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Exclusive Trigger Selections and Sensitivity to the Bs Institut de Physique de l'Energie et des Particules Laboratoire de Physique des Hautes Energies Exclusive Trigger Selections and Sensitivity to the Bs–Bs Mixing Phase at LHCb These` de Doctorat present´ ee´ a` la Section de Physique de la Faculte´ des Sciences de Base de l'Ecole Polytechnique Fed´ erale´ de Lausanne pour l'obtention du grade de Docteur es` Sciences CERN-THESIS-2006-042 14/07/2006 par Luis Fernandez´ Physicien diplomˆ e´ de l'Universite´ de Lausanne, Suisse Jury President:´ Prof. Harald Brune Directeur de these:` Prof. Olivier Schneider Expert interne: Prof. Mikhail Shaposhnikov Expert externe: Dr Hans Dijkstra Expert externe: Dr Gerhard Raven CH - Lausanne 2006 Abstract HE LHCb experiment is one of the main experiments that will be hosted at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, in the area of Geneva, and is scheduled to start after the Summer 2007. The LHCb detector is a single-arm forward spectrometer dedicated to precise measurements of CP violation and rare decays in the b sector. The primary goal is to test the Standard Model description of flavor physics, and possibly to look for New Physics beyond it. The event rate resulting from the LHC proton collisions will be tremendous, and the production of b hadrons will be copious, thus providing the required statistics for the study of flavor physics. However, not all the events are relevant to LHCb physics pro- gram, and a dedicated trigger is required. In particular, the High-Level Trigger will take the final decision whether to accept or discard an event before sending it to permanent storage, in a limited period of time. We present in this dissertation the implementation and design of the High-Level Trigger exclusive selections, and assess their performance in selecting the b and c decays of interest, based on a full Monte Carlo simulation. The physics program of LHCb is vast, with the study of a large collection of b decays offering the possibility to investigate CP violation, and any deviation from the Standard Model. In this quest, the neutral Bs–Bs system plays a predominant role. The Bs–Bs mixing phase, denoted by φs, has not yet been measured, and represents a crucial probe of New Physics. This electroweak phase may be tested through theoretically clean b¯ ¯cc¯s ! quark-level transitions to CP eigenstates, by performing a time-dependent measurement of mixing-induced CP violation. Among the B decays to pure CP eigenstates mediated by the b¯ ¯cc¯s transitions, the s ! channel B η φ yields one of the best sensitivities to φ . We present the reconstruction s ! c s and selection of B η φ events using a full Monte Carlo simulation, and we determine s ! c the characteristics relevant to a CP violation measurement with this channel. The sensitivity of LHCb to the Bs–Bs mixing parameters is studied, using a fast pa- rameterized Monte Carlo simulation. This simulation uses the outputs of the realistic full simulation to determine the statistical precision to the mixing observables. We consider the B J= φ decay to an admixture of CP eigenstates requiring an angular analysis s ! to disentangle the different CP components, as well as the B η φ, B D D , and s ! c s ! s s B J= η decays to pure CP eigenstates. Each of these signal samples are simultane- s ! ously fitted with a flavor-specific control sample, B D π, allowing the extraction of s ! s the Bs–Bs mixing frequency ∆Ms. We demonstrate that the sensitivity to φs is dominated by B J= φ events, with the statistical precision required to uncover New Physics s ! I II ABSTRACT effects. In comparison, the decays to pure CP eigenstates have an order of magnitude smaller event yields, but their contribution to the determination of φs, although small compared to B J= φ, is non negligible. s ! Keywords: CERN, LHC, LHCb, Standard Model, CP violation, Bs–Bs mixing phase. Resum´ e´ 'EXPERIENCE LHCb, en cours d'installation aupres` du futur grand collisionneur de hadrons LHC (Large Hadron Collider) du CERN, dans la region´ de Geneve,` com- mencera apres` l'et´ e´ 2007. Le detecteur´ LHCb est un spectrometr` e a` un seul bras consacre´ aux mesures de precision´ de la violation de CP et des desint´ egrations´ dans le secteur des quarks b. Le but principal est de tester la description de la physique de la saveur decrite´ par le Modele` Standard, ainsi que de rechercher de la nouvelle physique au-dela` de ces predictions.´ Le taux d'ev´ enements´ resultant´ des collisions de protons dans le collisionneur LHC sera faramineux, et la production des hadrons de type b sera copieuse, fournissant ainsi la statistique necessair´ e a` l'etude´ de la physique de la saveur. Tous les ev´ enements´ ne sont cependant pas pertinents pour le programme de physique de LHCb, et un systeme` de declenchement´ s'impose. En particulier, le systeme` de declenchement´ de haut niveau (HLT) prendra la decision´ finale quant a` envoyer ou non un ev´ enement´ sur les disques d'enregistrement permanent, dans un temps imparti limite.´ Nous presentons´ dans ce memoir´ e l'implementation´ et la conceptation des selections´ exclusives du systeme` de declenchement´ de haut niveau, et nous evaluons´ leurs performances pour la selection´ des desint´ egrations´ de hadrons de type b et c, sur la base d'une simulation de Monte- Carlo complete.` Le programme de physique de LHCb est vaste, avec l'etude´ d'un large eventail´ de desint´ egrations´ de hadrons de type b offrant la possibilite´ d'investiguer la violation de CP, et toute deviation´ du Modele` Standard. Dans cette quete,ˆ le systeme` neutre Bs–Bs oc- cupe une place predominante.´ La phase du melange´ Bs–Bs, denot´ ee´ par φs, n'a pas encore et´ e´ mesuree,´ et represente´ une sonde cruciale pour la recherche de nouvelle physique. Cette phase de l'interaction electr´ ofaible peut etrˆ e testee´ d'une manier` e theoriquement´ propre a` l'aide des transitions de quarks du type b¯ ¯cc¯s en des etats´ propres de CP, ! par une mesure en fonction du temps de la violation de CP induite par le phenom´ ene` de melange.´ Parmi les desint´ egrations´ controlˆ ees´ par les transitions b¯ ¯cc¯s, la desint´ egration´ ! B η φ offre l'une des meilleures sensibilites´ a` la phase de melange´ φ de toutes les s ! c s desint´ egrations´ en des etats´ propres purs de CP. Nous presentons´ la recontruction et la selection´ d'ev´ enements` B η φ sur la base d'une simulation de Monte-Carlo complete,` s ! c et nous determinons´ les caracteristiques´ pertinentes a` la mesure d'une violation de CP a` l'aide de ce canal. La sensibilite´ de LHCb aux parametr` es du melange´ Bs–Bs est etudi´ ee´ par le biais d'une III IV RESUM´ E´ simulation rapide de type Monte-Carlo. Cette simulation s'appuie sur les resultats´ de la simulation complete` afin de determiner´ la precision´ statistique sur les parametr` es du melange.´ Nous consider´ ons la desint´ egration´ B J= φ en une superposition d'etats´ s ! propres de CP necessitant´ une analyse angulaire pour permettre la distinction entre les differ´ entes composantes de CP, ainsi que les desint´ egrations´ B η φ, B D D , et s ! c s ! s s B J= η en des etats´ propres purs de CP. Chacun de ces canaux est analyse´ simul- s ! tanement´ a` un canal de controle,ˆ B D π, permettant l'extraction de la frequence´ s ! s d'oscillation du systeme` Bs–Bs. Nous demontr´ ons que la sensibilite´ a` φs est dominee´ par le canal B J= φ, qui jouit de la statistique necessair´ e pour mettre en evidence´ s ! les effets d'une eventuelle´ nouvelle physique. En comparaison, les desint´ egrations´ en des etats´ propres purs de CP ont des taux ev´ enementiels` d'un ordre de grandeur plus faible, mais leur contribution a` la determination´ de φs, bien que petite, est cependant non negligeable. Mots-cles´ : CERN, LHC, LHCb, Modele` Standard, violation de CP, phase du melange´ Bs–Bs. Acknowledgments URING the five years of research to prepare this Ph. D. thesis I benefited from advice and support of numerous people, both in and outside the physical society, and I wish to thank them. I am indebted to Olivier Schneider, my supervisor, for his constant help and encour- agements. His outstanding knowledge of physics considerably improved the quality of my work, as well as his scientific rigor and critiques. My gratitude goes to our “big boss” at the LPHE, Aurelio Bay, for offering me the opportunity to prepare this thesis. I would also like to thank Thomas Schietinger for his guidance during my first steps in the LHCb trigger. Thanks to all the LPHE members for the pleasant work atmosphere, and to our secre- taries who are always keen to help. I reserve special thanks to our “superusers” (Chris- tian, Hubert, Jean, Odie) for their technical support, and in particular to my first office- mate, Hubert Degaudenzi, for initiating me to programing. As for the members of the LHCb collaboration, I am particularly thankful to: Benjamin Carron and Gerhard Raven, for their precious help and comments on the sensitivity studies. Patrick Koppenburg, for our fruitful collaboration in the development of the High- Level Trigger. Olivier Callot, for his availability and for advising me during my tracking work. A few members of the trigger and reconstruction groups, in random order: Hans Di- jkstra, Patrick Koppenburg, Jose-Angel´ Hernando, Frederic Teubert, Hugo Ruiz, Olivier Callot, Thomas Ruf, .
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