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Karst Hydrogeology and Speleogenesis of Sistema Zacatón

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Karst Hydrogeology and Speleogenesis of Sistema Zacatón KARST HYDROGEOLOGY AND SPELEOGENESIS OF SISTEMA ZACATÓN Clockwise from upper left: Cenote El Zacatón, Caverna los Cuarteles, El Nacimiento, Poza Verde, Cenote Caracol, DEPTHX at El Zacatón. Photos: Stone Aerospace/Jose Soriano. KARST HYDROGEOLOGY AND SPELEOGENESIS OF SISTEMA ZACATÓN Marcus O. Gary ASSOCIATION FOR MEXICAN CAVE STUDIES BULLETIN 21 2010 4 AMCS Bulletin 21 This is a complete publication of a 2009 PhD dissertation at the University of Texas at Austin under the supervision of John M. Sharp, Jr. The original title was “Karst Hydrogeology and Speleogenesis of Sistema Zacatón, Tamaulipas, Mexico.” Figures 1.14 and 1.15 are new. Cover photo: Cenote El Zacatón extends at least 329 meters below the water table. This mosaic photograph shows the entire 113-meter diameter at the surface and the floating grass islands known as zacate. The cliff above the water is 21 meters high. Photograph by Art Palmer. Association for Mexican Cave Studies PO Box 7672 Austin, Texas 78713, USA www.amcs-pubs.org The Association for Mexican Cave Studies is a project of the National Speleological Society © 2010 Marcus O. Gary Printed in the United States of American AMCS Bulletin 21 5 DEDICATION In 1990, I took a spring break adventure travel trip to Mexico with Jim, Ann, Karen, and joined by the legendary Mexico; my first venture outside of the country and a de- Sheck Exley and Mary Ellen Eckhoff. Jim and Sheck were fining point in my life. As a freshmen accounting major at making an attempt to reach the bottom of what was at the The University of Texas, I had recently taken up SCUBA time, the deepest underwater cave in the world; El Zacatón diving, becoming intrigued by the opportunity to experi- was known to be over 300 meters deep. The experience of ence a totally new environment. I joined Jim Bowden, Dr. that week will always remain fresh on my mind. There are Ann Kristovich, Karen Hohle, and a half dozen or so eager few times when such emotions are alive, but must be set aside college students south of the border to camp, learn cavern to continue the task. Once we realized Sheck was gone, it diving, and experience a new culture. After returning from became increasingly important to ensure Jim returned from that trip, I realized there was much more to life than earning his dive to 284 meters alive. a respectable income and living the standard professional life The mystery and allure of El Zacatón eventually inspired with all the accompanying material objects. A whole new my curiosity enough to lead me into an undergraduate program world was opened to my eyes; one with adventure, the joy in hydrogeology at The University of Texas at Austin. After of discovering untouched places, and ultimately the curiosity pestering a number of professors (many of whom are on this to gain scientific skills needed to understand the unknown. committee) about this amazing underwater cave system in In the years following this initial venture into the under- Mexico time after time, I eventually nudged my way into a water world of caves, I learned full cave-diving techniques Ph. D. degree program to satisfy the quest sparked follow- from Jim and Ann, then moved on to develop hands-on, ing that 1990 spring break trip. The information compiled blue-collar experience as a commercial diver at the College within this dissertation ultimately is owed to the explorers of Oceaneering in Los Angeles, California. Once I completed who opened those doors to my life. Thanks. an Associate Degree in Marine Technology, I returned to Marcus Gary prepares for a dive at Caverna Travertina in the southern part of Sistema Zacatón as Jim Bowden observes. Photo by Robin Gary. 6 AMCS Bulletin 21 Bacterial mats underwater at Cenote Caracol. Photo by Marcus Gary. AMCS Bulletin 21 7 CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................. 10 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................12 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 15 Research Objectives ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Objective 1: Define Physical and Geochemical Characteristics of Sistema Zacatón ........................................ 16 Objective 2: Describe Speleogenesis and Karst Development of Sistema Zacatón ......................................... 16 Objective 3: Relate Speleogenetic Process of Sistema Zacatón to Global Context ......................................... 16 Study Area ................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Physiographic Setting ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Climate .............................................................................................................................................................. 17 Vegetation .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Geologic Setting ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Pre-Cretaceous ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Cretaceous ................................................................................................................................................... 17 Laramide Orogenic Uplift ........................................................................................................................... 19 Cenozoic Igneous Activity .......................................................................................................................... 19 Pleistocene Travertine Deposition ............................................................................................................... 21 Karst Features of Sistema Zacatón .................................................................................................................... 22 Water-filled Sinkholes (Cenotes) ................................................................................................................ 24 Travertine-filled Cenotes ............................................................................................................................. 27 Caves .............................................................................................................................................................27 History of Exploration ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Structure of the Dissertation .................................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter Summaries ........................................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 1- Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 2 - Volcanogenic Karstification of Sistema Zacatón ...................................................................... 34 Chapter 3 – 3-D mapping and characterization from DEPTHX ................................................................. 34 Chapter 4 - Geophysical Evidence of Travertine Sealed Sinkholes in a Hydrothermal Karst System ...... 34 Chapter 5 –Hydrogeologic Characterization of Sistema Zacatón ................................................................ 34 Chapter 6 - Volcanogenic Karstification: Implications of this Hypogene Process .................................... 34 Chapter 7 – Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 34 Appendix A - A comparative molecular analysis of phreatic limestone sinkholes in northeastern Mexico 34 Appendix B – Preliminary Isotopic Dating of Travertine Stages ............................................................... 34 Chapter 2: Volcanogenic karstification of Sistema Zacatón ................................................................................... 35 Abstract .....................................................................................................................................................................35 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 35 Geologic
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