Encyclopedia of Indian Religions Series Editor Arvind Sharma ThiS is a FM Blank Page K.T.S. Sarao • Jeffery D. Long Editors Buddhism and Jainism With 187 Figures and 1 Table Editors K.T.S. Sarao Jeffery D. Long University of Delhi, Department of Elizabethtown College, Department of Buddhist Studies Religious Studies Delhi, India Elizabethtown, USA ISBN 978-94-024-0851-5 ISBN 978-94-024-0852-2 (eBook) ISBN 978-94-024-0853-9 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016953015 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media B.V. The registered company address is: Van Godewijckstraat 30, 3311 GX Dordrecht, The Netherlands Preface This encyclopedia is the result of a massive and coordinated international effort among scholars of Indian religions to develop a useful resource for researchers engaged in the investigation of these traditions. This effort has involved the collaboration and cooperation of research scholars from across the globe, tapping into disciplines as varied as linguistics, sociology, anthro- pology, history, theology, and philosophy. It is a work that has been years in the making and all of us who have been involved are pleased to see it moving to its final fruition. The two traditions that form the topic of this particular volume, the Bud- dhist and Jain traditions, are of special importance to anyone who wants to understand the religious heritage and landscape of India. There is a certain logic to placing these two in a volume together. Both are what are known as Śramaṇa or “striving” traditions. This is the name by which ascetics of northern India in the first millennium BCE referred to themselves. It differen- tiates one who achieves the heights of spiritual realization through personal effort from those who are held to have achieved these heights through birth – the claim that some members of the Brāhmaṇa or Brahmin class made for themselves during the same period. There were Brahmins (by birth) who were also Śramaṇas, some of whose teachings can be found in the Upaniṣads, or late Vedic writings also composed in the first millennium BCE. But among those Śramaṇa traditions that differentiated themselves from Vedic or Brahminical schools of thought, the two that survive to the present day are Buddhism and Jainism. As Śramaṇa traditions, Buddhism and Jainism share many of the same ideological views and assumptions. There is, of course, as already mentioned, the emphasis on one’s own effort in the attainment of spiritual realization. And there is also the assumption that such realization leads to liberation from the cycle of karma and rebirth. In both of these traditions, those who have achieved perfect awakening, perfect awareness – the Buddhas in the case of Buddhism, the Jinas in Jainism – stand even above the Gods and Goddesses in the esteem in which they are held. Unlike the deities – who, for all the grandeur, remain nonetheless bound to the cycle of rebirth – these beings have managed to disentangle the threads of saṃsāra and are now free from the suffering which living in the material world inevitably brings. The Buddhist and Jain terms defined in this volume do not form a compre- hensive list (which would be far beyond the scope even of an ambitious v vi Preface encyclopedia such as this one). They do, however, provide an excellent starting point for research scholars who are seeking a deeper understanding of key topics connected with these two traditions. And we are proud to say that the information presented represents the latest in our scholarly understanding of these traditions, the cutting edge of our available knowledge. We are proud to be involved with this project, which we now humbly offer to the world. Delhi, India Professor K.T.S. Sarao Elizabethtown, USA Professor Jeffery D. Long February, 2017 Volume Editors Series Editor Arvind Sharma Formerly of the I.A.S., Arvind Sharma (b.1940) is the Birks Professor of Comparative Religion in the School of Religious Studies at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. He has also taught at various univer- sities in Australia and the United States and has published extensively in the fields of comparative religion and Indology. He is currently the general editor of Encyclopedia of Indian Religions (Springer, 2017) and his forthcom- ing works include Orientalism Two, Our Civilization, and How to Read the Manusmṛti. vii ThiS is a FM Blank Page About the Editors K.T.S. Sarao was born in a remote village in Sangrur district of Punjab (India) where he received his initial school education. After doing his pre-university from Panjab University, he joined the University of Delhi from where he received the degrees of Bachelor of Arts (Honors in History with Economics), Master of Arts (History), Master of Philosophy (Chinese and Japanese Studies), and Doctor of Philosophy (Indian Buddhism). He was awarded the prestigious Commonwealth Scholarship in 1985 to study at the University of Cambridge from where he received his second Doctor of Phi- losophy (Pāli and Buddhist Archeology) in 1989. He began his teaching career in 1981 at Delhi University’s KM College where he taught history for about 12 years. In 1993, he joined the Department of Buddhist Studies, Delhi University, as a reader (associate professor) in Indian Buddhism and Pāli. In 1995, he was appointed to a professorial chair in Buddhist Studies at Delhi University. In his capacity as a professor, he has also been working as a member of the Delhi University Court since 1993. Besides having worked as head of the Department of Buddhist Studies, Delhi University, he has also sat on the governing bodies of different colleges of Delhi University. Professor Sarao has also been a member of the Governing Committee of the Central University of Tibetan Studies (Sarnath) and the Academic Council of the Jaina Visvabharati University (Ladnun). He has also been a visiting fellow/professor at Dongguk University (South Korea), Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies (Taiwan), Sorbonne (France), Cambridge University (UK), ix x About the Editors Visvabharati (India), and PS Royal Buddhist University (Cambodia). He has written 16 books and published more than 150 research papers and articles. Some of his important books are The Origin and Nature of Ancient Indian Buddhism (1989), Urban Centres and Urbanisation as Reflected in the Pāli Vinaya and Sutta Piṭakas (1990), Pilgrimage to Kailash: The Indian Route (2009), The Dhammapada: A Translator’s Guide (2009), and The Decline of Indian Buddhism: A Fresh Perspective (2012). He has successfully supervised 53 Ph.D. theses and over 70 M.Phil. dissertations. The Preah Sihanouk Royal Buddhist University, Phnom Penh (Cambodia), conferred on him the degree of D.Litt. (Honoris Causa) in 2011. He takes keen interest in mountainous trekking, religious pluralism, and interfaith dialogue. Jeffery D. Long is Professor of Religion and Asian Studies at Elizabethtown College, where he has taught since receiving his Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Religions from the University of Chicago Divinity School in the year 2000. Long is the editor of three books: A Vision for Hinduism (2007), Jainism: An Introduction (2009), and The Historical Dictionary of Hinduism (2011). He is currently working on a two-volume introduction to Indian philosophy, includ- ing a textbook and a reader of primary sources. His other publications include over four dozen articles and reviews in various edited volumes and scholarly journals, including Prabuddha Bharata, the Journal of Vaishnava Studies, the Journal of Religion, and the Journal of the American Academy of Religion.He has taught in the International Summer School for Jain Studies in New Delhi, India, lectured at the Siddhachalam Jain Tirth, in Blairstown, New Jersey, and in April 2013, he delivered the inaugural Virchand Gandhi lecture in Jain studies at the Claremont School of Theology. Most recently, he spoke at the International Conference on Science and Jain Philosophy, held at the Indian Institute of Technology in Mumbai, India. Contributors Bhikkhu Anālayo Center for Buddhist Studies, University of Hamburg, Balve, Germany Michael Anderson Claremont School of Theology, Claremont Lincoln University, Claremont, CA, USA James B. Apple Department of Religious Studies, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Ana Bajželj Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Polonsky Academy, The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, Jerusalem, Israel A. W. Barber Department of Communication and Culture, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Claudine Bautze-Picron Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7528 ‘Mondes Iranien et Indien’, Paris, France Radha Madhav Bharadwaj Department of History, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Karampura, New Delhi, India Whitny M.