Middle East Journal of Agriculture Volume : 04 | Issue : 03 | July-Sept. | 2015 Research Pages: 503-508 ISSN 2077-4605

Biology of decipiens Paoli on Cotton and Faba Bean Plants

Khalafallah, E.M.E., M.A. Khattab and E.A.EL-Srand

Piercing-Sucking Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Egypt.

ABSTRACT

The development of efficient integrated insect management strategy necessitates more information on the insect biology on the different host plants. Therefore, biological parameters of Paoli were studied on faba bean, L. and cotton, barbadense L under semi-natural conditions inside wire breeding chamber at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. The results showed higher number of laid / female and emerged nymphs of E. decipiens on faba bean than cotton. Also, the highest number of eggs was laid in cotyledons of cotton and in of faba bean. The duration of nymphal instars was significantly shorter on faba bean. The mortality during the nymphs period was lower on faba bean than on cotton and it was only recorded during the early instars. The longevity of male and female was longer on faba bean than on cotton without significant difference and male lived shorter than female on the two hosts. Life span of female was longer than male and they were shorter on faba bean than on cotton without significant difference. Finally, it can be concluded that faba bean was more preferred host to E. decipiens than cotton under semi-natural conditions. Thus, the results are important in developing an efficient integrated management of E. decipiens.

Key words: Biology, Vicia faba L., Gossypium barbadense L., Empoasca decipien Paoli

Introduction

The green , Empoasca decipiens Paoli is one of the most important insect pests on a wide variety of crops and non-cultivated plants (Atlihan et al., 2003; Gencsoylu & Yalcin, 2004; Rassoulian et al., 2005; Naseri et al., 2007; Demirel &Yildirim, 2008 and Awadalla et al., 2013). Both nymphs and adults of E. decipiens cause serious damage by removing sap directly from vital cells and plant tissues, which results in damage to leaves and stems, thus producing general debilitation of the entire plant and/ or may be caused by punctures of the larger spots (Raupach et al., 2002 and Backus et al., 2005). The also, inject a toxin into the foliage causing down curling of edges, which turn yellow at first, then become brown and began to die (Nielson, 1985; El-Gindy, 2002 and Backus et al., 2005) and this symptom is known as hopper burn. The insect causes indirect damage by transmitting pathogenic organisms such as viruses, mycoplasma, spiroplasma and bacteria (Weeb, 1987; Nault & Ammar, 1989; Malaschi, 1995; Orenstein et al., 2003 and Beanland et al., 2006). However, the host plant is one of the main factors affecting insect development, survivorship, reproduction and life cycle parameters (Kim & Lee, 2002). The population parameters are important in the measurement of population growth capacity of under specified conditions. These parameters are also used as indices of population growth rates responding to selected conditions and as bioclimatic indices in assessing the potential of a population growth in a new area (Southwood & Henderson, 2000). The development of efficient integrated pest management strategies necessitates more information on the pest biology on the different host plants, as it is a prerequisite for methods compatible with integrated pest management (Medeiros et al., 2004&2005 and Fathi et al., 2009). However, biological parameters of E. decipiens has been studied on various host plants under different environmental conditions (Radeliffe & Johnson,1994; Raupach et al.,2002; Medeiros et al.,2005; Naseri et al.,2007 and Fathi et al.,2009). This work was carried out to study some biological aspects of E. decipiens on two preferred hosts; faba bean, Vicia faba L. and cotton, Gossypium barbadensce L. under semi-natural conditions at Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. Materials and Methods Study of certain biological parameters of E. decipiens was carried out on two host plants; cotton, Gossypium barbadence L. (Giza 86) and faba bean, Vicia faba L. (Giza461) under semi-natural conditions at Sakha Agric. Res. Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. Adults of the were originally collected by a sweeping net from unsprayed cotton fields at Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt (about 130 km north of Cairo). The collected adults of the leafhoppers were identified

Corresponding Author: E.M.E., Khalafallah, Piercing-Sucking Insect Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Egypt E-mail: [email protected]

503 Middle East J. Agric. Res., 4(3): 503-508, 2015 ISSN 2077-4605 according to Herakly (1980) to obtain E. decipiens specimen, which used to start stock colony for the present work. The leafhopper, E. decipiens was reared exclusively on cotton seedlings at the second and third leaf stage, cultivated individually in plastic pots (19 cm in height and 12 cm in diameter) inside wire breeding chamber (4x3x2m) placed in the open, in shaded area at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh. The seedlings were watered regularly as needed. Daily minimum and maximum temperature and relative humidity inside the breeding chamber were recorded throughout the period of experiment. To study the adult longevity, oviposition period and fecundity of E. decipiens, one pair of newly emerged male and female leafhopper from stock colony was confined on one host seedling in chimney glass cage No.7. It is well known that E. decipiens females lay their eggs within the leaf vein tissue (Raupach et al., 2002 and Backus et al., 2005) and they are not visible to the naked eye (Schöpke,1996), consequently the number of laid eggs could not recorded. So, the total number of emerged nymphs indicates to a great degree to the number of laid eggs. All pairs were daily transferred gently to new fresh seedling under chimney glass cage No.7 using a fine camel brush and this continued until the cessation hatching. Then, the date of the egg hatch and the number of first instar nymphs emerged were recorded daily in each cage. The number of days each female spent on the plant without nymphs hatching was recorded to calculate the pre-oviposition period. Also, longevity of male and female in each cage was recorded until their death. The egg incubation period was calculated according to Raupach et al. (2002) as follows: Ed = ∑(ni x xi) / ∑ni Where: Ed = The time from oviposition to emergence of the first instar (in days) xi = The development time (in days) ni = The number of nymphs To study nymphal duration and mortality, newly emerged nymph was maintained singly on host seedling transplanted in glass specimen tube (20 cm long, 3 cm in diam.), covered by muslin and fitted by rubber band as described by Ammar (1977). Nymphs were examined daily to record nymphal moult. Exuviae were removed from the cage after every moult and the status of nymphs (death or completion of their development to adult stage and their gender) was recorded in each cage. Each treatment was replicated ten times for each host. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using F-test and the means were compared according to t- test and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955).

Results and Discussion

However, the laid eggs of E. decipiens are visually impossible to detect (Schöpke, 1996) because the adult females lay their eggs into the plant tissues (Raupach et al., 2002 and Backus et al., 2005). Therefore, the number of emerged nymphs indicates to a great degree to the number of laid eggs.

Oviposition sites of E. decipiens on cotton and faba bean: The results in Table (1) indicated that the oviposition sites of E. decipiens significantly varied from part to another for each host. On cotton, the highest number of eggs (79.02%) was laid in cotyledons followed by in leaves (16.09%), while the least number of eggs was laid in stem (4.89%). With regard to faba bean, there is no eggs laid in cotyledons and all eggs were laid in leaves (85.56%) and the stem (14.44%). Also, the total of laid eggs was insignificantly higher on faba bean than on cotton, as it averaged 18.70 and 17.40 eggs/female/life, respectively. These results are in accordance with those obtained by Sewify (1984) who showed that on cotton plants, females of E. decipiens laid the highest number of eggs in cotyledons, while the lowest number was laid in the stem. Also, no eggs were laid in cotyledons of faba bean and the highest number of eggs was laid in the leaves, while the least number of eggs was laid in the stem.

Table 1: Mean numbers and percentage of eggs laid in different parts of cotton and faba bean by E. decipiens under semi- natural conditions (25.50 – 33.00 oC and 40 -55 % RH) Cotton Faba bean Oviposition site % of eggs % of eggs Mean±SE* Mean±SE* laid/ female laid/ female Cotyledons 13.75±1.18 a 79.02 00.00 c 00.00 Leaves 2.80±0.55 b 16.09 16.00±1.14 a 85.56 Stem 0.85±0.36 c 4.89 2.70±0.59 b 14.44 Total 17.40±0.71 100.00 18.70±0.79 100.00 SE * = standard error For every column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (1955)

504 Middle East J. Agric. Res., 4(3): 503-508, 2015 ISSN 2077-4605

Egg incubation period: The results presented in Table (2) revealed that the egg incubation period of E. decipiens was significantly longer on cotton than faba bean (at 5% level). The period of egg incubation was 6.75 and 5.50 days, respectively. The obtained results agree with those of Habib et al. (1972) and Sewify (1984) who found that the egg incubation period of E. decipiens was shorter on faba bean than on cotton. In contrast, Fathi et al. (2009) reported that egg incubation period of E. decipiens was not significantly different on four cultivars. Also, it was clear that the number of emerged nymphs was higher on faba bean than on cotton without significant difference, as it was 18.70 and 17.40 nymphs/ female/ life, respectively. This means that faba bean was more preferred host than cotton for oviposition.

Table 2: The egg incubation period of E. decipiens and number of emerged nymphs/female on cotton and faba bean under semi-natural conditions (25.50 – 33.00 oC and 40 -55 % RH) Egg incubation period No. of emerged nymphs / Host ±SE* (day) female (± SE*) Cotton 6.75 ± 0.14 17.40 ± 0.37 Faba bean 5.50 ± 0.15 18.70 ± 0.41 t-calculated 2.60* 1.24 SE*= standard error t-tabulated = 2.26 at 5% and 3.25 at 1%

Nymphal stage duration and rate of mortality: During the nymphal stage, E. decipiens moulted four times, passing through five nymphal instars before the adult emergence. In general, the duration of nymphal instars was significantly longer on cotton than on faba bean (Table3). The mean development time of the five nymphal instars from hatching to adult emergence was 10.70 and 9.30 days on cotton and faba bean, respectively. It was apparent that the late instars had longer duration than early ones. The mean duration of each the first three instars was less than two days, whereas both fourth and fifth instar took more than two days on average to complete. The shortest nymphal development time on faba bean was due to its quality as host for E. decipiens as mentioned by Koblet- Gunthardt( 1975). Also, the results in Table (3) revealed that faba bean proved to be favorabe host for nymphs of E. decipiens than cotton, as the total mortality during the nymphal period was lower on faba bean than on cotton, as it recorded 8.17 and 30.65 %, respectively. The mortality of nymphs was only recorded during the early instars. On cotton, the highest rate mortality was observed during the second instar (17.39%) followed by the first instar (8.00%), while the least mortality rate (5.26%) was recorded during the third instar. As for faba bean, the nymphal mortality occurred only during the first and second instar by 4.00 and 4.17 %, respectively.

Table 3: Mean duration (day) of the nymphal instars of E. decipiens and mortality percentage on cotton and faba bean under semi-natural conditions (25.50 – 33.00 oC and 40 -55 % RH)

Cotton Faba bean Nymphal instar Mean±SE* Mortality% Mean±SE* Mortality% 1st instar 1.95±0.20 8.00 1.60±0.16 4.00 2nd instar 1.95±0.12 17.39 1.20±0.13 4.17 3rd instar 1.90±0.23 5.26 1.65±0.15 0.00 4th instar 2.25±0.16 0.00 2.25±0.14 0.00 5th instar 2.65±0.20 0.00 2.60±0.16 0.00 Total duration of nymphal 10.70±0.13 30.65 9.30±0.17 8.17 instars SE*= standard error t-calculated= 2.41* t-tabulated = 2.26 at 5% and 3.25 at 1%

Adult longevity and oviposition period: The results in Table (4) showed that both the male and female of E. decipiens lived longer on faba bean than on cotton but without significant difference. Also, female lived longer than male on the two hosts used. The longevity of females was 27.75 and 28.50 days on cotton and faba bean, respectively, while longevity of males averaged 20.50 and 21.50 days, respectively. The obtained results confirmed the findings of Herakly (1970) and Sewify (1984) who found that the longevity of male and female of E. decipiens was longer on faba bean than on cotton. The pre-oviposition period of female ranged from 6.50 days on faba bean to 6.75 days on cotton, while the post-oviposition period varied from 10.75 days on faba bean to 11.50 days on cotton (Table 4). The oviposition period averaged 9.00 and 9.25 days on faba bean and cotton, respectively.

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Table 4: Duration of oviposition period and adult longevity of E. decipiens on cotton and faba bean under semi-natural conditions (25.50 – 33.00 oC and 40 -55 % RH) Mean duration period(day) ± SE* on Character t-calculated Cotton Faba bean Adult longevity Male 20.50±0.39 21.50±0.58 2.17 Female 27.75±0.28 28.50±0.29 1.70 Pre-oviposition period 6.75±0.21 6.50±0.14 0.93 Oviposition period 9.25±0.16 9.00±0.13 1.25 Post-oviposition 11.50±0.11 10.75±0.12 3.53** SE*= standard error t-tabulated = 2.26 at 5% and 3.25 at 1%

Total life span: In general, the life span (from egg deposition to adult death) of E. decipiens females was longer than males (Table 5). The life span also, was longer on cotton than on faba bean without significant difference. It averaged 37.95 and 45.20 days for male and female, respectively on cotton, while it was 36.30 and 43.30 days on faba bean, respectively. However, many authors studied the effect of host plants on the life cycle parameters of E. decipiens. The nature of the leaf texture of the plant (hairs, trichomes and glands) may play a role in the host plant preference to E. decipiens. Zareh (1987) found a negative significant correlation between infestation by Empoasca spp. and the density of hairs and glands on the lower surface of cotton leaf where the number of insects was reduced in cultivars having thick hairs. Amr (1993) found a negative correlation between jassid infestation of different cotton varieties and the number of stellate and glandular trichomes in leaf epidermis. Raupach et al. (2002) reported that host plant species had a significant effect on the nymphal development time of E. decipiens. The shortest development time was recorded on broad bean and the longest on aubergines. This was due to that the lower leaf side which E. decipiens preferred for feeding is very pubescent in aubergines and not pubescent in broad bean. The significantly longer nymphal development time on tomatoes compared to broad bean, sweet pepper and was most likely due to the pubescent nature of the leaf surface. Older cucumber plants were significantly preferred to adult of E. decipiens for oviposition compared to younger cucumber plants. Moreover, the hairy glands on leaves and stems of tomato possibly affect the mobility and feeding activities of E. decipiens nymphs. In addition, tomato plants contain the alkaloid tomatine, toxic for many herbivores (Stamp and Yang1996). Fathi et al. (2009) found that the density of glandular trichomes on the lower leaf surface of some potato cultivars probably had higher effect on life cycle of E. decipiens than the density of simple trichomes through restricting nymphs and adults mobility and feeding. The high density of trichomes (simple and glandular) increased the nymphal development time and life span of male and female. Also, nymphal development time was significantly longer on more pubescent cultivars compared with glabrous or less pubescent ones, meanwhile the adult life span was longer in less pubescent cultivars. The survival rate of nymphs was higher on less pubescent cultivars than more pubescent ones. On the other hand, the density of simple and glandular trichomes had no effect on egg incubation period. Mahmoud et al. (2011) showed that broad bean was the most preferred host to E. decipiens, while lupine plant was the least one. Comparing biological parameters of E. decipiens on the two host plants under semi- natural conditions, it can be concluded that faba bean was more preferred host plant than cotton. These results are useful and important in development of efficient integrated pest management strategies.

Table 5: Mean life span of E. decipiens on cotton and faba bean under semi-natural conditions (25.50 – 33.00 oC and 40 -55 % RH) Mean duration period(day) ± SE* on Character cotton Faba bean t-calculated Egg incubation period 6.75 ± 0.14 5.50±0.15 2.60* Duration of nymphal stage 10.70±0.13 9.30±0.17 2.41* Adult longevity Male 20.50 ±0.39 21.50±0.58 2.17 Female 27.75±0.28 28.50±0.29 1.70 Total life span Male 37.95±0.43 36.30±0.44 0.87 Female 45.20±0.39 43.30±0.51 1.61 SE*= standard error t-tabulated = 2.262 at 5% and 3.250 at 1%

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