bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/208215; this version posted October 26, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Mutualistic acacia-ants show that specialized bacteria are not required for the evolution of herbivory Benjamin E.R. Rubin1,*,§, Stefanie Kautz2, Brian D. Wray3, Corrie S. Moreau1 1Department of Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA 2Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA 3Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA *Corresponding author:
[email protected] §Current address: Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA Abstract Acacia-ant mutualists in the genus Pseudomyrmex nest obligately in acacia plants and, through stable isotope analysis, we show that they are among the strictest of herbivores, feeding exclusively from their hosts. The diets of herbivorous insects such as these are often enriched by obligate bacterial endosymbionts through nitrogen recycling and even gaseous di-nitrogen fixation. We, therefore, examine the bacterial communities associated with mutualistic acacia- ants, comparing them with related non-mutualists in order to determine whether they host bacterial partners likely to contribute to the enrichment of their diets. However, despite their low trophic position, we find no evidence for bacteria-assisted nutrition in either adults or larvae. These acacia-ants do not host any species- or clade-specific bacteria, though several lineages of acetic acid bacteria present across social insects do differ in abundance between mutualists and non-mutualists, likely in response to the sugar-rich diets of their hosts.