, moved into a new home on the mountain called Bent House. The Lewises resettled at Longwood after Bent House was lost in a fire.92

The Lewis family was widely known in Virginia, and interest in the Bent Mountain area of Botetourt County spread. A number of well-known Virginians reportedly visited Col. Lewis and his family when they lived at Bent House, such as Light Horse Harry Lee and John Randolph.93 Along with these genteel exchanges there were more vicious encounters for the Lewises of Bent Mountain. The mountain was the setting of a duel between Col. Lewis’s brother, Thomas, and a Mr. McHenry. The two apparently disagreed over an election. Both were killed in the duel that involved rifles at 30 paces.94

After Col. Lewis’s death in 1844, Longwood passed to his heirs, Joseph R. and Catherine King. The Kings remained at Longwood until the late nineteenth century.95 Longwood was uninhabited by 1910, and later burned in the 1920s.96 New settlers purchased swaths of the extensive Lewis Tract acreage throughout the antebellum period. In 1838, new settlers also influenced the formation of Roanoke County from Botetourt County. The district lies within the southwestern portion of the new county.97

The district includes a dwelling dating to this early period. The ca. 1820 Janet Wynot House (080- 0490) is owned by a Terry descendant. Its builder and original inhabitants are unknown.98 The Terry family arrived in Bent Mountain ca. 1835 and acquired the house in the nineteenth century.

3.1.3 The Elijah Henry House (080-5297) The first half of the nineteenth century in southwestern Roanoke County was a time of change as the rustic, subsistence farms carved from the wilderness became established operations passed down for generations. Settlers of considerable means also invested in the area by developing plantations reliant on indentured and enslaved labor. The Elijah Henry House (080-5297), a modest dwelling built ca. 1840, is a remnant of this early period.99 The original builder and inhabitants are unknown. Its namesake, Elijah Henry, is a late nineteenth century occupant discussed below.

3.1.4 The Price Lands By the 1840s, the majority of the district, and many thousands of adjoining acres, became the property of John M. Price, his wife Eliza, Alexander Eskridge, and Joseph R. Glasgow. The 12,800-acre tract was the bulk of the so-called Bent Mountain Estate, and this acreage later became

92 Harris, A History of Back Creek; Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County; Delia Agnes McCullock, “The Pioneer John Lewis and His Illustrious Family,” The West Virginia Historical Magazine Quarterly 4, no. 2 (1904): 81–94; Peyton, History of Augusta County, Virginia. 93 McCullock, “The Pioneer John Lewis and His Illustrious Family,” 85. 94 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 76; McCullock, “The Pioneer John Lewis and His Illustrious Family,” 85. 95 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 76; Peyton, History of Augusta County, Virginia, 335. 96 Harris, A History of Back Creek; Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 76. 97 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 76; McCullock, “The Pioneer John Lewis and His Illustrious Family,” 107. 98 New South Associates, “Phase I Reconnaissance.” 99 New South Associates.

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the property of the Coles family.100 Glasgow’s background is unknown; however, the Prices were residents of Fincastle in neighboring Botetourt County and Eskridge was a Roanoke County lawyer. Their use of the land is unknown.101 In the same period, Price retained a 3,460-acre segment of the Bent Mountain Estate, a tract later belonging to the Terry family.102

3.1.5 The Coles and Terry Families Establish Roots The Coles and Terry families, the most prominent historical figures in the district, became associated with the land in the antebellum period. A precise chain-of-title connecting their antebellum land acquisitions with present-day tracts is difficult to establish for a number of reasons. Historical deed, tax, and estate records from Roanoke County often described tracts of land in vague terms and assigned landmarks that are impossible to presently identify, such as specific trees, fences, poles, and adjoining tracts of land. Similarly, historic plat maps, at least for the Coles and Terry lands, are few and, when available, merely illustrate ephemeral features. Nevertheless, the various land records indicate the district, more or less, began as the extensive Lewis Tract (20,000 or more acres) and afterwards became the Price Family’s Bent Mountain Estate (over 15,000 acres). The land then became the property of the Coles and Terry families. Through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Coles and Terry land was whittled down into successively smaller tracts, via estate inheritances, sales, or other transactions, leaving remnants owned by descendants as well as unrelated parties.

The long history of the Coles and Terry families within the district begins in 1846 when John Dabney Coles (1799-1847) of Pittsylvania County acquired 12,800 acres of the Bent Mountain Estate from John M. Price.103 Coles, described as six feet seven inches tall and “a man of energy and ability,”104 was the son of Col. Isaac Coles, a Pittsylvania County planter and Revolutionary War veteran, and Catharine Thompson Coles. In 1825, John Dabney Coles married Louisa Payne (1807-1852), a native of Campbell County, and they lived on a plantation in Pittsylvania County.105 By the time Coles purchased the land at Bent Mountain, he and Louisa had four children: Catherine (1826-1844), Elizabeth (1828-1884), Louisa (1831-1906), and Mary (1835- 1860). A son, John, Jr., was born in 1837. John, Jr. and Elizabeth would have a close association with the Bent Mountain tract in the years to come.106

The Coles and Terry families united through marriage in the antebellum period when a young lawyer named Joseph Motley Terry (1810-1888) of Pittsylvania County married John Dabney

100 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Deed from John M. and Eliza Price to John Coles” (1855), Deed Book E, Page 316, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 101 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 106. 102 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Deed from Executors of John M. Price to Warfield Price and Tazewell Price” (1863), Deed Book G, Page 57, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 103 The 1846 transaction is recorded within a deed dated 1855. Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Deed from John M. and Eliza Price to John Coles.” 104 Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” 36. 105 William Coles, The Coles Family of Virginia: Its Numerous Connections, from the Emigration to America to the Year 1915 (New York, New York, 1931). 106 “1850 Federal United States Census Slave Schedules: Louisa Coles, Northern District, Pittsylvania County, Virginia” (Pittsylvania County, Virginia, 1850), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com; Coles, The Coles Family of Virginia.

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Coles’ eldest daughter, Catherine, in 1844.107 The Terrys, like the Coles, were an old Virginia family of the planter class. Terry was a well-known leader. When the United States went to war with Mexico in 1846, Terry spoke strongly in favor of sending men to fight.108 At least once, he ran for office as a Democrat.109 He also partnered a law firm with Jubal Early who later became a celebrated Confederate General.110 Soon, Terry assumed a paternal position within the John Dabney Coles family.

3.1.6 The Coles’ Bent Mountain Plantation The Coles family remained in residence in Pittsylvania County while John Dabney Coles developed some of the extensive Bent Mountain land as a tobacco plantation. The exact location of the plantation within his large tract is undetermined, but a Civil War-period map suggests the plantation may have been located near the present-day intersection of Poor Mountain Road (Route 612) and Tinsley Lane (Route 711). The plantation tract may have extended into the district.111 Family lore tells that Coles developed and operated his plantation with a combination of slaves and white tenant farmers from Pittsylvania County.112 An overseer managed this biracial, working settlement at Bent Mountain.113 The names of the tenant farmers and slaves have largely been lost to history. Local historian Nelson Harris speculated that one tenant farmer who came to Bent Mountain from Pittsylvania County to work the Coles plantation was named Vincent Simpson.114 Similarly, a post-Civil War Roanoke County court document mentions Nimrod, a slave who worked on the Coles plantation at Bent Mountain in the antebellum period.115

Joseph Motley Terry became deeply involved in Coles family affairs, including the Bent Mountain tobacco plantation, after the sudden death of his father-in-law, John Dabney Coles, in 1847. While visiting the Bent Mountain tobacco operation in 1847, Coles fell ill with typhoid fever.116 He remained in recovery at Bent Mountain for a week until he decided to journey back to his home in Pittsylvania County to see his doctor. When he reached home, his condition deteriorated further and he died.117

Historical documents indicate Joseph Motley Terry took over management of Coles’ extensive estate, which included plantations in Pittsylvania County and Bent Mountain. Terry auctioned over 2,000 acres of Pittsylvania County landholdings.118 However, he maintained the family’s Bent Mountain plantation. Terry stated years later than he became familiar with the Bent Mountain

107 Coles, The Coles Family of Virginia. 108 “The Virginia Volunteers,” Richmond Enquirer, December 29, 1846. 109 “Candidates at the Spring Election,” Richmond Enquirer, February 28, 1839. 110 Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia.” 111 Walter Izard et al., Map of Roanoke County, Va. (Southern Section) (Richmond, Virginia: Confederate Chief Engineer’s Office, n.d.), Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2012589690/. 112 Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia.” 113 Moncure, 32–33. 114 Harris, A History of Back Creek, 21. 115 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Deed from Joseph M. Terry to John Coles” (1869), Deed Book G, Page 593, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 116 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County. 117 Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” 36. 118 “Large Sale of Valuable Real Estate,” Richmond Enquirer, November 22, 1853.

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area in 1848, the year after his father-in-law’s death. Terry remained involved in managing the Coles plantation into the Civil War period119

Along with his occupation as a planter, Terry was a merchant throughout the nineteenth century. Several ledgers beginning in 1848 in Bent Mountain, or in his original home in Pittsylvania County, document some of his day-to-day merchant activities. Prior to the war, he sold rye, corn, and general merchandise.120

Terry also was invested in the general development of the Bent Mountain area. Since 1832, the Bent Mountain Turnpike Company had been venturing to develop a road from Jacksonville (the seat of neighboring Floyd County) through the Bent Mountain area and to points beyond. The transportation corridor promised to create a new market connection for the region’s agricultural products. Work on the road finally began in 1849. During the next 10 years, the road was gradually completed. Later maps from the Civil War period (1861–1865) indicate that the turnpike bisected the Bent Mountain area in a roughly southwest-to-northeast fashion and certainly touched the Coles and Terry lands.121 Terry was the largest Jacksonville and Bent Mountain Turnpike Company stockholder in the Bent Mountain area through the 1840s and 1850s.122

Another death shaped the future of the Coles’ Bent Mountain property. In 1852, Louisa Coles, the widow of John Dabney Coles, passed away.123 Her death placed her minor children, including her 15-year-old son John Jr. (b.1837124), under the legal guardianship of her son-in-law, Joseph Motley Terry.125 John Jr., as historical records suggest, inherited his father’s Bent Mountain plantation; however, as a minor, the management of the plantation, as well as other elements of the estate, was in the hands of his older brother-in-law, Joseph Motley Terry. According to family lore, Terry’s wife, Catherine Coles—who was John Dabney Coles’ daughter—also received some of the Bent Mountain land upon her father’s death.126

A Pittsylvania County chancery court record contains an expense account that Joseph managed in the mid-1850s on behalf of John Jr. Expenses included clothing, cash, and tuition for the University of Virginia, which John attended in 1856. In 1858, the account paid $300 to a person named Baldwin “for building a house on Bent Mountain Plantation.” In the same year, John Coles Jr. turned 21 years old and began to manage his estate.127

119 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Tazewell Price vs. Warfield Price and Others (No. 743)” (1875), Chancery Records, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 120 Joseph Motley Terry, “Ledgers, 1848-1894” (n.d.), Library of Virginia. 121 Harris, A History of Back Creek, 22–23. 122 Virginia Board of Public Works, “Jacksonville and Bent Mountain Turnpike Company Records, 1849-1858” (n.d.), Record Group 57, Library of Virginia. 123 Coles, The Coles Family of Virginia, 1931. 124 “1850 Federal United States Census Slave Schedules: Louisa Coles, Northern District, Pittsylvania County, Virginia”; Coles, The Coles Family of Virginia; Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County. 125 Pittsylvania County Circuit Court of Law and Chancery, Wills, Inventories, and Accounts Current, 1809-1865, 1888-1906: John Coles in Account with Joseph M. Terry His Guardian (Pittsylvania, Virginia: Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery, 1856). 126 Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” 36. 127 Pittsylvania County Circuit Court of Law and Chancery, Wills, Inventories, and Accounts Current, 1809-1865, 1888-1906: John Coles in Account with Joseph M. Terry His Guardian.

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3.1.7 John Coles Terry John Coles Terry (1844-1926), one of the most well-known district residents, was the son of Joseph Motley and Catherine Terry. Though only seven years apart in age, he was the nephew of John Coles Jr. Aside from sharing namesakes, the two also lost their mothers as children. Catherine died when John Coles Terry was born, leaving the child the estate she received from John Dabney Coles.128 While he spent most of his life at Bent Mountain, John Coles Terry was born in Pittsylvania County at the home of his grandfather, John Dabney Coles.129 The 1850 population census indicates that Joseph Motley Terry and his son, John Coles Terry, lived in Pittsylvania County.130 Joseph remarried to Elizabeth Payne in 1851 and had a son, James Whittle Terry (1852- 1866).131

John Coles Jr. was the first of the Coles and Terry families to permanently settle in Roanoke County. He appears in the 1860 census as a resident of the Miles and Catherine Gibson household in Salem. His real estate, the census noted, had an estimated value of $20,000, a fortune at the time.132 John also appears on the historic county tax rolls in 1860, 1861, and 1862 as the taxpayer on the 12,800-acre Bent Mountain property.133 Whereas John had settled in Roanoke County by the end of the antebellum-period, Joseph Motley Terry remained a resident of Pittsylvania County as late as 1860.134

3.1.8 Antebellum Landscape The structural landscape of the district in the antebellum period is evident in family lore as well as an exceptionally detailed historic map of southern Roanoke County. Family lore tells that the Coles plantation included an overseer cabin where John Dabney Coles stayed during trips from his home in Pittsylvania County and tobacco barns.135 Slave or tenant quarters must have been present, as the Terry and Coles families were recorded among Roanoke County slave owners in this period. John Coles owned 23 slaves and Joseph Motley Terry owned 18 slaves.136

An undated, Civil War-period map of southern Roanoke County illustrates what can be interpreted as the late antebellum-period setting of the Coles-Terry Rural Historic District and the surrounding area (Figure 3-2). The map identifies “Bent Plantation.” A barn and cabin also are noted at this site, which represents the plantation that John Dabney Coles owned beginning in 1846 and the

128 Coles, The Coles Family of Virginia. 129 “1850 Federal United States Census Population Schedule: Louisa Coles, Northern District, Pittsylvania County, Virginia” (Pittsylvania County, Virginia, 1850), 1860, Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com; “1860 Federal United States Census Population Schedule: Joseph M. Terry” (Pittsylvania County, Virginia, 1860), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com; “John Coles Terry,” Richmond Times Dispatch, February 28, 1926. 130 “1850 Federal United States Census Slave Schedules: Louisa Coles, Northern District, Pittsylvania County, Virginia.” 131 Coles, The Coles Family of Virginia. 132 “1860 Federal United States Census Population Schedule: Miles Gibson” (Roanoke County, Virginia, 1860), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 133 Roanoke County Tax Collector, “Roanoke County Tax Rolls, 1860-1899” (n.d.), Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 134 “1860 Federal United States Census Population Schedule: Joseph M. Terry.” 135 Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” 34. 136 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 739–43.

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Figure 3-2. Map of Roanoke County, VA

3-8 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

same one that John Coles Jr. inherited after his father’s death.137 The location of the plantation corresponds with the present-day vicinity of Poor Mountain Road (Route 612) and Tinsley Lane (Route 711). Although the exact boundaries of the plantation are undetermined, it is plausible that it extended into the district. The map indicates structures in the district: toward Poor Mountain, the map identifies a structure as “Terry” and another structure as “Terry’s Saw Mill.”138 The Terry-related locations in the map appear to correspond with the present 8701 Poor Mountain Road parcel. Specifically, the structure depicted as “Terry” is likely the Janet Wynot House (080-0490) built ca. 1820.

3.1.9 The Civil War Similar to Lord Dunmore’s War and the Revolutionary War, the Civil War (1861-1865) influenced district history. In particular, the Terry Family had war experiences that became legendary to their descendants. Another consequence of the war—the dismantling of slavery—was a watershed event that impacted the lives of the enslaved as well as their former masters. Both the Federal and Confederate armies passed near the district as they waged war. Confederate deserters used the mountainous terrain to conceal themselves and to prey upon area farms and plantations, including the Coles’ home.

The call for secession in Virginia and the South rose to a yell after the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency. Many in the South viewed Lincoln’s ascendancy with great anxiety as they believed him to be an abolitionist. The Bent Mountain area, according to local history, avidly supported the Confederate cause and “furnished their full quota of troops.”139 Several members of the Coles and Terry families joined the Confederate Army.

John Coles, Jr. was in his early 20s when the Civil War erupted. He joined Company H of the 38th Virginia Infantry Regiment, a unit raised in Pittsylvania County, as a 1st Lieutenant.140 Figure 3-3 is a photograph of John Coles in his Confederate uniform. He briefly stayed at Bent Mountain before joining a cavalry unit that fought its way across western Virginia in the later years of the war.141 Figure 3-3. John Coles, ca. Joseph Motley Terry was in his early 50s when the war began. 1864. Source: Jack and Jacobs He served as a Captain in Company H of the same infantry 1912. regiment his brother-in-law, John Coles, served—the 38th

137 “Bent Mountain Plantation” is mentioned in Pittsylvania County Circuit Court of Law and Chancery, Wills, Inventories, and Accounts Current, 1809-1865, 1888-1906: John Coles in Account with Joseph M. Terry His Guardian. 138 Izard et al., “Map of Roanoke County, Va. (Southern Section).” 139 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 74. 140 “Confederate Pensions: Emma E. Coles” (Richmond, Virginia: Library of Virginia, 1928). 141 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 78.

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Virginia Infantry Regiment.142 Joseph served as late as 1864 and received a severe wound to the hip. While recovering, he settled at Bent Mountain, but did not immediately bring his wife and son, James, to the property.143 A letter written on January 3, 1864, by Joseph’s wife, Elizabeth, gives a brief glimpse of their war experience and also indicates Terry’s presence in the Bent Mountain area. The letter was addressed to “J.M. Terry Esq., Bent Mountain.” She wrote the letter from Chatham, Pittsylvania County, Virginia. She described that she was ill with a sore eye and was concerned as she had not heard from Joseph. “I hope you will get home this week and if you cannot please write to me and let me know what is the matter,” she wrote, “and if I get well I can go up to the Bent [,] that is if the roads get better.” 144

John Coles Terry, the son of Joseph Motley Terry, also fought in the Confederacy during the Civil War. He had attended Virginia Military Institute just prior to the Civil War. In 1862, he enlisted in the Confederate Army at the age of 17. He joined Company E of the 17th Virginia Cavalry, formed at Bent Mountain. As his granddaughter, Grace Terry Moncure, recalled a century later, he served under General Stonewall Jackson and then under General Jubal Early. As a cavalryman, Terry rode in campaigns from Maryland to Gettysburg on horses named Mary and Raleigh.145 His wartime records are the first to refer to him as “J. Coles Terry,” a name he was known by throughout the remainder of his life. The styling likely helped differentiate him from his similarly- named relatives.146

When the Civil War began, many observers believed the conflict would be quickly resolved. As months became years, the once-high passion for the war deteriorated into exhaustion, particularly in the Confederacy. The Confederate Army suffered high desertion rates in the later years of the war. Many deserters simply wanted to return to their prewar lives, but some aggressively evaded their captors or raided farms and plantations to survive. John Coles, Jr. became a victim of the deserters. They are said to have burned his home during the war.147 This may have been the house that Baldwin had built at “Bent Mountain Plantation” in 1858.148 The presence of deserters was evident upon the Coles and Terry lands. Writing in the 1960s, Moncure described:

On the Coles-Terry lands, near Street’s Entry [i.e. the highest point of Poor Mountain], were two squatters’ cabins, rumored to have been built by deserters from the Confederate Army—“conscientious objectors”—who had no sympathy for those who fought through to Appomattox. They were unoccupied when I remember them, but most interesting as samples of the crudest of abodes. In their structure was neither an inch of metal, nor a piece of glass, nor any sawed timber. They were rock underpinned, clay daubed, with log pens, log sills and joists,

142 “Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Virginia: Joseph M. Terry,” Record Group 109 (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.). 143 Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” 36. 144 The letter is enclosed in the nineteenth century ledgers kept by Joseph Motley Terry. Elizabeth D. Terry, “Letter from Bettie D. Terry to J.M. Terry Esq.” (January 3, 1864), Joseph Motley Terry Ledgers, Library of Virginia. 145 Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” 36–37. 146 “Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Virginia: John C. Terry,” Record Group 109 (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.). 147 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 78. 148 Pittsylvania County Circuit Court of Law and Chancery, Wills, Inventories, and Accounts Current, 1809-1865, 1888-1906: John Coles in Account with Joseph M. Terry His Guardian.

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supporting floors of split logs with the flat side up and the underneath notched to fit the sills.149

In the latter years of the Civil War, Federal forces pressed upon Roanoke County. Under Major General William W. Averell, they raided around Salem in late 1863, destroying the Tennessee and Virginia Railroad. Their raids spilled into the countryside, including the Bent Mountain area. One of the most significant events near the district during the war period was in April 1865 when the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry traveled along the Jacksonville and Bent Mountain Turnpike en route for Salem. The soldiers made their way across the turnpike and over Bent Mountain.150

In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in areas in rebellion, including Roanoke County. There were more than 50 slaves in Bent Mountain during the war who attained freedom in 1863. Among them were the men, women, and children who lived on the Coles plantation. Some of these newly freed people likely made up the droves that fled to the Union Army when it marched into Roanoke County. While marching from Lynchburg through Salem in 1864, William B. Stark of the 34th Massachusetts Volunteers wrote: “The negroes have had no chance to escape until now. We have an army of them on our hands, nearly all of them carrying great bundles of clothing hastily packed. Old men and women, children and babies all going for freedom.”151

3.1.10 Reconstruction During Reconstruction (1865-1877), the district remained agricultural and rural although remarkable changes were underway. The abolition of slavery changed the status of the vast majority of African-Americans in Roanoke County, including those who once were the property of the Coles and Terry families. Tobacco remained a dominant agricultural product, but by the end of the period, the crop had lost its dominance as farmers transitioned to apples. Both small- and large-scale farmers continued to grow traditional crops such as rye and oats and raised livestock. The once expansive Coles and Terry lands began to be divided as new settlers came to the area in search of farm tracts and new homestead sites. Meanwhile, the Coles and Terry clans grew in size as new generations came of age and started their own families.

The largest farms in terms of acreage in the Cave Spring Magisterial District, a broad jurisdiction that included the Bent Mountain area and several other communities, belonged to the Coles and Terry families. In 1870, John Coles, Jr. whose home was torched by Confederate deserters during the Civil War, had a farm of 3,950 acres, indicating that much of his once extensive property (12,800 acres) had been transferred to other owners. His nephew, John Coles Terry, had a larger farm at 4,900 acres, a tract that may have been an inheritance from his mother, Catherine Coles Terry, and his grandfather, John Dabney Coles.152

3.1.11 Joseph Motley Terry Acquires Land Joseph Motley Terry, who had managed the Coles’ Bent Mountain plantation and land since 1848 and often stayed in the Bent Mountain area, settled himself and his family permanently on the Bent

149 Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” 34–35. 150 Ibid, 30. 151 Stark quoted in Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 204. 152 Kagey, 226–27.

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Mountain land soon after the Civil War. An indication of their residence is a notation in the 1866 death register for Roanoke County. It noted the passing of his and Elizabeth’s son, James Whittle Terry, who died at the age of 13 after accidentally shooting himself. The record noted the boy lived at Bent Mountain.153 The Terry’s immediate postwar residence is further evidenced by a marriage announcement in the Bristol News which reported Robert McClelland of Chattanooga and Mollie C. Payne of Roanoke County, a relative of Elizabeth Terry, were married “at the residence of Jos. M. Terry Esq., in Roanoke County” on October 22, 1868.154

The late 1860s were significant to the Terry family, as Joseph Motley Terry purchased a very large tract of land in the Bent Mountain area. During the Civil War, the executors of John M. Price sold their 3,460-acre portion of Price’s Bent Mountain Estate to brothers Tazewell Price and Warfield Price. The tract was described in a period document as having a dwelling, a barn, “a tobacco farm,” and cleared land. There also was a site on the tract known as Puncheon Camp that had a “log hut” in poor repair and overgrown fields.155 By the end of the Civil War, Warfield Price had fallen into debt to the extent that he sought to sell his share of the tract. The 1867 sale was to Joseph Motley Terry, who had for many years managed Coles plantations in the Bent Mountain area but apparently owned no land. The plantation described in historical documents included not only the acreage, but sheep, hogs, mules, and cattle; “plantation utensils”; household furniture; and a standing crop of wheat and rye.156

3.1.12 The John Coles Jr. Family in Reconstruction In 1868, John Coles, Jr. married Emma Shelor, a native of Floyd County.157 Together they had three sons, John Calhoun (1869-1951), William (1869-1869), and Douglass (1871-1938). William, a twin of John, died as an infant in 1869.158 The Coles household appears in the 1870 population census for Roanoke County. The 33-year-old farmer’s estate was valued at $8,000, making him one of the wealthiest in the county. Along with his wife Emma, the household included his infant son, John. Maria Jones, an African-American domestic servant, and her four children, Charles, Dennis, Lorenzo, and Malissa, were also included in the household.159

3.1.13 John Coles Terry in Reconstruction John Coles Terry, a young Confederate veteran with extensive acreage in Roanoke County, permanently settled in the Bent Mountain area sometime just after the war. He had likely been familiar with the area for many years, as his father managed the Coles plantation since the 1840s.160 John Coles Terry’s household appears in the 1870 census for Roanoke County. He was a 25-year- old bachelor. The value of his estate ($7,000) was one of the highest in the area. His household listed two African-American individuals: Spotswood Scott (12 years old) and Ann Scott (10 years

153 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Death Register, 1853-1881” (n.d.), 32, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 154 “McClelland-Payne Married,” Bristol News, October 30, 1868. 155 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Deed from Executors of John M. Price to Warfield Price and Tazewell Price.” 156 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Deed from Warfield Price to Joseph M. Terry” (1867), Deed Book G, Page 307, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 157 “Confederate Pensions: Emma E. Coles”; “1870 Federal United States Census Population Schedule: John Coles, Cave Spring, Roanoke County, Virginia” (Roanoke County, Virginia, 1870), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 158 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 78. 159 “1870 Federal United States Census Population Schedule: John Coles, Cave Spring, Roanoke County, Virginia.” 160 “John Coles Terry.”

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old). Their significance to the Terry household is unclear. The John Scott household, an African- American family that may have been related to the Scotts of the Terry household, was also listed in the area.161

John Coles Terry married Elizabeth Whittle in 1873.162 She came from a very well-known Norfolk, Virginia, family. Her father was Commodore William Conway Whittle (1805-1878). Commodore Whittle was a veteran ship commander who served in antebellum conflicts such as the Second Seminole War in Florida and the Mexican War. He commanded the sloops Decatur and Dale in the decade prior to the Civil War. As a Confederate naval commander, he oversaw naval defenses of the York River and fought the Union on the upper Mississippi River and New Orleans.163 Several years after his daughter’s marriage to John, Commodore Whittle died. As noted in an 1878 newspaper article, he died “at the residence of his son-in-law, Mr. Coles Terry, in Roanoke county.”164

John Coles Terry and Elizabeth had several children: Joseph Dandridge (1874-1897), who was born “on his father’s estate” on Bent Mountain;165 Elizabeth Beverley (1876-1911); John Coles Jr. (1879-1927); and Grace Fortescue (1882-1977), who also was born on Bent Mountain.166 His children came of age listening to tales of their father’s wartime experiences as a cavalryman.167

3.1.14 The Decline of Tobacco In the early 1870s, the Bent Mountain area and neighboring Back Creek remained, in the words of the Richmond Whig, “very large tobacco growing sections,” as they had been in the antebellum period.168 However, challenges befell cultivation of the crop. The abolition of slavery necessitated new labor arrangements for plantation owners. While the specifics for the Bent Mountain area are unknown, elsewhere in Virginia arrangements such as sharecropping—where families work on farms for a share of the crop’s value—existed in the absence of slavery. In addition to the labor issue, pests attacked plants. In May 1874, flies descended on tobacco fields and weakened the crop for the season.169 There was also the perennial problem of tobacco worms. As tobacco waned, local farmers, such as the Coles and Terry families, repurposed their old barns as storage or as shelter for sheep and cattle.170

161 “1870 Federal United States Census Population Schedule: J Coles Terry, Cave Spring, Roanoke County, Virginia” (Roanoke County, Virginia, 1870), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 162 Historical Records Survey of Virginia, Index to Marriage Notices in the Southern Churchman, 1835-1941 (Richmond, Virginia: Historical Records Survey of Virginia, 1942), 269; “1900 Federal United States Census Population Schedule: J. Coles Terry, Cave Spring, Roanoke County, Virginia” (Roanoke County, Virginia, 1900), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 163 Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed., Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, vol. 3 (New York, New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1915), 93–94. 164 “Death of Commodore Wm. C. Whittle,” Staunton Spectator, March 12, 1878. 165 “Joseph Dandridge Terry,” The Roanoke Times, March 17, 1897. 166 Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” 30. 167 Moncure, 36–37. 168 “More Bad News About Tobacco,” Richmond Whig, May 22, 1874. 169 “More Bad News About Tobacco.” 170 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 232–36; Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” 32–34.

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3.1.15 The Rise of Apple Cultivation With tobacco in decline, farmers developed apple orchards beginning in the decade after the Civil War. Apples had been cultivated in Virginia since the early days of the colony. John Richerson developed one of the first orchards in the Bent Mountain area. Richerson’s apples, a newspaper reported in 1832, were “of the mammoth species, and in color and flavor resembled the delicious New York Pippin.” Richerson dubbed them “Richerson’s Virginia Winter Pippin.”171 Local farmers and planters in the antebellum period did not follow Richerson’s lead and instead cultivated tobacco as a cash crop. The decline of tobacco in the postwar era, however, revived interest in apple cultivation. One of the pioneers of apple cultivation was Jordan Woodrum, who settled in the Bent Mountain area after the Civil War. Woodrum, a newspaper publisher and lawyer, set out a Pippin orchard in 1870.172 The Coles and Terry families also set out orchards in the post-Civil War period. As the century progressed, apples proved to be an incredibly profitable farm product and orchard owners became the most prominent farmers in the area.173

3.1.16 Late Nineteenth Century In the late nineteenth and into the early twentieth century, the Bent Mountain area was lauded for its agricultural advantages as well as its output. Among the advantages were its well-watered lands, which featured Mill Creek, Bottom Creek, Little Bottom Creek, and Camp Creek. The soil remained particularly fertile. It was reported farmers in the area did not have to use fertilizers to produce impressive results. Strawberries, tomatoes, and root crops such as potatoes produced well. One writer familiar with the area reported cucumbers of “mammoth” size, cabbages “weighing twenty pounds,” and rye that grew “to the height of eleven feet.”174

In 1885, John Coles, Joseph Motley Terry, and John Coles Terry were counted among the primary farmers in Bent Mountain. Other prominent farmers were Tazewell Price, Joseph R. King, Thomas King, Charles W. Price, Benjamin Price, and Mary Shelor.175 An 1897 tally that listed John Coles, John Coles Terry, and E.D. Terry (Elizabeth Dandridge Terry), widow of Joseph Motley Terry, as among the primary farmers in Bent Mountain.176

3.1.17 The Elijah Henry House (080-5297) at the Turn of the Twentieth Century Aside from the Coles and Terry families, others feature in district history, such as Elijah Poage Henry. Henry, local lore tells, inhabited the ca.1840 dwelling presently known as the Elijah Henry House (080-5297).177 Elijah Poage Henry (1877-1959) was the son of Benjamin Miles Henry (1848-1916) and Rena Flora Henry (1861-1901). Benjamin was born in Franklin County. The date of his settlement in Roanoke County and the Bent Mountain area is unknown178 He was in residence in the area by 1887 when a Virginia State directory listed him as one of the principal

171 “John Richerson of Amherst,” Lynchburg Virginian, March 5, 1832. 172 Harris, A History of Back Creek, 35. 173 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 74–79. 174 Gilberta Whittle, “Up on Bent Mountain,” The Times, November 21, 1892. 175 Ibid, 232–36. 176 Harris, A History of Back Creek, 39. 177 This information was provided by a local informant who contributed to New South Associates, “Phase I Reconnaissance.” 178 “Benjamin Henry Certificate of Death (1916),” Virginia Death Records, 1912-2014, Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, Virginia, n.d.), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com.

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farmers of the Bent Mountain area, along with John Coles, Jordan Woodrum, John Coles Terry, and Elizabeth Terry.179 Benjamin and his wife had at least three children (Elijah, born in 1877; Ellen, born in 1881; and Emma, born in 1883), and this family likely was the first to occupy the dwelling. The Benjamin Henry household appears in the 1900 federal census as residents of the Cave Springs Magisterial District, a district that encompassed the district. Benjamin is listed as a farmer.180 Benjamin died in the Cave Springs Magisterial District in 1916.

Elijah Poage Henry remained a resident of the Bent Mountain area into the 1940s.181 He appears as a resident of the Cave Spring Magisterial District in the 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940 censuses as a “farmer.” In World War I and World War II draft registration records, his permanent address is listed as “Air Point,” a community that encompassed the district.182 Elijah married Nellie Gray Waldron (1879-1971) and had 15 children between 1900 and 1918. Henry retired to Floyd County by the time of his death in 1959. Nellie Waldron Henry died in Salem in 1971.183

The Henrys had kinship ties with other area families. Elijah Henry married Nellie, who was from the Waldron family of the area. One of Elijah Henry’s sons, Patrick Miles Henry (1902-1985), married Katherine Lee Coles (1902-1993), a granddaughter of John Coles.184 Arenah (i.e. Rena) Henry, the wife of Benjamin Henry, and several Waldron family members are buried in the district’s Henry-Waldron Cemetery (080-5690) on Poor Mountain Road.185

3.1.18 The Coles Family in the Late Nineteenth Century In the late nineteenth century, the Coles Family continued to have extensive land holdings in the Bent Mountain area and remained prominent farmers. John Coles’ sister, Elizabeth Coles (1828- 1884), an unmarried woman, resided in Salem but owned a vast acreage in the Bent Mountain area near the tracts of her brother and the Terrys. She wrote her will in 1884, stating that her real estate included 4,500 acres on Bent Mountain that formerly belonged to her brother, John Coles, but had been sold to Joseph Motley Terry; however, Terry had not yet paid for said land.186 She ordered that, upon her death, her executor should sell her land at auction. Elizabeth died in 1884.187 In 1887, the Salem Times Register advertised the land for sale. The land, which “adjoined the lands of Messrs. J.C. Terry, T.M. Price and others,” was to be offered in separate tracts. The

179 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 402. 180 “1900 Federal United States Census Population Schedule: Benjamin Henry, Cave Spring, Roanoke County, Virginia” (Roanoke County, Virginia, 1900), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 181 United States, “U.S., World War II Draft Registration Cards (1942): Elijah Poage Henry,” 1942, FamilySearch, www.familysearch.org. 182 United States, “U.S., World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918: Elijah Poage Henry,” 1917, Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 183 “Elijah Poage Henry Certificate of Death (1959),” Virginia Death Records, 1912-2014, Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, Virginia, n.d.), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com; “Nellie Gray Henry Certificate of Death (1971),” Virginia Death Records, 1912-2014, Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, Virginia, n.d.), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 184 “Patrick Miles Henry Certificate of Death (1985),” Virginia Death Records, 1912-2014, Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, Virginia, n.d.), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 185 Tom Klatka, “Architectural Survey Form: Henry-Waldron Cemetery” (Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 2016). 186 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Will of Elizabeth D. Coles” (1884), Will Book 1, Page 310, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 187 Coles, The Coles Family of Virginia.

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advertisement noted that about 750 acres were “open and partly under cultivation” while the remaining acreage was “in original growth.” The tract as a whole contained “about 33 Cabins and a large number of tobacco barns.” The advertisement further described “the lands under cultivation produce Blue Grass spontaneously, and are naturally adapted to grazing and the production of the usual crops in this part of the State, besides their superior location for health and abundance of pure water, giving purchasers an unusual opportunity to raise cattle, horses or sheep and the usual crops; or to capitalists seeking investments in mineral lands.”188

John Coles continued to be a prosperous farmer in the late nineteenth century. His household, consisting of himself, his wife Emma, and his sons John and Douglass, appeared in the 1880 census for Roanoke County in the Cave Spring Magisterial District.189 Information on his farm appears in the 1880 agricultural census for Roanoke County. Coles had 190 acres “tilled, including fallow and grass in rotation”; 8 acres of “permanent meadows, permanent pastures, orchards or vineyards”; and 2,000 acres of unimproved “woodland or forest.” The agricultural census also provided valuations of the farm. The land, fences, and buildings of the Coles farm were valued at $4,500. In terms of farm value, this figure placed the Coles’ farm in the upper half of farms in the Cave Spring Magisterial District.190

3.1.19 Joseph Motley Terry in the Late Nineteenth Century Joseph Motley Terry’s business activities in the late nineteenth century are detailed in his postwar ledgers. His sales of merchandise and farm products appear to have been steady and his inventory diverse. For example, in the late 1870s he sold coffee, corn, seed, bacon, butter, meal, and salt to his customers, including William Shaver, John Lumpkin, and R.W. Reid. “Dried apples” appeared for sale in 1880. His products diversified through the 1880s. Following his death in 1888, his son, John Coles Terry, took over the store, selling items such as eggs, envelopes, wood screws, brown sugar, shoes, turpentine, black pepper, and silverware in the 1890s.191 The Terry store suffered a major fire in 1889 after manager N.C. Powell left a lit stove unattended, but the store reopened.192

In October 1888, Terry unexpectedly died. Salem’s Times-Register newspaper reported on the event. “Col. Joseph M. Terry, one of the oldest and most widely known citizens of this county, died suddenly at his home on Bent Mountain last Tuesday morning, aged about 80 years.”193 In his will, written several years prior, he had left his residence to his wife, Elizabeth, as well as any crops on his farm, his carriage, horses, and harnesses, and also all hogs and sheep, and also “the plantation tools and utensils,” wagon, yoke, oxen, kitchen, and furniture.194

188 “Executor’s Sale of 4,552 3/4 Acres of Valuable Land!,” Salem Times-Register and Sentinel, September 2, 1887. 189 “1880 Federal United States Census Non-Population Schedule: John Coles, Cave Spring, Roanoke County, Virginia” (Roanoke County, Virginia, 1880), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 190 “1880 Federal United States Census Non-Population Schedule: John Coles, Cave Spring, Roanoke County, Virginia.” 191 Terry, “Joseph Motley Terry Ledgers, 1848-1894.” 192 “Store House and Contents Destroyed by Fire,” Salem Times-Register, January 11, 1889. 193 “Death of a Well-Known Citizen (Col. Joseph M. Terry),” Salem Times-Register, October 5, 1888. 194 Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Will of Joseph M. Terry” (October 29, 1885), Will Book 1, Page 351, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia.

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3.1.20 John Coles Terry in the Late Nineteenth Century John Coles Terry, whose image is presented in Figure 3-4, had one of the largest farms in Roanoke County, extensive real estate, and a prominent position in the Bent Mountain community in the late nineteenth century. Terry had one of the largest acreages in the Cave Spring Magesterial District, if not the entire county of Roanoke, by 1880. Through the 1880s and 1890s, he oversaw the development of this acreage into an agricultural empire where apple cultivation played a central role. At the end of the nineteenth century, newspaper writer John Francis described the prosperity Terry had attained. Terry’s orchard, planted ca. 1870, grew from 70 trees in 1880 to 1,000 at the time of Francis’s writing in 1897. At Terry’s farm, Francis described, “you find horses, fat cattle and big hogs, and hospitality for man and beast.”195

The 1880 Agricultural Census provides specific details of Terry’s usage of the land at this date. Some 3,800 acres was unimproved woodland. His improved acreage was 1,200 acres, including Figure 3-4. John Coles Terry, ca. 1891. Source: 800 acres of tilled land. The value of his farm The Roanoke Times January 22, 1891. was $15,000, a number that far surpassed his neighbors in the Bent Mountain area. Terry had fields of hay, clover, corn, wheat, oats, and grass; ten horses; four mules; two oxen; ten milk cows; and 130 other livestock. His farm had produced 400 pounds of butter in 1879. Terry still cultivated tobacco; in fact, he had 13 acres of the crop and had harvested 13,000 pounds in 1879. The shift toward apples can be noted in that Terry’s 400 acres of “permanent meadows, pastures, orchards, and vineyards” included 12 acres of apple orchards and about 70 bearing trees. Another resident of the district—John Cunningham—actually had an orchard double the size of Terry’s; however, Terry’s 1879 harvest had brought an equal value. In all, the estimated value of Terry’s farm products for 1879 was $6,495.196

Terry’s large agricultural operation required an unknown, but certainly large number of laborers. Indeed, census records from the late nineteenth century list many “farm laborers” residing in the Cave Spring Magisterial District. The 1880 Agricultural Census notes that Terry’s labor expenses for 1879 were $1,200. Terry’s laborers were both African-American and white in the late nineteenth century. An 1889 newspaper article, which reported on a stabbing incident involving two laborers on Terry’s farm, indicates as much. The young white man, named Terry, and an

195 John Francis, cited in Harris, A History of Back Creek, 41–45. 196 “1880 Federal United States Census Non-Population Schedule: John Coles Terry, Cave Spring, Roanoke County, Virginia” (Roanoke County, Virginia, 1880), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com.

3-17 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

African-American man named Coles had quarreled over a mechanical thresher, leading to a knife fight. Terry “completely disemboweled” his opponent.197

Newspapers, deed records, and other sources from the late nineteenth century demonstrate that Terry was extensively involved in buying and selling real estate in Roanoke County. Newspapers indicate he was a frequent visitor to the county seat of Salem where he attended to property matters. He sold tracts of varying sizes. One of the purchasers was McH. Booth, a merchant from Vinton. Booth bought “an excellent valley farm” on Mill Creek from Terry in the late 1890s and settled there. The farm was considered one of the more valuable in Roanoke County. Booth farmed and raised stock on the tract, as Terry had before him.198

The extent of the Terry lands and also the Coles lands attracted mineral interests in this period. In 1889, a mineral speculator from Chicago, C.S. Cleaver, secured an option to purchase land owned by John Coles Terry and John Coles in the Bent Mountain area, which Cleaver believed was rich in iron and lead ore deposits. Cleaver envisioned building a railroad into the ore mines.199 Cleaver’s plans never came to fruition.

Along with farming and real estate, Terry also owned a sawmill. This sawmill may have been the same one that his father apparently operated by the time of the Civil War. Also like his father, Terry had a store. Known as “J.C. Terry & Company,” the store served the Airpoint and Bent Mountain communities. His competitors were Mills & Perdue and Bowman & Company.200

Terry’s wealth allowed him to send his children to prominent schools. John Coles Terry Jr. attended Hampden-Sydney College in central Virginia in the late 1880s. His youngest sister, Grace, attended a private school in the vicinity.201 Joseph Dandridge Terry was a student at the US Naval Academy at Annapolis in the 1890s; his life, however, was cut short. While traveling in El Paso, Texas in February 1897, he died at the age of 23. His mother, Elizabeth, retrieved his body and returned to Bent Mountain where Joseph was buried in the Terry-Coles Cemetery (080-0490).202

A businessman and a farmer, John Coles Terry also held an important role in the community as postmaster and also donated property for a church. Terry was appointed postmaster of the Bent Mountain post office in 1881 and served in this capacity for many years.203 This appointment reflected his status for, in this period, postmasters were politically-appointed and represented a position of trust in the local community.204

197 “Stabbed to Death,” Salem Times-Register, March 29, 1889. 198 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 79. 199 “Options Taken on Valuable Mineral Properties in This County,” Salem Times-Register, October 25, 1889. 200 Harris, A History of Back Creek, 39. 201 “Master Joseph Terry and Miss Terry,” Roanoke Daily Times, December 25, 1889. 202 “Joseph Dandridge Terry.” 203 Post Office Department, “Bent Mountain (1881)” (Reports of Site Locations, 1837-1950. Record Group 28: Records of the Post Office Department, 1773-1971, 1881). 204 Claire Prechtel-Kluskens, “The Nineteenth-Century Postmaster and His Duties,” National Genealogical Society Magazine, 2007, 33–37.

3-18 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

In September 1896, the Salem newspaper reported that “the largest crowd ever assembled on Bent Mountain” recently had met for the dedication of the Bent Mountain Methodist Church, located on a one- acre parcel near Terry’s store. Terry donated the land for the church. Area residents contributed funds and work to raise the chapel, “a neat frame building, ample for the accommodation of the neighborhood.” The new chapel replaced a small, older structure that had served multiple purposes in the community’s history.205

John Coles Terry and family may have resided in the dwelling at what is now known as the Grace Terry Moncure Farm (080-5679). The dwelling was built about 1890, a period when the Terry family prospered.206 The later owner, Terry’s daughter Grace Terry Moncure, also came to be the owner of much of his acreage.

3.1.21 Prosperity from Apples In the late nineteenth century, the cultivation of apples is said to have brought hundreds of thousands of dollars to the Bent Mountain area.207 Prosperity was visible across the landscape. “Anyone familiar with this section thirty years ago would be astonished at the improvement of the place and people,” read an 1897 account by writer Gilberta Whittle that praised the influence of the apple growing industry in the Bent Mountain area. “The old-time double log houses have been torn down,” the article continued, “and in their places have been erected substantial, neat six to eight-room cottages, tastefully designed and painted.” Prosperity, however, did not reach every sector of local society. African Americans, in particular, suffered from poverty despite their contribution to the area’s agricultural bounty as laborers. Their homes in the area were described by Whittle as being “of the most wretched character.”208

3.1.22 Agriculture in the Early Twentieth Century Agriculture continued to thrive in the district in the first half of the twentieth century, and apples took center stage in production. Orchard owners remained the leading businessmen of the area. Fertilization and pest control became important aspects of cultivating marketable apples. Production increased on Bent Mountain and Roanoke County in this timeframe, and in addition to the larger orchards, most families had their own smaller ones.209 Frosts damaged the regional apple crop significantly in the late 1910s and early 1920s. Heavy frost caused the Bent Mountain area to produce only 10 percent of a full crop in 1919.210 In 1922, Roanoke County produced only 30 percent of a full crop.211 In the 1930s, however, Roanoke County and Bent Mountain continued to produce a significant amount of the state’s apples, and many new trees were planted.212 The WPA reported that, in 1940, Roanoke County had 153,113 apple trees of bearing age and 28,539 immature trees. Also, 739 farms reported having harvested 280,402 bushels of apples in 1939.”213 In addition to apples, farmers in Bent Mountain grew wheat, rye, corn, buckwheat, cabbage, and

205 “Will Worship in a New Church,” Salem Times-Register, October 2, 1896. 206 New South Associates, “Phase I Reconnaissance.” 207 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 74–79. 208 Whittle, “Up on Bent Mountain.” 209 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 302–5. 210 “Apple Crop Report,” New York State Fruit Grower 3, no. 7 (1919): 7. 211 “Virginia Apple Crop Is Estimated at 1,066,000 Barrels,” Richmond Times Dispatch, June 25, 1922. 212 Virginia Writers’ Program, Roanoke: Story of County and City (Roanoke, Virginia: Stone, 1942), 167. 213 Virginia Writers’ Program, 165.

3-19 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

potatoes. As they had for decades, many farmers raised cattle, sheep, horses, and hogs.214 Bent Mountain cabbage, in fact, emerged as a crop of great interest in the early twentieth century.215

3.1.23 The Last Years of John Coles Jr. John Coles Jr. continued to hold a large estate and be involved in apple cultivation into the early twentieth century. By this point, he could look back on half a century as a farmer in the Bent Mountain area. Some of the most lucrative days of his life were in his later years. Coles stated in 1901 that the apple crop on Bent Mountain that season was exceptionally good for all farmers.216 His economic success through real estate and agriculture had allowed him to build, at an undetermined date, a dwelling described as “one of the richest” in the Bent Mountain area. A fire engulfed their home in April 1904, completely destroying the structure and most of its contents.217

In his later years, Coles struggled with arthritis and his sons, John Calhoun Coles (1869-1951) and Douglas Coles (1871-1938), managed the family’s agricultural and real estate interests.218 Coles died in March 1922 at the age of 84.219 He was, in the words of a contemporary history of Roanoke County, “perhaps the best known citizen of the Bent Mountain district.”220 His wife, Emma, lived with her sons in the Bent Mountain area and collected her deceased husband’s Civil War pension until her death in 1931.221 Both John and Emma Coles were buried in Coles-Terry Cemetery.222 223

3.1.24 John Coles Terry in the Early Twentieth Century Terry’s prominence in agriculture, and particularly apple cultivation, continued into the early decades of the twentieth century. His success with apples was attributable to the broad popularity of the Albemarle Pippin. Terry and his father, Joseph Motley Terry, planted some of the first Albemarle Pippins in the Bent Mountain area. Albemarle trees took up to 15 years to mature, but the profitability of their fruit justified the investment.224 The Albemarle was popular among consumers to the extent that even the Queen of England favored them.225 Most of the Terry’s crop, in fact, was sent to foreign markets.226 “We learn that Mr. J. Coles Terry, one of the largest growers of apples on Bent Mountain, this county, shipped his crop of pippins this year to Liverpool,

214 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 76; McCullock, “The Pioneer John Lewis and His Illustrious Family,” 75. 215 The Times Dispatch 1913. “Good Talk By Demonstrators.” Electronic document, https://www.newspapers.com/ clip/18889766/the_times_dispatch/, accessed July 20, 2018 216 “Fine Apples on Bent Mountain,” Salem Times-Register, September 13, 1901. 217 “Fire Destroys Nice Home,” Salem Times-Register and Sentinel, April 7, 1904. 218 “Large Deals in Timber,” Salem Times-Register and Sentinel, March 29, 1906. 219 “Confederate Pensions: Emma E. Coles.” 220 Jack and Jacobs, History of Roanoke County, 78. 221 “Confederate Pensions: Emma E. Coles”; “Emma E Coles Certificate of Death (1931),” Virginia Death Records, 1912-2014, Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, Virginia, n.d.), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 222 “John Coles Certificate of Death (1922),” Virginia Death Records, 1912-2014, Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, Virginia, n.d.), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 223 Thomas S. Klatka, “Cultural Expressions of Nature in Sacred Contexts: Documentation of Family & Community Cemeteries in Roanoke County, Virginia” (Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 2000), 216–17. 224 Harris, A History of Back Creek, 46. 225 Gilberta S. Whittle, “Orchard Amid Beautiful Peaks,” Evening News, October 19, 1908. 226 Whittle.

3-20 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

England, and that his returns from them, received a few days ago, showed these famous apples netted him $6 per barrel,” described a 1901 newspaper report. “Who wouldn’t raise such apples? Hurrah for Bent Mountain!”227 Terry also sold his apple harvest to brokers in New York. In 1902, for example, he sold his entire apple crop for $5 per barrel to the New York firm of Austin, Kimball and Company, which also purchased apples from Bent Mountain’s Woodrum orchard.228 The Terrys also grew other varieties of apples, including the Winesap and York Imperial.229 Aside from his orchard and other crops, Terry continued to operate “a busy saw and gristmill” on his property in 1908.230 Into the 1910s, he also raised sheep.231

In November 1911, Terry’s wife, Elizabeth, died from complications of a stroke.232 Their daughter, also named Elizabeth, died several months earlier.233 Several years later in 1913, John Coles Terry Sr. remarried in Washington DC to Adelaide Coleman Duerson of Roanoke.234 He died of pneumonia in 1926 at the age of 82 while visiting Norfolk. His body was returned to Bent Mountain and buried in the Terry-Coles family cemetery (080-0490).235 Almost a year later, Terry’s son, John Jr., died of pneumonia as well.236

3.1.25 The Terry-Coles Cemetery (080-0490) The Terry-Coles Cemetery is a family plot containing the burials of members of the namesake families.237 The cemetery contains about 15 graves, including some that are not marked. The earliest known burial is that of Catherine Coles (1877-1877), a daughter of John Coles Terry Sr. and Elizabeth Terry. Some of the other burials include Joseph Motley Terry and his son, John Coles Terry Sr. The latter’s sons, John Jr. and Joseph Dandridge, also are buried in the cemetery, as is his wife, Elizabeth. Grace Terry Moncure, another daughter of John Coles Terry Sr., died in 1977 and is buried in Terry-Coles Cemetery.238

3.1.26 The Civilian Conservation Corps on Poor Mountain The district abuts Poor Mountain, one of the highest points in Roanoke County. The larger early land tracts from which the district originates included Poor Mountain. The mountain remained wilderness until the first half of the twentieth century, when the unrivaled view from its heights attracted a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) site. This outpost supported CCC efforts to conserve area forests.

227 “Final Price for Apples,” Salem Times-Register, January 4, 1901. 228 “Bent Mountain Orchard Company,” Times, November 8, 1902. 229 Whittle, “Orchard Amid Beautiful Peaks.” 230 Whittle. 231 “Ewes for Sale,” World News, September 13, 1913. 232 “Death of Mrs. J. Coles Terry,” Salem Times-Register and Sentinel, November 23, 1911. 233 “Death of Miss Terry (Elizabeth Beverly Terry),” Evening News, February 3, 1911. 234 “J. Coles Terry Weds Mrs. Adelaide Duerson,” World News, October 2, 1913. 235 “John Coles Terry.” 236 “J. Coles Terry Certificate of Death (1927),” Virginia Death Records, 1912-2014, Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, Virginia, n.d.), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 237 Roanoke County Historical Society, Roanoke County Graveyards Through 1920 (Roanoke County, Virginia, 1988), 228–29. 238 Moncure’s death has been erroneously documented as 1955 as opposed to 1977. Klatka, “Cultural Expressions of Nature in Sacred Contexts: Documentation of Family & Community Cemeteries in Roanoke County, Virginia,” 554– 55.

3-21 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

The 1929 stock market crash and Great Depression had repercussions across the United States, including rural Bent Mountain. The federal government’s efforts to relieve unemployment through various work project organizations left a signature in the local area. The CCC established camps across the nation, largely to address conservation work and forestry management.239 The men who joined had to be unmarried, unemployed, and aged 18 to 25 years. To ensure order and productivity, the War Department ran most of the CCC camps. Half a million men worked across 2,500 camps from the time the CCC began in 1933 until its end in 1942. The CCC was particularly active in Virginia. The federal government spent more than $100 million in the state and opened at least 80 camps, figures that placed it among the top five states for CCC investment and activity in the country. More than 100,000 men, both African-American and Euro-American, were employed in Virginia.240

The CCC in Virginia was largely concerned with erosion and flood control, as well as forest and wildlife conservation. They planted millions of trees, built nearly 1,000 bridges, strung telephone lines, and stocked waterways with fish. At Jamestown and other historic sites, they completed restoration work. A prominent legacy of the CCC in the state was the development of the state park system and federal projects such as Shenandoah National Park and the Blue Ridge Parkway. The beginning of World War II created an abundance of jobs, and thus the CCC ended in 1942.241

The story of the CCC camps of Roanoke County is not well known, although there were at least two based in Salem during the Great Depression: Camp S-52, established in 1933, and Camp P- 52, also known as Camp Triangle, established in 1935.242 Camp P-52 may have been a reactivated version of the earlier camp.

One of the Roanoke County CCC camps, perhaps, was the base camp associated with the fire tower site that was completed in the district ca. 1933. The tower site was within a 160-acre tract originally owned by John Coles Terry Sr.243 The tower stood at the highest point of Poor Mountain.244 Due to the incredible view the tower offered, it became a local attraction during the CCC period and afterwards. Locals would take Sunday automobile outings to drive up the mountain and climb the tower.245 The site was so ideal for towers that, after the war, numerous communication companies constructed towers nearby on the Terry’s land.

3.1.27 Grace Terry Moncure Inherits the Terry Estate Grace Fortescue Terry, who future generations would remember as Aunt Grace, was the daughter of John Coles Terry Sr. and Elizabeth Terry. Born in 1882 at the Terry estate, Grace came of age

239 R.L. Heinemann, “Civilian Conservation Corps,” Encyclopedia Virginia, 2014, www.encyclopediavirginia.org/ The_Civilian_Conservation_Corps. 240 Ibid. 241 Ibid. 242 Civilian Conservation Corps Legacy, “CCC Camps in Virginia,” 2018, http://www.ccclegacy.org/ CCC_Camps_Virginia.html. 243 It is assumed that the War Department leased the fire tower site. Roanoke County Circuit Court, “Deed from Grace Moncure Terry to Frank H. Terry Sr. (Trustee for Grace Minor Terry)” (November 29, 1963), Deed Book 730, Page 113, Roanoke County Circuit Court Clerk’s Office, Salem, Virginia. 244 Ann M. Rogers, “Property Information Form: Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)” (Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 2016), 3. 245 Rogers, 3.

3-22 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

in the period when apple orchards were booming and her father’s farm was one of the largest in Roanoke County.246 As a child, her family sent her to study in a private school in Hampden- Sydney, Virginia.247 In 1915, she married Philip St. Leger Moncure (1867-1955), an established physician in Norfolk who studied at the Medical College of Virginia and served as the Head Surgeon at the city’s St. Vincent’s Hospital.248 Grace was interested in history. In the 1920s in Norfolk she was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Colonial Dames, and the Association for the Preservation of Virginian Antiquities.249

Grace Terry Moncure inherited her father’s large estate in the late 1920s as her mother, two brothers, and two sisters had all died.250 On the estate was a dwelling (ca.1890), known today as the Grace Terry Moncure Farm (080-5679), thought to have belonged to her parents. In the following decades she remained connected to Bent Mountain, particularly in the later years of her life. While she and her husband appear often in the census and city directories in Norfolk up to the 1940s, they kept the home at Bent Mountain. In the 1920s and 1940s, Grace altered and expanded the dwelling.251

3.1.28 The Coles Terry Rural Historic District in the Late Twentieth Century Bent Mountain remained rural and agricultural into the post-war decades, even as similar landscapes elsewhere in Roanoke County were redeveloped as neighborhoods and shopping plazas.252 In earlier times, nearly every resident of Bent Mountain farmed to some degree; however, in the post-World War II period, the number of farmers declined as residents drove their automobiles to Roanoke for wage jobs or relocated nearer to cities for work.253 Farm land in Bent Mountain and other areas became more valuable to sell than to farm. Cabbage emerged in the 1950s as a new crop that was grown in the area for many years, but its success was not comparable to that of apples in previous generations.254

Following the general trend in agriculture, apple production declined in the Bent Mountain area and Roanoke County after the mid-twentieth century. By this time, competition and the production costs rose. These factors put pressure on commercial orchard owners. In the early years, orchard owners largely competed with their contemporaries in the region; however, the proliferation of improved highways and trucking alleviated the transportation challenges of the past to the point that orchard owners in Bent Mountain competed on a national level. Moreover, farmers who set out new orchards planned them as commercial orchards as opposed to the small acreages of mixed fruit varieties that characterized Bent Mountain since the Reconstruction Period. Costs associated with apple production increased in the postwar period as well. Pruning, fertilizing, spraying, and mowing had become fundamental to orchard management, and the expense to perform these tasks

246 “Grace Fortescue Moncure Certificate of Death (1977),” Virginia Death Records, 1912-2014, Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, Virginia, n.d.), Ancestry.com, www.ancestry.com. 247 “Master Joseph Terry and Miss Terry.” 248 American Historical Society, History of Virginia: Virginia Biography (Chicago: American Historical Society, 1924), 584–85. 249 American Historical Society, 585. 250 John Coles Terry’s second wife, Adelaide Duerson, does not appear to have received any of his estate. 251 New South Associates, “Phase I Reconnaissance.” 252 Harris, A History of Back Creek, 74. 253 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 305. 254 Nicholas J. Linville, Interview with Deedie Kagey of Roanoke, Virginia, August 6, 2018.

3-23 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) fluctuated with wages, energy prices, and the cost of fertilizer and pesticide. By the late twentieth century, as Susan A. Dolan wrote in her context of United States orchards, “a highly competitive economic environment for commercial orchards created very small profits margins for orchardists.”255

Apple cultivation in Roanoke County underwent a dramatic drop through the 1950s. In 1950, there were 148,735 apple trees in the county; by 1960, the number had decreased by more than half to 66,609.256 In the district, the extent of apple orchards is evident in aerial photographs 1947 and 1960 (Figure 3-5).257 The same number is evident in the 1960 aerial photograph (Figure 3- 6), although a portion of one of the larger parcels appears to have been abandoned since 1947. This photographic evidence implies that the orchards of the district were in decline, although perhaps not as quickly as elsewhere in the county.

Grace Terry Moncure had inherited her father’s large, agricultural estate, which included the Coles-Terry Rural Historic District, in the 1920s. The once thriving farm, which produced livestock, oats, rye, corn, butter, and apples into the mid-twentieth century, had dwindled in farming activity after World War II. If historic aerials are an indication, she owned several orchard parcels within the district. Roanoke County land and estate records demonstrate that Moncure sold some of her land in small tracts as the years passed. In the late 1950s and through the 1960s, she transferred other acreage, usually in tracts of several hundred acres, to her nieces and nephews.

Prior to her death in 1977, Moncure reflected on the story of her family’s land and the area’s history in a brief memoir titled “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia.”258 Her vivid prose illustrated her deep knowledge and pride in the people and places of the Coles-Terry Rural Historic District. “Bent Mountain curves in the shape of an amphitheater where the encircling ranges might have been seats for an audience of mythical Titans, who viewed the ceaseless colorama of storms that moved the great oaks and pines and poplars in their ballet measures,” she wrote. She told of the Lewis Tract, the story of Bent Mountain’s name, the rivers and creeks of the area, and how her Coles and Terry ancestors, their slaves, and other residents built an agricultural community that thrived for nearly 150 years.259

255 Susan A. Dolan, Fruitful Legacy: A Historic Context of Orchards in the United States, with Technical Information for Registering Orchards in Teh National Register of Historic Places (Washington DC: National Park Service, 2009), 115. 256 Kagey, When Past Is Prologue: A History of Roanoke County, 511–12. 257 United States Geological Survey, “Aerial Photographs: Roanoke County, Virginia,” 1947; United States Department of Agriculture, “Aerial Photographs: Roanoke County, Virginia,” 1960. 258 Grace was buried in the Coles-Terry Cemetery. “Grace Fortescue Moncure Certificate of Death (1977).” 259 Moncure, “Recollections of Bent Mountain, Virginia,” 30–32.

3-24 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

Figure 3-5. 1947 USGS aerial photograph

3-25 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

Figure 3-6. 1960 USGS aerial photograph

3-26 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

3.2 PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE The period of significance for the Coles-Terry Rural Historic District, a rural landscape featuring historic dwellings, single-family cemeteries, barns, apple orchards, local roads, and pastures within the Coles-Terry familial tract, is locally significant under Criterion A for its association with nineteenth- and twentieth- century agriculture in Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, Virginia. The district is also locally significant under Criterion C for its building stock associated with the Coles and Terry families. The Coles and Terry families played prominent roles in district history from the time they developed plantations in the antebellum period into the mid-to-late twentieth century when their descendants remained involved in agriculture in the district.

The district’s period of significance begins in 1820, the approximate date of construction of the earliest Coles-Terry dwelling. This dwelling, the so-called Janet Wynot House (080-0490), was constructed ca. 1820 by an unknown builder. The house was constructed during a period of development when the Bent Mountain area grew from a frontier into a rural, agricultural community. The related Coles and Terry families were extensive landowners in the district and adjacent lands. The families acquired the house in the nineteenth century and their heirs remained its owners into the present. Tobacco cultivation and general farming sustained the Coles and Terry families, as well as others in the district, in the antebellum and post-Civil War period. In the 1870s and 1880s, the tobacco industry declined, and many area farmers shifted their focus to apple orchard cultivation. The success of apples brought prosperity to orchard owners and supported a thriving local agricultural economy and improved way of life that persisted well into the twentieth century. By the 1960s, market forces and economic challenges impacted district agriculture to the extent that many farms failed. The end of the district period of significance is 1968, the current 50-year historic threshold.

3.3 BOUNDARY JUSTIFICATION The Coles-Terry Rural Historic District is an approximately 2,500-acre rural and agricultural landscape at the slope of Poor Mountain in Bent Mountain, Roanoke County, Virginia. The district contains a variety of historic resources, including historic dwellings, single-family cemeteries, barns, apple orchards, local roads, and pastures. Its boundaries largely encompass the ancestral and present-day lands of the Terry family (Table 3-1).

The National Park Service provides guidance in defining the boundaries of Rural Historic Districts in two bulletins: Guidelines for Evaluating Rural Historic Landscapes (Rural Historic Landscapes) and Defining Boundaries for National Register Properties (Defining Boundaries).260 The Rural Historic Landscapes guidelines define a Rural Historic Landscape as “a geographical area that historically has been used by people, or shaped or modified by human activity, occupancy, or intervention, and that possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of areas of land use, vegetation, buildings and structures, roads and waterways, and natural features.” The Defining Boundaries bulletin notes that such a boundary should “consider the setting and historically important landscape features” of a proposed district and that “a combination of features,” in addition to obvious boundaries such as county lines or property lines, may be

260 Laura Flint McClelland, “National Register Bulletin: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes” (National Park Service, 1999); Donna J. Seifert, “National Register Bulletin: Defining Boundaries for National Register Properties” (National Park Service, 1997).

3-27 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

appropriate. The present study takes a combination of features into consideration, including the recommendations of TetraTech and Ann Rogers (Rogers 2017), to justify the boundaries of the Coles-Terry Rural Historic District.261

The district boundaries as defined by the previous PIF (Rogers 2017) encompass the various historic resources within the Coles-Terry familial agricultural tract. These boundaries are generally appropriate, but require a more precise definition. Based on architectural field survey, SEARCH concludes the western and southeastern district boundaries, as presented in a map accompanying the 2017 Revised Historic Property Treatment Plan prepared by TetraTech, require amendment.262 TetraTech’s western boundary extends southeast of Honeysuckle Road and does not appear to conform with any parcel boundaries, roads, or natural features. SEARCH recommends extending the western boundary to Honeysuckle Road along Laurel Creek terminating at the county line. Laurel Creek and its distributaries are depicted on the 1950 Elliston, Va. USGS quadrangle map. The southwestern boundary is formed by an existing transmission line. The previously-drawn southeastern boundary extended west of the intersection of Willett Road and Tinsley Lane, dividing parcels into partial segments. SEARCH recommends extending the east boundary to the intersection of Willett Road and Tinsley Lane, a prominent manmade feature. Both are depicted as paved roads on the 1950 Ellison, Va. USGS quadrangle map. These updated boundaries encompass all contributing resources defined by Rogers (2017) (Figure 3-7).

SEARCH recommends retaining the northeastern and southern district boundaries delineated by Rogers (2017). Honeysuckle Road and Poor Mountain Road form the northern boundary. The southern boundary approximates the historic extent of Coles-Terry familial land holdings south of the Grace Terry Moncure Farm (080-5679). The district as a whole is heavily forested and also includes a fire tower and small arrangement of unnamed forest roads used by the CCC in the 1930s.

261 New South Associates, “Phase I Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for the Mountain Valley Pipeline, Roanoke County, Virginia (VDHR File #2014 1194)” (Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 2016). 262 Tetra Tech, “Revised Historic Property Treat Plan: Bent Mountain Rural Historic District (080-0322), Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731), and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)” (Parsippany, New Jersey, 2017).

3-28 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

Table 3-1. Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689) Surveyed Resources. Year Resource # of Interior SEARCH 2018 NRHD VDHR ID Name Location Resource Type Style Form Secondary Resource(s) Built Category Stories Plan Contributor Status (yes/no) 8566 Poor Mountain 080-0488 House ca. 1900 Domestic Single Dwelling Vernacular No data 1.5 No data No Road Animal shelter/kennel (1930), Garage (1990), Janet Wynot House, 8701 Poor Mountain Machine Shed (1930), stable (1930), shed (1930), 080-0490 Terry Place, Terry- Road, Terry Place, Terry- ca. 1820 Domestic Single Dwelling Vernacular No data 2 No data Yes barn (1930), domestic dwelling (1930), cemetery Coles Cemetery Coles Cemetery (1877), shelter/kennel, barn, shed 8443 Poor Mountain Hall and 080-5297 Elijah Henry House ca. 1840 Domestic Single Dwelling Vernacular I-House 2 Outbuilding (1910) Yes Road (Rt 612) Parlor 8741 Poor Mountain Agricultural 080-5677-0007 Ruins ca. 1900 Agriculture No style No data 0 No data Shed (1900) No Road (Rt 612) Building Grace Terry Moncure No discernible Barn (1890), garage (1930), domestic dwelling 080-5679 Farm (aka, Aunt Grace 8701 Poor Mountain Rd ca. 1890 Domestic Single Dwelling No data 2 Other Yesx style (1920), domestic dwelling (Craftsman 1930) Fortesque’s house) Henry Waldon 8443 Poor Mountain 080-5690 1901 Funerary Cemetery Cemetery Road (Rt 612) 8837 Poor Mountain Agriculture/ No discernible Corncrib (1900); barn (1900), Terry barn ruins ca. 080-5735 Farmstead ca. 1900 Barn No data 1 No data No Road Subsistence style 1875 & ca. 1880) 8873 Poor Mountain N/A Baker House ca. 1875 Domestic Single Dwelling No style No Data 1 No data Barns (ca. 1875 & ca. 1890) Yes Road Coles-Terry’s House, N/A Poor Mountain Road ca. 1910 Domestic Single Dwelling No style No Data 1 No data Orchard remnant Yesx Orchard & Barn N/A Fire Tower 8744 Honeysuckle Road ca. 1933 Infrastructure Fire Tower No style No Data 1 No data Civilian Conservation Corps road network remnant Yesx x 2018 survey access restrictions prevented photographs. SEARCH used previously-recorded survey data to determine eligibility.

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3-30 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

Figure 3-7. Proposed Coles-Terry Rural Historic District boundary

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3-32 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

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4-3 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

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4-4 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

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4-5 Mountain Valley Pipeline Project Draft NRHP Boundary and Period of Significance Bent Mountain Apple Orchard Rural Historic District (080-5731) and Coles-Terry Rural Historic District (080-5689)

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