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Education in prisons Educational background, preferences and needs. A qualitative study of prisoners from Iraq, Poland, Russia, Serbia and Somalia. Kariane Westrheim and Terje Manger (Eds.) Statens hus Utdanningsavdelinga Besøksadresse Kaigaten 9, 5020 Bergen Postadresse Postboks 7310, 5020 BERGEN Telefon: 55 57 20 00 Telefaks: 55 57 20 09 Epost [email protected] Internett www.fylkesmannen.no/hordaland Report nr 1/13 County Governor of Hordaland Copying is not permitted without agreement with the copyright law ISBN 978-82-92828-26-7 (E-bok) ISBN 978-82-92828-27-4 Layout cover: Herrene Grimstad & Skogen AS, herrene.com Print og layout: Netprint Educational background, preferences and needs Ethnic minority prisoners in Nordic prisons Educational background, preferences and needs A qualitative study of prisoners from Iraq, Poland, Russia, Serbia and Somalia Kariane Westrheim and Terje Manger (Eds.) Ole-Johan Eikeland Anna-Lena Eriksson Gustavsson Hilde Hetland Gudmundur B. Kristmundsson Henrik Linderborg Line Seidenfaden Jacob Als Thomsen 2013 Educational background, preferences and needs 3 Educational background, preferences and needs Foreword from the Nordic Prison Education Network The Nordic Prison Education Network was formally established on 1 January 2006. The network has been building on an informal collaboration between the Nordic countries ever since the 1970s. Today, the network consists of key people within correctional care facilities and education authorities with particular responsibility for prison education in the Nordic countries. The network is made up of the following representatives: • Morten Bruun Petersen, Danish Prison and Probation Service, Denmark • Karoliina Taruvuori, Finnish Criminal Sanctions Agency, Finland • Erlendur S. Baldursson, Icelandic Prison and Probation Service, Iceland • Suzanne Five, Norwegian Correctional Services Central Administration, Norway • Gøril Vikøren Nøkleby/Paal Chr Breivik, County Governor in Hordaland, Norway • Lena Axelsson, Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Sweden. Education for prisoners is central to international conventions and recommendations, whilst legislation is not equally clear in all the Nordic countries. Knowledge of the prisoners’ educational background and educational needs in a Nordic perspective is illustrated through joint Nordic surveys organised by the Nordic Prison Education Network in 2001 and 2006. These surveys have been crucial for better facilitation of the education and training offered in the Nordic countries, for example, we see a clear shift towards more focus on vocational training in prisons in accordance with the wishes and needs of the prisoners. In all the Nordic countries, the composition of the prison population has changed in recent years. One sees a huge increase in prisoners of foreign nationality and this can present challenges for the education and training provided in prisons. The Nordic Prison Education Network wanted to know more about the educational background and motives for education for foreign nationals in order to learn more about how each country’s education system can better meet the education and training needs of the prisoners. The Nordic Prison Education Network took the initiative to conduct a qualitative study of educational background and motivation of different nationalities in Nordic prisons. This project is a collaboration between the Nordic Prison Education Network and Alfarådet (the Alfa Council) (a Nordic network with responsibility for developing training for adults with or without brief formal education and who do not have the Nordic languages as their native language). The prison network contacted research groups in the Nordic countries, and a joint Nordic application for financial support for the study “Educational background, wishes and needs – a qualitative study of prisoners from Iraq, Poland, Russia, Serbia and Somalia” was sent out to the CIRIUS Nordplus Adult programme in Denmark. The feedback on the research project was positive and support was granted for the preparation of a joint Nordic interview Educational background, preferences and needs 5 guide and a joint Nordic report. Each of the Nordic countries has conducted a qualitative study of a group of prisoners of a selected nationality: • Sweden has interviewed Serbian prisoners • Denmark has interviewed Somali prisoners • Norway has interviewed Iraqi prisoners • Iceland has interviewed Polish prisoners • Finland has interviewed Russian prisoners. This has led to national reports in each of the Nordic countries, which form the basis of this Nordic report. Based on a qualitative approach, this Nordic study has provided knowledge about the educational background and needs of a variety of prisoners with non-Nordic citizenship, in Nordic prisons. Such an immersion into each individual respondent’s background, does not just paint a picture of that person’s history, but also shows how war, unrest and changes in social structures outside the Nordic region, affect how our education and training, should be organised. An important finding of the study is that the primary motivation for many to participate in education and training in prisons is to be able to support themselves and their families through employment upon release. The study also shows the importance of information in language that the prisoner understands, not only information about the educational provision in prison, but also information about the procedures, rights and obligations of a prisoner in a Nordic prison. The network would like to thank the Alfa Council and the Nordic Network for Adult Learning (NVL) for the excellent cooperation in connection with the project. We would also like to thank the CIRIUS Nordplus Adult programme for their financial support for implementing the project. Throughout the entire process we have had excellent cooperation with the Nordic research group, which has prepared and undertaken the work in each individual country – many thanks to you all. Jacob Als Thomsen, Line Seidenfaden, Henrik Lindeborg, Gudmundur B. Kristmundsson, Hilde Hetland, Anna-Lena Eriksson Gustavsson, Ole-Johan Eikeland, Terje Manger and Kariane Westrheim. Special thanks to Associate Professor Kariane Westrheim and Professor Terje Manger of the University of Bergen who have been academically responsible for the Nordic report. This report is a translation of the first edition in Scandinavian languages published in December 2012. Bergen, August 2013 Paal Chr Breivik Contact person for the Nordic Prison Education Network www.fengselundervisning.net 6 Educational background, preferences and needs Foreword Close cooperation has developed over many years between administrative bodies bearing national responsibility for prison education in the Nordic countries. This led to the formal establishment of the Nordic network for prison education on January 1, 2006. The Nordic network has always been concerned with the further development of cooperation with regard to prison education on the basis of expertise and research. Therefore the network has sought cooperation with researchers in all the Nordic countries. This led to a common application in 2006 to the Cirius Nordplus Voksen programme to carry out the quantitative research project “Mapping of educational background, educational rights and motivation in inmates of Nordic prisons.” A common Nordic report from this project was published in 2008, and in 2009 an English-language version of the report was published. The current report is a follow-up to the previous Nordic reports, but this time the Nordic countries have collaborated on an investigation of the selected ethnic minority groups’ educational situation with the help of qualitative methods. The background to the project is cooperation between the Nordic network for prison education and Alfarådet, a Nordic network for adult learners. This cooperation resulted in an application in 2009 to Cirius Nordplus Voksen (Nordic Council of Ministers) for support in developing a mapping tool for a group of prisoners who speak minority languages. Furthermore, there was an application to the educational and justice ministries in the individual Nordic countries regarding support to carry out national surveys and we applied to Cirius Nordplus Voksen to devise a common Nordic report based on the national surveys. The Nordic network for prison education coordinated the common Nordic applications and both these applications and the application to the national authorities received support. The research projects summarized in this report are administratively coordinated by the Hordaland County Governor on behalf of the Nordic network for prison education. (The Governor has national responsibility for training inmates in Norwegian prisons on behalf of the Ministry for Education.) Professional coordination of the common Nordic report was carried out by the Faculty of Psychology, Department of Education and Department of Psychosocial Science at the University of Bergen. We would like to express our gratitude to Cirius Nordplus Voksen for supporting the project. We would also like to thank the Prison and Probation Service (Denmark), the Criminal Sanctions Agency (Brottspåföljdsverket) (Finland), the Justice Ministry (Iceland), the Hordaland County Governor (Norway) and the Swedish Prison and Probation Service for their initiative and support for the national projects. We would also like to thank senior consultant Torfinn Langelid who in the start-up phase coordinated the work and applications regarding
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