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Estudios Embriológicos Sobre Algunas Gramíneas Nativas Útiles (Poaceae) Presentes En La Depresión Del Salado, Provincia De Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Estudios Embriológicos Sobre Algunas Gramíneas Nativas Útiles (Poaceae) Presentes En La Depresión Del Salado, Provincia De Buenos Aires, Argentina Tesis Doctoral Estudios embriológicos sobre algunas gramíneas nativas útiles (Poaceae) presentes en la Depresión del Salado, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina Lovisolo, Marcelo R. 2011 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Lovisolo, Marcelo R.. (2011). Estudios embriológicos sobre algunas gramíneas nativas útiles (Poaceae) presentes en la Depresión del Salado, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Lovisolo, Marcelo R.. "Estudios embriológicos sobre algunas gramíneas nativas útiles (Poaceae) presentes en la Depresión del Salado, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2011. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES Estudios embriológicos sobre algunas gramíneas nativas útiles (Poaceae) presentes en la depresión del salado, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el Área CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Marcelo R. Lovisolo Directora: Beatriz G. Galati Directora Asistente: Zulma E. Rúgolo de Agrasar Consejera de Estudios: Patricia Hoc Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Junio de 2011 1 ESTUDIOS EMBRIOLÓGICOS SOBRE ALGUNAS GRAMÍNEAS NATIVAS ÚTILES (POACEAE) PRESENTES EN LA DEPRESIÓN DEL SALADO, PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA. Resumen: El objetivo general de este trabajo fue estudiar el desarrollo del grano de polen, del megagametófito, el endosperma y el embrión, como así también la anatomía de las estructuras esporofíticas relacionadas con estos procesos, en diez taxones de Poaceae, correspondientes a las tres subfamilias (Pooideae, Chloridoideae y Panicoideae) más ricamente representadas en la región de la depresión del Salado, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Los objetivos particulares fueron: Describir la Microsporogénesis y la Microgametogénesis. Realizar el estudio ontogenético ultraestructural de los cuerpos de Ubisch con el fin de aportar datos que ayuden a dilucidar su posible función y participación en la formación de la pared del grano de polen. Describir la Megasporogénesis y Megagametogénesis. Realizar el estudio ultraestructural del saco embrionario pre- y post-fertilización, a fin de aportar datos sobre el rol que cumplen las antípodas. Describir la Endospermogénesis, la Embriogénesis, el desarrollo total de los tegumentos seminales y las capas del pericarpio del fruto. Realizar el estudio anatómico del óvulo y del microsporangio. Relacionar las características embriológicas particulares de los taxones con las subfamilias a las cuales pertenecen. Todas las especies estudiadas, a excepción de Paspalidium geminatum, presentan un desarrollo normal del grano de polen, el cual se libera en estadio tricelular. La ontogenia del megagametófito corresponde al tipo Polygonum, con antípodas haustoriales bien desarrolladas y en número variable de acuerdo a las especies. En Paspalidium geminatum se observó la formación de varios gametófitos femeninos en distintos estadios de desarrollo en un mismo óvulo. En Stenotaphrum secundatum y Melica brasiliana son pocos los óvulos que forman megagametófitos viables, y una gran cantidad de óvulos abortivos fue observada. Por lo tanto, estas tres especies podrían tener una tendencia a un desarrollo de tipo apomíctico. El presente trabajo constituye un aporte original debido a que nada se conocía previamente sobre la embriología de estas especies nativas de Argentina. También representa una contribución a favor del desarrollo socio-económico del país, pues aporta información sobre la reproducción de algunas gramíneas útiles, nativas de una zona relevante desde el punto de vista de la producción agropecuaria en la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Dichos datos podrán ser de aplicación para proyectos donde genetistas y otros investigadores se dediquen al mejoramiento de pastizales. Palabras claves: Poaceae, embriología, microsporogénesis, microgametogénesis, orbículas, polen, megasporogénesis, megagametogénesis, endospermogénesis, embrión, fruto. 2 EMBRYOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SOME USEFUL NATIVE GRASSES (POACEAE) PRESENT AT THE SALADO RIVER DEPRESSION, PROVINCE OF BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA. Abstract: The general goal of this work was to study the development of the pollen grain, the megagametophyte, the endosperm and the embryo as well as the anatomy of the sporophytic structures involved in these processes in ten taxa of the three subfamilies of Poaceae (Pooideae, Chloridoideae and Panicoideae) most richly represented in the region of the depression of the Salado river, Province of Buenos Aires. The particular objectives were to: Describe both Microsporogénesis and Microgametogenesis. Fulfil the anatomical study of the ovule as of the microsporangium. Study the ultra-structural ontogeny of the Ubisch bodies in order to contribute data that would help to dilucidate their feasible function and participation in the development of the pollen grain wall. Describe both Megasporogenesis and Megagametogenesis. Carry out the ultra-structural study of the embryo-sac right before and after fertilization with the purpose of contributing to the general knowledge of the performance played by the antipodal cells. Describe the Endospermogenesis, Embryogenesis as well as the whole development of the seminal teguments and layers of the fruit pericarp. Relate embryological characteristics of the taxa with the subfamilies to which they belong to. All the species studied, except Paspalidium geminatum, show a normal development of the pollen grain, which is released in a tri-cellular-stage. The ontogeny of the megagametophyte is of the Polygonum type, with well-developed haustorial antipodal cells and in changeable number according to the species. In Paspalidium geminatum the formation of several female gametophytes in different stages of development within a same ovule were observed. Otherwise, in Stenotaphrum secundatum and Melica brasiliana only a few ovules give rise to viable megagametophytes but instead a great amount of abortive ovules was noted. Therefore, these three species could tend towards an apomictic type of development. The present work constitutes an original contribution since nothing was previously known about the embryology of these native species from Argentina. Moreover, it represents a contribution to the social and economic development of the country due to the information given on the reproduction of some useful grasses, natural from an outstanding region in terms of the farming (and stockbreeding) production of the Province of Buenos Aires. Such data could be used by geneticists and other investigators conducting grass breeding projects. Keywords: Poaceae, embryology, microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis, orbicules, pollen, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, genesis of the endosperm, embryo, fruit. 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS a mi directora de tesis, la Dra. Beatriz G. Galati, que aparte de ser una gran persona, es y será mi gran maestra sobre la embriología vegetal. Agradezco todo su apoyo durante estos años y especialmente a su dedicación, consejos, enseñanzas y sobretodo paciencia; a mi directora asistente, la Prof. Zulma E. Rúgolo de Agrasar, quien me guió en la determinación, clasificación y herborización de los materiales; correcciones y aportes relevantes sobre la familia Poáceae, quien considero que es una de las referentes mas importante del país especialista en Poaceae y única y mejor discípula de una grande que fue la Lic. Elisa G. Nicora; a mi consejera de estudios, la Dra. Patricia Hoc, por todo el apoyo que me brindó y especialmente quiero destacar que permitió que realizara en su laboratorio los preparados para microscopía óptica y todas las fotografías que tiene este trabajo; a la Dra. Elena Ancibor, mi gran maestra en Anatomía Vegetal y referente científico con principios, valores y enseñanzas inolvidables, por compartir esos té de las cinco y charlas que no tenían desperdicio alguno; al Dr. Ángel Chiesa, profesor titular de la cátedra de Botánica Morfológica, a quien considero parte de mi familia, después de haber compartido 25 años de docencia en la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad de Lomas de Zamora. También le agradezco haberme apoyado todos estos años en la realización de este trabajo; al Dr. Alberto De Magistris, compañero de cátedra y amigo, que compartimos cursos y viajes de subte y tren tediosos pero anecdóticos, mientras cursábamos la carrera de doctorado; al Ing. Agr. Amado Bozzo, por sus enseñanzas y anécdotas que compartimos durante los viajes de recolección en la zona de la Depresión del Salado, quien me acompañó siempre voluntariamente. Gran especialista en suelos y con basta experiencia práctica sobre el tema, que
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