Encyclopedia of Indian

Series Editor ThiS is a FM Blank Page K.T.S. Sarao • Jeffery D. Long Editors

Buddhism and With 187 Figures and 1 Table Editors K.T.S. Sarao Jeffery D. Long University of , Department of Elizabethtown College, Department of Delhi, Elizabethtown, USA

ISBN 978-94-024-0851-5 ISBN 978-94-024-0852-2 (eBook) ISBN 978-94-024-0853-9 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016953015

# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media B.V. The registered company address is: Van Godewijckstraat 30, 3311 GX Dordrecht, The Netherlands Preface

This encyclopedia is the result of a massive and coordinated international effort among scholars of to develop a useful resource for researchers engaged in the investigation of these traditions. This effort has involved the collaboration and cooperation of research scholars from across the globe, tapping into disciplines as varied as linguistics, sociology, anthro- pology, history, , and philosophy. It is a work that has been years in the making and all of us who have been involved are pleased to see it moving to its final fruition. The two traditions that form the topic of this particular volume, the Bud- dhist and Jain traditions, are of special importance to anyone who wants to understand the religious heritage and landscape of India. There is a certain logic to placing these two in a volume together. Both are what are known as Śramaṇa or “striving” traditions. This is the name by which ascetics of northern India in the first millennium BCE referred to themselves. It differen- tiates one who achieves the heights of spiritual realization through personal effort from those who are held to have achieved these heights through birth – the claim that some members of the Brāhmaṇa or class made for themselves during the same period. There were (by birth) who were also Śramaṇas, some of whose teachings can be found in the Upaniṣads, or late Vedic writings also composed in the first millennium BCE. But among those Śramaṇa traditions that differentiated themselves from Vedic or Brahminical schools of thought, the two that survive to the present day are and Jainism. As Śramaṇa traditions, share many of the same ideological views and assumptions. There is, of course, as already mentioned, the emphasis on one’s own effort in the attainment of spiritual realization. And there is also the assumption that such realization leads to liberation from the cycle of and . In both of these traditions, those who have achieved perfect awakening, perfect awareness – the Buddhas in the case of Buddhism, the Jinas in Jainism – stand even above the and in the esteem in which they are held. Unlike the – who, for all the grandeur, remain nonetheless bound to the cycle of rebirth – these beings have managed to disentangle the threads of saṃsāra and are now free from the suffering which living in the material world inevitably brings. The Buddhist and Jain terms defined in this volume do not form a compre- hensive list (which would be far beyond the scope even of an ambitious

v vi Preface encyclopedia such as this one). They do, however, provide an excellent starting point for research scholars who are seeking a deeper understanding of key topics connected with these two traditions. And we are proud to say that the information presented represents the latest in our scholarly understanding of these traditions, the cutting edge of our available . We are proud to be involved with this project, which we now humbly offer to the world.

Delhi, India Professor K.T.S. Sarao Elizabethtown, USA Professor Jeffery D. Long February, 2017 Volume Editors Series Editor

Arvind Sharma Formerly of the I.A.S., Arvind Sharma (b.1940) is the Birks Professor of Comparative in the School of Religious Studies at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. He has also taught at various univer- sities in Australia and the United States and has published extensively in the fields of and . He is currently the general editor of Encyclopedia of Indian Religions (Springer, 2017) and his forthcom- ing works include Two, Our Civilization, and How to Read the Manusmṛti.

vii ThiS is a FM Blank Page About the Editors

K.T.S. Sarao was born in a remote village in Sangrur district of (India) where he received his initial school education. After doing his pre-university from Panjab University, he joined the University of Delhi from where he received the degrees of Bachelor of Arts (Honors in History with Economics), Master of Arts (History), Master of Philosophy (Chinese and Japanese Studies), and Doctor of Philosophy (Indian Buddhism). He was awarded the prestigious Commonwealth Scholarship in 1985 to study at the University of Cambridge from where he received his second Doctor of Phi- losophy (Pāli and Buddhist Archeology) in 1989. He began his teaching career in 1981 at Delhi University’s KM College where he taught history for about 12 years. In 1993, he joined the Department of Buddhist Studies, Delhi University, as a reader (associate professor) in Indian Buddhism and Pāli. In 1995, he was appointed to a professorial chair in Buddhist Studies at Delhi University. In his capacity as a professor, he has also been working as a member of the Delhi University Court since 1993. Besides having worked as head of the Department of Buddhist Studies, Delhi University, he has also sat on the governing bodies of different colleges of Delhi University. Professor Sarao has also been a member of the Governing Committee of the Central University of Tibetan Studies () and the Academic Council of the Jaina Visvabharati University (Ladnun). He has also been a visiting fellow/professor at Dongguk University (South Korea), Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies (Taiwan), Sorbonne (France), Cambridge University (UK),

ix x About the Editors

Visvabharati (India), and PS Royal Buddhist University (Cambodia). He has written 16 books and published more than 150 research papers and articles. Some of his important books are The Origin and Nature of Ancient Indian Buddhism (1989), Urban Centres and Urbanisation as Reflected in the Pāli and Sutta Piṭakas (1990), Pilgrimage to Kailash: The Indian Route (2009), The : A Translator’s Guide (2009), and The Decline of Indian Buddhism: A Fresh Perspective (2012). He has successfully supervised 53 Ph.D. theses and over 70 M.Phil. dissertations. The Preah Sihanouk Royal Buddhist University, Phnom Penh (Cambodia), conferred on him the degree of D.Litt. (Honoris Causa) in 2011. He takes keen interest in mountainous trekking, , and interfaith dialogue.

Jeffery D. Long is Professor of Religion and Asian Studies at Elizabethtown College, where he has taught since receiving his Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Religions from the Divinity School in the year 2000. Long is the editor of three books: A Vision for (2007), Jainism: An Introduction (2009), and The Historical Dictionary of Hinduism (2011). He is currently working on a two-volume introduction to , includ- ing a textbook and a reader of primary sources. His other publications include over four dozen articles and reviews in various edited volumes and scholarly journals, including Prabuddha Bharata, the Journal of Vaishnava Studies, the Journal of Religion, and the Journal of the American Academy of Religion.He has taught in the International Summer School for Jain Studies in New Delhi, India, lectured at the Jain Tirth, in Blairstown, New Jersey, and in April 2013, he delivered the inaugural lecture in Jain studies at the Claremont School of Theology. Most recently, he spoke at the International Conference on Science and , held at the Indian Institute of Technology in , India. Contributors

Bhikkhu Anālayo Center for Buddhist Studies, University of Hamburg, Balve, Germany Michael Anderson Claremont School of Theology, Claremont Lincoln University, Claremont, CA, USA James B. Apple Department of Religious Studies, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Ana Bajželj Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Polonsky Academy, The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, Jerusalem, Israel A. W. Barber Department of Communication and Culture, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Claudine Bautze-Picron Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7528 ‘Mondes Iranien et Indien’, Paris, France Radha Madhav Bharadwaj Department of History, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Karampura, New Delhi, India Whitny M. Braun Center for Jain Studies, Claremont Lincoln University, Claremont, CA, USA Sean Butler Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA Madhumita Chattopadhyay Department of Philosophy, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Angraj Chaudhary Vipassana Research Institute, Dhammagiri, Igatpuri, Nashik, , India Mangala Ramchandra Chinchore Department of Philosophy, Centre for Studies in Classical Indian and Culture, University of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India Gregory M. Clines Committee on the Study of Religion, , Cambridge, MA, USA Deegalle Department of Humanities, Colgate University, New York, USA Bath Spa University, UK

xi xii Contributors

K. L. Dhammajoti Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Brianne Donaldson Claremont School of Theology, Claremont, CA, USA William Edelglass Philosophy and Environmental Studies, Marlboro College, Marlboro, VT, USA Joseph P. Elacqua Center for Language and Learning Development, Mohawk Valley Community College, Utica, NY, USA Matthew Zaro Fisher Claremont Graduate University and the Center for Jain Studies at Claremont Lincoln University, Claremont, CA, USA Peter Gilks International College of I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Pradeep P. Gokhale Department of Philosophy, University of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra, India Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Chair, Central University of Tibetan Studies, , , India Siyaram Mishra Haldhar Department of Buddhist Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Georgios T. Halkias Oxford Centre of Buddhist Studies, Oxford, UK Robert Harding Faculty of Asian and , University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Jens-Uwe Hartmann Institut für Indologie und Tibetologie, University of Munich, Munich, Germany Jackie Ho Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Calgary Room 3168, Professional Faculties Building, Calgary, AB, Canada Christopher Hrynkow Department of Religion and Culture, Saint Thomas More College, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Department of , Department of Philosophy and Religion, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA Jordan Johnson School of Historical, Philosophical, and Religious Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Klaus Karttunen Department of World Cultures, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Y. Karunadasa University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Kai Ana Makanoe Kaikaulaokaweilaha Kaululaau Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Department of Philosophy, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA Contributors xiii

Amy Paris Langenberg Religion and Women’s Studies, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA Der-Huey Lee Research Center for Buddhist Education, Peking University, Beijing, China Department of Philosophy, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan

Keith A. Leitich Department of Business and Social Science, Pierce College Puyallup, Puyallup, WA, USA William Magee UMA Institute of Tibetan Studies, Charlottesville, VA, USA Tibetan Studies, Drum Buddhist College, Taipei County, Taiwan, China

Walter Menezes Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Vakul Mittal Indian Buddhism, Lucknow, UP, India Pankaj Mohan Faculty of International Korean Studies, The Academy of Korean Studies, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

Asha Mukherjee Department of Philosophy and Religion, Visva-Bharati Central University, Santiniketan, WB, India

Hari Shankar Prasad Department of Philosophy, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India Leonard C. D. C. Priestley Department of East Asian Studies and Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Toronto, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada Christopher S. Queen Division of Continuing Education, Harvard Univer- sity, Cambridge, MA, USA

Ram Kumar Rana Department of Buddhist Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Rajesh Ranjan Department of , Nava Mahaviihara (Deemed to be University), Nalanda, , India

Anamika Roy Department of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology, University of , Allahabad, India K. Sankarnarayan K.J. Somaiya Centre for Buddhist Studies, Mumbai, India

K. T. S. Sarao Department of Buddhist Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Kanika Sarao Department of History, University of Delhi, Delhi, DL, India Burkhard Scherer Department of Theology and Religious Studies, Canter- bury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, UK xiv Contributors

Rolf Scheuermann Cultural Transfers and Cross-Contacts in the Himalayan Borderlands, Institute for South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, Univer- sity of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Wm. Andrew Schwartz Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA C. D. Sebastian Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India Anita Sharma Department of East Asian Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Anand Singh School of Buddhist Studies and Civilization, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, UP, India Institute of Management Sciences, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, India Arvind Kumar Singh Department of Buddhist Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Delhi, Delhi, India School of Buddhist Studies and Civilization, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India Jagbir Singh Department of Buddhist Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Jaya Singh Department of Applied Science and Humanities, I.T.S. Engineer- ing College, Greater Noida Gautam Buddh Technical University, Lucknow, Ghaziabad, UP, India Renuka Singh Department of Sociology, Centre for the Study of Social Systems, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Sanjay Kr. Singh Department of Buddhist Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Daniel Stender Hamburg, Germany Eiji Suhara School of International Letters and Cultures, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Kanoko Tanaka Komazawa University, Tokyo, Japan Shanker Thapa Faculty of Buddhist Studies, Buddhist University, Lumbini Rupandehi, Sau Lin Tong Department of Cultural and Religious Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Stephanie Varnon-Hughes Claremont Lincoln University, Claremont, CA, USA Chapla Verma Department of Philosophy and Religion, American Public University, Charles Town, WV, USA Contributors xv

Sophorntavy Vorng Department of Religious Diversity, Max Planck Insti- tute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Göttingen, Niedersach- sen, Germany Sean Ward The School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Sarah Whylly Religion Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA Charles Willemen International Buddhist College, Songkhla, Thailand Serinity Young Department of Classical, Middle Eastern, and Asian Languages and Cultures, Queens College, Flushing, NY, USA Anthropology Department, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA ThiS is a FM Blank Page