Brailsford Solar Field

Volume I: Environmental Appraisal

July 2015

Volume I: Environmental Appraisal Brailsford Solar Field Prepared for: Mulbrick Clean Energy LLP July 2015

Prepared By: Green Cat Renewables

Edinburgh Office Stobo House Midlothian Innovation Centre Roslin EH25 9RE

Tel: 0131 440 8150

Checked By: Graham Donnachie Date: 22/07/2015 Approved By: Stephanie Ewing Date: 22/07/2015

Executive Summary This Environmental Appraisal assesses the local environmental impacts and benefits of a proposed solar farm to be located at Brailsford Farm, near Brailsford, Derbyshire. The report has been prepared following a Screening Opinion from Derbyshire Dales District Council (Council Ref: PLS/JB/SW/P10102).

Under the terms of the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2011, the proposed development is of a type listed under Schedule 2. The proposal required screening for EIA purposes to which Derbyshire Dales District Council was satisfied that the ‘proposal would not have any impact beyond local impact on the environment and would not result in complex or hazardous impacts’. It was determined that ‘the development does not constitute environmental impact assessment development.’

This Environmental Appraisal has identified and assessed all the environmental impacts associated with the proposed 1.2MW peak capacity solar PV array at Brailsford Solar Field.

It is clear from current national and local renewable energy policy that the Government is committed to tackling climate change by moving towards an efficient and renewable energy powered United Kingdom. It is the opinion of the applicant that the proposed development at Brailsford Solar Field is consistent with local and national planning policy. It is also true that the generation of renewable energy via means of solar photovoltaic panels will result in local benefits, such as the diversification of farming practises, and national benefits, that come in the form of helping to meet renewable energy and emission reduction targets. These benefits all come at minimal cost to the environment, as demonstrated within the body of this report.

In terms of landscape character, Brailsford does not lie within any special or sensitive designations including any landscape designations. The development is not in close proximity to any residential properties and benefits significantly from local hedgerows and shelterbelts which provide visual screening of the development.

The environmental assessments have found that no adverse impact is predicted as a result of the proposed development. The applicant believes that the scheme has been carefully and methodically designed and is sensitive to the local surroundings and environment of the site.

Given the site’s irradiation resource, and the proximity to existing grid connection capacity and infrastructure, the applicant is of the opinion that this site is ideally located for the proposed solar farm.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...... 2 2 The Proposed Development ...... 4 3 Planning and Environmental Policy Context ...... 15 4 Ecology ...... 20 5 Landscape and Visual ...... 21 6 Glint and Glare Assessment ...... 36 7 Cultural Heritage/Archaeology ...... 42 8 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology ...... 49

Accompanying Documents:

 Volume II: Design and Access Statement

 Volume III: Technical Drawings

 Volume IV: Landscape Figures

 Volume V: Ecology Assessment

 Volume VI: Environmental Management Plan

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

1 Introduction

1.1 The Applicant Mulbrick Clean Energy LLP Mulbrick Clean Energy LLP (MCE) is a partnership that has been established between two renewable energy developers, Mulbrick Limited and Engineered Energy Solutions Limited (EES).

The partnership was formed as both companies, operating in the renewable energy sector, agreed that by working together, the best of their skill sets could be brought together effectively to build a proposition with a stronger market presence.

Mulbrick Limited Mulbrick Limited was founded in 2012 and is engaged in the business of development of renewable energy projects in Europe and India, with a successful track record of developing projects in Germany, Italy, UK and India. Mulbrick Limited also have links to European Investment Funds based in Denmark and the USA.

Engineered Energy Solutions Limited Engineered Energy Solutions Limited (EES) was established in 2014, to provide a wide range of renewable energy solutions to clients looking to maximise the outputs from their assets from supporting renewable technologies. Working predominantly with farmers, as well as large corporate firms, EES has a project pipeline of over 500MW across the UK in a variety of renewable sectors, such as solar PV, hydro and onshore wind turbines.

MCE have identified Brailsford Solar Field as a potential solar PV opportunity through contacts within the local farming communities and an extensive feasibility exercise to identify suitable sites. Proximity to viable grid connections is a major concern throughout the renewable energy sector and MCE have developed extensive experience in this area, allowing them to take forward and progress sites with the knowledge of a viable development. Brailsford Solar Field is considered to be a good example of how a solar PV scheme can utilise land which can still be used for agricultural purposes but will yield benefits for the environment providing clean, renewable electricity to the local grid.

MCE have chosen to work alongside Green Cat Renewables Limited, who have extensive experience and knowledge of solar and renewable planning projects. MCE believe that Brailsford Solar Field is a coherent and compliant scheme that will have a nominal impact on the local environment whilst providing much needed renewable power source, harvesting the natural energy of the sun.

If supported by the Local Planning Authority, it is the ambition of MCE to have the development generating electricity by the end of 2015, with minimal disturbance to the local residents. The development will then provide a boost to the renewable energy statistics of Derbyshire Dales District Council, and contribute to the wider national targets.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

1.2 The Development Given the current drive for renewable, sustainable energy sources, and the proximity of the site to a suitable grid connection, the applicant considers that there is a viable opportunity to take advantage of and utilise the natural resources afforded by the site’s location.

The proposed 1.2MW development site is currently used for arable farmland on Brailsford Farm. The development is ideally suited for a ground mounted solar photovoltaic development as it:

 Benefits from a viable solar resource;  A viable grid connection opportunity in close proximity, which has been agreed;  Will allow the land to continue to be used for agricultural purposes;  Is well hidden from the surrounding area due to significant visual screening;  Will boost the biodiversity of the area as it will allow for habitat to flourish;  Does not lie within any planning designations; and,  Will contribute to regional and national renewable energy targets.

Scope of the Report This report assesses the likely environmental impacts resulting from the installation of the proposed 1.2MW peak Solar PV array at Brailsford Farm, near Brailsford, Derbyshire. The report aims to demonstrate that the proposal is consistent and compliant with the Derbyshire Dales District Council Local Planning Policies. This is also true for the government’s renewable energy policies which include the specific objective of promoting the interests of the rural economy.

The report provides a level of detail appropriate to the scale of the development, has been produced in line with relevant environmental policies and planning guidance, and has been informed by a screening exercise undertaken with Derbyshire Dales District Council.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

2 The Proposed Development

2.1 Location and Project Layout The proposed Brailsford Solar Field site is located approximately 700m north-east of the settlement of Brailsford and approximately 7km south-east of Ashbourne in the Derbyshire Dales District, as shown below in Figure 2.1.

Brailsford Solar Field

Figure 2.1 – Proposed development location

The project will comprise the installation and operation of a 1.2MW ground mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) array. It will be situated within a field currently used for arable agriculture, the boundaries of which are shown in Figure 2.2. The site benefits from established hedgerows surrounding its perimeter as well as mature woodland, which provide significant screening from local views, the nearest public roads and residents.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

= Site Boundary

Figure 2.2 - Site boundary in context of surroundings

The field is currently of a moderate agricultural value, Grade 3, and is used as arable farmland. The installation of a solar PV array will allow a diversification from the current land usage and create a dual purpose; the first being the generation of clean, renewable energy and the second to allow livestock to graze around and underneath the panels. This is one of the key benefits of solar farms as they allow agricultural practises to continue on the site.

Additionally, a development such as this can encourage the improvement and increase of biodiversity in the area as the land and soils are allowed rest from the intensive farming practices and pesticides often used. As this is a temporary development, following the decommissioning of the site, the soils are expected to be significantly healthier and improved compared to their current conditions, as the solar development allows the soils time to rejuvenate and replenish all the key nutrients that can be lost over time.

Volume III: Technical Drawings provides set of detailed site and development plans.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Figure 2.3 – Site Layout (See Volume III: Technical Drawings)

Figure 2.4 – View of the site, looking north.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Figure 2.5 - View of the site, looking north-east.

Figure 2.6 - View of the site, looking north, from further to the east.

2.2 Description of the Proposed Solar Farm & Associated Infrastructure Candidate Solar Panel The proposed Solar Farm will consist of 9 rows of Solar PV panels. Each row will have a varying number of panels, depending on the width of the field at each row location. Each solar panel installed has a rated capacity of 280W. The total number of panels expected to be installed is approximately 4,320, giving a total installed peak capacity of the site to be approximately 1.2MW.

The Yingli Solar 280W Monocrystalline Module has been chosen as the candidate panel for this development. The panel was chosen based on the results of the greatest yield, cost efficiency and availability. Irrespective of the manufacturer of the panel, it is expected to have a maximum power output of 280W and will have the appearance of industry standard solar panels, similar to those shown in Figure 2.7.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Figure 2.7 – Example of Solar Farm

Panel Mounting Structure The panels will be mounted on racks, fixed at an angle of 30°, with 40 modules per rack arranged in landscape orientation. It is expected that approximately 108 racks will be distributed throughout the development site. The panels will rise from 0.75m at their lowest point to approximately 2.9m at their highest point, as shown in Figure 2.8. This arrangement is designed to fully optimise the potential sunlight resource afforded by the site’s location, maximising the efficiency and performance of the development.

There will be a separation distance of approximately 8m between the rows of panels to minimise shading effects when the sun is low in the sky during the winter months.

The spacing incorporated into the mounting structure design also allows for smaller livestock, such as sheep or poultry, to graze underneath and between the rows of panels. This creates a dual benefit to the landowner and fully maximises the use of the land by allowing for a diversification in agricultural practices whilst also being used in the generation of clean, renewable electricity.

Figure 2.8 – Solar Panel Mounting Structure Dimensions

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

The livestock will also provide a means of ground maintenance as they graze on the vegetation below and between the racks of panels thereby preventing the ground becoming overgrown. To ensure that the ground conditions remain suitably maintained, it is proposed that annual checks be carried out on any undergrowth beneath the panels and that it is suitably managed so as to maintain maximum performance of the panels.

This type of structure has been carefully selected in order to minimise the impact on the ground beneath the panels. This structure requires sixteen steel poles per unit to be pile driven into the ground to a maximum depth of 2m. This results in a very small footprint on the ground, keeping the environmental impact to an absolute minimum, as displayed in Figure 2.9, and allowing the land to return to its original condition almost immediately following the decommissioning of the development.

The simple design concept also allows for a faster and more efficient installation than other construction methods and avoids the use of concrete or other construction materials that would have a greater detrimental effect on the local environment.

Figure 2.9 – Solar farm during construction showing panel mounting structure

Further to the generation of clean, renewable energy, solar farms have also been found to promote and attract a significant increase in the biodiversity of developed sites throughout the UK. It is considered that the ground mounted panels provide an excellent source of shelter for a wide range of insects, birds and small mammals, resulting in a significant enhancement of biodiversity.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Figure 2.10 – Example of space under panels for grazing

On-site and Delivery Access The panels, mounting structures and other infrastructure will be delivered via the existing public road network as far as possible. Construction of a new access track will be required within the field to allow suitable access for the delivery, installation and maintenance of the PV panels and infrastructure. The access track will be composed of crushed stone and gravel and will be floated on top of the existing topsoil, meaning there will be no requirement for ground breaking construction works. The track will be approximately 3m wide and extend the length of the installation. It will stem from existing field access points, such as that depicted in Figure 2.11, minimising the amount of work required whilst also ensuring the hedgerows remain intact.

The details and location of the access track can be seen in Volume III: Technical Drawings.

Figure 2.11 – Existing field access point

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

The new section of track to be created will have the added benefit of providing better access to the surrounding fields for the purpose of farm access throughout the lifetime of the development and following the decommissioning of the scheme.

Construction Compound A temporary construction compound will be created, located in next to the inverter housing unit. The construction compound, which will be removed following completion of the construction phase.

Inverter Housing Units Each panel will be connected to an inverter (which converts electricity from direct to alternating current for compatibility with the grid) via cables running along their underside to the end of each row, as shown on Figure 2.13, and then via buried cable to the nearest inverter housing unit. The inverter housing unit will safely store the inverters, transformers, switchgear and components for measuring, monitoring and communicating data. One inverter housing unit will be required. The location of the inverter housing unit has been chosen to minimise the required amount of cabling to interconnect the development, and can be seen in Volume III: Technical Drawings.

Figure 2.13 – Example of cabling under the panels

The dimensions of the inverter housing unit will be subject to discussions with suppliers and manufacturers. An indicative unit of 3m by 6m and 2.5 tall has been used for the purpose of this application. The unit will appear similar to a small shipping container, however, it will be painted sensitively to avoid becoming a prominent visual feature. Figure 2.14 is indicative of the likely final design.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Figure 2.13 – Example of Inverter Housing Unit

Site Electrical Works From the inverter stations, cables will be run to the electrical substation, located at the adjacent to the inverter unit, see Volume III: Technical Drawings. The electrical substation will comprise two adjacent glass-reinforced plastic buildings, measuring approximately 3m in width by 3.8m in length and by 3.3m in height. These buildings will have a dark green finish.

The trenching for the cable runs represents the most significant amount of excavation work required for the development. Excavated material from the trenches, constructed to house the underground cables, would be stored alongside the trench and replaced during back- filling. Topsoil would be stored separately and fully reinstated over the trench following construction.

The applicant is currently in ongoing discussions with the Distribution Network Operator (DNO) regarding various options for the grid connection point. These details are in the final stages and an appropriate and viable grid connection offer has been agreed which will result in a suitable grid connection, something which is becoming increasingly rare. The work required to take the development from the substation to the grid connection point is expected to be undertaken by the DNO, which would carried out under their permitted development rights.

Security Security measures will be implemented as a precautionary measure to prevent the theft or damage of panels and other equipment within the development. This will include the erection of a wooden-post wire mesh security fence approximately 2m high. The fencing will be installed as a security precaution, but also as a means of preventing deer, or other large wildlife from entering the site.

The meshing of the fence will allow it to blend with surroundings becoming virtually invisible when viewed from a distance. An example of the proposed fence type can be seen in Figure 2.14.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Security cameras may be installed at sensitive locations around the site such as the site entrance, electrical substation and inverter housing units. They would act as a precautionary measure and are intended to act as a deterrent to potential theft or vandalism. They may only be necessary if stipulated within insurance demands. The proposed locations of these security cameras, should they be required, can be seen on layout plans presented in Volume III: Technical Drawings.

Figure 2.14 – An example of fencing for rural Solar Farms

Construction Programme The construction phase would involve approximately 6 to 8 weeks of on-site activity, from construction of the access tracks through to electrical connection and commissioning of the solar farm.

Development/Construction Traffic The vehicles used for the delivery of the solar panels, mounting structures and other infrastructure will be standard heavy goods vehicles; there is no requirement for abnormally long, wide or heavy loads. The existing road network will not need to be upgraded in any way to accommodate the increased traffic level.

The traffic generated by the development will consist of:

 HGV deliveries of solar panels;  HGV deliveries of solar panel mounting structures;  Deliveries of the gravel for access track;  Deliveries of construction and material containers; and  Site personnel traffic – cars and light vehicles.

In total it is estimated that approximately 20 HGV deliveries will be required over the construction period of between 6 and 8 weeks, for the delivery of the panels and the mounting structures. At this stage it is expected that there will be no more than approximately 5 deliveries per day, depending on various conditions such as the weather. As well as this there may be approximately 7 to 12 cars or vans visiting the site during the construction phase. Access of the HGV’s will be restricted to 7am to 7pm, Mondays to Fridays and 7am to 12 noon on Saturdays. These hours will also be applicable to any

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report construction activity involving any audible noise. These vehicles are not anticipated to cause any significant disruption to the local road network or users of the local roads.

Beyond the construction phase, the solar farm will not require any personnel on site with the exception of the occasional maintenance visit.

Decommissioning At the end of the project’s operational life, the solar farm would be decommissioned, the principal elements removed, and the site restored leaving little, if any, visible trace.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

3 Planning and Environmental Policy Context An application for the development of a solar project should be assessed in the context of:

 National policy and guidance;  The Local Planning Authority Development Plan; and  Supplementary Planning Guidance.

The following section summarises the planning guidance and policies relevant to the determination of the Brailsford Solar Field proposal.

3.1 National Planning Policy National planning policy and guidance is principally set out in National Policy Statements (NPSs) and the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF). A brief summary of national policy is presented below.

National Policy Statements The Planning Act of 2008 allowed for the production of National Policy Statements, which set out national infrastructure priorities across a range of policy areas. These documents are material considerations in the consideration of both nationally important infrastructure projects and for local authorities when determining smaller developments.

Six NPSs relating to energy were published in 2011, of which EN1 and EN3 are of most relevance to this application. These are:

 EN1 - Overarching NPS for Energy  EN3 – NPS for Renewable Energy Infrastructure

EN1 states that “an increase in renewable electricity is essential to enable the UK to meet its commitments under the EU Renewable Energy Directive”. The proposed solar farm at Brailsford Solar Field would help the UK achieve this target with minimal environmental impacts.

EN3 opens by stating “electricity generation from renewable sources of energy is an important element in the Government’s development of a low-carbon economy.”

National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) The NPPF (2012) sets out the Government’s planning policies for England and how these are expected to be applied. It is a material consideration in the determination of planning applications.

Paragraph 7 within the policy states that, “The purpose of the planning system is to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development”, and NPPF sets out three dimensions to this; economic, social and environmental.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

The presumption in favour of sustainable development is apparent in the 12 Core Planning Principles of the NPPF that should underpin both plan making and decision taking. These include:

 Always seek to secure high quality design and a good standard of amenity for all existing and future occupants of land and buildings;  Take account of the different roles and character of different areas, promoting the vitality of our main urban areas, protecting the Green Belts around them, recognising the intrinsic character and beauty of the countryside and supporting thriving rural communities within it;  Support the transition to a low carbon future in a changing climate, taking full account of flood risk and coastal change, and encourage the reuse of existing resources, including conversion of existing buildings, and encourage the use of renewable resources (for example, by the development of renewable energy);  Contribute to conserving and enhancing the natural environment and reducing pollution. Allocations of land for development should prefer land of lesser environmental value, where consistent with other policies in this Framework;  Promote mixed use developments, and encourage multiple benefits from the use of land in urban and rural areas, recognising that some open land can perform many functions (such as for wildlife, recreation, flood risk mitigation, carbon storage, or food production); and  Conserve heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, so that they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of this and future generations.

NPPF also makes it clear that achieving renewable energy targets has the potential to present investment opportunities and jobs within the renewable energy sector and is not solely about preventing climate change and securing future energy supplies.

3.2 Local Planning Policy In terms of Local Policy, Derbyshire Dales District Council policy is very supportive of renewable energy development, particularly solar PV and recognises the potential that exists within the area. The Council Policy is set out in the following section:

Derbyshire Dales Adopted Local Plan The Derbyshire Dales Adopted Local Plan (DDLP) was adopted in November 2005. An updated development plan was withdrawn following consultation with the Secretary of State for Independent Examination in 2014. As of June 2015, no further information on an updated plan is available.

The Adopted Local Plan sets out the key themes of the overall development plan:  To safeguard and improve the quality of life of people living in Derbyshire Dales; and  To protect and enhance the environment of the Derbyshire Dales.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

The most relevant policies in regard to renewable energy developments, and in particular, solar energy, are:

Policy SF4 - Development In The Countryside Development within the countryside will only be permitted if: a) it is required to serve the essential requirements of agriculture, forestry and outdoor sport or recreation; b) it assists the growth of tourism; c) it forms part of a farm-based diversification scheme; d) it represents the acceptable re-use adaptation or extension of an existing rural building; e) provides for other needs which can only be met in a rural area; f) the proposals are appropriate in nature and scale to a rural area; g) it preserves or enhances the character and appearance of the countryside; or h) minimises any adverse impact on the local environment.

Policy SF5 - Design and Appearance of Development Planning permission will only be granted for development where; a) the scale, density, massing, height, layout, access, materials of construction and landscaping preserves or enhances the quality and local distinctiveness of its surroundings; b) it reinforces the sense of place engendered by the presence of distinctive local building styles and materials; c) it is well related to surrounding properties and land uses; d) it minimises the risk and fear of crime and disorder; e) it gives priority to pedestrians and cyclists over the movement and parking of vehicles; or f) it maximises the energy efficiency of built development The Council may impose conditions or seek to secure agreements to ensure that the design aspects of a development are acceptable.

Policy CS5 - Renewable Energy Installations Planning permission for renewable energy installations will be granted where; a) it can be demonstrated that the benefits of renewable energy production outweigh any adverse impact the proposed development has on the immediate and wider environment; b) the proposal does not create unacceptable problems in terms of the relationship between the proposal and neighbouring uses; or c) the proposal is sited so as to minimise the amount of harm to the immediate or wider landscape. The Council will seek to impose conditions requiring the removal of the renewal energy installation in the event that it is no longer required for renewable energy production and the restoration of the site to its original condition.

Paragraph 8.13 of the DDLP is the most relevant to solar energy developments in Derbyshire noting that ‘solar energy has the greatest potential as a source of renewable energy in Derbyshire’.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

The Brailsford site does not lie within any planning designations, as shown in Figure 3.1. There are no special landscape, environmental or ecological designations associated with the site. The nearest site of importance is the Mercaston Marsh and Muggington Bottoms SSSI located approximately 2km north of the site.

Figure 3.1 – Local Planning Designations Map (see Figure 5.3 in Volume IV: Landscape Figures)

Other Local Policy Documents In the absence of specific guidance in relation to large scale ground-mounted solar PV development design in the Derbyshire Dales, the following guidance documents were considered:

 Derbyshire Dales District Council (2007) ‘Landscape Character and Design Guidance’, Supplementary Planning Guidance;  Cornwall Council (2014) Renewable Energy Planning Guidance for The Development of Large Scale (>50kW) Solar PV Arrays;  Devon Council (2013) ‘Accommodating Wind and Solar PV Developments in Devon’s Landscape’;  English Heritage (2008) – Enabling Development;  BRE National Solar Centre (2013) Biodiversity Guidance for Solar Developments;  BRE National Solar Centre (2013) Agricultural Good Practice Guidance for Solar Farms; and  BRE National Solar Centre (2013) Planning Guidance for the development of large- scale ground mounted solar PV systems.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

3.3 Conclusion Renewable energy projects are supported at both the National and Local policy levels provided that the environmental impacts of the development can be satisfactorily accommodated. Furthermore the preferred method of renewable energy generation within the Derbyshire Dales area, as stated in the DDLP, is specifically referenced as solar energy.

The Brailsford Solar Field will make a small contribution towards national renewable targets, and a significant contribution at the local level. The applicant contends that the development proposal is consistent with local and national planning policy and that the generation of clean energy as well as other potential local benefits will be greater than any negative environmental effects, which are predicted to be insignificant and temporary.

The remainder of this document aims to demonstrate that the proposal is appropriate in terms of its size, scale and location and that it can be accommodated without any significant environmental impacts.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

4 Ecology GLM Ecology Ltd was commissioned by Green Cat Renewables Ltd to carry out an Ecological Assessment including a survey for protected species and habitats survey at Brailsford Solar Field. The purpose of the Ecological Assessment was to determine if any protected species or habitats were present at the site. The overall aims of this assessment were:

 To assess whether protected species, habitats, mammals or EPS were present on site;  If protected species are present, to assess local population status and usage of the site; and  To recommend further survey work and mitigation if required.

The surveys and assessments were undertaken by GLM Ecology, an experienced ecology consultancy with significant renewable energy development experience, and can be found in Volume IV: Ecology Assessment. A brief summary of the conclusions is given below.

4.1 Protected Species Surveys The potential of the site for protected species of conservation interest was surveyed using standard methodology to establish if there was an ecological constraint to the development.

The survey area has very limited potential to support protected species and species of conservation concern. No signs of badger were recorded in the grazing fields. There was a very poor species list recorded of potential breeding birds or Schedule 1 species on site in the arable fields. A good variety of species were recorded in the woodland edges and hedgerows around the sites and consisted of common passerines e.g. wren, tits, warblers, thrushes, finches etc. No species were recorded breeding which are fully protected under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981.

No mitigation is deemed necessary with the exception of relevant mitigation procedures are proposed for badgers, details of which are found in Volume IV: Ecology Assessment.

4.2 Phase I Habitat Survey A total of nine habitats are present within the overall site survey area, of which the vast majority is arable fields. No nationally or internationally protected habitats were identified in this assessment. It is expected that the solar farm would be located entirely in arable fields. No trees will be removed for construction.

No suitable habitat was present within the survey area of the fields for red squirrel, otter, water vole or great crested newts.

The site offers great opportunity to enhance and increase biodiversity in the area. It is widely accepted that solar farms offer an opportunity to enhance the biodiversity and wildlife sites and ensure an overall positive ecological benefit is gained from the development.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

5 Landscape and Visual A Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA), has been undertaken for this project in accordance with the relevant guidance.

The aim of the assessment process is to promote the best “environmental fit” for the development through consideration of the existing landscape resource, the potential landscape and visual effects, design alternatives and any mitigation that might be possible. The assessment process will refer to landscape value and in particular landscape designations and related planning policy, as well as landscape character and capacity for solar energy development at this site.

5.1 Guidance The methodology for the landscape and visual impact assessment (LVIA) has been undertaken in accordance with the methodology set out below and conforms with The Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, Third Edition (Landscape Institute and IEMA, 2013). Additional guidance has been taken from the National Character Area Profile 68: Needwood & South Derbyshire Claylands, Natural England, 2013.

5.2 Assessment Methodology Defining the Study Area An overall Study Area of 5km radius from the site centre has been established using professional judgement; it is considered unlikely a development of this type would have any significant effects beyond 5km. The study area was further defined for each part of the assessment process as follows: The study area was restricted to the application site, access routes, and the potential Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) from where there may be a view of the development at up to 5km distance from the site. A Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) was calculated using the ReSoft © Wind Farm computer software to identify areas of potential visibility. This analysis was carried out by placing markers at the four corners of the development, including the highest elevated point of the development site. These markers were designed to be the maximum height of the panels from the ground to simulate the most visible elements of the development. The ZTV does not take account of built development and vegetation, which can significantly reduce the area and extent of actual visibility, particularly in a case such as this where the development is not a tall vertical structure. Volume IV - Figure 5.4 illustrates the ZTV at 1:80,000 scale within 5km of the proposed development.

Baseline Landscape and Visual Resource This part of the LVIA refers to the existing landscape character, quality or condition and value of the landscape and landscape elements on the site and within the surrounding area, as well as general trends in landscape change across the study area. It includes a brief description of the existing landscape character and land use of the area which includes

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report reference to settlements, transport routes, vegetation cover, as well as landscape planning designations, local landmarks, and tourist destinations.

Assessing Landscape Effects Landscape effects are defined by the Landscape Institute as “changes to landscape elements, characteristics, character, and qualities of the landscape as a result of development”. The potential landscape effects, occurring during the construction and operation period, may therefore include, but are not restricted to, the following:

 Changes to landscape elements: the addition of new elements or the removal of trees, vegetation, and buildings and other characteristic elements of the landscape character type;  Changes to landscape quality: degradation or erosion of landscape elements and patterns, particularly those that form characteristic elements of landscape character types; and  Changes to landscape character: landscape character may be affected through the incremental effect on characteristic elements, landscape patterns and qualities and the cumulative addition of new features, the magnitude of which is sufficient to alter the overall landscape character type of a particular area; The development may have a direct (physical) effect on the landscape as well as an indirect effect or effect perceived from out with the landscape character area. Landscape effects are assessed by considering the sensitivity of the landscape against the degree of change posed by the development. The sensitivity of the landscape to a particular development is based on factors such as its quality and value and is defined as high, medium or low. Examples of landscapes with high sensitivity may include areas which have been officially designated for their landscape value such as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty or National Parks.

The magnitude, or degree of change considers the scale and extent of the proposed development, which may include the loss or addition of particular features, and changes to landscape quality, and character. Magnitude can be defined as high, medium, low or negligible.

The level of effect is determined by the combination of sensitivity and magnitude of change as shown in Table 5.1, below.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Table 5.1 - Magnitude and Sensitivity Matrix for assessing Overall Level of Effect

Magnitude of Sensitivity Change

High Medium Low

High Major Major/Moderate Moderate

Medium Major/Moderate Moderate Moderate/Minor

Low Moderate Moderate/Minor Minor

Negligible Moderate/Minor Minor Minor

Assessing Visual Effects Visual effects are recognised by the Landscape Institute as a subset of landscape effects and are concerned wholly with the effect of the development on views, and the general visual amenity. The visual effects are identified for different receptors (people) who will experience the view at their places of residence, during recreational activities, at work, or when travelling through the area. These may include:

 A change to an existing view, views or wider visual amenity as a result of development; or,  The loss of particular landscape elements or features already present in the view. The general principles adopted for the assessment of visual effects were taken from The Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Third Edition, produced by the Landscape Institute, 2013. This guidance outlines the approach to define ‘sensitivity’ for a given view and a ‘magnitude of change’ that would be caused by the development in question over its lifetime. A matrix in the Guidance is then used to assess the overall ‘level of effect’. This matrix is the same format as used to understand landscape effects and can be seen in Table 5.1.

In the context of this project, the effects during operation are always direct and long term (reversible after 25 years). None of the visual effects relating to this project have been considered positive in order to present a worst case view of any effects.

Visual Assessment of Settlements All settlements within the study area have been considered with regards to the level of visual impact the development will have on them. The sensitivity for each of the settlements is considered to be high in accordance with Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, 2013.

5.3 Landscape Design Considerations Project Description Brailsford Solar Field would include the construction of 4,320 solar panels and associated access track in the Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands NCA within the Derbyshire Dales Council Area. The solar farm would cover a 2.7ha section of this landscape. The site will be bound by a mesh wire, wooden post fence which would be approximately 2m tall. The fence has been selected as the design allows for good visibility through the mesh, © Green Cat Renewables Ltd Page 23

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report helping to minimise visual impact. Section 2 provides further information regarding the description of the proposed development.

Landscape Capacity Capacity for this type of development is provided via the strong network of mature shelterbelts which act as field boundaries. The site is bordered on all sides by either mature trees or mature hedgerows or a combination of both. This not only provides containment and acts as a natural boundary to the site but also limits any inward visibility, which is evident in a number of the viewpoints provided. The heights of the solar panels will always sit lower than these hedges and trees and as such capacity and containment is further emphasised.

Figure 5.1 – Example of surrounding mature shelterbelts

Figure 5.2 – Example of surrounding mature shelterbelts

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Design Objectives  Scale - The location of the solar farm sits on the edge of the settlement of Brailsford. Whilst generally the landscape is of a large scale and medium to low sensitivity the scale of the settlement is fairly small and any development would need to be limited to a suitable size which does not dominate the scale or character of the adjacent settlement and also does not exceed the natural containment provided by the shelterbelts and hedgerows;  Skylines – with the solar panels being only 2.9m in height, the skyline will generally remain unaffected with the panels typically situated below the skyline created by the trees and high hedges; and  Aesthetics –solar farms form a geometric shape and by locating them in rectilinear fields which are strongly marked out be mature trees and hedgerows the character is not significantly affected and the development should not offer a high degree of contrast to the baseline in terms of aesthetics and pattern.

For a full description and details of the scheme and all its components, as well as further analysis of the site design, see Section 2.4 and Volume II respectively.

Existing Landscape Resource Information on the existing landscape resource, or baseline landscape conditions, has been collected by reference to Local Plans, OS maps and relevant literature, including the Natural England “National Character Area Profiles” document, as well as information gathered from field surveys.

Construction Activities Temporary landscape and visual effects would occur during the construction period, these will be limited to ground preparation works and deliveries to site of the solar panels and infrastructure. The landscape effects would be of a negligible magnitude of change and not significant.

During the construction period the visual effects would not be significant as despite movement and contrast of people and delivery trucks in this area, there would be no cranes or large scale machinery required to install the equipment. As such effects would be relatively localised affecting only the few receptors immediately adjacent to the site. Any effects would primarily be in relation to the delivery of the solar panels and the movement of workmen and vehicles during installation. These effects would be temporary and fully restored on completion.

All disturbed areas resulting from the construction around bases of the panels, access tracks and on site compounds will be restored upon completion of the construction period.

Decommissioning All of the visible above ground structures (panels, rails and transformers) would be removed upon decommissioning, thus rendering most of the landscape and visual effects of the development reversible. There would therefore be no landscape and visual effects remaining after decommissioning.

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5.4 Baseline Conditions Broad Landscape Context The landscape character surrounding the proposed Solar Farm, is defined in the Natural England landscape character assessment, as the Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands and is described below:

Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands NCA, though divided by the River Dove’s wide flood plain, is predominantly a rolling plateau that slopes from the southern edge of the Peak District to the valley of the River Trent in the south- west. Also in the south are frequent plantations and ancient woodlands of the former Forest of Needwood. Elsewhere, the extensively hedged and pastoral landscape is dominated by mixed farming and features a dispersed pattern of villages and other settlements. Hedgerow trees also contribute to the wooded character of this NCA. Internationally important wetland habitats that include Chartley Moss and Pasture fields Saltmarsh nature reserves occur in the west of the area. Part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site and the National Forest are situated on the eastern side of the NCA. To the north and west respectively are found small parts of the Peak District National Park and Cannock Chase AONB.

The key characteristics include:  The area, which is dissected by the river systems of the Trent, the Blithe and the Dove, forms a rolling glacial till plateau that slopes south-eastwards from the southern edge of the Peak District to the valley of the River Trent. There is a distinctive scarp to the south of the Dove, whose broad flood plain divide the Staffordshire and Derbyshire elements;  The south is dominated by heavy, seasonally waterlogged soils derived from glacial till. In the north, red and pink soils underlain by Mercia Mudstones and Sherwood Sandstone are more amenable to cultivation;  A predominantly pastoral landscape of rolling countryside that is still largely rural and relatively tranquil, featuring distinctive field boundary patterns and characteristic hedgerows with hedgerow trees. Grassland for livestock is the dominant land use although dairy and cereal farming are also important;  An overall wooded character derived from scattered ancient and semi-natural woods, parkland and boundary trees. Some large woodland blocks are prominent in Needwood Forest, however much consists of smaller, fragmented remnants;  Predominantly hedgerow bounded, the field pattern varies from small to medium sized fields to the north of the Dove, mostly large scaled and rectilinear on the broad river flood plains, strongly rectilinear in Needwood Forest and smaller and more irregular to the west;  Wood pasture and designed parklands, often with veteran trees, are found throughout the area. They are generally associated with landscape parks and country houses, such as Sandon, Sudbury and Kedleston. Tutbury Castle and the internationally important Derwent Valley Mills, together with a variety of features such as moated sites and medieval settlements;  A dispersed historical settlement pattern, particularly in the higher pastoral farmlands that fringe the Peak District to the north, with the older villages generally © Green Cat Renewables Ltd Page 26

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

sited along the valleys or valley sides, and more recent crossroad settlements on the higher ground. Buildings are usually red brick or sandstone; and  The Trent and Dove valleys are major transport corridors. The Trent Valley includes the Trent and Mersey Canal, the West Coast Main Line railway and the A51 road, while the Dove Valley features the Derby to Stoke railway line and the A50 road.

In addition to this there is also another Landscape Character Area within the study area, approximately 1km to the north of the development. Table 5.2 summarises this Landscape Character Area and is illustrated in Volume IV – Figure 5.2.

Table 5.2 - Key Characteristics of Landscape Character Areas

Name Key characteristics

East Midlands Character Assessment

Derbyshire Peak Fringe The Derbyshire Peak Fringe and Lower Derwent NCA is a picturesque transitional area between the and Lower Derwent natural beauty of the Peak District National Park to the west and the largely urban, formerly mined Derbyshire Coal Measures to the east. Often referred to as the Gateway to the Peaks, this area is underlain mostly by the carboniferous geology of the eastern coal measures and by millstone grit in the west – through which the rivers at the heart of this NCA have cut their valleys. Although the area was not included in the National Park, it was seriously considered during the original boundary selection in 1950 and remains a landscape of extremely high quality.

Local Landscape Character The Brailsford Solar Field site is to be located on farmland at an altitude of approximately 160m AOD, situated in area of pastureland which forms part of the wider Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands. The site is currently an area of arable land which is bound on all sides by matured mixed woodland.

The site is located to the north east of the small settlement of Brailsford, situated within a field surrounded by mature shelterbelt. The landscape is of a medium scale and has a strong sense of enclosure provided by the rolling nature of the topography combined with the mature shelterbelts and hedgerows.

Figure 5.3 – Satellite image of the site in context with immediate surroundings

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Landscape Elements and Features Landscape elements are the component parts of the landscape, such as trees, woodland and ponds that combine to form areas of landscape character. Often these characteristic elements may be distinctive to a particular regional area of landscape character or more localised area of landscape character type. The main elements of landscape character across the site include: arable fields with occasional shelterbelts and other field boundaries such as mature hedgerows and post and wire fencing. The area does not have a remote feel due to its location adjacent to a small settlement and manmade features such as pylons and telegraph poles.

Land use, Landscape Change and Visual Context The site and immediate area is predominantly used as arable as with the majority of the surrounding area. Overall the area has a strong agricultural land use with a network of local roads, lanes and farm infrastructure.

In all directions, the terrain local to the site appears similar, consisting of gently rolling agricultural land, occasionally interrupted by shelterbelts and farm steadings which dot the countryside. Views tend to be restricted due this rolling nature and these vegetation features.

Landscape Planning Designations The study area for the proposed development is located mostly within the Derbyshire Dales District Council area, however there are small sections within the Amber Valley and South Derbyshire Council areas. The local development plans contain a number of policies which seek to protect landscape resources. The development plan includes a couple of designated landscapes that are relevant to this assessment, although the development is not located within any of these designations. The key landscape planning designations are illustrated in Volume III – Figure 5.3.

Landscape planning designations and policies are considered in the determination of the sensitivity of landscape and visual receptors as they provide an indication of value ascribed to the landscape or visual resource.

Although not within any designated landscapes, the development may be visible from them, as indicated by the ZTV, and therefore have been considered as part of this assessment, as listed in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 - Landscape Planning Designations

Designation Description

Ecclesbourne Valley SLA The edge of the SLA is located just within the study area at ~3.5km distance from the proposed development. This SLA covers much of the rural landscape of the western part of the Amber Valley region leading towards the Peak District National Park.

Peak District National Park This National Park is situated outwith the 5km study area and at almost ~10km distance it is unlikely to have any views let alone any impacts on its character.

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5.5 Assessment of Landscape Effects Landscape Effects are defined by the Landscape Institute as “Change in the elements, characteristics, character, and qualities of the landscape as a result of development.” These effects are assessed by considering the landscape sensitivity against the magnitude of change. A matrix is used to guide the evaluation or level of effect as illustrated in Table 5.1. The type of effect may also be described as temporary or long term/permanent, direct or indirect, cumulative and positive, neutral, or negative.

Potential Operational Effects on Landscape Fabric Changes to landscape fabric can occur where there would be direct or indirect physical changes to the landscape. In this instance, direct changes to landscape fabric would only occur within the development boundary. The landscape has been assessed to be of medium sensitivity.

Magnitude of Change During operation the Brailsford Solar Farm would occupy and directly affect a moderate to extent of the local landscape character. The solar panels pile driven into the ground which highly limits the direct effects the development will have, as the landcover can remain relatively intact which also improves reinstatement once the life of the scheme is over. The current condition of the site is that of arable farmland and as such there would be almost not loss of any landscape features particularly as the field will continue as agricultural land. A 190m access track will be required which will be 3m wide and consist of a gravel path which will result in the minor loss of ground. The magnitude of change for direct landscape effects as a result of the development on the local landscape character resource, would be low, resulting in a moderate/minor level of effect which would be long term (reversible) and negative but not significant.

Potential Operation Effects on Landscape Character

Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands NCA The Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands Character Area covers a large portion of the Derby area. The character area covers large swathes of farmland between the settlements of Derby and the Peak District National Park. A large scale and rolling landscape, the area is characterised by its frequent scatterings of shelterbelts and small blocks of mature woodland. The landscape has some man modified elements including a strong road network and scattered farmsteads with annually changing crop rotations. Other man made features include electricity pylons and wooden telegraph pole lines.

In terms of landscape value, within the study area, the landscape is not designated and as such the overall landscape value is medium.

The overall sensitivity of the Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands LCA is considered to be medium.

Magnitude of Change Once constructed the Brailsford Solar Field would occupy and directly affect a minor area of the Needwood and South Derbyshire Claylands leading to a negligible overall magnitude of

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report change with almost no losses of any landscape features. Both the direct impacts and the indirect impacts would be highly limited as not only is there no significant loss of any landscape features but the visibility of the scheme from within the LCA is restricted to the area immediately around the development, due to the containment provided by the mature woodland on all sides. When visible, the development will be typically backdropped by woodland and is unlikely to form the skyline in any direction. Longer range views are particularly rare due to the woodland and topography and the impact on the NCA is restricted to within approximately 200m of the development. The overall magnitude for change is considered to be negligible resulting in a minor level of effect, which would not be significant, long term (reversible), direct/indirect and negative.

Neighbouring Areas of Landscape Character The only neighbouring area of landscape in this instance is the Derbyshire Peak Fringe and Lower Derwent NCA, to the north. This distinct area of landscape character would not be affected in terms of ‘borrowed’ landscape characteristics1.

This area would not be directly affected by the solar farm and there would be no direct effects on the key physical characteristics that form the areas of landscape character or their quality and integrity. In regard to potential indirect impacts, the development is unlikely to be particularly prominent in the landscape such that the addition of this new feature affects the character of the area. In this instance the solar scheme is not located on a particularly prominent hill or distinctive skyline.

Table 5.4 - Indirect Landscape Effects on Neighbouring Landscape Character Types

Name Assessment

East Midlands Character Assessment

Derbyshire Peak Fringe Although the ZTV indicates that there will be visibility scattered across the part of the NCA within study area, and Lower Derwent this in fact will be completely screened by the woodland which borders the northern edge of the site. It is unlikely there will be any views of the development from within the NCA and as such there will be no impacts on its character or setting. The landscape is considered to be of medium sensitivity and overall the magnitude of change is considered to be negligible, resulting in a minor level of effect, which is not significant.

Landscape Effects on Landscape Planning Designations The site area is not designated and there would be no direct effects on any Landscape Planning Designations.

The assessment of the overall indirect effects experienced by people viewing the solar farm from designated landscape areas is provided in Table 5.5. The sensitivity of all designated landscapes considered as part of this assessment has been considered as high.

1 Landscape character that due to similarities in key characteristics and patterns may appear as part of adjacent areas of landscape character and as a result new development may appear to physically affect adjacent, although separate, areas of landscape character. © Green Cat Renewables Ltd Page 30

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Table 5.5 - Indirect Landscape Effects on Landscape Planning Designations

Designation Assessment

Special Landscape Area

Peak District NP This is situated outwith the study area and there is no visibility of the development predicted from this designation and as such there will be no impacts in its special character, setting or scale.

Ecclesbourne Valley SLA There is no visibility of the development predicted from this designation and as such there will be no impacts in its special character, setting or scale.

5.6 Assessment of Predicted Visual Impacts and Effects Visual effects are recognised by the Landscape Institute as a subset of landscape effects and are concerned wholly with the effect of the development on views, and the general visual amenity. The assessment has been conducted in periods of fine weather and assumes good visibility and limited seasonal leaf cover.

Visual Effects during Operation Post construction and during operation, the appearance of the development would recover a calmer visual character with negligible levels of maintenance activity visible on site from the nearest visual receptors, and no significant visual effects likely.

The visual effects of the development on views and visual amenity whilst in situ are assessed in the following sections.

Viewpoint Analysis A selection of viewpoints has been included as part of the assessment and are presented in Volume II. These viewpoints are assessed below in terms of visual impact and cumulative visual impacts with other renewable energy developments, in Table 5.6. Table 5.6 - Viewpoints Analysis

Viewpoint Assessment

1. South west of Site The viewpoint is situated in the corner of the field which is host to the development and gives a good indication (Figure 5.5) of how the development will appear in the landscape. Whilst the development will be an obvious feature in the view this will not be experienced by a large number of receptors, however it was selected to illustrate how the development will appear from this angle due to no other suitable alternative locations. The development will span the width of the view occupying a moderate to substantial extent of the horizontal view but only a minor extent of the vertical view. The solar farm is completely backdropped by the mature woodland which not only helps contain the development but also minimises the visual impact. The visual experience is relatively simple with the solar panels running across the view not interrupting any long range views or important vistas. The strong sense of containment provided by the woodland is evident in the scene. The magnitude of change is considered to be moderate.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Viewpoint Assessment

2. Wood Lane The viewpoint is located at the south eastern edge of the field in which the development is located just off (Figure 5.6) Wood Lane. The view has been taken from within the field as opposed to Wood Lane itself to give a more open view of the development. From the lane the high hedges and mature trees heavily restrict views of the development. From within the field the development occupies a moderate to substantial extent of the horizontal view and a minor extent of the vertical view, again completely backdropped by the trees to the north. This time the solar panels are seen alongside a row of telegraph poles which limit the contrast to the baseline by seeing the development in context with other existing man made features. The development is relatively simple and unconfused offering only a minor change to the existing view particularly as it does not affect the skyline or interrupt any long range views. The simple linear pattern works well with the linear pattern created by the field and the shelterbelt and the solar farm is not a dominant or overbearing feature in the view. The magnitude of change is considered to be low.

3. Mercaston Lane The viewpoint was located on the nearest public road to the west of the proposed development and as can be seen in the viewpoint the development will be completely screened from the view in this area. There is a band (Figure 5.7) of mature trees which run along the horizon for the vast majority of the view and these trees are likely to completely screen the development from any parts of this road. The magnitude of change is considered to be low.

4. Top Wild Park Farm This viewpoint was selected to give an idea of how the development would appear from the south east, at one of the closest properties. Again mature woodland lines the horizon and will completely screen any views of the (Figure 5.8) solar farm from this area. The magnitude of change is considered to be none.

5. A52 east of Brailsford The viewpoint was selected to understand the potential impact on both the settlement of Brailsford and road (Figure 5.9) users travelling along the A52. As can be seen in the photo there is a large section of mature deciduous woodland which occupies the middle ground. This was one of the more open locations from around Brailsford and still any views are completely screened by vegetation. It is likely that even during winter months with low leaf cover the development will still be completely screened due to the density of vegetation. The magnitude of change is considered to be none.

6. A52 west of Similar to the previous viewpoint this location was also selected to give an illustration of how the development Brailsford would be viewed from the settlement of Brailsford, this time from the west of the settlement and again on the (Figure 5.10) A52. However again, intervening features such as mature woodland will completely screen any views of the solar panels and the impact would not be felt. Both these locations illustrate the unlikeliness of any visual impact on the settlement or residents of Brailsford. The magnitude of change is considered to be none.

Settlements The following assessment considers the views from the nearest settlements, and the likely visual effects that could be experienced from the main living rooms and garden areas of residential properties, but excludes rooftops and upper windows. All settlements and residential properties have been judged to be of high sensitivity.

In this instance most settlements within the study area comprise of small towns such as nearby Brailsford and Kirk Langly. Although settlements such as Derby, Belper and Ashbourne are located in the area none are the study area and unlikely to have any visual impact on their residents. The table below assesses the impact on those settlements within the study area.

Table 5.7 - Visual effect on settlements within the ZTV

Settlement Distance Visual Assessment

Settlement

Brailsford 0.7km Although the closest settlement, it is unlikely that there will be any visual impact on Brailsford. Viewpoints

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Settlement Distance Visual Assessment

5 and 6 described above were located at either end of the settlement and both show that despite the ZTV coverage actual visibility is not possible due to the abundance of vegetation, mostly shelterbelts in the area, which limit views. The settlement is considered to be of high sensitivity. Overall the magnitude of change would be negligible, and the overall level of effect would be moderate/minor, direct, negative and reversible.

Kirk Langley 3.8km There will be no visibility from Kirk Langley.

Hollington 3.8km Although the ZTV indicates that there will be visibility throughout the settlement it is highly unlikely that there will be any actual visibility of the solar farm from any dwellings or public roads due to a combination of the distance and intervening screening features such as trees and the high hedges that surround the village. From the northern edge where there are some open views there may be glimpses of the development, although it will generally be an indistinct feature and still substantially screened. The settlement is considered to be of high sensitivity. Overall the magnitude of change would be negligible, and the overall level of effect would be moderate/minor, direct, negative and reversible.

Weston 3.9km Weston Underwood is situated almost 4km away to the north east and although the ZTV indicates that Underwood there will be visibility across the entire settlement actual views were not found. This was due to a combination of the distance and the abundance of screening features such as hedgerows and shelterbelts situated both around the settlement and in between the settlement and the development. The settlement is considered to be of high sensitivity. Overall the magnitude of change would be negligible, and the overall level of effect would be moderate/minor, direct, negative and reversible.

Shirley 4.1km While theoretical views are predicted by the ZTV for the majority of the settlement surrounded by a strong network of mature trees and hedgerows which limits a lot of outward visibility, particularly in the direction of the development. At over 4km distance and with these screening features, it is unlikely that there will be any views of the solar farm from within this settlement.

Hulland 5.0km There will be no visibility from Hulland Village. Village

Hulland 5.0km There will be no visibility from Hulland Ward. Ward

Assessment of Major Tourist and Transport Routes An assessment of the potential for visual effects from all major routes within the study area has been undertaken and includes (1) Wood Lane between Mercaston Green and (2) the A52, and the Centenary Way between Brailsford and Weston Underwood. It is unlikely that there will be any effects from any main roads in the area such as the A52, due to a combination of distance and screening.

1. Wood Lane between Mercaston Green and the A52 This is a walking track which runs along the eastern edge of the development site connecting the A52 around Brailsford Hall with Mercaston Lane in the north. The lane is well wooded, with high hedges running along the majority of the route and mature trees lining much of the route as well, particularly as the route passes by the proposed development site. At its closest point the route is approximately 100m distance away from the proposed Brailsford Solar Farm and runs for approximately 2km in distance.

The ZTV (Figure 5.4 – Volume IV) indicates that the route will have visibility along the entire route, however this does not take into consideration and vegetation cover and screening.

When walking south there will be no visibility of the development until the route reaches the northern edge of the field in which the solar farm is situated. At this point there will be oblique glimpses into the field and the solar panels will be visible, however, with the hedges

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report and trees there will still be significant screening and the development would not be a prominent feature as it will always have some level of screening. This impact will occur for approximately 300m until the development passes to the rear of the viewer.

When walking in the opposite direction towards Mercaston, again, the development will be completely screened from view due to the woodland in the area. Once the route reaches the southern edge of the field, there will be a small opening where the views will appear similar to those experienced in Viewpoint 2. This would be an isolated view as immediately after this the hedges and trees seen on the right of the image will provide substantial screening. There would be oblique glimpses through gaps in the woodland where the solar panels will be evident, but they would never be a dominant feature or in direct line of sight when walking this route. Walking north the impact would only be experienced for approximately 100m before the development passes to the rear of the viewer.

Overall the magnitude of change would be low.

2. Centenary Way between Brailsford and Weston Underwood This is a designated long distance footpath which runs from Nottingham in the east to Ashbourne in the west and passes through the settlements of Duffield, Weston Underwood, Brailsford, Shirley and Osmaston. Much like the previous route the path features a significant amount of woodland along its route. At its closest point the route is approximately 100m distance away from the proposed Brailsford Solar Field and runs for approximately 4.5km in distance.

The ZTV indicates that whilst there will be theoretical visibility for the first approximately 0.5km the next approximately 2km will have no visibility of the development. The final approximately 2km will have theoretical visibility, however this does not take into account any screening features.

When traveling west from Weston Underwood, although the first approximately 0.5km will have theoretical visibility it was found that at this distance and will intervening screening features, there will be no actual views of the development. The next approximately 2km will have no visibility at all. Realistically the development will begin to come into view approximately 150m to the east of the site, although even here it will still be significantly screened by vegetation, however glimpses through gaps in the trees and hedges will see parts of the solar panels. Briefly there will be an impact similar to Viewpoint 2, however very quickly the route passes behind a row of trees which provide a boundary to southern edge of the field and the is not more visibility for the remainder of the route.

Theoretically for the first approximately 2km of the route heading east from Brailsford there will be visibility of the development, however due to a combination of the shelterbelt which runs along the southern edge of the field in which the development is situated and a block of woodland between the path and the site, there is unlikely to be any views of the development.

Overall the magnitude of change would be negligible.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

5.7 Summary of Assessment Conclusions The project comprises a number of ground mounted solar panels, located on arable farmland to the north of the settlement of Brailsford. The methodology for the landscape and visual impact assessment (LVIA) adopted the guidelines set out by the Landscape Institute and the Institute for Environmental Management and Assessment, with assessment criteria being based on the Derbyshire Dales Local Plan.

Landscape Assessment Due to the construction methods where the panels are pile driven into the ground there is very little direct impacts on the landscape. Indirect effects are also limited due to the visibility of the scheme being minor and restricted to the immediate landscape. The site is well contained by mature shelterbelts which help to minimise the visual impact across the landscape and reduce the potential for impacts on the character area.

Effects on Designated Landscapes No designated landscape would be affected by the development, due to lack of visibility and distance.

Visual Assessment The viewpoint analysis indicates that significant visual effects are unlikely to occur out with the area immediately surrounding the proposed development. The conclusions from the viewpoint assessment have been used to form a view as to the level of overall visual effect within the study area.

Visual Effects: Construction Period There will be no significant visual effects resulting from the construction period and visibility of the ground based activity. Views of concentrated areas of construction could however lead to a temporary and negative effect that in some cases may appear more disruptive than the finished development. Post construction, the appearance of the site would recover a calmer visual character with negligible levels of activity visible on site from the nearest visual receptors.

Visual Effects: Operational Period There were no significant effects found from any of the viewpoints, settlements or routes. This was primarily due to most high sensitivity receptors being located at a considerable distance and views into the development site being heavily restricted by the mature shelterbelts and woodland.

5.8 Conclusion Overall the impact the Brailsford Solar Field would have a low landscape and visual impact. Generally the impact is fairly well contained to the immediate area around the development site. The landscape is of a medium scale and medium quality and characterised by its agricultural nature and contains a strong network of woodland. This not only provides a strong sense of containment to the development but also restricts long range visibility. Visually the scheme never constitutes a dominant feature and is only rarely visible and only from the areas immediately surrounding the development site.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

6 Glint and Glare Assessment

6.1 Introduction The potential for glint and glare from solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on the surrounding roads, residential properties and settlements should be fully considered when planning a solar farm.

Glint and glare are both caused by the reflection of light from a surface, in this case sunlight from a solar panel. Glare is caused by a continuous but less intense reflection of a bright dispersed light (known as diffuse reflection) whereas glint is caused by the direct reflection of sunlight on a reflective surface (also called specular reflection). Figure 6.1 shows these two key ways in which sunlight could potentially be reflected from a solar PV panel.

Figure 6.1 – Means by which light reflects from solar panels.

6.2 Background Information It is essential for solar panels to capture as much light as possible, therefore solar PV panels are specifically designed to absorb, not reflect, light from the sun.

Solar PV panels are manufactured with anti-reflective coatings to be as absorbent as possible in order to maximise the amount of light captured and subsequently converted to electricity. This causes solar panels to exhibit very low levels of reflectivity, and consequently, solar PV panels are substantially less reflective than non-coated glass and in many cases bodies of water, such as lochs and ponds. This is demonstrated in Figure 6.2.

Figure 6.2 – Percentage of sunlight reflected by common surfaces (Federal Aviation Administration, 2010)

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

A study2 into the levels of glint and glare arising from solar PV panels made the following findings:

 A panel with a single layer of anti-reflective coating reflects less than 10% of the sunlight striking it. By way of comparison agriculture vegetation reflects between 18% and 25% of solar radiation;  In order to maximize electricity production, panels are oriented toward the south and facing the sun, resulting in angles of reflection well above the built environment and nearby traffic corridors; and  Based on the geometric configuration of the panels relative to the path of the sun and the inherently low reflectivity of flat-plate photovoltaic modules it is highly unlikely that the proposed projects will result in hazardous glare conditions.

6.3 Methodology Throughout the day the sun will track across the sky, therefore the angle at which the light is incident on the panel will vary. Figure 6.3 illustrates the two angles required to define the orientation of the sun with the solar panel and the path the light takes when incident on the panels’ face.

Figure 6.3 – Sun’s position relative to solar panel

The laws of reflection (specular reflection) state that the angle of reflection will be equal to the angle of incidence, as shown in Figure 6.4. A desk based assessment of Brailsford Solar Field was conducted using the values for azimuth and elevation angle of the sun and the consequent angles of incidence and reflection at extreme points in the year i.e. summer solstice when the sun is highest and winter solstice when at its lowest. During the summer months the sun rises north of east and sets north of west. At these times the sun will evidently not be incident on the panel as such these periods have been omitted from analysis of glint and glare impacts i.e. only azimuth angles between 90o (east) and 270o (west) have been considered.

2 Potential Impacts from Reflection of Proposed Calipatria Solar Farm I & II (ESA, March 2011) © Green Cat Renewables Ltd Page 37

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Figure 6.4 – Light’s path as it is incident on solar panel at yearly extremes

Table 6.1 displays the angles at which the sun will strike the panels as they are sited. The angle of incidence is the angle at which the sun strikes the panel; the angle of reflection is the angle at which the light will be reflected at the panel. The angle from the normal is simply the angle the reflected light makes with a line parallel to the ground. These angles give a good indication of the likely impact from direct glare, as discussed below.

6.4 Assessment of Impact The results presented in Table 6.1 were obtained by using the methodology outlined above. These results were then used to form the basis for the impact assessment presented below.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Table 6.1 – Orientation of the sun at extremes (all angles in degrees)3 Time of Azimuth Angle of Incidence Angle of Direction of Elevation of Day Angle (relative to panel) Reflection Reflection Reflection at 1km (relative to (N = 0o) from panel (km) ground) Winter Solstice 09:17:19 130 24 131 310 1.16 10:00:00 139 29 126 319 1.36 11:00:00 151 34 121 331 1.66 12:00:00 165 37 118 345 1.91 13:00:00 179 39 116 359 2.01 14:00:00 193 38 117 13 1.93 15:00:00 207 35 120 27 1.70 16:00:00 220 30 125 40 1.41 16:51:27 230 24 131 50 1.16 Summer Solstice 04:40:19 47 ------05:00:00 51 ------06:00:00 63 ------07:00:00 74 ------08:00:00 85 ------09:00:00 97 60 95 277 11.93 10:00:00 111 69 86 249 14.48 11:00:00 128 77 78 232 4.79 12:00:00 150 83 72 210 3.12 13:00:00 176 85 70 184 2.69 14:00:00 203 84 71 157 2.93 15:00:00 227 79 76 133 4.11 16:00:00 245 71 84 115 9.18 17:00:00 259 63 92 79 24.37 18:00:00 272 ------19:00:00 283 ------20:00:00 294 ------21:00:00 306 ------21:36:04 313 ------

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

From Table 6.1 it is clear that the most likely times for impact are during the mornings and evenings in the winter months when the sun creates the lowest angle in the sky and therefore exhibits the lowest elevations of glint and glare and midday and early evenings in the summer months, when the reflections are relatively low and in a southerly direction. It is not anticipated that there will be any impact on local sensitivities for reasons highlighted in the following impact assessment.

Impacts on Residents and Settlements The town of Brailsford lies approximately 700m south-west of the proposed development and several scattered residences surround the site in all directions. It is not anticipated that there will be any impact on these receptors due to glint and glare for the following reasons;

 The only times reflections occur to the south are around midday during summer months, the angles of reflection in these instances are very large, meaning an observer would be required to be at elevations much greater than the built environment to be impacted by direct reflections (approximately 5.4km above the development if observer is 1km away);  Any properties located to the north, east or west of the scheme will not experience any impact from glint and glare as during the winter months when reflections occur in these directions the sun will be low in the sky and direct sunlight will dominate any glint effects, conversely during summer months the angles of reflection are high and the elevation of glint and glare far exceeds that of the local built environment.  The development is almost entirely screened to the village by hedgerows and woodland.

The impacts of glare on local residences are therefore anticipated to be negligible.

Impacts on Transport Corridors Using the methodology above it is expected that there will be no impact on nearby transport routes. An unclassified road passes the development to the west, established hedgerows providing screening coupled with the road lying at the same elevation as the proposed development means the likely impacts from glint and glare on road users is expected to be negligible.

The A52 passes approximately 700m south of the site. It is not anticipated that the scheme will be visible from the road due to screening from hedgerows and woodland, as such glint and glare is not expected to impact on users of the transport route.

Impact on Aerodromes and Aviation The nearest airports are Darley Moor Airfield, approximately 8.2km west, and Hucknall Airport, approximately 26.2km east. No impact on either airport is expected due to the elevation of reflections at these locations being far greater than regular landing and take-off flight paths.

Airports themselves have established the potential in installing PV arrays within the airport grounds or on rooftops to manage increasing energy costs and electricity demands of an airport. There are a significant number of solar projects operating at airports across the

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report globe. In the UK, Birmingham Airport, London Southend Airport and Gatwick Airport have invested in Solar PV arrays, in some instances adjacent to runways. Figure 6.5 shows the 200 roof mounted panels adjacent to the run way at Birmingham Airport.

Figure 6.5 – Birmingham Airport Rooftop PV Array4

6.5 Conclusion In conclusion, solar panels are specifically designed to absorb light rather than reflect it. The panels are coated with anti-reflective coatings in order to be as absorbent as possible and reflect a similar amount of light as standing bodies of water. Therefore due to the low reflectivity of solar PV panels, local screening from foliage and the low elevation of the surrounding land in conjunction with the predicted angles of reflection, the expected impact of glare from the solar farm on surrounding roads, air traffic, residential properties and settlements is considered to be negligible.

4 http://thebirminghampress.com/2012/02/birmingham-airport-powers-up-with-solar-panels/ © Green Cat Renewables Ltd Page 41

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

7 Cultural Heritage/Archaeology

7.1 Introduction Cultural heritage is represented by a wide range of features, both above and below ground, which result from past human use of the landscape. These include historic buildings, many still in use, sub-surface archaeological remains and artefact scatters. These also include earthwork monuments as well as landscape features such as field boundaries and industrial remains.

7.2 Guidance  NPPF – Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment;  PPS 5 – Planning for the Historic Environment; and  The Setting of Heritage Assets (2011).

7.3 Methodology In the preparation of this assessment, a range of historical and technical data has been collected and analysed. The following sources were consulted:

 Historic Environment Record (HER) via www.heritagegateway.org.uk;  National Monuments Record (HER) via www.pastscape.org.uk;  Listed Buildings Online;  Historic Environment Local Management (HELM);  National Mapping Programme; and  Historic England’s database of; Listed Buildings, Scheduled Monuments (SMs), Special Areas of Conservation, Battlefields, World Heritage Sites and monuments proposed for scheduling.

A phased approach to the assessment was adopted:

 Direct Impact: The area most at risk of direct impact was assessed to be all land within the application area, including the development footprint; and

 The indirect visual impacts on the setting and character of known cultural heritage sites have been considered within this assessment. Nationally significant features such as: Scheduled Monuments, Parks and Gardens, Grade I Listed Buildings, Battlefields, World Heritage Sites and regionally significant features such as Grade II and II* Listed Buildings and Special Areas of Conservation have been considered within 2km of the solar farm boundary.

ZTVs were used to assess what the potential indirect visual impact of the solar farm may be from cultural heritage sites within the 2km study area.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Assessment Criteria The following criteria presented in Tables 7.1 and 7.2 below have been used in the assessment of significance of any direct or indirect impact on sites of cultural heritage importance.

Table 7.1 – Sensitivity of built and cultural heritage features Sensitivity Definition

High Grade I listed buildings; Scheduled Monument; Parks and Gardens; World Heritage Sites; Battlefields; Non-statutory List of sites likely to be of national importance. Medium Grade II and II* listed buildings; Archaeological sites on the Sites and Monuments Record (of regional and local importance); Special Areas of Conservation. Low Archaeological sites of lesser importance; Non-Inventory Gardens and Designed Landscapes.

Table 7.2 - Magnitude of built and cultural heritage effects Magnitude Definition

High Any development and/or ancillary development that would result in: the removal or partial removal of key features, areas or evidence important to the historic character and integrity of the site, which could result in the substantial loss of physical integrity; and/or a substantial obstruction of existing view by the addition of uncharacteristic elements dominating the view, significantly altering the quality of the setting or the visual amenity of the site both to and from. Medium Any development and/or ancillary development that would result in: the removal of one or more key features, parts of the designated site, or evidence at the secondary or peripheral level, but are not features fundamental to its historic character and integrity; and/or a partial obstruction of existing view by the addition of uncharacteristic elements which, although not affecting the key visual and physical relationships, could be an important feature in the views, and significantly alter the quality of the setting or visual amenity of the site both to and from. Low Any development and/or ancillary development that would result in: a partial removal/minor loss, and/or alteration to one or more peripheral and/or secondary elements/features, but not significantly affecting the historic integrity of the site or affect the key features of the site; and/or an introduction of elements that could be intrusive in views, and could alter to a small degree the quality of the setting or visual amenity of the site both to and from. Negligible Any development and/or ancillary development that would result in: a relatively small removal, and/or alteration to small, peripheral and/or unimportant elements/features, but not affect the historic integrity of the site or the quality of the surviving evidence; and/or an introduction of elements that could be visible but not intrusive in views, and the overall quality of the setting or visual amenity of the site would not be affected both to and from.

The level of an effect is determined by the combination of sensitivity and magnitude of change. The following matrix has been used to determine the overall impact.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Table 7.3 – Assessment of overall impact matrix

Magnitude Sensitivity

High Medium Low High High High Medium Medium High Medium Low Low Medium Low Negligible Negligible Low Negligible Negligible

7.4 Baseline Data Direct Impact With reference to the historic records, it was found that there are no known historic features within the development footprint of the proposed solar farm. The closest known historic feature to the development is an unnamed asset located approximately 900m to the south-west. The unnamed feature appears on the Historic Environment Record, Monument Number: 1498333. The historic records describe the feature as a, ‘Primitive Methodist chapel built in 1845 with a three-bay front.’ The historic records indicate that the church dates from the post-medieval period.

Indirect Impact The historic records indicate that there are thirty features of historical significance within 2km of the proposed solar farm. The locations of these features are shown in Figure 7.1. Brief descriptions of the thirty historic assets are given in Table 7.4.

Figure 7.1 – Historic Features within 2km of proposed Solar Farm, showing area of theoretical visibility

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Table 7.4 – Historic features within 2km of the proposed Brailsford Solar Field LB no. Listing No. Distance Name Grading & Description LB 1 1109734 ~1.6km Church of all Parish church. C12, C14, C15, 1629. Coursed Saints squared sandstone with sandstone dressings. I Welsh slate and lead roofs. West tower, nave with south aisle, long chancel with north vestry. LB 2 1311459 ~0.6km Top Wildpark Farmhouse. Late C18 and early C19. Red brick Farmhouse II with plain tile roof brick ridge stack and brick gable stack dentilled eaves band LB 3 1335068 ~1.7km Barn and Barn and cowhouse. Early C19.Red brick with Attached plain tile half-hipped roofs L-plan. Two storey II Cowhouse at Hall barn and single storey cowhouse. Farm LB 4 1311448 ~1.7km Hall Farmhouse Farmhouse. C16, early C19 and late C19.Close studded timber framing, sandstone ashlar and II red brick, partly cement rendered, plain tile roofs with two external gable stacks, one ridge stack and one eaves stack. L-plan, two storeys. LB 5 1335067 ~1.7km Shuckton Manor Farmhouse dated 1729. Brick laid in Flemish Farmouse II bond. Plain tile roofs with a brick gable end stack and massive brick central stack. LB 6 1335064 ~1.6km North Farmhouse Farmhouse, possibly former farmhouse and cottage. Mid C18. Red brick with plain tile roof, II brick ridge stack and brick gable end stack. Sawtooth brick eaves cornice. Two storeys. LB 7 1109709 ~1.9km Brailsford Mill Mill, now used for storage. Reputed to be dated 1693. Red brick and sandstone ashlar. II Plain tile roofs with one brick gable stack. Two storeys. LB 8 1335065 ~1.8km Brailsford Mill Farmhouse. 'Late C17 and mid C19. Coursed Farmhouse and squared sandstone and red brick. Plain tile II attached roofs, brick ridge stack and three brick gable outbuildings end stacks. LB 9 1109743 ~1.9km Boundary Post Boundary post. Early C19. Cast iron. Triangular II in plan with sloping upper part rising to back plate with curved top. LB 10 1158243 ~1.9km Brailsford Bridge Bridge. Early C19. Coursed squared gritstone. II Three round arches with stone voussoirs. LB 11 1335039 ~1.9km Churchyard Cross Churchyard cross. C10 or earlier. Sandstone II shaft, set on a modern base, the original base stands on a stone slab to the side. LB 12 1109735 ~1.9km Church Stable Stable. 1754. Red brick with plain tile roof and II brick coped gables with plain kneelers. LB 13 1109707 ~1.2km Old Rectory House. Early C16 or earlier, 1682, 1883, and 1925. Red brick, sandstone and timber framing, II plain tile roof with two brick ridge stacks and an external stack to south. Two storeys. LB 14 1335063 ~1.1km Hall Farmhouse Farmhouse. Late C17 and early C18. Sandstone II and red brick. Plain tile roofs with two brick ridge stacks and a brick gable stack. LB 15 1109706 ~1.0km Barn to South of Barn to south of Green Farmhouse GV II Barn, Green Farmhouse II stables and cowhouse. Mid Cl9. Red brick with sandstone dressings. LB 16 1109705 ~1.0km Green Farmhouse Farmhouse. Early C18. Red brick with ashlar II dressings. Plain tile roof with two brick ridge

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

LB no. Listing No. Distance Name Grading & Description stacks. Two storeys. LB 17 1335040 ~1.0km School House House. c1870s. Red brick with plain tile roof II and paired brick gable stacks. Two storeys. LB 18 1158175 ~1.0km School School. Early C19. Painted brick with plain tile II roofs, brick ridge and gable stacks. Dentilled eaves band. Two storeys. LB 19 1158191 ~1.0km The Bakery House. C17, refronted mid C18. Sandstone and II red brick. Plain tile roof. Two storeys. LB 20 1335042 ~1.0km Towns Well Well. Probably early C19. Coursed squared II sandstone. LB 21 1158246 ~1.0km Brailsford House House. Extensively remodelled early C19. White II painted brick with plain tile hipped roof. Brick ridge stack. Two storeys. LB 22 1109746 ~1.0km Coach House at Coach-house. Early C19. White painted brick II Brailsford House with plain tile roof, Two storeys. LB 23 1109742 ~0.9km Garage Cottages Terrace of five or six cottages, now three II and Garage Shops cottages and a shop. Early C19. LB 24 1158251 ~0.9km Oaklands House. Late C18. Red brick with ashlar dressings. Plain tile hipped roof. Stacks to rear. II Moulded ashlar cornice and parapet above. Two storeys. LB 25 1335043 ~0.9km Coach House at Coach-house, now garage and outbuildings. the Oaklands II Late C18 red brick with plain tile roofs. One and two storeys. LB 26 1158524 ~1.2km Boundary Post II Boundary post. Early C19. Cast iron. LB 27 1109741 ~1.5km Pools Head Farmhouse. Late C18. Red brick plain tile roof Farmhouse with brick coped gables and plain kneelers. II Dentilled eaves. Brick gable stacks. Three storeys. SM 1 1020944 ~1.4km Fishponds 260m The monument includes the earthwork and below north west of ground remains of a series of fishponds situated Mercaston Hall 260m north west of Mercaston Hall Farm. They drain Farm to the north east into Mercaston Brook but areas of the ponds still become waterlogged in wet weather. The fishponds survive as a series of three depressions aligned north east-south west along a shallow valley. SM 2 1021232 ~1.2km Ravensdale deer The monument includes the earthwork and buried park, lodge, mill remains of Ravensdale deer park and those of the and fishpond associated lodge, mill, fishpond and trackway all of which lie within eleven separate areas of protection. The site is situated within four parishes, the present parish boundary for Ravensdale Park partly utilises this monument's park pale or boundary bank. SM 3 1008607 ~1.6km Anglo- The monument includes the shaft of a late ninth or Scandinavian high tenth century high cross and the separate socle or cross shaft and base of a medieval standing cross. Together, shaft medieval cross and socle stand as markers at the west and east ends base in the respectively of the grave of Charles Henry Fairfax churchyard of All who was rector of the parish of Brailsford from 1904 Saints' Church until his death in 1919.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

As indicated in Figure 7.1, Listed Buildings 1 to 4, and 7 to 27 as well as Scheduled Monuments 1 and 3 are not within the area of predicted visibility of the solar project and will therefore not experience any view of the development. Due to the intervening distance, approximately 1.6 to 1.7km, between LBs 5 and 6 and the proposed development, the project is predicted to appear as part of the wider landscape.

The scheduled Ravensdale deer park (SM 2) will have theoretical views of the proposed development. However, the ZTV is a bare earth model that does not take into account screening from either the natural or built environments. Consequently, although SM: 2 will have theoretical visibility of the solar farm it is considered that the intervening landscape combined with the foliage present within the scheduled monument’s current setting will mitigate these theoretical views. This is particularly relevant for developments such as a solar farm due to their low lying and unobtrusive nature.

7.5 Assessment of Impacts Direct Impact The construction of the solar farm will involve minimal ground-breaking works as the mounting structures only require four steel poles per unit to be piled into the ground to a maximum depth of 2m. No foundations or significant ground breaking works are required.

The site of the proposed solar farm will not directly impact upon any known features of cultural heritage or archaeological significance. The nearest feature is unnamed and lies some 900m from the site boundary and will not be at any risk of direct impact.

Indirect visual impacts within 2km Thirty historic features have been identified within the 2km study radius of the proposed solar farm. As indicated in Figure 7.1, Listed Buildings 1 to 4, and 7 to 27 as well as Scheduled Monuments 1 and 3 were found to lie outside the ZTV.

The solar farm is predicted to appear as part of the wider landscape from LBs: 5 and 6. Consequently, the proposed development will have no impact upon the aforementioned historic features. The potential indirect visual impacts of the proposed solar farm upon the scheduled Ravensdale deer park are considered within Table 7.5 below.

Table 7.5 - Effects and Evaluation of Significance: Indirect visual impacts upon within 2km Name Ravensdale deer park (SM 2) Distance ~1.2km Sensitivity High Magnitude Negligible Significance Low Comment As detailed within Table 7.4 the deer park (SM 2) comprises of an earthwork and buried remains, consequently the deer park is not a dominant feature in the landscape. As shown in Figure 7.1, the deer park is an extensive feature, the full extent of which does not lie within the proposed solar farm’s ZTV. The deer park currently comprises of modern agricultural fields bordered by hedge rows and mature woodlands. The nature of the deep park is such that the intervening hedge rows and mature woodlands are predicted to restrict potential views of the proposed development. No significant adverse impact upon the current setting of SMs: 2 is predicted.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

7.6 Mitigation Incorporated into the Proposed Development Current proposals indicate that the proposed solar development will not directly or indirectly impact upon any known features of cultural heritage or archaeological significance. No mitigation is required.

In the event that archaeological features are encountered, an appropriate program of archaeological works will be implemented to the satisfaction of the planning authority.

7.7 Conclusion There are no known features of historical significance within the development footprint.

The records indicated that a total of thirty historic features are located within 2km of the proposed solar farm location. Due to their current settings, having no theoretical visibility and the intervening distance between the proposed solar farm and the historic features the majority of the historic features within 2km were not considered further.

The indirect visual impacts upon Ravensdale deer park (SM 2) were considered further within the assessment. Potential views of the proposed solar farm from Ravensdale Deer Park (SM 2) were found to be screened by intervening foliage; consequently the overall indirect visual impact of the proposed solar farm upon the deer park was considered to be low.

According to current proposals the Brailsford Solar Field would not directly or indirectly cause significant or adverse impact upon any known features of historical significance.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

8 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology This section presents an overview of the baseline water environment at the site, including flood risk. Due to the unobtrusive nature of solar PV developments, all hydrological issues are likely to be relatively minor at this site.

8.1 Terrain Description The proposed Brailsford Solar Field site is located approximately 700m north-east of the settlement of Brailsford and approximately 7km south-east of Ashbourne in the Derbyshire Dales District. The site is generally flat and the elevation of the site rises from 150m at the northern boundary of the site to 160m AOD at the southern boundary.

The site is currently be used as arable farmland.

8.2 Hydrology The proposed site and the fields around are free draining, and only a relatively small amount of surface water is generated by heavy rainfall. Any runoff generated by rainfall on the site tends to flow towards the north-east and flow into one of the field drains that flow towards Brailsford Common.

Ground mounted solar PV arrays are not considered to have significant impact or disruption to runoff as although the panel themselves are impermeable, rainfall will drain in-between the modules, allowing the runoff to filter into the ground without significant disruption to the natural flow of surface water.

Figure 8.1 below highlights the route of precipitation, from upon falling onto the solar panels and running off into the ground.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

Figure 8.1 – Runoff from solar modules

8.3 Flood Risk From the Environment Agency’s flood map for planning (available on the EA website) it can be seen that the area within which the site is located in, is not located within Flood Zone 2 or 3, therefore there is a negligible probability of a flood occurring.

Brailsford Solar Field Environmental Report

The proposed construction method mitigation that will be implemented during the construction of the solar farm has been laid out within the Environmental Management plan found in Volume VI: Environmental Management Plan. The following risks have been discussed within the Environmental Management Plan:

 Disruption to existing flow;  Sedimentation and erosion;  Chemical pollution and;  Increase in runoff.

8.4 Conclusion The majority of potentially significant negative impacts on water quality are only predicted to occur in the short term through potential increased sedimentation and pollution during the construction phase.

It is anticipated that the adoption of best practice management and control procedures by all site personnel, and the implementation of the mitigation methods proposed in Volume VI: Environmental Management Plan, will ensure these risks are kept to acceptable levels.