RSD3 2014 Symposium—Relating Systems Thinking and Design 3 Oslo 17 October 2014
A Systems Literacy Manifesto
Hugh Dubberly Dubberly Design Office www.dubberly.com/presentations/system_literacy.pdf “…there is a good deal of turmoil about the manner in which our society is run .…the citizen has begun to suspect that the people who make major decisions that affect our lives don’t know what they are doing. …because they have no adequate basis to judge the effects of their decisions.”
— C. West Churchman, 1968
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 2 “Government is not the solution to our problems; government is the problem.”
— Ronald Reagan, 1981
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 3 “Those of us who have looked to the self-interest of lending institutions to protect shareholders’ equity, myself included, are in a state of shocked disbelief,”
— Alan Greenspan, 2008
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 4 “I do not believe that human activity is causing these dramatic changes to our climate the way these scientists are portraying it…”
— Marco Rubio, 2014 (U.S. Senator and candidate for President)
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 5 Decision makers “not knowing what they are doing,” lacking “adequate basis to judge effects,” is not stupidity. It is a type of illiteracy. It is a symptom that something is missing in public discourse, in organizations and businesses, and in our schools.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 6 A Systems Literacy Manifesto We need systems literacy— in decision makers and in the general public. A body of knowledge has grown about systems; yet schools largely ignore it. It can be codified and extended. And it should be taught in design and management schools in particular, but also in general college education and in kindergarten through high school, just as we teach language and math at all levels.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 7 PART ONE Why do we need systems literacy?
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 8 Almost all the challenges that really matter involve systems, e.g., -- Energy and global warming -- Water, food, and population -- Health and social justice
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 9 And in the day-to-day world of business, new products that create high value almost all involve systems, too.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 10 For the public, for managers, and for designers, part of the difficulty is that these systems are -- complex made of many parts, richly connected -- evolving growing + interacting with the world -- probabilistic easily disturbed + partly self-regulating (not chaotic, but not entirely predictable)
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 11 The difficulty is compounded because these systems may not appear as “wholes”. Unlike an engine or a tornado or a human being, they may be hard to see all at once.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 12 Systems are often dispersed in space, their “system-ness” experienced only over time, rendering them almost invisible. Or we may live within these systems seeing only a few individual parts, making the whole easy-to-overlook. We might call these “hidden” systems— or gossamer or ethereal or translucent systems.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 13 For example,
-- natural system the water cycle, weather, and ecologies -- information system operating systems, DNS, cloud-based services -- social system languages, laws, and organizations -- hybrid system local health-care systems and education systems
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 14 Water travels contionuously through a cycle.
Rain Clouds
Cloud Formation Precipitation
Evaporation + Condensation
Snow
Lake
Ocean
Ground
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 15 Carbon also travels through a cycle.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 16 Sometimes large quantities can be tied up—sequestered— so that they are not traveling through the cycle. Changing stock levels—sequestering or releasing water or carbon— affects the climate as ice or carbon dioxide interacts with the planet’s weather system.
Water Weather Carbon Cycle Cycles Cycle
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 17 In sum: We face the difficulties of untangling messes (taming wicked problems) and fostering innovation (economic and social), which require understanding systems— which are complex, evolving, and probabilistic— and “hidden” or “translucent”. What is more: systems are “observed”.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 18 “Anything said is said by an observer.”
— Humberto Maturana, That is, as Stafford Beer said, Theorem Number 1, 1970 “a system is not something given in nature,” it is something we define— even as we interact with it.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 19 “Anything said is said to an observer.”
— Heinz von Foerster, What the observer “says” is a description, Corollary Number 1, 1979 said to another observer in a language (they “share”), creating a connection that forms the basis for a society.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 20 Now, we can ask a simple question: How should we describe systems? Or more precisely, how should we describe systems that are complex, evolving, probabilistic— and “hidden”—and “observed” ?
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 21 PART TWO What is systems literacy?
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 22 Churchman outlines four approaches to systems: efficiency expert: reducing time and cost
scientist: building (mathematical) models
humanist: looking to our values
anti-planners: living in systems, not imposing plans
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 23 We might consider a fifth approach: designer: prototyping and iterating systems or representations of systems
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 24 Basic systems literacy includes: -- vocabulary (content): a set of distinctions and entailments (relationships) -- “reading” (skills of analysis): recognizing common patterns in specific situations e.g., identifying—finding and naming—a control loop -- “writing” (skills of synthesis): describing the function of systems to others, mapping and diagramming
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 25 Systems literacy is enriched with: -- literature: a canon of key works of theory and criticism -- history: context, sources, and development of key ideas -- connections: conversations among and between disciplines e.g., design methods and management science
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 26 A vocabulary in systems begins with system, environment, boundary controlled variable, command signal observer, observed stocks, flows, delay (lag) controller, controlled source, sink servo-mechanism, governor process, transform function, cycle hunting, oscillation, prediction agreement, (mis-)understanding information (signal, message), “an agreement over an understanding” goal (threshold, set-point), feedback control, communication learning, conversation teleology, purpose bio-cost, bio-gain circular processes, circularity goal-directed, self-regulating back-talk closed-loop, open-loop co-ordination, regulation viscous cycle, virtuous cycle structure, organization, explosion, collapse, dissipation emergence co-evolution, drift negative feedback, positive feedback feedforward reinforcing, dampening, balancing black box stability, invariant organization, static, dynamic explanatory principle dynamic equilibrium, homeostasis first order, second order “organizational closure” tragedy of the commons self-reference, reflexive essential variables ethical imperative behavior, action (task), measurement variety, “requisite variety” “generosity in design” range, resolution, frequency transformation (table) structural coupling sensor, comparator, actuator (effector) “consensual co-ordination of consensual co-ordination” current state, desired state autopoiesis “conservation of a manner of living” error, detection, correction constructivism disturbances, responses recursion
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 27 Reading systems means recognizing common patterns in specific situations. e.g., -- resource flows and cycles -- transform functions (processes) -- feedback loops -- feed-forward -- requisite variety -- second-order feedback -- goal-action trees
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 28 Consider the toilet and thermostat, different in form and structure.
Temperature Control Lever
50 |||||60 |||||70 |||||80 |||||90 Moving the temperature control lever Temperature Indicator Pin moves the bi-metal coil
Fixed Contact Screw
Moving Contact
Magnet*
The bi-metal coil bends towards Power in Power to heater the contact screw as it cools
Bi-metal Coil
The bi-metal coil is connected to the temperature control lever.
*The magnet insures a good contact Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 29 and prevents erratic on/off signals to the heater in the event that the The bi-metal coil bends away from air temperature within the room fluctuates the contact screw as it warms to quickly.
Yet the toilet and thermostat are the same in function. Both are governors.
Goal = water level at 10 cm Goal = temperature at 18º C
Measure Action Measure Action water level open valve temperature activate heater Tank Air in the room
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 30 Writing systems means describing the function of systems to others, through -- text -- images
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 31 Text can describe a system’s function, linking it to a common pattern. But text descriptions require mental gymnastics from readers— imagining both the behavior of the system and the abstract functional pattern— and then linking the two.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 32 Images of physical systems aid readers, though behavior can be difficult to depict. But function must be represented in diagrams, often with some degree of formalism. Learning to read and write one or more systems function formalisms is an important part of systems literacy.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 33 Donalla Meadows has a particular formalism.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 34 O’Connor & McDermott have another formalism.
Reinforcing Balancing Limits to Success Addiction
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 35 Otto Mayr has a block diagram formalism.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 36 Yet in many cases, simple concept maps may be all the formalism required.
Feedback: Overview Goal (Desired State)
Measurement through system through environment Action System measures its progress System attempts to reach a goal; comparing current state to desired state based on feedback, determining the difference, it modi es its actions. and attempting to correct the ‘error.’ (System acts both within itself and on its environment.)
Feedback (transfer of information)
Effect (Current State)
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 37 Yet in many cases, simple concept maps may be all the formalism required. Goal . . . describes a relationship is embodied in that a system desires to have with its environment Feedback: Mechanism output input
a Sensor passes the current state value to a Comparator ...... responds by driving an Actuator . . . has subtracts . . . has resolution – (Accuracy) the current state value resolution frequency – (Latency) from frequency affects the range – (Capacity) the desired state value range to determine the error is measured by System
Environment can affect the can affect Disturbances . . . may be characterized as certain types typically falling within a known range; but previously unseen types may emerge and values may vary beyond a known range; in such cases the system will fail Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 38 because it does not have requisite variety Physical World Data/Document Creation Process
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Could be organized as 8 August 1999 cultural responses to human needs (Malinowski) roughly, Food Kinship Or more simply, User The suggested starting point for reading is “People”. Shelter Work, Play, Learn I would like to acknowledge Hugh Dubberly for his many suggestions, Protection and Ken Hickman and Paul Pangaro for their contributions. Activities and Training Food, Clothing, Designed by Matt Leacock Hygiene Shelter, Love Context Search Concept Map, version 1.2 Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 39 Java™ Technology Concept Map
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runnable components are configured by business logic is described by server components have interfaces provided by client components always have user interfaces provides a 34 web browser 36 J2SE applets Extend the applet class, which 38 J2SE applications Implement a main method. A class that 40 J2ME J2ME 41 MIDlets run in a
are built using
are built using may run inside a are built using r opsdo are composed of are composed of is housed in are configured by a are run in may utilize the are can call other can be ... J2SE applets 36 provides developers with a basic run inside an defines an application must declare a Java Card applets Java TV Xlets are built using a Components that can can be ... J2SE applications 38 framework for rapid development of main method, which the Java virtual applets applications J2EE Platform J2SE Platform J2ME Platform tutorials run on their own. run in a are built using are built using can be ... J2ME applets 40 a limited application. This includes a machine uses as the starting point for Specification Specification Specification the application. The main method gets MIDlets 41 basic user interface framework and 43 can be ... event model. executed when the application starts. Specifies that the entire Includes the JLS and Specifies which parts Java Language J2SE JLS is applicable to documentation of the JLS are Specification (JLS) J2EE, includes additional describing what the applicable to J2ME, specifications for J2EE, platform packages are what features the JVM Provides a complete components Enterprise never directly build servlets may directly build JavaServer Java TV APIs specification for the
Java Embedded specifies what features and what features the must support, and are built using run inside a
always directly build a by be interpreted may Java Card API defines a is contained in the run on TM TM TM the JVM must support, JVM must support. what the platform syntax and semantics of Cannot function on their JavaBeans (EJB) Servlets respond to Pages (JSP ) embed programming code in a markup language Includes specific Depend on the Java Server the Java programming
TM run inside an are built using
run inside a are built using and what the platform packages are.
own, but are used by other an URL request. deployment JavaBeans packages: Media Framework packages are. language. components or runnable Enterprise JavaBeans Servlets commonly JSPs define a page Can be HTML, are built with java.lang (JMF), which is framework components. define independent pieces generate HTML, XML, element, which can be WML, XHTML, Discrete units of software runs on a descriptor javacard.framework optional to J2SE but Specifies packages: Mobile Information of business logic or or dynamic images. HTML, XML, or another or voice XML. functionality that conform to the javacard.security required for Java TV. Java BluePrints application behavior that They can call other markup language. JSPs JavaBeans API and are designed to be http Device Profile (MIDP) is one type of javacardx.crypto can call either servlets, servlets, JSPs, or execute as servlets. reusable components. The JavaBeans log Specification Guidelines, patterns, JSPs, or other EJBs. EJBs. They can call other Extensible Markup API makes it particularly easy for device access and code for end-to-end JSPs, servlets, or EJBs. Beans to be utilized by visual timers applications. Language (XML) programming tools. (In an framework Foundation Profile Provides a structured and architecture analogy, these would be Specification extensible mechanism for prebuilt walls, windows, or doors.) Profiles are packages required organizing and presenting data. for a particular vertical J2EE Connector Connected Limited read configurations from a from configurations read Many Java packages and classes market segment or set of Device Configuration containers connector EJB utilize XML to store and exchange Also referred to as required or core Specification
run inside a can be a related devices. Other profiles data. packages, platform packages are the (CLDC) Specification Manage architecture container web container heart of the Java programming include Foundation, Game, is created by a Personal Basis Profile, and PDA. can be created by transactions, is contained in language. The packages include Optional packages define Connected Device life-cycles, Provides a mechanism Simple Object myriad classes that define user a set of methods to and data for connecting to legacy interface components, a address specific Configuration (CDC) persistence. information systems. Access Protocol programming event model, text and functionality required for Specification math processing tools, code-level certain specialized (SOAP) security, objects for memory storage applications. Applications There are several PersonalJava Provides a way for applications of complex data, and methods for that require optional invoking remote applications, to packages must be shipped implementations of Specification to communicate. SOAP is Mobile Information typically transmitted via HTTP. name just a few. with the package code. Device Profile, Personal Profile including MIDP for Sometimes referred to as Specification J2EE platform include ... platform packages 37 37 platform packages are contained in the J2SE optional packages are optional are J2ME Personal such as Profiles such as MIDP Palm 1.0.3, MIDP depend on are contained in packages or depends on required or core packages. UDDI 1.04 for Monty, and for example are ... class libraries 10 packages Universal Description, for example packages optional Profile (PP) MIDP 2.0. Personal Basis Profile libraries depends on may become platform packages via the ... are contained in include Discovery, and Integration provides a way for businesses packages Specification to discover each other. Can also be used programmatically J2EE API Specification J2SE API Specification J2ME API Specification TM TM Connected Limited J2EE specific by applications to locate an Beans Swing Java regular Java 3D JavaHelp Device Configuration On handheld and application or service. A component kit that includes specific embedded devices, the Mobile Information packages expressions A set of classes A system that initial implementation provides a set of graphical Connected Device packages that are Device Profile (MIDP) user interface elements. A powerful set of text matching and used to write enables CDC such as configurations such as CLDC subsets of the J2SE of Java technology are contained in Examples include: Configuration includes a include a subset of a contains a Swing can be used to rapidly manipulation routines supported by three-dimensional developers to equivalent: Includes the necessary addresses the software API Documents ¡avax.activation graphics applets incorporate includes specific A set of javax.ejb build applications without many programming languages. java.io tools, emulators, and needs of networked Java technology implements or applications. online help in packages that are packages that runtime environment applications running javax.servlet writing original code to subsets of the J2SE java.lang Connected Limited support common interface Perl-compatible regular applications or define basic java.util to develop and test on consumer devices javax.transaction build applications is used to and services based on web sites. equivalent: services for a Device Configuration javax.xml elements. Supports a native javax.microedition.io applets for the Java such as set-top boxes 29 Software Development J2EE Software Development Kit contains Java Web Services Developer Pack java.lang range of Card platform. and smart phones. (CLDC) API Documents look and feel on many java.util common operating systems. J2SE Software devices. is used to build ... web services 33 JCP 2 Kits (SDKs) Includes the binary version of the J2EE Reference java.net TM Connected Device
include PersonalJava Implementation, plus the development tools and runs on a Provides a framework for developing and hosting J2EE applications Development Kit java.io Java Card may include ... tools 17 documentation needed to build a J2EE application. java.text Configuration (CDC) that run inside web containers. The pack includes the Java APIs for The J2SE SDK includes the source code, A JVM can be are used in ... development environments 16 java.security Development optimized API Documents include ... class libraries 10 XML included in the Java XML Pack, the JavaServer Pages Standard class libraries, development tools, and J2ME Tag Library (JSTL), the Ant build tool, the Java WSDP Registry Server, for residential are used to create ... programs 24 runtime environment required to build Kit and the Tomcat Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages container. Java applications and applets. Wireless gateway servers. Java Series Java Series Java Series Toolkit 30 Java runtime environments Java virtual is instantiated by J2EE Java-enabled Java Plug-In may be enabled by a Java-enabled may be enabled by an operating system-based Java virtual machine Java Card Java virtual Java virtual J2EE Tutorials J2SE Tutorials J2ME Tutorials runs on runs on (JREs) include a machine runs on application web server TM Some browsers may be Java-enabled browser or viewer Java virtual machine A JVM can be optimized for cell phones, The J2ME Wireless virtual machine machine machine runs on runs on runs on runs on runs on runs on runs inside a ... web browser run on include ... packages 11 Jini because they include the Java Plug-In. PDAs, and other similarly resourced devices. Toolkit includes the A JVM can be optimized Some JVMs are server Can host EJBs, Some JVMs are optimized for various types necessary tools, are used to run ... programs 24 runs on Jini network technology provides Some users may need to download for set-top boxes. optimized for servers. servlets and of laptops, workstations, and desktops. emulators, Hosts EJBs, JSPs. one infrastructure for delivering the Java Plug-In for their browsers. A JRE is the software environment in servlets and JSPs. Installing the Java Plug-In will also documentation, and Acknowledgements Trademarks which programs compiled for the Java services in a network and for creating spontaneous interaction install the J2SE runtime environment. examples to develop virtual machine can run. The runtime and simulate Java Prepared for the Sun Developer Web Services Group © 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. between programs that use TM system comprises everything necessary to Windows SunOS HP-UX Palm OS, Windows CE, applications targeted Windows by Dubberly Design Office/Devine/Faris/Saddler. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Java, the Java operating run programs written in the Java Solaris, Linux, Windows, those services. real-time operating proprietary HP-UX, AIX, FreeBSD Mac OS AIX Compaq Tru64 RTOS, Linux, Symbian OS, at cell phones, SolarisTM coffee cup logo, J2EE, J2SE, J2ME, Enterprise JavaBeans, systems programming language, including the run on Unix Alpha beOS proprietary systems pagers, PDAs, and systems Significant contributions from the following people EJB, JavaBeans, Java Card, Java Community Process,
run on systems (RTOS) run on Java virtual machine, which may be a Java other small devices. proprietary systems run on run on interpreter, and the platform packages. Linux RS6000 VMS run on made this map possible: Josh Bloch, Lisa Friendly, JCP, Javadoc, Java Embedded Server, JavaHelp, JavaServer Telematic networks Doug Kramer, Paul Pangaro, Robert Patten, Monica Pages, JSP, Java TV, Java 3D, Jini, JVM, PersonalJava,
JREs may be developed by Sun or by other 34 Irix FreeBSD TM connect computers with companies. Solaris NeXT telecommunications Pawlan, Carla Schroer, Leigh Shevchik, Alan Sommerer, Solaris, and SunOS are registered trademarks of Sun run on run on systems. Ken Tallman, and James Urquhart. Microsystems, Inc.
Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the 31 point-of-sale (POS) Java Card, subscriber network-aware Thanks also to Cindy Bloch, Adam Cohn, Andrey specific devices (hardware) servers personal workstations televisions Dikanskiy, Larry Freeman, Dale Green, Joann Gray, authors. Comments are welcome; contact Audrey Crane systems, pagers, cell identity module (SIM) appliances, computers phones, and personal phones, and automobiles, and Cori Kaylor, Onno Kluyt, Stuart Marks, Shawn Moore, at [email protected]. digital assistants (PDAs) multi-application smart Telematic networks Chuck Mosher, Shaler Ney, Eduardo Pelegri-Llopart, cards Lori Uzzo, Brad Wetmore, and Hinkmond Wong. February 14, 2003
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 40 Heart attack concept map
Health Coach Notebook for Coronary Artery Disease Patients Concept Map
A heart attack is a blockage of blood flow which results from build up of plaque which results from risk factors some of which can be controlled by behavior (also called myocardial infarction or MI, from Greek mus, muscle and kardi, heart may be and from Latin infarcre, to cram) to the heart in the arteries may be reduces the heart muscle’s may be indicated by can be relieved by can be caused by may disturb the may disturb the damage to the is one kind of can result in begins with may cause of the heart (also called atherosclerosis, may be from Greek athero, meaning gruel or paste, and sclerosis, meaning hardness) can help control build up of
is arterial controllable healthy living uncontrollable increases the risk of increases risk factors risk factors may disturb the dead, scarred heart tissue diabetes damages the controls such as heart rhythm insufficiency stroke plaque innermost layer of the artery (also called diabetes mellitus, insulin taking prescribed contributes to the risk of heredity (deposit of (also called endothelium, from the Latin diabetes, siphon disturbed, can cause of blood supply medications (including being fatty material) from Greek endon, within and thele, nipple) and melltus, honey-sweet) contributes to the risk of contributes to the risk of (also called ischemia, may rupture, causing 1. 1. African-American) from Greek iskhein, to keep back and haima, blood) HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), bile acid sequestrants, such as lowering
can also cause managed, controls
can induce nicotinic acid, cholesterol following dietary contributes to the liklihood of under age 55, the heart to stop causes control and fibric acid managed, controls such as lowering recommendations blood clot that moves sufferers usually have obesity sodium being male may reduce (also called cardiac arrest)
until it lodges in a vessel contributes to contributes to 22. contributes to the risk of lead to (also called embolus, can 2.2 such as lowering from Greek embolos, plug) managed, controls calories to can become a contributes increses risk of increses
the heart’s capacity death pain in the chest, blood clot that forms burns (which may cause it neck, jaw, back or arm in a vessel or cavity of the heart physical reduces being more active over age 65, contributes to contributes to to work harder) (also called angina, (also called thrombus, inactivity ACE* inhibitors, contributes to the risk of being female from Greek anchone, a strangling) from Greek thrombos, clot) 3.3 3.3 angiotensin II receptor blockers,
is an indicator of vasodilators (such as eases increases oxygen damages the liklihood of aspirin and nitroglycerin), reduced, may cause reduces the supply beta blockers, stopping smoking may disturb the tobacco increasing age exposure calcium antagonists, contributes to the risk of contributes contributes to 4.4 anti-hypertensives, 44. control to and diuretics may speed (*angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) lowers symptoms such as weakness, medication, nausea and vomiting, coronary bypass surgery, high cholesterol or angioplasty (also called hypercholesterolemia, sweating, and causes build up of from Greek huper, over, (Angioplasty is a non-surgical procedure which khole, bile and stereos, solid) shortness of breath enlarges the inner diameter of a blood vessel - 5. most commonly by flattening plaque with a balloon, or vaporizing plaque with a laser.)
high blood pressure lowers reducing stress (also called hypertension, damages the from Greek huper, over, 5. and Latin6. tensis, stretching out)
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 41 Wellspace variables & equation Weight control concept map
suggests C+ Calories eaten Female = 655 + (4.35 × CW) + (4.7 × H) – (4.7 × A)
Current day BMR Gender Height Age cW Basal weight Current metabolic weight rate Male = 66 + (6.23 × CW) + (12.7 × H) – (6.8 × A) 100 lbs 5 C– at ' = Female Calories 5 lbs for each 1" > 5' suggests burned AF Extremely active + .175 1.9 Height Gender rW gW Activity Recommended Goal weight day factor Very active + .175 1.725 106 lbs 5 at ' = Male weight Moderately active + .175 1.55 6 lbs for each 1 > 5 " ' (Hamwi formula) Lightly active + .175 1.375 Sedentary + .2 1.2 ∆W rCb mCb Coma 1.0 1.0 Weight Cd Recommended Maintanence change lbs Calorie deficit calorie budget calorie budget R 3500 ∆T Rate of day Calories day day day Time to reach weight loss in 1 lbs goal weight per day
Can’t be > 2 lbs /week (or .286 lbs /day) Defaults to 1 lbs /week (or .143 lbs /day)
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 42
Alere / Wellspace / Equations v0.4 1 Drug delivery
inverse more accurately... 98.6º proportional device map Temperature
more accurately...
inverse
inverse proportional Concentration Viscosity
inverse
proportional inverse proportional Needle Flow Rate Time Pain Gauge
proportional proportional proportional proportional
proportional Needle Cost Volume Strength
proportional
inverse
Injection Needle Depth Length
proportional proportional
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 43 Email conceptualAndroid, Email model Client, Conceptual Model
Accounts include Mail Boxes can be accessed by Email Client sends and receives Messages contain Text has Format could be Plain Text such as can be Access includes can be - Original can be - AOL Added - Fetch and Push Created - Quoted Viewed + Created - Exchange Deleted - Auto and Manual - New can be - Gmail Logged in to - - Manually Created - Hotmail Logged out of - - From short cuts - By Virtual Keyboard - iCloud - Reply - By Microphone - Ymail - Reply All (voice-to-text) includes - Forward Deleted Hot Strings RichText - Sent Formatted - URLs (Auto-formed links) can be - Sent Again Annotated - Dates (Calendar events) Viewed only Read (opened) Spell-checked - Names (Contacts) - As preview Enlarged / Reduced - Phone numbers - Full text - Addresses Read can be - Text-to-speech Auto-recognized Updated (draft) are Primary (Default) Deleted Annotations HTML Text or - Locally - Highlights can be Secondary - Globally - Notes Viewed only can be - Singly can be Designated - En Masse Created / Deleted - Undo Displayed / Hidden Saved - Locally are associated with Account Name - To Cloud Images sent to / Local memory User Name Filtered can be uploaded from Cloud Email Address Sorted Attached / Deleted Gallery User Name Searched Displayed / Hidden Quick Office Password - Locally Saved Documents to Go Server - Globally Loaded from remote source Social network sites (later) - Within Filter Protocols Moved - SMTP for sending - Singly Attachments sent to / - IMAP or POP for retrieving - En masse can be uploaded from - Exchange Flagged Attached Marked (read/not) Deleted for IMAP / POP Port - Singly Opened / Closed Secure Connection - En masse Saved - Auto - SSL/TLS - STARTTLS Meta-data includes Recipients are stored in Contacts List for Exchange Domain can be - Main Secure Connection (yes or no) Created / Deleted - CC can be - Automatic - BCC Configured - Manual Sender Displayed / Hidden Subject Used to Filter Preview Used to Sort Time Stamp (year, month, day, hour, minute) Preferences Flag (on or off, depends on service) - Primary Account Tags - Notification Status (unread or read) - - Sound Response (none, reply, or forward) - - By Account Priority (low, normal, or high) - - By Sender Routing Information - Preview Length - Meta-data View may include Related Features - Auto Download are organized in Folders such as All (unified in-box, default if multiple services) - Contacts - - Yes / No can be Account (1 to n; mean = 6) - Calendar - - Up to file size Created / Deleted Inbox (Default, if only one service) - Bookmarks - Number of Messages Stored Opened / Closed Drafts (Depends on service) - Reminders (To-do’s) - Number of Days Saved Moved Sent (Depends on service) - Documents (Files) - Signature (default from Amazon) Junk (Spam, depends on service) - Media (e.g., books, music, video) - Auto-response (out-of-the-office) Trash (Depends on service) can be Archive (Depends on service) Configured Threads (Conversations) Black = Entities (data type) can be Gray = Entity to be added later Displayed / Hidden Cyan = Relation between entities Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 44Green = Action user can take on entity Light Green = Action to be added later
Dubberly Design Office | December 1, 2011 Disney map
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 45 PART THREE How do we achieve systems literacy?
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 46 Teaching systems in design is not a new idea. HfG Ulm had courses in operations research and cybernetics in the 1960s.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 47 All graduate design programs should have courses in systems literacy— as should under grad programs in -- product design -- interaction design -- service design -- information design -- and any program in innovation or social entrepreneurship
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 48 One course, 3 hours per week for 12 to 15 weeks is a bare minimum survey of systems. Ideal would be 3 semesters: -- Intro to Systems: systems dynamics, regulation, requisite variety -- Second-Order Systems: observing systems, autopoiesis, learning, ethics -- Systems for Conversation: co-evolution, co-ordination, and collaboration
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 49 Recommended readings: -- A Systems View of Life, Capra -- Thinking in Systems, Meadows -- An Introduction to Cybernetics, Ashby -- “Second-order Cybernetics,” Glanville -- “Ethics and Second-order Cybernetics,” von Foerster -- “Systemic and Meta Systemic Laws,” Maturana + Davila -- “What is conversation?” Pangaro -- “The Limits of Togetherness,” Pask -- Decision and Control, Beer -- “Meta-design,” Maturana
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 50 Recommended format: seminar + studio -- Readings and discussions -- Review of common patterns (via canonical diagrams) -- In class exercises to apply the patterns -- Homework to apply the patterns again -- In class critiques of previous week’s homework -- Final project to design a new system or repair (or improve) a faulty one
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 51 Literacy requires fluency in a language. As with any language, learning the language of systems requires immersion, practice, and time.
The reward is that practice becomes habit, and habit becomes a way of thinking— an other (another) point of view.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 52 CONCLUSION Implications of (and for) observing systems
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 53 “Designers need to be able to observe, describe, and understand the context and environment of the design situation...... a designer is obliged to use whatever approaches provide the best possible understanding of reality...”
— Harold Nelson, Erik Stolterman
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 54 “Pask… distinguishes two orders of analysis. The one in which the observer enters the system by stipulating the system’s purpose… [the other] by stipulating his own purpose… [and because he can stipulate his own purpose] he is autonomous… [responsible for] his own actions…”
— Heinz von Foerster, 1979
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 55 “…if we know that the reality that we live arises through our emotioning, and we know that we know, we shall be able to act according to our awareness of our liking or not liking the reality that we are bringing forth with our living. That is, we shall become responsible of what we do.”
— Humberto Maturana, 1997
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 56 “We human beings can do whatever we imagine if we respect the structural coherences of the domain in which we operate. But we do not have to do all that we imagine, we can choose, and it is there where our behavior as socially conscious human beings matters.”
— Humberto Maturana, 1997
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 57 We have a responsibility to try to make things better. If we want decision makers to have a basis to judge the effects of their decisions, or if we acknowledge that almost all the challenges that matter— and most social and economic innovation—involve systems, and if we know that tools exist to help us think about systems, then we must put those tools into circulation. We must build systems literacy. To not do so would be irresponsible.
Dubberly Design Office · A Systems Literacy Manifesto · 17 October 2014 58 Special thanks to Peter Jones Harold Nelson Birger Sevaldson Paul Pangaro Ryan Reposar
[email protected] Presentation posted at www.dubberly.com/presentations/system_literacy.pdf