Revised
COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT for PROPOSED MULTIPURPOSE JAMRANI DAM PROJECT
Submitted to MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FOREST , New Delhi
Submitted by JAMRANI DAM CONSTRUCTION DIVISION-I, Irrigation Department, Kathgodam, Uttarakhand October, 2009 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1-4 1.1 Introduction ...... 1-7 1.1.1 Irrigation scenario of Uttarakhand ...... 1-7 1.1.2 Hydro Power Potential of Uttarakhand ...... 1-8 1.2 NECESSITY & JUSTIFICATION FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT ...... 1-9 1.3 JAMARANI MULTIPURPOSES DAM PROJECT: AN OVERVIEW ...... 1-10 1.3.1 Location and Approach ...... 1-10 1.3.2 Project Features ...... 1-12 1.3.3 Main Dam ...... 1-15 1.3.4 Coffer Dams ...... 1-16 1.3.5 Reservoir ...... 1-16 1.3.6 Gola (Kathgodam) Barrage ...... 1-16 1.3.7 Power Generation ...... 1-17 1.4 PROJECT OPERATIONS ...... 1-20 1.4.1 Construction Material Requirement ...... 1-20 1.4.2 Anticipated Project Scheduling ...... 1-22 1.5 PROJECT COST ...... 1-22 1.6 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 1-22 1.7 SCOPING OF THE PROJECT ...... 1-24 CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY ...... 2-25 2.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 2-25 2.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT STUDY ...... 2-25 2.2.1 Landuse – Landcover Classification...... 2-26 2.2.2 Slope ...... 2-26 2.2.3 Soil ...... 2-26 2.3 AIR, NOISE AND WATER ENVIRONMENT STUDY...... 2-27 2.3.1 Air Quality Assessment ...... 2-27 2.3.2 Sound Level Measurement ...... 2-27 2.3.3 Water Quality Assessment ...... 2-28 2.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 2-31 2.4.1 Floral Study ...... 2-31 2.4.2 Faunal Study ...... 2-33 2.4.3 Aquatic Fauna ...... 2-33 2.5 SOCIOECONOMIC STUDY ...... 2-34 2.5.1 Socioeconomic survey of project affected villages ...... 2-34 2.5.2 SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA ...... 2-35 CHAPTER 3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 3-36 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 3-36 3.2 CLIMATE ...... 3-36 3.2.1 Meteorology...... 3-36 3.2.2 Temperature ...... 3-37 3.2.3 Humidity ...... 3-37 3.2.4 Rainfall ...... 3-37 3.2.5 Cloud cover: ...... 3-38 3.2.6 Special Weather Phenomena ...... 3-39 3.3 GEOLOGY OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 3-39 3.4 TECTONICS AND SEISMICITY OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 3-43 3.4.1 Seismology ...... 3-43 1-1
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
3.4.2 Report on the Microearthquake studies around Jamrani Dam Site ...... 3-45 3.4.3 Analysis of Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) possibility ...... 3-46 Location ...... 3-47 3.5 SOIL QUALITY ...... 3-48 3.5.1 Soil and Soil Classification and physical parameters: ...... 3-48 3.6 LAND USE / LAND COVER ...... 3-51 3.7 SITE ALTERNATIVES ...... 3-54 3.8 PRESENCE OF ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT MINERAL DEPOSIT ...... 3-54 3.9 ARCHAEOLOGICAL / RELIGIOUS / HISTORICAL MONUMENTS ...... 3-54 CHAPTER 4 WATER ENVIRONMENT ...... 4-55 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 4-55 4.2 BASIN CHARACTERISTICS OF RIVER GOLA ...... 4-55 4.3 COMMAND AREA ...... 4-55 4.4 HYDROLOGY ...... 4-55 4.5 WATER QUALITY ...... 4-56 CHAPTER 5 AIR AND NOISE ENVIRONMENT ...... 5-61 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 5-61 5.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ...... 5-61 5.2.1 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 5-61 5.2.2 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results ...... 5-62 5.2.3 Conclusions ...... 5-63 Sensitive Area ...... 5-63 5.3 Ambient NOISE ENVIRONNENT ...... 5-64 5.3.1 Ambient Noise Level Monitoring Locations ...... 5-64 5.3.2 Ambient Noise Level Monitoring Results ...... 5-64 CHAPTER 6 : STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 6-68 6.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 6-68 6.2 OBJECTIVES ...... 6-68 6.3 Terrestrial Ecology ...... 6-69 6.3.1 Characterization of forest types ...... 6-69 6.3.2 Terrestrial Flora ...... 6-71 6.3.3 Terrestrial Fauna ...... 6-108 6.3.4 Details fossils plants and animals present in the area ...... 6-116 6.4 AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 6-116 6.4.1 Introduction ...... 6-116 6.4.2 Objective ...... 6-116 6.4.3 METHODOLOGY FOR AQUATIC FAUNA ...... 6-117 6.4.4 Site Morphology ...... 6-119 6.4.5 RIVER MORPHOLOGY ...... 6-123 6.4.6 RESULTS ...... 6-126 6.4.7 Aquatic Microfauna ...... 6-126 6.4.8 Aquatic flora ...... 6-131 6.4.9 Species Diversity Index ...... 6-131 6.4.10 Migratory Pattern ...... 6-132 6.4.11 Identification of Spawning Grounds ...... 6-133 6.4.12 Fisheries Potentials and Economics ...... 6-133 6.4.13 Assessment of Impacts due to the Proposed Project ...... 6-134 6.4.14 Anticipated Impacts on Aquatic fauna ...... 6-135 6.4.15 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR FISHEREIS ...... 6-135 CHAPTER 7 SOCIO- ECONOMIC BASELINE STATUS ...... 7-141 7.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 7-141 1-2
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
7.2 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE AREA ...... 7-141 7.3 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT AFFECTED FAMILIES...... 7-141 7.4 Project Affected Area and PAFs ...... 7-142 7.4.1 Land ...... 7-142 7.4.2 Villages under submergence ...... 7-142 7.4.3 Details of the land holding in submergence area ...... 7-143 7.5 Socio-Economic Conditions of the Area ...... 7-143 7.6 Amenities ...... 7-144 7.7 Health and Nutritional Status of the PAP ...... 7-144 CHAPTER 8 IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF IMPACTS ...... 8-1 8.1 Introduction ...... 8-1 8.2 Impacts on Land Environment ...... 8-3 8.2.1 Construction Phase ...... 8-3 8.2.2 Project Operation Phase ...... 8-7 8.3 Impacts on Water Environment ...... 8-8 8.3.1 Construction Phase ...... 8-8 8.3.2 Operational Phase ...... 8-10 8.4 Impacts on Air Environment ...... 8-14 8.4.1 In the Construction Phase: ...... 8-14 8.4.2 Haulage of material by dumper trucks ...... 8-14 8.4.3 Operational phases ...... 8-15 8.5 Impacts on Noise Environment ...... 8-16 8.5.1 Construction Phase ...... 8-16 8.6 Impacts on Biological Environment ...... 8-18 8.6.1 Terrestrial Ecology ...... 8-18 8.6.2 Aquatic Ecology ...... 8-22 8.6.3 Assessment of Impact due to the proposed project ...... 8-23 8.6.4 Anticipated Impacts on Aquatic fauna ...... 8-24 8.7 Socio-economic Impacts ...... 8-24 8.7.1 Construction phase ...... 8-24 8.8 Positive Impacts ...... 8-26 8.8.1 Perceived benefits from Dams ...... 8-26 8.8.2 Employment opportunities ...... 8-27 8.8.3 General development of the area and Impact on the local economy ...... 8-27 8.8.4 Betterment in Access & Public Heath ...... 8-27 8.9 Weighing of Impacts ...... 8-27
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Commissioned Hydropower project of Govt. of Uttarakhand ...... 1-8 Table 1.2: List of hydroelectric project (under construction) ...... 1-9 Table 1.3: Land Use Categorization of Submergence Area ...... 1-13 Table 1.4: Key Components of the Jamrani Dam Project ...... 1-13 Table 1.5: Details of Construction Material Required ...... 1-21 Table 1.6: Availability of River Bed Material ...... 1-21 Table 1.7: Key Environmental Legislations ...... 1-23 Table 3.1: Yearly Rainfall in Jamrani Catchment Area ...... 3-37 Table 3.2: Meteorological conditions in the project area...... 3-39 Table 3.3: Lithostratigraphv of Gola Catchment ...... 3-40 Table 3.4: Reports of Cross bore hole Test ...... 3-44 Table 3.5: Average Seismic Noise Levels Recorded at sites in the Jamrani dam Project Area ...... 3-47 Table 3.6 : Soil Classification of Catchments area of Jamrani Dam Project ...... 3-48 Table 3.7: Classification of soils of the Nainital District under Jamrani Dam Command ...... 3-49 Table 3.8: Details of Soil sampling locations ...... 3-49 Table 3.9: Analysis of Soil Samples during April, 2009 ...... 3-50 Table 3.10: Analysis results of soil samples during 2006-07...... 3-51 Table 3.11: Landuse classification for study area of 25 km radius ...... 3-52 Table 3.12: Landuse classification for the catchment area at dam site ...... 3-52 Table 3.13: Landuse classification for submergence area ...... 3-52 Table 4.1: Monthly Fractional Coefficients of Average Annual Flows at Gola / Jamrani ...... 4-56 Table 4.2: Details of Water Sample Location during April, 2009 ...... 4-56 Table 4.3: Physico- chemical parameters of Gola River water in April, 2009 ...... 4-57 Table 4.4: Physico-chemical parameters of Gola river water during 2006-07 ...... 4-58 Table 4.5: Drinking water standards (IS: 10500-1991) ...... 4-60 Table 5.1: Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations ...... 5-61 Table 5.2: Details of ambient air quality monitoring during April, 2009 ...... 5-62 Table 5.3: Average ambient air quality monitoring results during 2006-07 ...... 5-63 Table 5.4: National Ambient Air Quality Standards (g/m3) ...... 5-63 Table 5.5: Noise level at various locations during April, 2009 ...... 5-65 Table 5.6: Details of Noise level at various stations during Post-monsoon, 2006 monitoring ...... 5-65 Table 5.7: Details of Noise level at various stations during Pre-monsoon, 2007 monitoring ...... 5-65 Table 5.8: Details of Noise level at various stations during Post-monsoon, 2007 monitoring ...... 5-65 Table 5.9: Ambient Noise Standards ...... 5-67 Table 6.1: Breakup of Submergence Area ...... 6-70 Table 6.2: Diversity, distribution, status of plants within 10km radius around the Jamrani Dam site .... 6-71 Table 6.3: Pre-Monsoon Shannon-Weaver Index (H), Evenness Index (E) and Dominance Index ...... 6-98 Table 6.4: Post-Monsoon Shannon-Weaver Index (H), Evenness Index (E) and Dominance Index ...... 6-98 Table 6.5: Diversity, Distribution and Uses of Medicinal plant species of Gola catchment of study area 10km2 redius from Dam Site ...... 6-99 1-4
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Table 6.6: Diversity, distribution and status of the RET plants in the Gola Catchment with the 10 km2 radius from dam site ...... 6-104 Table 6.7: List of Wild Life found in the study area of Jamrani Dam Site ...... 6-108 Table 6.8: List of Avian species found in and around Jamrani Dam Site. (10 km radius from the catchment area of Gola River) ...... 6-110 Table 6.9: List of Reptiles found in and around Jamrani Dam Site. (10 km radius of the project site) 6-114 Table 6.10: List of Amphibians Species ...... 6-114 Table 6.11: List of Butterflies ...... 6-115 Table 6.12: Details of sample sites in the river Gola of the proposed Project in Uttrakhand ...... 6-118 Table 6.13: Showing the aquatic phytoplanktons recorded from the sample sites ...... 6-126 Table 6.14: Showing the aquatic zooplanktons recorded from the sample sites ...... 6-127 Table 6.15: Showing the aquatic benthos recorded from the selected sample sites ...... 6-128 Table 6.16: Showing the fish species recorded during survey in the study area ...... 6-130 Table 6.17: Showing resident fish species of river Gola collected from the study area ...... 6-130 Table 6.18: Showing Shannon diversity index (H’) and species occurrence (n) ...... 6-132 Table 7.1: Detail of submersed land ...... 7-142 Table 7.2: Villages under submergence (As per departmental survey 2001) ...... 7-142 Table 7.3: Villages under submergence (As per departmental survey 2008) ...... 7-142 Table 7.4: Details of Land holding in submergence Area (As per departmental survey 2001) ...... 7-143 Table 7.5: List of Villages & No. of families with 10 km radius from the dam site ...... 7-143 Table 7.6: List of Affected SC, Literate & Illiterate Population with 10 km radius ...... 7-144 Table 8.1: Detailed Checklist of Impacts occurring form the Concerned Project ...... 8-2 Table 8.2: Land to be acquired for Jamrani Dam Project ...... 8-7 Table 8.3: Nos. of Project Affected Families (PAFs) both U/s & D/s ...... 8-7 Table 8.4: Noise level due to operation of various construction equipment ...... 8-16 Table 8.5: Resultant Noise Level at Various Distances and Resultant Increase over Baseline ...... 8-17 Table 8.6: Impact Evaluation Matrix ...... 8-28
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Location of the Jamrani Dam Project ...... 1-11 Figure 1.2: Location of Different Amenities around Dam Site ...... 1-12 Figure 3.1: Major Geological Characteristics of Jamrani Dam & Adjoining Area ...... 3-41 Figure 3.2: Features & Location of Krol Thrust ...... 3-42 Figure 3.3: Details of Soil Sampling Location ...... 3-50 Figure 3.4: Landuse Classification of 25 sq. km area around the Dam Axis Based on Remote Sensing Imagery ...... 3-53 Figure 4.1: Details of Water Sampling Location ...... 4-57 Figure 4.2: Variation in the Water Quality at location W1 ...... 4-58 Figure 4.3: Variation in the Water Quality at location W2 ...... 4-59 Figure 4.4 :Variation in the Water Quality at location W3 ...... 4-59 Figure 4.5: Variation in the water Quality at location W4 ...... 4-59 Figure 5.1: Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations ...... 5-62 Figure 5.2: Location wise Noise level during Post-monsoon , 2006 monitoring ...... 5-65 Figure 5.3 : Location wise Noise level during Pre-monsoon, 2007 monitoring ...... 5-66 Figure 5.4 : Location wise Noise level during Post-monsoon, 2007 monitoring ...... 5-66 Figure 5.5 : Location wise monitored average Noise level ...... 5-66 Figure 6.1 : Fish sample survey using cast net and hook line method in Gola River dam site ...... 6-117 Figure 6.2 : Image of Gola river basin depicted with proposed Jamrani MHP project location ...... 6-118 Figure 6.3 : Site 1: Nainital gadera ...... 6-119 Figure 6.3 : Bhimtal gadera ...... 6-119 Figure 6.5: Barajala gadera (Nauckuchia) ...... 6-120 Figure 6.6: Showing the geaomorphology of the channel at proposed dam site...... 6-121 Figure 6.7 : River geaomorphology and habitat structure at site V ...... 6-121 Figure 6.8 : River Geaomorphology and habitat structure at site VI ...... 6-122 Figure 6.9: Showing Lugar channel morphology during study period ...... 6-123 Figure 6.10 : Showing habiatats in the river Gola & its streams in the Jamrani dam area ...... 6-125 Figure 6.11: Zooplankton present in Gola River ...... 6-128 Figure 6.12: Showing the aquatic microflora & fauna in river Gola and its streams in the influenced area ...... 6-137 Figure 6.13: Showing the aquatic microflora & fauna in river Gola and its streams in the influenced area ...... 6-138 Figure 6.14: Benthos of river Gola and its streams in the impact zone of the project ...... 6-139 Figure 6.15: Showing the fish recorded from the project influenced area ...... 6-140
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION In the past few years India has turned into a vibrant economy. To accommodate the need of growing population of country and an improved quality of life, the demand for irrigation, drinking water and electric power is increasing day by day. Quality power is required to maintain the sustained growth of agricultural and industrial sectors, to accomplish a higher GDP and sustainable development. The scenario of renewable resources is uncertain because the sector is still in the development stage and the cost of technology involved in renewable power generation is extremely high. So the power generated from renewable resources such as wind, solar power, bio-gas etc. cannot really take care of the demands of the booming industry. Considering the vast and untapped potential and availability, of the hydro resources in India, the development of hydro power projects is thus required to be explored fully. Power generation from such projects is also comparatively less damaging for the environment. Though power production from hydro resources does have its environmental concerns such as large inundations, disposal of muck and rehabilitation and resettlement (R&R) problems, they can be suitably handled with appropriate plans. for e.g. the problem of muck disposal is always resolvable if the restoration of disposal areas is carried out in a scientific way. 1.1.1 IRRIGATION SCENARIO OF UTTARAKHAND In a state where more than three-fourths of the workforce is dependent on the farm sector for livelihood, agriculture is evidently the mainstay of the economy. However, this sector is characterized by severe infrastructure bottlenecks, like (i) patched land availability in hilly regions, (ii) poor soil cover and soil type, (iii) gross lack of irrigating potential. Barring the Tarai and Bhabhar areas covering the foothills and valleys of the south-western plains, the state is by and large hilly, thereby making well (deep, shallow or dug) irrigation unsuitable. Alternative sources of irrigation like pump sets, canals, hydroelectric projects; small tanks, reservoirs etc. too are confined to the former areas. It is then no wonder that as much as appreciable land of sown area of Uttarakhand is rainfed. Currently only 12 percent of gross cropped area is irrigated. This makes the distribution of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) non uniform and the resultant development & human settlement sparsely distributed. With more and more investment in the hydropower/river valley sector, more command area under respective river basin could be successfully converted to irrigable area. The proposed project envisaged to develop a culturable command area (CCA) of 1, 50,302 Ha. Out of which the proposed project envisaged stabilizing irrigation in 78,786 Ha and adding irrigation to 60,600 Ha areas. Additionally, the project envisaged to supply approx. 52.93 Mm3 water to Bhabhar areas of 1-7
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Kathgodam & Haldwani Towns. 1.1.2 HYDRO POWER POTENTIAL OF UTTARAKHAND Uttarakhand is endowed with huge water power potential in its holy and mighty rivers spanning the length and breadth of the region. The main resources for generating electricity are by utilizing the hydro potential available along the river drops besides the use of fossil fuel. Presently the ratio of thermal generation and Hydro-electric generation in Uttarakhand Power grid is quite disproportionate. The total hydro power potential in Uttarakhand as per preliminary estimate has been assessed around 16500 MW out of which only 1300 MW approximately has been harnessed so far which constitutes hardly 8 % of the available potential. A number of schemes on which work was started and infrastructure fully created, had to be stopped half way on account of financial constraints.
Hydro power project commissioned in Uttarakhand With the expertise of construction of hydro-electric projects by Irrigation Department, following projects have been successfully commissioned in Uttarakhand. The Dhauliganga & Bambas HEP by NHPC have been commissioned.
Table 1.1: Commissioned Hydropower project of Govt. of Uttarakhand
Sr. No. Project Installed capacity( MW)
1 Chhibro 240 2 Khodri 120 3 Dhakrani 33.75 4 Dhalipur 51 5 Kulhal 30 6 Maneri Bhali Stage-I 90 7 Maneri Bhali Stage-II 304 8 Chilla 144 9 Pathari 20 10 Kalagarh 198 11 Khatima 41
Projects Under Construction The following projects were initially investigated and framed by Irrigation Department. Infrastructure works were also executed by Irrigation Department and thereafter these projects were transferred to Public Sector undertaking or private sector due to paucity of funds on the part of the Government.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Table 1.2: List of hydroelectric project (under construction)
Installed S. No. Project Remarks capacity (MW) Ist Phase of Project has been completed/ commissioned 1 Tehri Dam Project 2400 by THDC (1000 MW) Infrastructure by Irrigation Department. 2 Vishnu Prayag Project 400 Project Completed by J.P. Associates. 3 Srinagar Project 330 GVK CO. 4 Dhauliganga - II NA NHPC under construction
1.2 NECESSITY & JUSTIFICATION FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT Gola River originates and flows through south eastern Kumoun Himalayas in the State of Uttarakhand, India. It is fed largely by the run-off during monsoon, when its discharge is high but progressively gets reduced in drier season. The lean season flow is not sufficient to meet even the drinking water needs of Bhabar area of Nainital district. The Bhabar belt has a very limited ground water potential and the Gola River is only available source of the water for the agriculture and industrial developments, in addition to fulfilling the needs of drinking water of the Haldwani town and rural population of Bhabar area. About 208 Mm3 of the runoff of the Gola River at Kathgodam is being used at present by Gola canals out of a total availability of about 470.21 Mm3. The balance passes down the river unused, which can be usefully stored by constructing a reservoir at a suitable site. Water so stored, could be utilized for irrigating the 13 existing canal commands in Nainital district creating an additional irrigation potential of about 60,600 hectares, increasing the intensity of irrigation from 52.4% to 92.7%. Other Benefits 1. Irrigation Benefits: Additional irrigational potential created due to the project is 60,600 ha increasing the intensity of irrigation from 52.4% to 92.7%. 2. Drinking water supply to Haldwani –Kathgodam twin cities and Bahbar areas, approximately 145MLD water will be supplied from this project for year 2026. (annually add 52.93 Mm3) 3. An indirect benefit will be creation of potential for generation of 30 MW power from Jamrani Project. Govt. has already fixed priority and incentive for industry to induce development of backward area near to country’s borders. 4. The Jamrani Dam project will have 4.52 sq.km. water spread at full pond level exposing its expansive potential of large scale pisciculture. 5. With the construction of Jamrani Dam, industry and market centers will develop leading to more employment and improvement in the living standard of the local people. 1-9
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
1.3 JAMARANI MULTIPURPOSES DAM PROJECT: AN OVERVIEW In the present developing state of country’s economy, there is a great requirement of water and electrical power for both industrial and agriculture use. The Government of Uttarakhand has proposed the construction and operation of Jamrani Multipurpose Dam Project cross the Gola River near Jamrani village at the 10 km upstream from Kathgodam in district Nainital. Gola river is fed largely by the run-off during monsoon season, when its discharge is high but progressively gets reduced in drier season. The Bhabar belt has a very limited ground water potential and the Gola river is only available source of the water for the agriculture and industrial developments, in addition to fulfilling the needs of drinking water of the Haldwani town and rural population of Bhabar area. Jamrani Dam Project was sanctioned in 1975 and first phase of the Dam project has been completed. Bhabar area depended entirely on Gola canals taking off from a weir constructed at river near Kathgodam in the year 1914, for its irrigation and domestic use. Now, a barrage has been constructed, which diverts a discharge of 9 cumecs into Golawar canal located to the right and 3.5 cumecs into Golapar canal on the left to meet the water demand in the Bhabar area around Haldwani. 1.3.1 LOCATION AND APPROACH The location of the Jamrani Dam Project is shown in Figure 1.1. It is located across Gola River near Jamrani village, which is 10 km upstream of Gola Barrage at Kathgodam (Haldwani) in Nainital district in northwestern region of Uttarakhand. The latitude and longitude of the dam site are 29o16’15” N and 79o37’ E respectively. The dam and all appurtenant of the Project are located in the foot hills of Himalayas entirely within state boundary of Uttarakhand. Kathgodam is Northern-East Railway terminus station connected by broad gauge railway link with Delhi, Moradabad, Bareilly, Rampur and Lucknow. Kathgodam is located on Delhi – Nainital (NH - 87) highway. The site is approachable 7 kms metalled road up to Amritpur and by 9 kms long unmetalled road bifurcating from Amritpur. The Gola River, which flows towards south southwest downstream of its confluence with Kalsa River, takes a right angled turn at Haidakhan towards west northwest. The width of the river bed is in the order of 80-100 m in the areas adjacent to dam axis and further upstream up to Panota. The width of the river bed in the upper reaches of the reservoir range from 200-500 m. The river meanders sluggishly through the river bed material, changing its course within the river bed every year during flood. The valley slopes in general have moderately steep angle of the order 40o – 60o. The nalas joining the Gola River are of the first and second order in nature. The average gradient of the river is 14 m/km.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Figure 1.1: Location of the Jamrani Dam Project The dam is proposed to be 130.6m high above the river bed level and will have a gross storage capacity of 208.6 x 106 cubic meters at the full reservoir level, that is 762.00 m. An ogee type spillway has been composed in the center of a dam for spilling the high flood discharge over the spillway. Water for irrigation is proposed to be released from an outlet provided in the body of the dam itself. The releases from the outlet will carried to the barrage at Kathgodam through Gola River & picked up in the Golawar & Golapar canals that feed into the canal systems. The specific location of the Jamrani Dam Project at Gola River is shown in greater detail in Figure 1.2
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Figure 1.2: Location of Different Amenities around Dam Site 1.3.2 PROJECT FEATURES The general layout of the Jamrani Dam Project is illustrated in Figure 1-2. It includes a main dam and powerhouse in Gola River and two coffer dams in the upstream and downstream. The dam
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand will store water between elevations 635 m & 762 m with a spread of about 9 km along Gola River and about 1.3 km in the Lugar Gad. The reservoir water will spread over an area of about 452.1 ha, submerging the following categories of land.
Table 1.3: Land Use Categorization of Submergence Area
S.N. Type of Land Area (ha.) 1. Dense Vegetation 93.19 (Crown Cover Density > 40 %) 2. Medium Vegetation 78.57 (Crown Cover Density 10 - 40 %) 3. Light Vegetation (Degraded) 30.61 (Crown Cover Density < 10 %) 4. Agricultural Land 37.50 5. Scrubs/Bushes 11.06 6. River bed/Barren areas 195.20 7. Water Bodies 2.20 8 Settlement/Built-up Areas 3.66 9 Total 452.00 The key components of the Project are as follows, and are described below: . Main dam . Two coffer dams . Reservoir . Diversion Components . Diversion duct/tunnel . Spillway Gates . Gola Barrage . Powerhouse and intake . Transmission lines . Switchyard and other facilities including site access roads and project control and Maintenance facilities . Temporary construction-related project components.
Table 1.4: Key Components of the Jamrani Dam Project
Project Facility Description Main Dam Dam Type Gravity dam made of roller compacted concrete Location Across Gola River near Jamrani village, 10 km upstream of Kathgodam Barrage
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Project Facility Description Crest Level 749 m Crest Length 480 m Thickness at deepest Foundation 166.5 m Dam Height Above Ground Level (AGL) 130.6 m AGL
Up-stream slope 0.9:1 Down-stream 0.8:1 Spill-way No. of openings 4 Nos. Type Ogee Type Crest elevation 749.0 m Size of gate 13.25 m x13.5m (Height) Capacity at maximum Reservoir 3630 cumec. Galleries & Shafts Size 1.8m x 2.4m Length 650m Diversion Tunnel/Duct Size 6.0m x 6.0m RCC Box Design discharge 315 cumec Bed slope 1:100 Invert level upstream 639.0 m Invert level downstream 634.0 m Length 500 m Outlets Size of tunnel 2.0 m dia. Invert level 708.0 m. Size of Gate 2.6 m dia. Design discharge 40 cumec Length 70.0 m Reservoirs Capacity at Maximum level 208.6 Mm3 Total live storage 144.3 Mm3 Water spread at full 452 ha. Reservoir level
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Project Facility Description Maximum width of reservoir 1.15 km Length 9.0 km Kathgodam Barrage Length 81.0 m Crest level of other bays 506.5 m Bed level of river down stream 502.0 m Design discharge 3250 cumec Pond level 510.75 m Powerhouse Complex Penstock Nos. 3 Diameter 2 m, circular Average length 125 m Discharge capacity of each 13 cumec Turbines Type Francis type vertical Shaft Design head 87 m Minimum head 56.55 m Maximum head 104.4 m Specific speed 181.53 MKS units Power House Size 56.5 m x 15 m Installed generating capacity 3 x 10 MW Generators 10 MW, 11 KV, 375 RPM Vertical semi umbrella type Source: Detailed Project Report, Jamrani Dam 1.3.3 MAIN DAM The dam site exposes lower Shivalik rocks comprising sandstones, siltstones and claystones. The rocks strike N 22o to 55o W, S 20o to 55o E and dip at 30o to 55o towards north i.e. on the upstream side. The required full reservoir level (F.R.L.) of the dam as worked out is 762.0 m. Allowing a flood lift of 1.6 m above FRL and a free board of 2.0 m, the top level of dam has been worked out as 765.6 m. The main dam, located across Gola River, will be a gravity roller compacted concrete (RCC) dam with a maximum height of 130.6 m above river bed level with thickness at deepest foundation of 166.5 m and thickness at top 10.0 m. The length of the dam at the top is 480.0 m. The crest of the dam, which is set to prevent spillage over the top of the dam caused by waves 1-15
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand or by rising reservoir levels during floods, has a crest level of 749 m. The water intake will be located along one of the main dam’s diversion outlets and will be used to release water below the dam during reservoir impoundment and when the powerhouse is not operational (eg. maintenance, emergency outages), and to facilitate closure of the diversion reach at the end of the construction phase. Similar to the spillway, the water intake structure will utilize a radial gate that will be operated to control water releases below the dam. A drainage curtain will run 4 m behind the entire upstream face of the dam to avoid water pressure build up within the dam and to capture any water seepage. 1.3.4 COFFER DAMS In addition to the main dam, two coffer dams will be provided at upstream & downstream points. The upstream coffer dam will be located on upstream from the proposed dam to divert the design discharge into the diversion duct. Height of upstream coffer dam will be 14 m with top width 6 m. Upstream coffer dam shall be rockfill type with clay core. Upstream slope of 2:1 and downstream slope of 1.5:1 will be provided. Foundation grouting will be done to check seepage. Downstream coffer will be constructed of earth and rock fill just upstream of the outlet of duct to check the back flow of non-monsoon discharge of 315 m3/sec towards the dam. The height of coffer dam at downstream will be kept 3.20 m above river bed level with top width of 6 m and upstream and downstream slopes as 1.5:1 and 2:1 respectively. 1.3.5 RESERVOIR The dam will impound a reservoir that will have a capacity at maximum reservoir of 208.6 Mm3 and live storage of 144.3 Mm3 at full reservoir level of 762.00 m. The reservoir will have a water spread area of approximately 4.52 ha. extending 9.0 km upstream of Gola River and 1.30 km in the Lugar Gad. Maximum difference of cumulative inflow and cumulative outflow comes as 168.38 Mm3, which is required live storage capacity of the reservoir. Flood routing over the spillway has been done for the possible maximum flood of 4200 cumec. Design flood has been assumed to impinge at FRL i.e. 762 m. Routed flood works out as 3630 cumec with a flood lift of 1.6 m, at spillway crest level of 749 m. The reservoir is completely sheltered between the valley so higher wind velocities are not expected. As per IS:6512, a free board against wave action may be taken as 1.5 times the wave height subject to a minimum of 0.9 m. This gives a value of 1.4 m for free board against wave action above HFL. 1.3.6 GOLA (KATHGODAM) BARRAGE Gola barrage, the main diversion work, consists of a barrage across river Gola near Kathgodam town at 120 m downstream of old weir. The main barrage consist of 6 bays, 11.50 m wide each. Two end bays known as under-sluice bays are separated by 3 m wide divide walls. The other bays are separated by 2 m wide piers. The works are designed for a flood discharge of 3250 cumecs but the free board has been provided for a discharge of 4250 cumec. The total length of barrage
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand is 81m. The gate size is 11.5 m x 4.50 m. Golawar and Golapar canals, take off from the head regulators provided on the either side of the barrage and join their old alignments. The capacity of these heads at design pond level of 510.75 is 29.75 cumec and 4.4 cumec respectively. 1.3.7 POWER GENERATION Although power generation had been mentioned as one of the by product of the project. The powerhouse will be an indoor facility made of concrete located along the bank of the river, approximately 150 m downstream from the main dam. The dimensions of this power house including transformer deck building will be approx. 90 m long by 30 m wide. The powerhouse will contain three 10 MW vertical shaft Francis-type turbines with a maximum power generation capacity of 30 MW. The turbines will be coupled directly to generators. Three-phase power transformers will be used to transform the power from the generators to the 11 KV transmission lines. The connection between the generators and the main transformers will be made by busbars. These transformers will be located on an outdoor platform at the switchyard, located on the left bank downstream of the powerhouse.
Water Availability The water releases from Jamrani Dam, as mentioned in the DPR have been adopted for the power generation. The total water availability data at dam site at the time of approval in 1975 was assessed on the basis of 16 years data (1958-1975) observed at Kathgodam weir. 75% dependable flow at Gola River and at Barrage site was assessed as 352.65 Mm3 and 470.2 Mm3 respectively. Total water availability was reviewed in 1989, based on observed values for the period 1948 to 1987, i.e. 39 years at Kathgodam Barrage site. The 75% dependable flow at Golar River and at Barrage site was assessed as 300 Mm3 and 500 Mm3 respectively. This has been explained in a separate volume of Hydrology and was accepted by CWC. At present (in latest DPR) it has bee revised based on data obtained for a period 57 years (1948 - 2005) and 75% dependable flow at Gola River and at Barrage site was assessed as 282 Mm3 and 470 Mm3 respectively1.
Power Potential The power potential studies have been done the monthly bases as described in DPR. It is revealed that the project has a potential of 64 MU per annum out of which 57.74 MU would be available at bus bars. To exploit this potential to full extent a base capacity of 20 MW is required, if the power plant is run as a run of river plant.
Design Head The operating head varies from 56.55 to 104.4 m. The weighted average head has been
1 Vol 1, DPR; pg. 141; Jamrani Dam Construction Division No. 1. 1-17
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand calculated from the operation chart. The value of weighted average head is between 68.4 and 75.05 m. Ideally the design head should also be nearest to the weighted average head. But as the operating range of Francis turbine is 120% to 65% of the design head, design head of the turbine needs to be kept as 87 m to cover entire range of operational head.
Size of Power Station The main dimensions of the power station machine hall, extension, control and administrative blocks etc. comes to 86.5m x 15m.
Switchyard The 132 kV switchyard shall have three incoming bays, one bus-coupler and two outgoing 132 kV feeders to connect the nearest 132 KV grid substation at Haldwani.
Penstocks Three unit penstocks of diameter 2.0m and average length of 125m shall be taken from the reservoir to feed individual machine. One control gate shall be provided at the inlet of each penstock.
Power Intake The power intake will consist of three concrete intake structures and penstocks fixed on the downstream face of the dam, conveying the water from the dam to the powerhouse. The three penstocks will follow the slope of the downstream face of the dam down to the powerhouse roughly 125 m.
Transmission Lines and Substation Connections The power output from Jamrani Dam project will be linked to a substation in the downstream direction, which will be finally connected to 33/66 KV grid.
Ancillary Facilities The ancillary project facilities include site access roads and the support facilities (eg maintenance and/or control rooms) for the key project components.
Site Access Roads To access the site during project construction and operation, it will be necessary to upgrade the existing road network from Kathgodam to Amritpur. Upgrading of the existing road from Amritpur to project site of a distance of 9 km, include improvement (ie paving & widening within RoW) of the road. The width of the new and upgraded roads has not yet been determined. However, for the purposes of the impact assessment RoW is assumed to be 10 m, with carriage way of 7.5 m width (single lane, both ways); with 1.125 m wide unpaved shoulder on both sides.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Support Facilities Support facilities for all key project components will be included within the key structures. For example, construction of utilities, buildings, telephone and telecommunication arrangements and the maintenance and control rooms for the various dam structures will be provided.
Temporary Construction-Related Project Components Various temporary components of the project include temporary worker camps, contractors lay- down areas, quarry areas, and borrow pits (1 nos.), cofferdams (2 nos.), and the diversion channel (1 nos.). These components will enable the: (1) Borrow Pits – Pits where materials, typically gravel and sand, are collected for use in other areas. In this case, it applies to upstream locations where gravel and sand are collected for use in the dams. (2) Cofferdam – A structure, in this case a concrete sheet pile, which prevents water from entering a normally flooded area to allow construction on a dry surface (normally used in streams and rivers). Section below summarizes the features of the temporary project components.
Worker Camps and Contractor Lay-Down Areas The main construction worker camp will be located near Jamrani village near the project site. The exact area to be occupied by the camp and the number of workers it will be required to house are not yet defined. However the number of required workers can be expected to reach between 750-1000, depending on the technology used for construction. Contractor lay-down areas will be located adjacent to the main dam sites. These will be re- vegetated upon completion of the construction activities. The exact area of land that they will occupy, and the measures to be taken to manage potable water, wastewater, and solid waste will be defined later on. The contractor will be responsible for the safe water supply to the construction labours, as well as for providing hygienic conditions for disposal of sewage. The labours will be provided with mobile toilet facility fitted with septic tank facility. Proper medical facility will be given to these laborers.
Quarries and Borrow Pits In excess of 2 million tonnes of concrete aggregates, rockfill material, and crushed filter zone materials will be used in the construction of the dams. This material will be obtained from quarries along the dam site. Locations for quarrying have been identified in DPR. Sand and additional material will be collected from borrow pits in the riverbed. Specific locations for the quarries and borrow pits have not been identified, and their size, in terms of hectarage or depth, is not yet specified. However, as far as possible the quarries and borrow pits will be within the inundation area of the reservoir to minimize impacts. The details of construction material
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand requirement are provided in Sec. 2.8.
Diversion Channel and Cofferdams A diversion channel and two cofferdams will isolate the main dam and powerhouse. The diversion channel will maintain flows between up and downstream of the project during construction. The diversion channel will begin at the toe of the bank and will extend approximately 300 m around the main dam area with a concrete wall along the channel-side edge beginning at elevation 110 NGL and ending at 106 NGL (Figure 2.3). The channel will be of concrete and have three, 10 m by 10 m openings that will eventually be incorporated into the main dam. Two of these will be filled completely, and the third will be partially filled to become the bottom outlet. Cofferdams are temporary concrete or rockfill structures that are used to divert and dry out the river channel and allow construction of the permanent project facilities. The project will require three main cofferdams: upstream of the main dam, downstream of the main dam, and just upstream of the powerhouse. (1) Diversion Channel – An artificial streambed constructed to allow a water body to flow around a given area, rather than through it, so that construction activities can occur. The upstream cofferdam will be located approximately 100 m upstream of the main dam site and will divert water into the diversion channel after the construction of main dam. The upstream cofferdam will be 235 m long with a crest height of 110 m. One smaller cofferdam will be constructed further upstream to divert water into the diversion channel during construction of the upstream cofferdam, in the first dry season. The downstream cofferdam will be located 150 m downstream of the main dam with a crest level of 106 m. The powerhouse cofferdam will protect the powerhouse excavation area during construction of the main dam and diversion canal and will have a crest height of 106 m. After construction of the downstream cofferdam, the powerhouse cofferdam will no longer be used. 1.4 PROJECT OPERATIONS
As decided by the Board of consultants for Jamrani Dam Project, a roller compacted concrete dam is to be constructed across Gola river. The Jamrani Dam Project is designed for stabilizing and augmenting irrigation in existing 23 systems in the Bhabar and Tarai area in Udham Singh Nagar, Rampur and Bareilly districts. The water stored in the reservoir is proposed to be utilized for drinking in Kathgodam-Haldwani twin towns and adjoining rural Bhabhar area of Nainital district. In addition to irrigation and domestic water supply benefits, it is also proposed to generate about 30 MW of power at dam site. 1.4.1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL REQUIREMENT Main construction material for roller compacted concrete gravity dam are coarse and the fine aggregates, fly ash and cement, some quantities of steel, copper and rubber seals etc. Required quantity of aggregate, sand, fly ash and cement for the total concrete work is as follows:
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Table 1.5: Details of Construction Material Required
S.No. Item For Conventional For RCC Total concrete M - 200 1. Total quantity of coarse aggregate 13.20 19.6 32.8 in lac tonnes 2. Total quantity of sand in lac tones 4.9 7.5 12.4 3. Total quantity of flyash in lac tones - 0.9 0.9 4. Total quantity of cement in lac 2.25 0.6 2.9 tonnes The quantities of river bed material available in each km upto 5 km upstream and downstream of the dam site are as follows:
Table 1.6: Availability of River Bed Material
Distance from In upstream direction (lac In downstream direction 3 dam axis (km) m ) (lac m3) 1 to 2 - 7.45 2 to 3 - 9.87 3 to 4 5.27 4.79 4 to 5 12.29 - 5 to 6 9.23 - Total 26.79 26.79 Grand Total = 49.00 Lac m3. Cement: There is no cement factory nearby. This will have to be brought by rail from the cement factories outside of the project impacted area. Fly Ash: The fly ash required for roller compacted concrete shall be brought from Delhi, or adjoining roads, by trucks. Steel: Steel shall be required for reinforcement and permanent equipment. The permanent equipment shall be got fabricated and transported to the site from steel plants located outside project site. Other Materials: Materials such as copper seals, pipes, asphalt and the material required for construction will be brought from outside by rail / by road up to Kathgodam and carried to the site for their use by road. Construction Phase Power Requirement: In the construction phase power will be taken from nearest UPCL 33 KV substation. Arrangements for any stand-by power supply through on-site diesel generator sets will be the responsibility of the contractor engaged.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
1.4.2 ANTICIPATED PROJECT SCHEDULING The length of time from the awarding of the construction contract to the commissioning of the dam is estimated to take a minimum of six years, with work beginning immediately following the awarding of the contract. The following sections outline the construction schedule for the major components of the Jamrani Dam Project. Activities from the January of the first year will involve Proceedings for acquisition of land for various works, planning and indenting for equipment, arrangements for telecommunications, improvement of the existing approach road to the site, arrangements for construction power by installing diesel power station and correspondence with Uttarakhand Power Corporation Ltd. (UPCL) for installing power grid, field workshop, arrangement for water supply at work site. Work preparation of bids and invitation of tenders will also be taken up from April, arrangements for railway sidings and material handing facilities and work on diversion duct taken up and completed up to second and last quarter of the next year, respectively. From January of second year erection of processing and crushing plant, batching, stacking of construction material and mixing plant and construction of approach roads shall be taken up. After the finalization of bids and the completion of processing and crushing plant, grouting of the foundation, mass constructing of the dam and spillway shall be taken up from the January of the third year and shall continue up to the end of the sixth year. Work on irrigation outlet which in the form of a duct in the body of the dam shall be taken up side by side with mass concreting and completed by the fifth year. Fabrication of spillway gates shall be started simultaneously from the third quarter of the fifth year and will be completed by the sixth year. 1.5 PROJECT COST Total cost of the project has been worked out in detail by project proponent, Jamrani Dam Construction Division. Abstract of cost is given as below. (i) Cost of unit I works (i.e. main dam and its appurtenant works) = 76661.99 lacs (ii) Cost of unit II works (i.e. Distribution works) = 8873.79 lacs (iii)Total cost = 85535.78 lacs Say Rs. 855.36 crores. In addition, Rs. 72.57 crores will be spent by Uttranchal Jal Vidyut Nigam, Dehradoon on installing power plant. Therefore, total cost of project including power plant installation cost becomes Rs. 927.93 crores. 1.6 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK The emerging environmental scenario calls for requisite attention on conservation and proper use of natural resources and also development without destruction. There is a need of integrate the environmental consequences of the development activities and to planning suitable 1-22
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand mitigation measures in order to ensure sustainable development in the region. The environmental consideration in any development process have become a necessity for achieving sustainable developmental to achieve these goals, the Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India has enacted Acts, Legislations, Guidelines and Standards from time to time. The regulation of environment acts, legislation, guidelines and standards is the responsibility of different government agencies. The principle environmental regulatory agency in India in the Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi. MoEF formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearances for different projects. The important environmental legislations in India are given in Table 1.7.
Table 1.7: Key Environmental Legislations
Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Operational Agencies/Key Play Water (Prevention To provide for the Control sewage and Central and State and Control of prevention and control industrial effluent Pollution Control Boards Pollution) Act, 1974, of water pollution and discharges 1988 enhancing the quality of water Air (Prevention and To provide for the Controls emission of air Central and State Control of Pollution) prevention and control pollutants Pollution Control Board Act, 1981, 1987 of air pollution Forest To consolidate Regulates access to State Government and (Conservation) Act, acquisition of common natural resources, state Central Government 1980, 1988 property such as forest, has a monopoly right halt India’s rapid over land, categories deforestation and forests, restriction on resulting environmental de-reservation and degradation using forest for non forest purpose Wildlife (Protection) To protect wildlife Creates protected areas Wildlife Advisory Boards, Act, 1972, 1993 (national parks / Central zoo Authorities sanctuaries) categories of wildlife which are protected Environment To provide for the An umbrella legislation, Central government (Protection) Act, protection and supplements pollution nodal agency, MoEF can 1986 improvement of laws delegate to state environment departments of environment National Policy on R Resettlement and Social issues Central and State & R, 2007 rehabilitation of project Government affected people EIA Notification 14th Environment Impact Environmental Project Development, September 2006 Assessment Protection State and Central Government
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
As per MoEF notification dated 14th September 2006, construction of new project or activities or the expansion or modernization of existing projects or activities listed in the schedule to the notification shall be undertaken in any part of India after the prior environmental clearance from the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi for matters falling under Category ‘A’ in the schedule and at state level the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIA) for matters falling under Category ‘B’ in the said schedule, the later duly constituted by the Central Government under sub-section (3) of section 3 of the said act. Jamrani Dam project having installed capacity of 30 MW is a river valley project falling under project category with threshold limit “A”, in as much the installed capacity is more than 20 MW, therefore environmental clearance is being sought. 1.7 SCOPING OF THE PROJECT In consonance with the provision under section-6 of the MoEF notification, dated 14th September 2006, the project proponent viz., Irrigation department, Uttarakhand moved to the MoEF an application in the prescribed Form-I duly filled along with a copy of the DPR of the project. In view of the project classified as Category ‘A’ project the first step required in the environment clearance process is ‘Scoping’ by which the Expert Appraisal Committee of the MoEF determine detailed and comprehensive Terms of Reference (TOR) addressing all relevant environment concerns for the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (ELA) Report in respect of the project for which prior environment clearance is sought.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY
2.1 INTRODUCTION The EIA study includes the study of various baseline parameters of environment viz. land, water, air, noise, flora, fauna and socio-economics. Integration of these parameters gives an overall perception of positive and negative impacts due to construction of a hydroelectric project, if any. For overall prediction of impacts, the Study Area was considered 10 km radius covering all consequential project components viz. barrage and power house etc. for conducting study in respect of attributes like air, noise, water and soil Baseline study was carried out for pre- monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. 2.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT STUDY The Digital Satellite data IRS P6 LISS-III (Gen: 12 November 2007, Path 94, Row 48) was acquired from NRSA and evaluated on ERDAS Imagine Software. The standard False Colour Composite (FCC) was generated by assigning blue, green and red colours to visible green, visible red and near infrared bands respectively. Expressing image pixel addresses in terms of a map coordinate base is often referred to as geo-coding. As various thematic layers were to be overlaid for this project, all the layers were geo-referenced to real world coordinates. The 1:50,000 scale toposheets (52F/7, F/8, F/11 and F/12) of the free/directly draining catchment area were used for the purpose of geo-referencing. A large number of GCPs were selected for reasonably accurate geo-referencing/geo-coding. A map projection system (real world) was also defined. Histogram of the scene under study has been generated to check the range of special values present in the scene. In order to use total grey level range and to optimize the contrast, the actual grey level ranges of three bands were linearly stretched independently. The zoomed images were studied wherever necessary. The interpretation key necessary for identifying different features has been developed systematically on the basis of image characteristics and associated elements viz. shape, size, shadow, pattern, color/tone, texture, association, location and available ground truth. Among these characteristics shape, size, shadow and pattern and basically dependent on the scale of the image whereas the color/tone and texture depend upon the brightness, contrast and resolution of the image. Various land units were identified, delineated and the map was validated. Detailed field survey was conducted for study of soil characteristics of erosion prone areas and landslides in the catchment area. The vulnerable and problematic areas were identified in different physiographic zones in the entire catchment area. The data was generated on physiography, land use/land cover, lithology, structure, drainage pattern, slope characteristics, landslides/slips etc. These data sets were used for preparation of the thematic maps, calculation of sediment yield index and Erosion Intensity Units in the catchment area according to the
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand following procedures. 2.2.1 LANDUSE – LANDCOVER CLASSIFICATION
Prior to ground truthing, the satellite data was classified using unsupervised classification technique. Further after collecting ground truth details maximum likelihood classification based on supervised classification method was used with remote sensing image data.
After the supervised classification procedure, a landuse map was prepared which the team at field verified and errors or omissions were identified.
A reclassification of the landuse categories implementing the details and corrections, if any, was done. The reclassification output was used for the preparation of the final landuse classification map. This map after due verification was then composed and printed, as desired. 2.2.2 SLOPE Slope is a measure of change in the value of altitudes over distance, which can be expressed in degrees or as a percent. The first step in generation of slope map is to create surface using the elevation values stored in the form of contours or points. Surface is a representation of geographic information as a set of continuous data in which the map features are not spatially discrete i.e. between any two locations, there are no clear or well defined breaks between possible values of the map features. Models built from regularly or irregularly spaced sample points on the surface can represent the surface.
Slope map of the study area was prepared using the elevation information for the area from contour heights. Toposheets of the scale 1:50,000 were collected for the entire free/directly draining catchment area. These toposheets were then manually pasted together to form a seamless mosaic of the area and the catchment boundary for the proposed project was marked on them.
After marking the study area, all the contours on the toposheet were digitized. The output of the digitization procedure was the contours as well as points contours in the form of x, y and z points (x, y location and their elevation). All this information was in real world coordinates (latitude, longitude and height in meter above sea level).
A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the area was then prepared, which was used to derive a slope map. The slope was divided in classes of slope percentages. 2.2.3 SOIL Based on a 3-tier approach (Landform analysis, field survey and laboratory investigation) soil resource map of study area has been prepared.
The soil map as prepared was then brought into GIS environment and used along with ERDAS Imagine Software as base map of further analysis.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
2.3 AIR, NOISE AND WATER ENVIRONMENT STUDY 2.3.1 AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT The number of sampling at each of 04 stations was done for two consecutive days. The baseline data of ambient air environment is generated for the mentioned parameters as given below. 1. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) 2. Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM)
3. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
4. Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) In regard to the techniques for collection of sample of particulate matter, the “Respirable Dust Sampler Envirotech Model APM 460 BL” was used for air monitoring. The dust particulate matter was collected on filter paper (size GF/A20.3x25.4cm) and dust cup and the gaseous pollutants were collected simultaneously by a known volume of air through a number of bubblers of different flow rate through appropriate solution for absorbing different gases. The collected sample when analyzed according to standard method for different pollutants for samples in air was collected in glass impinges by displacement of distilled water. Theory of Respirable Dust Sampler (RDS) The principle involved in Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) sampling method is that the particles are filtered from known volume of an air sample by a suction apparatus and the particle are deposited on a filter paper. Generally, the gaseous pollutants in air are made to react with liquid absorbing media at atmospheric temperature and pressure when air is bubbled through the absorbing solution in the impinger. RD sampler measures only the concentration of SPM and Gases in the ambient air. Calculation for particulate matter SPM or RSPM (µg/m3) weight of filter paper after sampling – initial weight of filter paper x 10% volume of air. Calculation for gaseous pollutants
3 3 SO2 (µg/m ) = (A – A0 x 10 ) x B / Va x Volume of sample
Where, A = Sample Absorbance, A0 = Reagent blank Absorbance and Va = Volume of Air Sample in liters. 2.3.2 SOUND LEVEL MEASUREMENT The sound level was measured for 04 locations by sound level meter RS 232 (digital Instrument). It consists of the following major section.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
1. The Sensor or Microphone The sensor is a high precision electrode condenser microphone, which must be protected from physical abuse, dirt, oil, water or ingress of any such substance. 2. The Control Panel The control panel comprises of the:- 1. Recorder for the maximum level of sound and minimum level of sound 2. Range selector 3. Auto and manual rest switches 4. Hold on max and min level 3. The Range Selector These switches can be used for selecting the relevant range of the sound level. Methodology The calibrated and charged sound level meter is adjusted for slow time response. The sound level was measured at different sites and maximum and minimum level of sound was recorded for the particular site and then average was calculated which gave the final readings. Readings were taken in each division of north, south, east and west around each source and at various distances and the maximum minimum for particular hours were recorded. Sources The major sources of air pollutants in the project area are vehicular traffic, blasting (during road construction at present), dust arising from local and village road, forest fire and domestic fuel burning. 2.3.3 WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT The baseline data for water quality assessment was done based on the parameters given below. 1. General survey of river Gola upstream and downstream proposed project site. 2. Selection of spots for water sampling and collection of aquatic organisms. 3. Distribution and population density of macro-zoo benthos in river Gola. 4. Periodical monitoring of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of river water. 5. Estimation of coliform (MPN) and E. Coli organisms in river water. 6. Importance of water quality on existing aquatic fauna in mountain rivers. 2.3.3.1 Water Quality Analysis Five sites were selected for water sampling. The selection of sites was done considering the location of different project components, junction of streams and river course, spots of high water velocity and some of the stagnated pools along with the areas having human interference.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
The limnological parameters were recorded mainly following the standard methods described by Welch (1948), CSIR (1974). Mackereth et.al. (1978) and APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1995) as following: Parameters Instrumentation Ambient temperature : Digithermometer (stainless steel sensor probe) Transparency : Seehi dise method (Weleh 1948) Water velocity : EMCON digi current meter Turbidity : Nephelometer Total Dissolved Solids : Titration method pH : Digi pH meter (HANNA) Alkalinity, Acidity, Chlorides, Silicates, DO, Free CO2, Zn, Si, Fe and Nutrients (Phosphorus, Sulphates) : Aquamerck / Aquaquant kits Total Ca and Mg Hardness – EDTA : Titrametric methods (Natrajan and Jhingran 1988) Inorganic phosphates : Colorimetric Methods BOD : Titration E-Coli and Total Coliform : Macconkey broth 2.3.3.2 Aquatic Environment Data on existing aquatic environmental conditions in and around proposed project has been generated as per following:
Biological characteristics of river water. Inventorization of phytobenthos and Zoobenthos Estimation of coliform organisms. Present status of riverine fish fauna: Identification of obligate fish species. Their Migratory pattern, diseases, feeding and breeding grounds. Evaluation of Phytobenthos Samples of periphyton were obtained by scraping off 3 cm2 area of the boulders and preserving it in 1 ml of Lugol’s solution. The upper surface of boulders was scraped with the help of sharp razor. Three replicates were obtained and integrated. Thus the total area sampled amounted to 9 cm2. Sedgewick-Rafter cell counts (APHA 1992) were made and density was recorded as cell m m2. For qualitative studies the keys of Trivedy and Goel (1984) and Ward and Whipple (1959) were being used for identifying the filametous and non-filamentous algae. However, for identifying diatoms, permanent mounts were prepared and identified. For computing abundance (as %) 300-400 diatom cells were identified in each sample (with BX-40). Evaluation of Benthic Macro-Invertebrates Benthic macro-invertebrates were collected from the designated sampling sites in river Gola using surber’s square foot sampler (Welch, 1948) adopting random sampling device. All collected 2-29
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand specimens were preserved in 8% formalin solution and identified upto the generic level with the aid of keys given by Usinger (1950), Ward and Whipple (1959), Needham and Needham (1962), Macan (1979), Tonapi (1980) and Edington and Hildrew (1995). The density of benthic macro invertebrates was expressed as unit per meter square (unit/m2). Benthic macro invertebrates were sampled from an area of one ft2. All the stones of the area were collected in a bucket with as little disturbance as possible and washed thoroughly. Three replicates were obtained and integrated. The samples were sieved and preserved in 70% alcohol for further analysis. The benthic macroinverterbrates could be identified upto order/family/genus level with the help of keys given by Edmondson (1959) and Pennak (1953). Counts of the identified organisms were made in each sample and density was recorded as individual’s m2. The spatial variations in community structure were recorded by computing percentage abundance. Evaluation of Total Coliform To assess the quality of water in terms of pathogenic and parasitic organisms, the use of indicator system has been thought to be best method. The coliform organisms are considered to be the best indicators of pathogenic organisms. The standard test for the estimation of number of coliform group had been carried out generally by multiple tube dilution technique which gave most probable number (MPN) of bacteria. A selective medium was used to develop only coliform bacteria. Coliform ferments lactose and produce acid and gas which could be detected by uplifting of Durham’s tube by vision. MPN was not an actual enumeration of coliform bacteria but merely an index of the probable. Culture Media A. Mac Conkey Broth : For Presumptive Test of Coliform Peptone 20 g. Lactose 10 g. Sodium chloride 5 g. Bile salt 5 g. (may be replaced by sodium taurocholate or sodium taurogly – chocholate) Distilled water 1000 ml. B. EC Medium: This medium is used for the test of presence of coliform group of fecal origin. Tryptose or trypton : 20 g. Lactose : 5 g. Bile salt mixture : 1.5 g. Bile salt No. 3
Dipotassium hydrogenphosphate : 4 g. KH2PO4 2-30
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate : 1.5 g. KH2PO4 Sodium chloride : 5 g. Distilled water : 1 lit. C. Buffered Dilution Water: To prepare stock phosphate buffer solution 34 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is to be dissolved in 500 ml distilled water at pH 7.2 with 1N NaOH and be diluted in 1 lit with distilled water. 1.25 ml stock phosphate buffer solution will be added to 1 lit distilled water. Dispense in amounts that will provide 9 ml in 150 x 25 mm test tubes sterilized autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. Calculation: Coliform density was determined by using a standard MPN Table. The density was given against various +ve tube combinations. Expression of Results: It was convenient to express the results of the examination of replicate tubes and dilution in terms of the Most Probable Number (MPN). In usual practice the results were expressed in terms of MPN index/100 ml of various combinations of +ve and -ve results generally given in most of the microbiological manuals. Fecal Coliform (MPN) procedure: For separation of coliform organisms of fecal origin from that of non fecal, elevated temperature tests had been used. Gas formation in subculture of the +ve tubes from presumptive tests of coliform in EC medium at 44.5 ±0.2 0C for 24 hrs gave the + ve test of fecal coliform. Total Count: Total bacterial count is indicative of the presence of chemosynthetic heterotrophic group of bacteria (Exotic) and is often performed in conjunction with total coliform (MPN) in waters. The test is not differential between pathogens and indicator organisms but is considered affirmative to population. Total count was often performed to assess: 1. Progress of self-purification in rivers, ponds and lakes in time and space. 2. Efficiency of bacterial removal during storage and treatment processes. 3. Ascertaining quality in general. 2.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 2.4.1 FLORAL STUDY The present report on the plants of project area is based on extensive field survey of the area. Earlier the study has been done by the Kamaun University, Nainital and now ecology study of the project area within 10 km radius area has been carried out during June- July 2009 by expert’s team. Besides the collection of plant species, information was also collected on the vernacular names and uses of plants made by local inhabitants.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
2.4.1.1 Phytosociology A nested quadrates technique was used for sampling the vegetation. The size and number of quadrates needed were determined using the species area curve (Mishra, 1968) and the running mean method (Kershaw, 1973). Summarization of previously used methods and recommendations led to the use of more than often (10 x10 m) quadrates laid out for sampling the tree stratum and 1x1m quadrates for herbs, grasses and seedlings of tree species less than 1.3 cm dbh (diameter at breast height) at different altitudinal gradients using GPS. However, for examining the shrub species 3x3m sample plots were laid out. The enumeration of the vegetation in each of the quadrate was done by measuring dbh individually in case of woody vegetation and collar diameter in case of herbs and grasses, with the help of tree caliper and electronic digital caliper. In case of grasses and sedges, each erect shoot is considered to a plant tiller and the enumeration was done by laying 1x1m quadrates at random, further subdivided into 10x10 cm segments. Four such segments selected at random were analyzed from each quadrate by counting the tillers individually. The method used was that of Singh and Yadav (1974). The vegetation data collected for phytosociological information was quantitatively analyzed for density, frequency and abundance according to Curtis and McIntosh (1950). The relative values of frequency, density and dominance of all the species were summed up to represent Importance Value Index (IVI). The following are the formulae to derive frequency, density, dominance, IVI etc. Total number of quadrats in which species occurred Frequency = ———————————————————————— Total number of quadrats studied Total number of individuals of species in all quadrats Abundance = ————————————————————————— Total number of quadrats in which species occurred
Total number of individuals of a species Density = ————————————————— Total number of quadrats studied IVI = Relative frequency + Relative dominance (basal area) + Relative density Frequency of the species Relative Frequency = —————————————— x 100 Total frequency of all species Density of the species Relative Density = ——————————————— x 100 Total density of all species Dominance of the species Relative Dominance = ——————————————— x 100 Total dominance of all species
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Abundance of the species Relative Abundance = —––———————————— x 100 Total abundance of all species 2.4.1.2 Diversity of the Forest Vegetation The tree species diversity for each stand in different forest types was determined using Shannon Wiener information function (Shannon and Wiener, 1963), which is: s H = - ∑ (Ni/N) ln (Ni/N) i = 1
Where, Ni is the total number of individuals of species i and N is the total number of all species in a stand. 2.4.2 FAUNAL STUDY Ground surveys were carried out by trekking the impact zone for identification of important animal groups such as butterflies (insects), birds, mammals, reptiles, and some fishes inhabiting the area, along the riverbanks, adjoining forest on the slopes, nallahs, hill top and agricultural fields.
For sampling butterflies, the standard ‘Pollard Walk’ methodology was used by recording all the species that were encountered while trekking along the foot trails between sites daily. Voucher specimens of species were collected by means of a butterfly net for only those species that could not identified in the field besides photographing them for the same purpose. Sampling was done for 1 hour in a stretch on each transect (n = 4). For sampling birds ‘point sampling’ along the fixed transects (foot trails) was carried out to record all the species of birds observed with the help of binoculars; field guides and photography for 1 hour on each transect (n=4). For sampling mammals, ‘direct count on open width (20m) transect’ was used on the same transects (n=4) for 1 hour in each transect. Besides, information on recent sightings/records of mammals by the villagers and locals was also collected from these areas. ‘Reptiles’ mainly lizards were sampled by ‘direct count on open width transects’ (n = 4) for 1 hour in each transect. 2.4.3 AQUATIC FAUNA 2.4.3.1 Sample Collection The samples were collected during summer season in the month of June, 2009 for planktons (phytoplankton and zooplankton), benthos and fishes including the other existing invertebrate and vertebrate fauna. The river/stream morphology was visualized and interpreted based on the criteria by Rosgen (1996).
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
2.4.3.2 Assessment Procedures Planktons, benthos and other aquatic fauna were studied using standard methods. Plankton samples were collected using a tricot ring net and the periphyton were obtained by scraping of 30 cm2 area of the boulders and preserved in 1 ml of Lugol’s solution. Benthic macro- invertebrates were collected from surface pebbles, cobbles and gravels form up to 15 cm sediment depth. All specimens collected were preserved in 8% formalin solution or 70 % alcohol and brought to the laboratory for the microscopic analysis and were identified up to generic level by using Pennak (1953), Ward and Whipple (1959), Needham and Needham (1962), Trivedy and Goel (1984), Edington and Holdren (1995) and APHA (1992, 1998). Photographs were made using Nikon Optiphot PCM with attached assembly of Camera Nikon FX 35WA at magnification of PL5X and 10X and Olympys with 30x optical zoom. In the field, digital camera of Fuziform with 10 megapixcel magnication and 15x optical zoom were used. Fishes were collected using different fishing gears like cast net, scoop net, hand net, hook-line, pot and open local devices methods. Most of the fishes were identified in the field and released back into the water after taking photographs. The unidentified fishes representative specimen were brought to the laboratory after preserving in 5% formalin for identification. The fishes in the downstream of river Gola are generally sold in the near by shops or caught and consumed by local residents were identified. Fishes were identified up to the species level with the help of keys of Jayaram (1981), Menon (1987) and Talwar and Jhingran (1997). IUCN red data list (2006) was compared to assess threatened, endangered and vulnerable species in the study area. 2.5 SOCIOECONOMIC STUDY The data on socio economic and dependency aspects were collected in two stages. The first stage involved a rapid assessment of the study area in order to obtain an overall perspective of the villages that were located in the project area. The second stage of data collection was done in the villages which are going to be directly affected by acquisition of land for construction of project. A sampling frame for survey area was initially devised and as per this the villages going to be affected due to project construction were surveyed. Data collection from secondary sources has also been made to validate some of the information and to supplement the data on demographic aspects. Secondary information was collected from different government and non-government offices. The data collected mainly was of secondary nature and involved information regarding access to facilities such as PHC’s, schools, bus services, LPG distribution centers, type of roads, livestock information, land utilization, demographic profile of the villages, location and distribution of villages with respect to Project. 2.5.1 SOCIOECONOMIC SURVEY OF PROJECT AFFECTED VILLAGES Based on the formats devised for conducting socioeconomic survey information on 2-34
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand socioeconomics of the affected families was collected by undertaking door to door survey. Under the rapid village survey studies information on overall demography, infrastructure, availability of natural resources, livestock status etc. were evaluated by analyzing the records of village panchayats and from the local villagers. This study has provided a definite insight in analyzing the overall socioeconomic status of the villages. While conducting the household survey the population of affected families was interviewed by conducting door to door survey to collect information on: demographic structure of the households (information on family size, age and sex of the family members), number of people in working age group (18 to 60 years), division of labour, level of literacy, occupation, size of land holding, livestock holding and crops grown. In addition to this dependency of the families on forests for fuel wood, timber, fodder etc., and, loss to movable-immovable assets were also collected. Data were collected on quantity of fuel wood, timber and types of Non Timber Forest Produces (NTFP) collected, consumed and sold each year and its contribution to the family’s annual income. In order to gather information on public perception of the proposed project the attitude/psychology survey was carried out which depicts the prevailing awareness and acceptance/no-acceptance about the project. Total number of families fully or partially affected by the project, approached for collecting socioeconomic data. All the families present in the villages during the study period were interviewed and based on the availability, information on families those had migrated to other places were collected from their relatives and neighbors. Data Analysis: SPSS 11.5 software was used for data processing. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages) were used to summarize the data. 2.5.2 SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA Metrological department : Climatic data Survey of India : Topo sheet National Remote Sensing Agency : Satellite Data Forest Survey of India : Forest cover Revenue Department : Land data / population statistics
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
CHAPTER 3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.1 INTRODUCTION The entire catchment is hilly and the valley is narrow. A number of nalas drain these extensive land mass to the Gola River. The catchment area is located between the altitudes 1200 - 2400m from mean sea level. The mountains have steeply sloping ridges and are moderately to strongly sloping foot slopes. The intermountain valley sides are having gentle to strong sloping river terraces. Nearly 50% of the area has sloped greater then 27° The catchment area is represented' by the survey of India Topographical maps 53 0/11,0/12,0/15 and 53 0/16 of 1:50,000 scale. The area can be approached by Delhi- Kathgodam-Bhimtal-Lohaghat road. The catchment, in many ways, is the soul of the river. It provides the river necessary runoff during the monsoon; people inhabited in the river’s catchment use the water of the river for daily use. However, the same catchment provides a load of eroded soil & silty material, as well as nutrients, 3 3 like Nitrogen (as NO -), Phosphorous (as P3O4 -) & Potash (in various alkaline salt forms). Thus the catchment can accord both life & death to the dam & its reservoirs. 3.2 CLIMATE The climate of Gola river basin is affected by the tropical weather systems during the summers and the cold weather systems known as Western Disturbances during winter and per-monsoon months. The Western Disturbances have their origin near the Mediterranean Sea and move in the westerly wind regime along Himalayan latitudes during the winter season. These disturbances may be in the form of a depression or a low pressure area or an upper air cyclonic circulation or a through in lower isobaric levels. They shift to more northerly latitudes as the summer season approaches. Summer precipitation in the Gola basin are mainly associated with the Southwest monsoon which is dominant from June to September, most of the precipitation is in the form of rainfall. Extreme rainfall floods are mostly experienced during this season. Based on the available information, from different sources the project basin broadly get affected the following seasons. o Winter : December to March o Summer/pre-monsoon : April to May o Monsoon : June to September o Post-monsoon/Autumn : October to November 3.2.1 METEOROLOGY The region has four distinct seasons. The area experiences severe winter from December to
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
March followed by summer season lasting from April to June. The area receives rainfall under the influence of south-west monsoons from July to mid-September followed by post-monsoon season lasting upto November. 3.2.2 TEMPERATURE The terrain in general has a profound influence on the temperature of a region. The temperature generally rises from the beginning of March till June, which is the hottest month of the year with mean minimum and maximum temperatures of 15.6oC and 24oC respectively. With the onset of monsoons by the end of June, temperature begins to fall. The drop in day temperature is much more than the drop in night temperature. The night temperature falls rapidly after the withdrawal of monsoons by mid-September. The month of January is coolest month with the mean maximum and minimum temperatures being 8.9oC and 1.7oC respectively. Under the influence of western disturbances, the temperature falls appreciably during winters and it may go even below 0oC. 3.2.3 HUMIDITY Except during monsoon months, humidity is generally low throughout the year. During summer season, humidity is lowest (36%). During monsoon months, it goes as high as 80-90%. The highest levels of humidity (91%) are observed in the month of August. The average humidity during synoptic hours is 53% and 62% respectively. 3.2.4 RAINFALL Rainfall varies significantly with altitude in the project area. At Nainital, the annual rainfall is 1424.8 mm. About 60 to 70% of the annual rainfall is reviewed in the monsoon months. The catchment area also receives rainfall due to western disturbances that pass over the north- western part of the country during the winter months. Significant precipitation in form of snow is received at higher altitudes and rainfall in valleys is received during winter months. At Nainital the number of rainy days in a year is about 84.8. Jamrani Dam Construction Division & IIT Roorkee has measured the total annual rainfall of 27 years in the catchment area of Jamrani Dam. The yearly average rainfall is 1541.83 mm. The standard deviation of the rainfall is approx. 334 mm.
Table 3.1: Yearly Rainfall in Jamrani Catchment Area
Year Sl. No. Weighted Annual Rainfall (July to June) (mm) 1 1979 - 80 1166.60 2 1980 - 81 1759.90 3 1981 - 82 1204.15 4 1982 - 83 1422.96 3-37
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Year Sl. No. Weighted Annual Rainfall (July to June) (mm) 5 1983 - 84 1558.99 6 1984 - 85 1024.55 7 1985 - 86 1920.20 8 1986 - 87 1283.48 9 1987 - 88 1149.21 10 1988 - 89 1458.02 11 1989 - 90 1461.26 12 1990 - 91 1912.27 13 1991 - 92 1170.72 14 1992 - 93 1553.29 15 1993 - 94 2191.90 16 1994 - 95 1292.60 17 1995 - 96 1955.32 18 1996 - 97 1597.21 19 1997 - 98 1768.68 20 1998 - 99 2078.55 21 1999 - 2000 2071.17 22 2000 - 01 1828.01 23 2001 - 02 1039.78 24 2002 - 03 1471.67 25 2003 - 04 1527.25 26 2004 - 05 1389.92 27 2005 - 06 1371.65 3.2.5 CLOUD COVER: During the months of July and August, the skies are heavily clouded to overcast for about 25 days in each month. The cloud cover is the least in the month of November, when skies are clear to lightly clouded for more than 25 days in a month. During the period from December to March, heavy cloud cover is expected for a period of 10 days in a month due to western disturbances. The average meteorological conditions in the project area are summarized in Table 3-2.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Table 3.2: Meteorological conditions in the project area
Month Mean Temperature (oC) Mean Relative Humidity Rainfall (%) (mm) January 13.3 69 25.3 February 16.2 65 30.5 March 21.2 57 16.2 April 26.9 41 13.3 May 30.0 42 35.6 June 30.4 63 157.2 July 28.8 80 417.9 August 28.3 82 378.2 September 27.4 77 223.9 October 23.5 66 39.5 November 18.2 64 2.8 December 14.2 69 14.3 Source: DPR 3.2.6 SPECIAL WEATHER PHENOMENA Thunderstorms mostly occur during the months from March to September. These also occur in association with the western disturbances in winter and are often accompanied with hail. During winter months fog is also common. 3.3 GEOLOGY OF THE PROJECT AREA Geological investigations of various proposals for constructing a dam on Gola river had been carried out from by the Engineering Geology Division (East), Northern Region, Geological Survey of India, Lucknow since 1968.The entire catchment of Jamrani Dam Comprising the sub- basins of Kalsa in north -west of the Lugar Gad, in south-west and mains of Gola and its tributaries entered over the outer Himalayan authochthonous Shiwalik as well as in the lesser Himalaya. The main dam is located on the Shiwalik rocks comprising of hard, compact, medium to line grained sand store with alternate bands of clay. The Shiwalik are located in southern portion of catchment and are separated by Mains Boundary Thurst. The northern region of the catchment which is located in lesser Himalaya comprises rocks of all ochthonous units at the Jaunsar Group of the Krol Nappe. The litho-stratigraphv of the Gola catchment is as follows:
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Table 3.3: Lithostratigraphv of Gola Catchment
Group, Fornatin Lithology Almora Group Saryu Fm Medium Grade metamorphies and Crystallincs. South Almora Thrust Carbonaceous slates, medium to fine grained quartzite, quartzirocks, Nathuakhan Fm (I) Sublitharenite,phyllites, Limestone and marbIe. Ramgarh Group (2) Okhalkhanda Gneiss:- Gneissose quartz porphyry, augen mylonitic gneiss, schist and white fine - grained sericitic quartzite lenses towards the top. Debguru Fm (1) Ranikhet Schist:- Pink, purple, violet, lightgreen. Quartzsericite- chlorite schist, phyllonite and mylonitised quartz porphyry. (2) Bhowali Ouratzite:- Pink, purpal,fawnand green, medium to coarse grained orthoquartzite with subordinate lenses of infraornational conglomeratic lime stone. Jaunsar Nagthat Fm Bhimtal Volcanics:- Penecontcm poraneous lave flow and tuffities. Basic. volcanics, amygdoloidal, vesIcular and massinc basalts, amphibolitcs tuffaceous green schist,PhyIlites; purple slates with sone green tuffaceous Quartzite. Salad Thrust Amritpur Granite Greyish medium to coarse grained porphyritic granite and quartz porphyry, Extensively foliated and mylonitised. Main Boundary Thrust Siwalik Group Nahan (Lower Siwalik) Greyish brown to greenish fine to grained, micaceous sandstone with subordinate siltstone and claystone.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Figure 3.1: Major Geological Characteristics of Jamrani Dam & Adjoining Area
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Figure 3.2: Features & Location of Krol Thrust
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
3.4 TECTONICS AND SEISMICITY OF THE STUDY AREA
Tectonic Succession of Gola Catchment. Almora Nappe ………………………..South Almora Thrust...... …………… Ramgarh Nappe ...... Ramgarh Thurst...... Krol Nappe ...... Amritpur Granite ...... Main Boundry Thurst...... Autochthonous Shiwalik
3.4.1 SEISMOLOGY Department of Earthquake Engineering, University of Roorkee (Now I.I.T. Roorkee) carried out the study of seismotectonic set up of the area around Jamrani Dam and recommended seismic coefficient, design spectra and timewise ground acceleration. According the above report Jamrani dam site in Kumaon Himalaya lies in the western seismic province, separated from central seismic province of Nepal- Sikkim Himalaya by the India west. Nepal border region bounded by the probable entensions of transverse Moradabad fault zone and Rajasthan great boundary, fault zone. Major earthquakes with Richters magnitude upto 6.5 have occurred in Kumaon Himalaya in Dharchula area. Thus a 6.5 magnitude earthquake with its epicentre along krol thurst with depth of 30km and 7.35 magnitude earthquake with its epicentre in Dharchula area with similar depth of focus could be adopted for evaluation of peak ground acceleration at Jamrani dam site from deterministic magnitude distance - acceleration relations. Krol thurst is enposed 0.5 km from right abutment of the dam and the hypocentral distance of, the focal region at a depth of 30km from the surface is estimated to be 43 km. Considering a dip of krol thurst as 45° the hypocentral distance of the earthquake in Dharchula area with ~ depth of focus 30km. is estimated to be 110km.the peak ground aeceleration at Jamrani Dam Project site due to a 6.5 magnitude earthquake along krol thurst and 7.5 magnitude earthquake with epicentre in Dharchula area at the intersection of main central thurst with India-West Nepal border region are estimated as 0.125g and 0.09g. Seismic risk at Jamrani Dam project site was evaluated taking into consideration the data on earthquake occurrence from 1917 onwards in the whole of the India sub-continent. The risk analysis was carried out with thy assumption that the temporal occurrence of earthquake is poisson randam variable and magnitude is exponentially distributed in the range of magnitude is 5 to 9. The focal depth is truncated log normal with cut of level of 150km. Attenuation law with 3-43
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand an error function for evaluation of peak ground acceleration at various levels of probability was chosen in the form of Esteva and Reserbluetws (1964) equation i.e.
y C1*expC2 *M C3 *ln R Ci Where y = Peak ground acceleration in cm/sec2 M= Magnitude, R = Focal distance in km. Ci= are empirical constants. Assuming that the earthquake occurrence in an angular distance of 150km radius from the project site, the seismic risk analysis was carried out on the guide lines provided by Dr. S. Basl (1977). The peak ground acceleration predicted by this analysis for 100-year service is 0.07g, 0.08g and 0.23g with an exceedence probability of 0.67, 0.5 and 0.2.5 respectively. The peak ground acceleration of 0.125g estimated at dam site for 6.5 magnitude earthquake along thurst with 30km depth of focus may be considered to have an exceedance probability about 0.33 and is recommended for evaluation of design response spectra and time history of the strong ground motion for dynamic analysis of filled dam and appurtenant structures. The time history of horizontal ground particle acceleration modified for 0.23g peak acceleration is recommended for dynamic displacement analysis of earth and rock fill dam. Vertical ground particle acceleration may be taken as half of the horizontal ground particle acceleration. Evaluation of Rock modulus by wave propagation tests at Jamrani Dam site had also been done by Deptt. of Earthquake Engineering University of Roorkee, (now IIT Roorkee) under their project No. P- 9103 (a) Dec.1997. As per above report results of cross bore hole test and surface wave propagation test are given Table in the following:
Table 3.4: Reports of Cross bore hole Test
Depth (m) Travel Time between Shear wave Shear Modulus Geophones (milli sec.) velocity (M /Sec) (T / M 2) 2 4.15 723 127885 5 3.75 800 156575 10 4.15 723 127885
Result of Surface wave Propagation test Distance between Travel Time between Compression Wave Shear wave Geophones (m) Geophones (milli Sec.) Velocity (m / Sec.) velocity (M /Sec) 3 4.67 642 412 6 9.55 628 403 9 11.79 763 490 12 16.66 720 462 15 26.42 568 365 3-44
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Distance between Travel Time between Compression Wave Shear wave Geophones (m) Geophones (milli Sec.) Velocity (m / Sec.) velocity (M /Sec) 18 27.64 651 418 21 21.95 957 614 24 20.73 1158 743
Department of Earthquake Engineering I.I.T. Roorkee is conducting for the assessment of new seismic parameters and seismic coefficient related to R.C.C. Dam.
3.4.2 REPORT ON THE MICROEARTHQUAKE STUDIES AROUND JAMRANI DAM SITE A short term study for microearthquake has been conducted by University of Roorkee, in the environs of Jamrani Dam Site. The survey was primarily aimed the evaluating the seismic status of thrust along (M.B.F), a tectonic features in the close proximity of dam site since its seismic activity could be of greater concern. To substantiate the data: a short term microearthquake recording has been conducted by the Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee in the environs of Jamrani dam site. The survey was primarily aimed to evaluate the seismic status of thrust (MBF), a tectonic features in close proximity of dam site since its seismic activity could be of great concern in seismic design of the dam. The comparison of the acquired sample of seismic activity prior to reservoir filling with the sample of activity obtained during the loading and post loading of reservoir will help to draw inference regarding reservoir induced seismicity. Network of mobile seismographic stations were installed and operated in the region from the period December 6, 1980 to March 10,1981. To study the rate of microearthquake activity the cumulative graphs were prepared for each recording site by plotting cumulative numbers of events (Y) versus actual days of recording (X). Mean rate of micro earthquake activity varies from 3.2 to 3.7 events per day. As regards the spatial distribution of microearthquake activity the data reveal that no spatial concentration of activity corresponding to the hypocentral distance of thrust (here MBF) has been observed indicating that the thrust is not exhibiting microseismic activity near the dam site. The other significant conclusions of the studies are:- i. The 'b' value of 0.52 has been obtained from the present study for region surrounding Jamrani Dam site. ii. Out of total recorded activity numbering 384 events there is only one event which falls with in a radius of about 40km from dam site. iii. Microearthquake activity by and large falls to the north and east north-east of the dam site. As many as 11 event have located at an "epentral distance" of 50km to the north of dam site. However, no definite seismotectonic correlation of located activity with the mapped tectonic features could be established. In order to know the long term behavior of the Main Boundary Fault in the vicinity of the dam site it is proposed that the work
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
of monitoring the seismic stations of the area would be referred to the Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee/ CWPRS, Pune. This work would be continued for a period of three years or so. Geological interpretations from aerial photographs have been carried out by Sharan. The tectonic sequences of the rocks encountered in the area from north to south, as proposed by Jangpanji et al is as follows:-
NORTH Phyllites, Schists and geneises with prophyroblasts of quartz and Ramgarh Thrust Formation feldspar at places with fine interbedding of quartzose and phyllitic layer Gritty quartizite, pink quartzite, pebbly had at the base, purple and Ramgarh thrust Bhimthal green slates, phyllites and pink siliceous limestone with basic formation intrusive and extrusives. Krol thrust lower Siwalik (Main Boundary fault) sandstones, claystones, siltstones and pseudoconglomerates.
The prominent structural features of the area are Krol Thrust (Main Boundary Fault), Fault trending N-SE, N to NNW to SSE and NNE-SSW. The Krol thrust is a major tectonic features of the Himalayas and it is marked by the contact between the rocks of Lower Shiwalik and the granite/basic rock. It trends in general WNS-ESE direction and the thrust plane dip is between 40 to 500 towards north. The nearest trace of the thrust with respect to the dam site occurs approximately 0.8 Km towards north of the right abutment and in the reservoir area about 3.5 Km from the dam site. 3.4.3 ANALYSIS OF RESERVOIR INDUCED SEISMICITY (RIS) POSSIBILITY For prognosticating of RIS: the main condition are (a) availability or otherwise of the channels of seepage (b) existence of deeper tectonic condition stress build up in pre-existing faults planes and weak zones and (c) physical and textural properties of rocks (Huang Naian 1982). In addition, the rate of increase of water level in the reservoir and duration of high water level maintained also play an important role in the increase of RIS. i. In the context of Jamrani dam reservoir area the sandstone interbedded with claystone and siltstone of the lower Shiwalik group occupies the lager area this sequence provides natural barrier against the seepage. Total 43 drill holes has been drilled so far on the right bank, left bank and in the river bed. The permeability of the material of the thrust plan near dam site was measured in one drill hole indicates values in the range of 7-10 Luegons. However, average permeability is measured from the range 2 to 56 Luegons for all of the drill holes. ii. As the textural and physical properties of rocks are closely related to the occurrence of RIS, the plastic rocks under deformation may show settlement without producing vibration while on the other hand failure of brittle rocks produce vibrations. The 3-46
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
reservoir environment such as one which is characterized by alterations of plastic claystone mudstone and sandstone as in Bhakra, Ramganga and pong dams in India have not registered any RIS so far. The geological environment of the Jamrani reservoir area is practically of the similar type having similar sedimentary sequence of the Siwalik. It may be anticipated therefore that there will be no significant change in the stress distribution in the creation of reservoir by constructing the Jamrani dam. Four Microearthquake stations have been reffered by CWPRS Pune out of which M.E.Q. in Damuwadhunga and Barajhala stations have been installed and Naukuchiyatal and Chorgalia stations has been prepared for installing the MEQ. It is proposed to study the long term effect behavior. of the main Boundary Fault in the vicinity of dam site for which installation of seismic stations in the area has been referred to the Earthquake Engineering Department, IIT Roorkee/ CWPRS Pune. A sum of Rs.50 Lacs is being provided on the project estimate for the purpose.
Table 3.5: Average Seismic Noise Levels Recorded at sites in the Jamrani dam Project Area
Average Amplitude amplitude of LOCATION Source agin (dB) recorded seismic noise (mm.) Pasoli 72. V.small Ambient 78 0.35 -do- . 84 0.50 -do- 78 (5-30Hz) 0.60 Human! cattle movement at 100m Sirwa 72 0."50 Ambient 78 0.60 -do- 84 2.00 -do- 72 >710.00 Bus at 200m distance Babiyad 72 V.small Ambient 78 0.10 -do- 84 0.20 -do-' 78 4.00 Bus at 200m distance 84 >10.00 Bus at 200m distance 78(5-30Hz) 1.50 Human! cattle movement: Chorgaliya 72 0.50 Ambient 78 0.80 -do- 84 1.40 -do- 72(5-30Hz) 3.00 Vehicle at 100m distance Khansu 72 0.25 Ambient 78 0.45 -do- 3-47
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Average Amplitude amplitude of LOCATION Source agin (dB) recorded seismic noise (mm.) 84 0.60 -do- . 78(5-30Hz) 1.50 Truck at 400m distance Jamrani 72 V.small Ambient 78 0.20 -do- 84 0.45 -do- 84(5-30Hz) 2.50 Bus at 400m distance Besides Chorgaliya station, three other micro earthquake stations have been prepared at Barajhala (dam site), Damuadhunga and Naukuchiyatal. M.E.Q. has been installed at Damuadhunga and Barajhala sites. 3.5 SOIL QUALITY 3.5.1 SOIL AND SOIL CLASSIFICATION AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS: 3.5.1.1 Catchment Area The soils of the catchment area of Jamrani dam have been classified as per keys to soil taxonomy (USDA-1994) according the CAT plan made by All India Soil and Land Use Survey (ASALUS) New Delhi. The soils has been classified in six categories of the system out of them three orders namely Entisols, InceptisoIs, and Mollisoils are met in the Catchment area. The Soils in the project area are sandy to clay loam depending upon the rock type from which it has been derived. The schist, shale and phyllites give rise to clayee soils while the quartzite and sand stone result in formation of sandy soils. The clay rich lime stone yields deep soils whereas calcareous soils of shallow, depth are derived from pure' limestone and chalk. The quality of soil depends upon its depth and internal drainage. By and large the soil depth on steep slopes is shallow while on moderate to flat slopes it is medium. Near the river bed some terraces have sandy soil and these terraces are quite well developed along the banks of river Gola. Table 3.6 : Soil Classification of Catchments area of Jamrani Dam Project Order Suborder Great Group Sub Group Family Soil Series Loamy skeletal, mixed Kashiyalack Typic Entisols Orthents Udorthents thermic Majera udorthents
Loamy skeletal, mixed hyperthermic Syude, Udwan Loamy skeletal, mixed Churigad, Lithic thermic Jangliya
Udorthents Loamy skeletal, mixed hyperthermic Gumal Gaon Fine loamy, mixed Dhari, Inceptisols Ocherepts Eutrochrepts Typic thermic Dhanachuli 3-48
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Order Suborder Great Group Sub Group Family Soil Series Eutrochrepts Fine loamy, mixed, thermic Paniya Fine loamy, mixed
thermic Pul Gaon Typic Millisols Udolls Hapludolls Loamy skeletal, mixed, Hapludolls thermic Kasani Kalagadi Camutic Loamy skeletal, mixed, Hedakhan, Hapludolls hyperthermic Murkoriya
Fluventic, Loamy skeletal, mixed, Pokhri Hapludolls thermic
Table 3.7: Classification of soils of the Nainital District under Jamrani Dam Command
Sub- Series Family Sub-group Great-group Order order Coarse loamy, mixed Arenic Pandri hyperthermic, Arenic Eutrochrepts Ochrept Inceptisol Eutrochrepts Eutrochrepts Coarse loamy, mixed Typic Aksora Hapludalfs Udalfs Alfisol hyperthermic, Typic Hapludalfs Hapludalfs Fine loamy, mixed, Aeric Bhitoli hyperthermic, Aeric Haplaquepts Aquepts Inceptisol Haplaquepts Haplaquepts Fine silty, mixed, hyperthermic, Dhanipur Ultic Hapludalfs Hapludalfs Udalfs Alfisol ultic Hapludalfs Coarse silty, mixed, Typic Delpur Hapludalfs Udalfs Alfisol hyperthermic, Typic Hapludalfs Hapludalfs The environmental monitoring expert has collected soil samples from specific locations within the study area during March-April, 2009, as detailed in Table 3.8 and shown in Figures 3.3.
Table 3.8: Details of Soil sampling locations
S. No. Location Code Direction from Project Site 1 Near Project Site /Power house site S1 Project site 2 Bhorsa Village S2 Down stream of project site 3 D/w of Kathgodam barrage S3 Down stream side 4 Gumalgaon S4 Submergence area 5 Junction point of Logargad & Kalsa River S5 Catchment area
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Figure 3.3: Details of Soil Sampling Location
As a part of field study has collected soil samples from the study area and the results are summarized in Table 3.9
Table 3.9: Analysis of Soil Samples during April, 2009
Sr. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 No. 1 pH (at 25 ºC) (1:5) 7.84 7.03 7.77 7.25 7.15 Textures 64.44 72.45 66.23 51.23 Sand, % 56.42 14.31 12.21 16.02 18.07 Silt, % 11.46 2 25.21 15.34 17.75 30.70 Clay, % 32.12 Sandy Sandy Sandy clayey Class Sandy clay Sandy clay clay clay Slit 3 Bulk Density (g/cc) 1.41 1.48 1.132 2.54 1.52 Water Holding 4 31.44 41.66 46.9 34.31 34.44 Capacity, % 5 Organic matter, % 2.35 2.17 1.48 3.51 2.55 Nitrogen content, 971.31 952.53 2123.93 773.36 963.31 6 kg/hectare Phosphate content (as 219.34 7 211.34 369.24 374.87 224.34 P2O5), kg/hectare Sodium content, 0.161 1.21 0.31 0.269 0.129 8 meq/100gm 3-50
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Sr. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 No. Calcium content, 9 16.63 21.46 12.90 15.61 15.61 meq/100gm Potassium content, 10 0.24 0.99 0.11 0.21 0.21 meq/100gm Magnesium content, 11 4.95 6.57 7.01 3.91 1.79 meq/100gm Conductivity at 25 ºC 12 92.1 106 129 106.5 99.1 (1:5), µm/cm The soil monitoring was studied in the years 2006 to 2007 and the average results of three times monitoring is presented in Table 3-10. Table 3.10: Analysis results of soil samples during 2006-07 Parameters Project site Roshila Village Borsha village pH 8.05 6.86 7.47
Electrical conductivity (s/cm) 90.83 85.4 103.4
Sodium as Na (meq/100 gm) 1.00 0.80 0.42
Nitrogen content kg/hectare 1214.0 789.8 695.2
Phosphates as P2O5 (kg/hectare) 184.4 441.42 294.5
Potassium as K (meq/100 gm) 0.18 0.67 0.19
3.6 LAND USE / LAND COVER Landuse/Landcover has been derived using the latest cloud free satellite imageries. Data has been generated from Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellite 1D/P6, LISS III sensor procured from National Remote Sensing Agency. The data from LISS III sensor is of 23.5 m resolution. Landuse/Landcover maps have been prepared for the catchment area at dam site, the study area of 25 km radius with reference to dam axis and submergence area and have been presented. The landuse classification has been tabulated for above areas of interest and presented below in Tables 3.11, 3.12 & 3.13 respectively. Catchment area has been delineated using topographical sheets and satellite imageries. The plan area of the catchment is 45000 ha while for land use calculations, area of the catchment has been used as 55053 ha which has been arrived at using digital elevation model (DEM) i.e. area along the slopes of the drainage area. The Area of Interest (AOI) as described above falls in satellite scene (Path-98, Row-50). The data has been procured in raw digital format and has been geo- referenced using Survey of India 1:50,000 scale and 1:250,000 scale topographical sheets with the help of standard data preparation techniques in ERDAS IMAGINE software. The interpretation of geo-referenced satellite data has been done using standard enhancement techniques, ground checks and experiences of qualified professionals. 3-51
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The landuse pattern of the submergence area has been studied through the collected data. The landuse details have been calculated through the landuse map which has been provided in DPR. The landuse pattern of study area has been given in following tables.
Table 3.11: Landuse classification for study area of 25 km radius
S. No. Landuse Category Area in sq km Area in percentage Dense Vegetation 1067.54 1 49.08 (Crown Cover Density > 40 %) Medium Vegetation 2 405.98 18.67 (Crown Cover Density 10 - 40 %) Light Vegetation (Degraded) 3 145.74 6.70 (Crown Cover Density < 10 %) 4 Agricultural Land 396.87 18.25 5 Scrubs/Bushes 83.87 3.86 6 River bed/Barren areas 34.46 1.58 7 Water Bodies 1.68 0.08 8 Settlement/Built-up Areas 38.87 1.79 Total 2175.00 100.00
Table 3.12: Landuse classification for the catchment area at dam site
S. No. Landuse Category Area in ha Area in percentage Dense Vegetation 1 25622.41 46.54 (Crown Cover Density > 40 %) Medium Vegetation 2 14167.68 25.73 (Crown Cover Density 10 - 40 %) Light Vegetation (Degraded) 3 5696.93 10.35 (Crown Cover Density < 10 %) 4 Agricultural Land 5120.04 9.30 5 Scrubs/Bushes 2234.24 4.06 6 River bed/Barren Areas 815.86 1.48 7 Water Bodies 24.93 0.05 8 Settlement/Built-up Areas 1370.90 2.49 Total 55053.00 100.00
Table 3.13: Landuse classification for submergence area
S. No. Landuse Category Area in ha Area in percentage Dense Vegetation 1 93.19 20.62 (Crown Cover Density > 40 %) Medium Vegetation 2 78.57 17.38 (Crown Cover Density 10 - 40 %) 3 Light Vegetation (Degraded) 30.61 6.77 3-52
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
S. No. Landuse Category Area in ha Area in percentage (Crown Cover Density < 10 %) 4 Agricultural Land 37.50 8.30 5 Scrubs/Bushes 11.06 2.45 6 River bed/Barren areas 195.20 43.19 7 Water Bodies 2.20 0.49 8 Settlement/Built-up Areas 3.66 0.81 Total 452.00 100.00 The satellite imagery of the study area is given in figure on next page:
Figure 3.4: Landuse Classification of 25 sq. km area around the Dam Axis Based on Remote Sensing Imagery
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
3.7 SITE ALTERNATIVES Alternative sites were considered near (i) Ranibagh, (ii) Amiya & (iii) Penota-Bhuriya were considered for the proposed project apart from the current dam site near Jamrani village. Sites near Ranibagh, Amiya & Penota are about 3 km, 8 km, and 14 km upstream of the Kathgodam weir respectively. Further geological and other site investigations has been carried out at two sites near the Bhuriya Village, 1.2 km & 1.6 km downstream of its confluence with Kalsa River, along Gola river. Sites near Kanth, Malwatal & Alchona villages on Kalsa River about 5 km, 10 km, 15 km upstream of its confluence with Gola respectively were also investigated. Sites near Ranibagh, Amiya & Penota were discarded because of their proximity to the Krol Thrust overlying it. Because of significant chances of storage induced Seismicity, these options were dropped. The other sites lying further north (on Kalsa river) have very little catchment area with steep river slopes and narrow basin, unsuitable for reservoir formation. Consequently, these options had small capacities, rendering the proposed project uneconomical at the first place. At last the current dam axis location near the Jamrani village was selected and most of the studies went on to give satisfactory results. The catchment area is fairly large with good runoff and reservoir could also be located downstream. Thus, the current location was selected based on these study results. 3.8 PRESENCE OF ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT MINERAL DEPOSIT No major occurrence of economic deposit has been found in the reservoir area, except materials like boulder, shingle pebbles, sand which bears no economic mineral importance, save the construction material. 3.9 ARCHAEOLOGICAL / RELIGIOUS / HISTORICAL MONUMENTS
No archaeological monument of national importance either lies in the project area or in its submergence area. There is also no structure of national heritage in the area and no national parks and bird sanctuary present within the project study area. A small temple is present within the submergence area of the project. For which a suitable package will be provided as per the LARR Act 2013.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
CHAPTER 4 WATER ENVIRONMENT
4.1 INTRODUCTION Gola River originates and flows through south eastern Kumoun Himalayas in the state of Uttarakhand. It is fed largely by the runoff during mansoon, when its discharge is high but progressively gets reduced in drier season. The project area interacts with river Gola which is one of the major components of the drainage system which itself is one of the largest drainage system of the world. The baseline data was studied for evaluating the basin characteristics, drainage pattern and hydro. The existing physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters were also analyzed for river at different sites. 4.2 BASIN CHARACTERISTICS OF RIVER GOLA The proposed project is being built on river Gola which rises from and flows through south eastern Kumoun Himalaya in the State of Uttarakhand. The catchment area at the proposed dam site and at barrage site is 450 sq. km and 600 sq. km respectively. The water availability at dam site at time of approval in 1975 was assessed on the basis of 16 years data (1958 to 1973) observed at Kathgodam weir. Gola River at dam and barrage site was assessed as 352.65 Mm3 and 470.2 Mm3 respectively. At present water availability has now been revised based on observed data for the period 1948 to 2005 i.e. 57 years at Kathgodam barrage site. The 75% dependable yield as now assessed at dam site is 282 Mm3 and at barrage site 470 Mm3. 4.3 COMMAND AREA The command area extends up to Kathgodam in the North, Bareilly in the South; Sitarganj (district Udham Singh Nagar) is the East and Rampur in the West. Based on the agro-geo-hydrological considerations the command is divided into three sub-regions-Bharbar, Tarai and Gangetic. Total command consists of several existing canal system , in the earlier sanctioned project, 23 existing system were clubbed together to from the Jamrani command while in the revised project, 3 canal systems have been deleted and only 20 canal systems considered to receive water from the project. 4.4 HYDROLOGY The proposed project is being built on river Gola that rises from and flows through south eastern Kumoun Himalaya in the State of Uttarakhand. It is observed that there was good correspondence in the three years data at the two sites and the three years data and 21 years data for Gola Head Works. Therefore, fractional coefficients given in Table 4-4 were then considered for monthly distribution of computed river flows at Jamrani dam site for 21 years. Since there was no runoff data available at another location within the catchment, the rational
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand formula was employed to get the monthly runoff sequences at eight locations within the catchment.
Table 4.1: Monthly Fractional Coefficients of Average Annual Flows at Gola / Jamrani
20 yrs. Av. 3 yrs. Av. 3 yrs. Av.
Annual at RA Fraction Annual at RA Fraction Annual at RB Fraction Month (20) at cusec RA/ RB (m) at Gola RA/ RB (3) at Jamrani RA/ RB day cusec day cusec day Jan. 5849 0.0209 5818 0.0223 3072 0.0160 Feb. 4963 0.0177 5089 0.0195 3085 0.0161 Mar. 4100 0.0146 5061 0.0194 3890 0.0203 April 3097 0.0111 3747 0.0144 2978 0.0155 May 3967 0.0142 4340 0.0166 3235 0.0169 June 14648 0.0523 6074 0.0233 4074 0.0212 July 56064 0.2001 44963 0.1723 44881 0.2340 Aug. 83152 0.2968 95319 0.3652 75236 0.3923 Sept. 60573 0.2162 59392 0.2275 30237 0.1577 Oct. 25022 0.0893 15839 0.0607 11179 0.0583 Nov. 11207 0.0400 8274 0.0317 5312 0.0277 Dec. 7562 0.0270 7100 0.0272 4604 0.0240
Source: DPR, 2006 4.5 WATER QUALITY The water quality of river Gola was studied in April, 2009 at specific location. The details of water sampling location have shown in Table 4-2 & Figure 4-1. The analysis of water quality of river Gola at Jamrani dam project site is given in Table 4.3.
Table 4.2: Details of Water Sample Location during April, 2009
S. No. Location Code Direction from Project Site 1 Near Project Site /Power house site W1 Project site 2 Bhorsa Village W2 Down stream of project site 3 D/s of Kathgodam barrage W3 Down stream side 4 Gumalgaon W4 Submergence area Junction point of Logargad & Kalsa River W5 Catchment area 5
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Water Quality monitoring
W2 W 3 W1
W 5
W 4 N
Figure 4.1: Details of Water Sampling Location
Table 4.3: Physico- chemical parameters of Gola River water in April, 2009 Sl. No. Parameter W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 1 Total Suspended Solids (TSS), mg/l 183 190.6 210.6 162.2 175.4 2 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), mg/l 154.2 171 176 139.2 146 3 pH (at 25 ºC) 7.91 7.88 7.95 7.73 7.17 4 Total Hardness, mg/l 86 92 112 72 85 5 Total Iron, mg/l 0.57 0.743 0.748 0.649 0.576 6 Fluoride, mg/l 0.65 0.64 1.64 0.47 0.4 7 Sulphate, mg/l 14.8 16.39 16.33 13.1 15.37 8 Chloride, mg/l 6.03 8.01 7.05 4.03 6.05
9 Calcium (as CaCO3), mg/l 27.2 48 50 22.4 35.2 10 Magnesium, mg/l 10.8 12.64 9.64 3.88 4.86 11 Total alkalinity, mg/l 94.76 80.66 160.66 82.4 107.12
12 Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 0.77 0.62 0.62 2.72 4.78 13 Arsenic, mg/l ND ND ND ND ND 14 Zinc, mg/l 0.051 0.087 0.087 0.066 0.051
15 BOD (3 days, 27°c,) mg/l < 2.0 < 2.0 < 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 16 COD, mg/l 4.7 4.4 4.4 4 4.5 17 Total Coliforms, MPN/100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent The water quality of river Gola was studied in the years 2006 to 2007 for three seasons at four different locations. The average results of monitoring are presented in Table 4-4. 4-57
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Table 4.4: Physico-chemical parameters of Gola river water during 2006-07
Junction Point Downstream Gola River Water Sl. of Logorgad and of Gola River Parameters (Upstream Water from No. Kalsa river at Barrage at Project Site) Amia Site 1. Total Suspended Solids (TSS), mg/l 200.17 202.43 258.5 139 2. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), mg/l 107.53 140.46 173.23 186.4 3. pH (at 25 ºC) 7.94 8.03 7.87 7.87 4. Total Hardness, mg/l 66.64 93.3 97.29 139.96 5. Total Iron, mg/l 0.9 1.1 0.68 0.34 6. Fluoride, mg/l 0 0.51 0.70 0.59 7. Sulphate, mg/l 13.29 11.37 21.71 16.67 8. Chloride, mg/l 9.39 8.15 13.0 11.16 9. Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 20.79 28.81 23.99 39.45 10. Magnesium, (as Mg), mg/l 10.28 5.18 9.07 10.04 11. Total alkalinity, mg/l 80.02 98.36 105.8 133.41 12. Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l 2.45 3.37 0.49 1.18 13. Arsenic, mg/l ND ND ND ND 14. Zinc, mg/l 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.08 15. BOD (3 days, 27°c,) mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 16. COD, mg/l 2.8 1.2 10 2.5 17. Total Coliforms, MPN/100ml Absent 20 Absent Absent
160 139 140 124 TDS Total Hardness Total Alkalinity Calcium 120
100 87 84 83 80 72 70 60 60 44 40 26 22 20 14
0 Post-monsoon, 2006 Pre-monsoon, 2007 Post monsoon, 2007
Figure 4.2: Variation in the Water Quality at location W1
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250
TDS Total Hardness Total Alkalinity Calcium 196 200
150 133
108 107 96 96 93 92 100 Level (mg/l) Level 76
50 35 26 22
0 Post-monsoon, 2006 Pre-monsoon, 2007 Post monsoon, 2007
Figure 4.3: Variation in the Water Quality at location W2
200 184 172 TDS Total Hardness Total Alkalinity Calcium 157 163 150 124
96 95 100 72
Level (mg/l) Level 66
50 33 27 11
0 Post-monsoon, 2006 Pre-monsoon, 2007 Post monsoon, 2007
Figure 4.4 :Variation in the Water Quality at location W3
250 221 TDS Total Hardness Total Alkalinity Calcium
200 179 172 161 159
150 132 123 116 116
100
48 50 35 35
0 Post-monsoon, 2006 Pre-monsoon, 2007 Post monsoon, 2007
Figure 4.5: Variation in the water Quality at location W4
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Table 4.5: Drinking water standards (IS: 10500-1991)
Value Parameters Acceptable* Cause for Rejection+
Turbidity 2.5 10 pH 7.0-8.5 <6.5
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 500 1500
Total hardness (mg/l) 200 600
Chlorides (mg/l) 200 1000
Sulphates (mg/l) 200 400
Fluorides (mg/l) 1.0 1.5
Nitrates (mg/l) 20 20
Calcium (mg/l) 75 200
Magnesium (mg/l) 30 150
Iron (mg/l) 0.1 1.0
Phenolic compounds (mg/l) 0.001 0.002
Faecal coliform (MPN/100 ml) Nil Nil
Total Colifoms 10 10
Note : - * Limits upto which water is generally acceptable to the consumers. +Figures in excess of those mentioned under `Acceptable’ render the water not acceptable but still may be tolerated in the absence of alternative and better source, but upto the limits indicated under column `Cause for Rejection’, above which the supply will have to be rejected.
The total hardness in all water samples was well below the permissible limit of 200 mg/l. The low calcium and magnesium levels can be attributed for soft nature of water. The carbonate hardness accounts for the entire hardness in the water samples as collected from the area. The non- carbonate hardness is virtually absent in the project area. The TDS value ranged from 66 to 186 mg/l, which were well below the permissible limits of 500 mg/l. correspondingly concentration of various cations and anions too were well below the permissible limits specified for drinking water purpose. The fluorides level was much lower than the permissible limit for drinking purposes (1 mg/l). The use of water with low fluorides leads to dental caries. The BOD and COD values are very low indicating absence of organic pollution loading. This is mainly due to the low population density and absence of industries generating effluents with high organic pollutants in the area.
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CHAPTER 5 AIR AND NOISE ENVIRONMENT
5.1 INTRODUCTION Dam projects are site specific in nature, whereby, the construction activity such as excavation of roads, construction of dam and powerhouse along with other appurtenant structures remains confined to a specific area. In addition to this, the construction activity also entails operation of heavy vehicles and other machines along with operation of crushing and batching plans, which emits dust and aerosols in the atmosphere causing air pollution. Operation of heavy vehicles and other plants also causes noise pollution in such an area. 5.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY The sources of air pollution in the project as well as the study area are vehicular traffic, dust arising from unpaved village roads, quarrying, construction activities, domestic fuel burning, etc. The prime objective of the baseline air quality study was to establish the existing or pre-project ambient air quality of the area. Air samples were drawn using Respirable Dust Sampler (RDS) for sample collection of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Particulate Matter, Sulphur di-Oxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), and Lead (Pb). Instantaneous Carbon Monoxide (CO) readings were taken with CO analyzer. Pb content of the air samples were analyzed from dust collected in the filter paper. Relevant IS procedures/methods were used to carry out the monitoring and analysis work. Ambient air monitoring was done for 8 hours, 24 hourly bases at all the four locations. Instantaneous carbon mono-oxide readings were taken hourly during monitoring and the average of these is taken as the CO level of the day. As a part of the field studies, four Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) locations were monitored. Respirable Dust Samplers APM-451 of Enviro-tech Instruments are being used for monitoring Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable fraction (<10 microns) and gaseous pollution like
SO2 and NOx. 5.2.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING LOCATIONS Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stations established by the Consultants during April, 2009 are listed in Table 5.1, shown in Figure 5.1 and monitoring results are presented in Table 5-2.
Table 5.1: Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations
Sl. No. Location Code Direction from Project Site 1 Near Project Site /Power house site AQ1 Project site 2 Bhorsa Village AQ2 Downstream of project site 3 D/s of Kathgodam barrage AQ3 Downstream side 4 Gumalgaon AQ4 Submergence area
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Sl. No. Location Code Direction from Project Site 5 Junction point of Logargad & Kalsa River AQ5 Catchment area
Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AQ)
AQ2
AQ1 AQ3 AQ5
AQ4
Figure 5.1: Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations 5.2.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS
Table 5.2: Details of ambient air quality monitoring during April, 2009
MONITORING PARAMETER Time and Date of Monitoring STATION SPM RSPM SO2 NOx CO Pb PROJECT SITE/ 10:00 AM to 06:00 PM 151.44 66.94 14.96 25.90 ND ND Power House 06:00 PM to 02:00 AM 142.50 49.81 13.89 24.25 ND ND (A1) 02:00 AM to 10:00 AM 155 54.0 14.13 23.57 ND ND
BHORSA VILLAGE 10:00 AM to 06:00 PM 156 63.0 20.12 33.2 1.15 ND at 06:00 PM to 02:00 AM 161.9 77.63 15.21 25.87 ND ND (A2) 02:00 AM to 10:00 AM 155 52.76 14.35 21.37 ND ND
D/s of Kathgodam 10:00 AM to 06:00 PM 152.42 65.77 15.55 24.56 ND ND barrage site (A3) 06:00 PM to 02:00 AM 124.83 42.41 10.80 20.0 ND ND 02:00 AM to 10:00 AM 167.54 58.37 12.80 21.29 ND ND
GUMAOL GAON 10:00 AM to 06:00 PM 154.27 57.75 13.0 24.0 ND ND (A4) 06:00 PM to 02:00 AM 148.0 49.38 12.89 21.0 ND ND 02:00 AM to 10:00 AM 123.82 32.79 12.63 22.18 ND ND
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MONITORING PARAMETER Time and Date of Monitoring STATION SPM RSPM SO2 NOx CO Pb JUNCTION POINT 10:00 AM to 06:00 PM 164.2 57.75 13.0 24.0 ND ND OF LOGARGAD & 06:00 PM to 02:00 AM 148.0 49.38 12.89 21.0 ND ND KALSA RIVER (A5) 02:00 AM to 10:00 AM 123.8 32.79 12.63 22.18 ND ND The air monitoring was carried out at four different locations within the study area for three seasons during 2006-07. The air monitoring results has been shown in following table.
Table 5.3: Average ambient air quality monitoring results during 2006-07
Location SPM RPM SO2 NOx CO Pb At Project Site 194.3 76.6 19.3 30.6 1.5 ND Amritpur “T” Point 161.6 56 15 22.6 1.5 ND Gumalgaon Village 136 53 13 18.6 ND ND Roshla Village 139.3 49 12.6 17.3 ND ND
5.2.3 CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of the ambient air quality survey, it can be concluded that the ambient air quality is quite good in the project area. The values of SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx are well within the permissible limits for residential and rural areas. The absence of major air pollution sources is responsible for the good ambient air quality in the project as well as study area.
Table 5.4: National Ambient Air Quality Standards (g/m3)
Time weighted Pollutants Industrial Area Residential Area SENSITIVE AREA Average
SO2 Annual Average * 80 60 15 24 hours ** 120 80 30 NOx Annual * 80 60 15 24 hours ** 120 80 30 SPM Annual * 360 140 70 24 hours ** 500 200 100 RPM Annual * 120 60 50 24 hours ** 150 100 75 * Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.
** 24 hourly/8hourly values should be met 98th percentile of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. NOTE : 1. National Ambient Air Quality Standards: the levels of air quality with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property. 2. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceeds the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigation. Source : S.O. 384 (E), Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 dated April11, 1994 and [EPA Notification : GSR 176 (E), April 2, 1996]
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5.3 AMBIENT NOISE ENVIRONNENT Noise is an important pollutant, which affects the environment and poses health and communication hazards. The intensity of noise is measured in decibel (db). The intensity of more than 65 db becomes alarming from pollution point of view. At the construction sites, the intensity of noise will usually be much higher for which safeguard measures will be adopted so that the noise pollution can be controlled. The noise levels have been expressed as an equivalent noise level (Leq) which is the measurement duration of sound pressure level as the averaging time. It is calculated as follows:
Leq = 10 Log10 [ n 1 ] Li n10n/10 Where, Li = Instantaneous sound intensity level dB (A) n = No. of observations 5.3.1 AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL MONITORING LOCATIONS Ambient noise monitoring was done in four locations in and around the project site. The monitoring schedule was divided over five time-lag periods as given below: Day Time : 08-10 hrs. 12-14 hrs. 16-18 hrs. Night Time : 20-22 hrs. 00-02hrs. These five time-lags gives an assessment of the Day and Night time noise levels. Based on the recorded noise levels, various statistical parameters have been presented in Table 5-4 to 5-8. The data presentation includes the following:
Leq: It is the level of a theoretical steady noise equivalent in energy to the real fluctuation noise over a given period. The Leq presented in the data includes all the values recorded at any given station.
Lday & Lnight: These levels are the Leq values based on the reading recorded during the day time and the levels recorded during the night time respectively. The noise level was monitored continuously for 24 hours at each location and two hour equivalent noise level was measured. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurement in the ambient environment was made using sound pressure level meter. 5.3.2 AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL MONITORING RESULTS The noise monitoring has been carried out during April, 2009 at five different locations same as above mentioned in Table 5-1 and shown in Figure 5-1 for air monitoring. The results of noise monitoring are shown in following Table 5-5.
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Table 5.5: Noise level at various locations during April, 2009
Locations Lday Lnight Ldn Project site 56.13 44.48 51.06 BHORSA VILLAGE 58.09 46.46 49.51 D/s of Kathgodam barrage site 54.15 45.02 48.41 Gumalgaon 58.90 44.42 52.68 Junction Point of Logargad & Kalsa River 57.17 45.16 51.61 The Noise monitoring has been carried for three seasons during year 2006-07. The results are presented in Table 5-6 to 5-8 the monitoring was carried out in day time. The noise standard for various categories is given in Table 5-9.
Table 5.6: Details of Noise level at various stations during Post-monsoon, 2006 monitoring
Locations N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4
Lday 62.01 63.81 62.02 64.72
Lnight 50.28 49.55 51.57 56.01
Table 5.7: Details of Noise level at various stations during Pre-monsoon, 2007 monitoring
Locations N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4
Lday 61.43 63.07 61.15 61.94
Lnight 44.68 48.16 45.56 45.42 Table 5.8: Details of Noise level at various stations during Post-monsoon, 2007 monitoring
Locations N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4
Lday 60.69 68.72 66.98 69.82
Lnight 53.4 65.06 61.09 54.73
70 65.20 65.49 61.38 63.38 60 54.26 52.74 52.05 49.45 50 40 30
Level, dB(A) Level, 20 Lday Lnight
10 0 N1 N2 N3 N4
Figure 5.2: Location wise Noise level during Post-monsoon , 2006 monitoring
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70 61.43 63.07 61.15 61.94 60 48.16 50 44.68 45.56 45.42
40
30
Level,dB(A) 20 Lday Lnight 10
0 N1 N2 N3 N4
Figure 5.3 : Location wise Noise level during Pre-monsoon, 2007 monitoring
80 68.72 69.82 65.06 66.98 70 60.69 61.09 60 53.4 54.73 50 40
30 Lday Lnight Values, dB(A) Values, 20 10 0 N1 N2 Locations N3 N4
Figure 5.4 : Location wise Noise level during Post-monsoon, 2007 monitoring
70 65.20 65.49 61.38 63.38 60 54.26 52.74 52.05 49.45 50 40 30
Level, dB(A) Level, 20 Lday Lnight
10 0 N1 N2 N3 N4
Figure 5.5 : Location wise monitored average Noise level
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Table 5.9: Ambient Noise Standards
Area Limits in dB(A) Leq Category of Area Code Day time Night time A. Industrial Area 75 70 B. Commercial Area 65 55 C. Residential Area 55 45 D. Silence Zone 50 40 Note : 1. Day time 6 AM and 9 PM 2. Night time is 9 PM and 6 AM 3. Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 metres around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zone. 4. Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2000 Gazette notification, Government of India, date 14.2.2000 The noise level at various sampling stations ranged from 65.49 to 49.45 dB (A). (Table 5.5).
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CHAPTER 6 : STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
6.1 INTRODUCTION Plant and animal communities are indicators of the environment. They respond not only to one environmental factor but also to an interacting group of factors. These communities influence and react sensitively to change in the balance of environmental stresses. Depletion of biodiversity is mainly due to intense anthropogenic pressure owing to “Population Explosion” mainly for expansion of agriculture, over exploitation of forests for day to day needs, over grazing and illicit felling, shifting cultivation, development activities like, irrigation, construction of hydro-electric dams, road construction including mining activities- all leading to dysgenic selection. Rationale use of the resources is therefore, quite important in the management of biodiversity, the habitat, species and gene pools prevalent in an area, because once it is lost, it becomes an uphill task to reverse the process. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of the diversity of the area definitely helps in managing the area properly following suitable practices. The study was conducted in the project area to assess all possible consequences on the biological environment. Floral and faunal surveys conducted for assessing the biological diversity and its status over a period of time that forms an integral part of Impact Assessment Techniques. The present study is highlighting the various issues pertaining to floristic diversity and the faunal wealth including Ethno-botany and silvicultural issues in the submergence area and also the area beyond the limit of the submergence. Accordingly, for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies, the total area has been sub-divided into the following areas;
Dam/ barrage Site Upstream of the dam Downstream of Dam up to power house site Power house site 6.2 OBJECTIVES The biological study of the area has been conducted in order to understand the ecological status of the existing flora and fauna to generate baseline information and evaluate the probable impacts on the biological environment. FLORA (Vegetation) Floral studies were carried out for following objectives: 1. To make an inventory/checklist of plants found in the study area. 2. To analyze the existing vegetation under submergence and influence zones of the project. 3. To know the density (trees/unit area) of each of the species under submergence and influence zones of the project.
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FAUNA Terrestrial Fauna Terrestrial fauna was evaluated to gain an insight in the following respects for species of carnivore, ungulates, non-human primates, birds/butterflies, reptiles and invertebrates. 1. To prepare an inventory of the terrestrial fauna present in the study area. 2. To assess present status of the terrestrial fauna present in the study area 3. To assess the impacts of the proposed dam on the terrestrial fauna. Aquatic Fauna The study was carried out in the project site aiming at: 1. Inventorization of different aquatic species (plankton, benthos, fishes). 2. Population density of the macro invertebrates and fishes in the river. 3. To identify the feeding and breeding grounds of economically important fishes. 4. To assess the existing status of endangered species. The biological study of terrestrial flora, fauna and aquatic biota has been done for different transects. However, the surveys have also been made in the entire area in the vicinity of proposed reservoir and downstream areas. The studies were conducted in and around 10 km radius of the project site with a view to assess the impact of proposed dam on local ecology. The study has been conducted by the expert’s team (Zoologists, Botanists etc) in the month of June to August 2009. The secondary information regarding the flora and fauna and the possible impacts envisaged the same is based onto these studies. Some help has also been taken from the current Forest Working Plan of Forest Department and other existing literature on flora & fauna of this region from library of Kumaun University, Nainital and G.B Pant University, Pantnagar (U.K). The study on biological environment has ealier also done by the University of Nainital. 6.3 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 6.3.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF FOREST TYPES The Gola catchments is a part of district Kumaun Nainital, which comprises partly the plain areas, which fall in Tarai-Bhabar region, and partly the hilly region, with and elevation ranging between 200 and 2,610 m. The Gola is the main river which originates from the nainital hills, and flows towards the bhabar and tarai regions. The catchment is inhibited by a large number of the villages which comes under the study of flora&fauna of 10km radius from the proposed Jamrani dam site.They are Khaljhala, Panyora, Herakhan, Murkudia, Lugadh, Padrani(East) these villages comes under submergence up to sangam of two river (Kalsha, Shanini) and it is near about 12km2 from the site,and more villages which comes under influence (10km radius) of proposed dam are, Pastola,Semalkheat, Sakula, Bheem jala, Chota kailash, Penora, Tyona(North) and from
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(South), Khatri khan, Paniya mehata, Vor paniya, Gumal gaon,Ozaldunga, Bejepur comes under (Gram sabha Ozaldunga, Vor paniya). (West), Ana, Amiya, Dahera, Amrutpur, Ranibagh.villages towards kathgodam. The study area 10 km radius supports tropical, sub-tropical and temperate vegetation.
The tropical vegetation extends from 200-500m and is mainly dominated by Sal (Shorea robusta), Teak (Tectona grndis) and miscellaneous forests. The dominant species of these forests are Shorea robusta, Adina cordifolia, Tectona grandis, Alstonia scholaris, Syzygium cuminii, Melia indica, Diospyros momtana, Aegle marmelos, Mallotus philippensis, Bischoffia javanica, Terminalia chebula, T.arjuna, T.bellerica, Madhuca longifolia, Holoptelia integrifolia, Lannea coromandelica, Albizia procera and Bombax ceiba. The sub tropical vegetation extends from 500-1800m and mainly dominated by chir-pine (Pinus roxburghii); chir-pine-banj-oak (Quercus leucotrichophora & Pinus roxburghii) mixed forests. The dominant species of these forests are Pinus roxburghii, Syzygium cuminii, Embelica Phyllanthus emlica, Pyrus pashia, Symplocos chinenses, Quercus leucotrihophora, Q. glauca, Myrica esculenta, Lyonia ovalifolia, Acer oblongum, and Glochidion velutinum. The temperate vegetation extends from 1800-2611m and mainly comprises banj-oak (Querecus leucotrichophora), telonj-oak (Quercus floribunda) and rianj-oak (Quercus lantana) forests. The dominant species of these forests are Querecus leucotrichophor, Quercus loribunda, Q. lantana Myrica esculenta, Acer cappadocicum, A.oblongum, Cornus macrophylla, Lyonia, Litsea ovatifolia, Rhododendron arboretum monopetala, Alnus nepatensis The catchment area of the project up to 100km upstream is covered by different types of forest. The forest cover of the track is 194 ha. Detailed of area breakup is given below.
Table 6.1: Breakup of Submergence Area
S. No. Land use Category Area in ha. Area in percentage Dense Vegetation 1 93.19 20.62 (Crown Cover Density > 40 %) Medium Vegetation 2 78.57 17.38 (Crown Cover Density 10 - 40 %) Light Vegetation (Degraded) 3 30.61 6.77 (Crown Cover Density < 10 %) 4 Agricultural Land 37.50 8.30 5 Scrubs/Bushes 11.06 2.45 6 River bed/Barren areas 195.20 43.19 7 Water Bodies 2.20 0.49 8 Settlement/Built-up Areas 3.66 0.81 Total 452.00 100.00
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6.3.2 TERRESTRIAL FLORA The project area of Jamrani Dam Project lies in district Nainital. The vegetation types observed in the area are mainly dependent upon the precipitation and humidity. Based on the climatic conditions in the Gola basin, following types of forests occurred in the project area. A reconnaissance study was conducted at the Jamrani site with the following aims: 1. To identify the aquatic, terrestrial and arborial animals. 2. To examine the status and level of diversity of these animals in and around the proposed dam site. 3. To assess the likely impact (if any) on the life if the proposed dam is constructed on River Gola at Jamrani.
More than 760 important species (204 trees, 168 shrubs, and 393 herbs) belonging to 159 families and 520 genera have been recorded from the study area (10km radius).
Table 6.2: Diversity, distribution, status of plants within 10km radius around the Jamrani Dam site
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Acanthaceae Andrograophis paniclata (Burm. f.) - 200-1000 Co H Wall. Barleria strigosa Willd. - 200-2000 Oc H B.cristata L. Saundi 300-600 Co H Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees Kuthhi 500-2000 Co H Goldfussia dathousiana Nees 1800-2500 Co H Justicia adhatoda L. Basinga 300-1600 Co Sh Lepidagathis cristata Willd Pathorphori 200-1000 Co H L. incurve Don Charemom orkha 200-1500 Co H Peristrophe paniculata (Forsk.) Kakndi 1500-2000 Co H Burm. P. Cuspidata Nees Kalela 500-1600 Co H Phlogacanthu thyrsiformis Kawadoni 200-1800 Oc Sh (Hardy.) Mabberly Rungia parviflora Nees Thanki 300-2000 Co H R. pectinata (L.) Nees Dabari 400-1400 Co H Strobilanthes auriculatus Nees Kapurmanjari 1300-2600 Co H Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. Chotaganti 300-1300 R Sh T. fragrans Roxb. Pandi 500-1800 R Sh Aceraceae Acer cappadocicum (Wall) Gled Kanjla 1800-2500 Oc T A. oblongum Wall Pharbanj 1500-2000 R T 6-71
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Achyranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. Apamarg 200-2600 Co H A. bidentata Bl. Adhajara 1000-2200 Co H Agavaceae Agave cantula Roxb. Desi Rambas 1000-2000 Co Sh A. americana L. Ranbans 500-1800 Co Sh Yucca gloriosa L. - 1000-1800 Co Sh Alangiaceae Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang Ghaul 800-1100 Oc T Amaranthaceae Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Bl.. Sufedphulia 200-1400 Oc H Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex Garandi-Shak 200-800 Co H DC Amaranthus caudatus L. Chaulai 1000-2200 Co H A. hybridus L. Marchha 1000-1800 Co H A. paniculata L. Keep 800-200 Co H A. spinosus L. Kateli-Chauli 200-1600 Co H A. tricolor L. Chaulai 200-1000 Co H A. viridis L. Jangali Chauli 200-2000 Co H Alliaceae Allium sativum L. Lansun 200-2000 Co H A. cepa L. Piyaj 200-2400 Co H Amaryllidaceae Narcissus tazetta L. Nergis 600-2500 Co H Anacardiaceae Buchanania lanzan Spr. Pural 200-1200 R T Lannaea coromandelica (Houtt.) Ghigen 1000-1500 Co T Merr. Mangifera indica L. Aam 200-1600 Co T Pistacia intagerrima Stew. ex Kakarsingi 1200-2000 Co T Brand Rhus Javanica L. Sohma 1000-2400 Vu Sh R. parvifolia L. Tunga 1000-2000 Co Sh R. wallichii Hk. f. Akhoria 1000-2000 Co T Semecarpus anacardium L. Bhilawa 300-1200 Co T Spondias pennata Willd. Ambara 285-1300 Oc T Annonaceae Annona squamosa L. Sharifa or Sitaphal 300-1400 Oc T
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Miliusa velutina (Dunal) Hk. f. & Domsal 200-600 Oc T Th. Apiaceae Apium graveolens L. Ajwain 300-1000 Co H Bupleurum tenue Buch.-Ham. - 800-1800 Co H B. lanceolatum Wall. - 1500-2500 Co H Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Mandukpurni 200-2100 Co H Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. Kinzari 1800-2200 Co H Coriandrum sativum L. Dhania 200-2000 Co H Daucus cativum L. Gajar 200-2000 Oc H Foeniculum vulgare (L.)Mill. Saunf 200-2000 Co H Heracleum candicanms Wall. Padara 1800-2600 Vu H Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. Aulijar 1500-2500 Oc H Oenanthe javanica (Bl.) DC. Bhainspadar 1500-2500 Oc H Pimpinella acuminate (Edgew.) Cl. Raulee 800-2600 Oc H P. diversifolia DC. Teroi 1000-2600 Oc H Selinium tenuifolium DC. Bhutheshi 1800-2600 Co H Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Spr. Ajwain 1500-2500 Co H Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris (L.) Br. Satian 200-800 Oc T Carissa opaca Stap. Kauranda 200-1200 Oc Sh Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lipp. Pila-Kaner 200-1000 Co T Catharanthus roseus (L.) Don Sadabhar 200-1500 Co Sh Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) Indrajav 200-1500 Co Sh DC. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) Br. Kali dudhi 200-1000 Co Sh Nerium indicum Mill. Kener 600-1200 Co Sh Plumeria rubra L. Parijat 200-1000 Oc Sh Rauvolfia serpentine (L.) Benth. ex Surpgundha 200-1000 Vu Sh Kurz. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) Chandani 250-1300 Co Sh Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Trachelospermum Incidum (Don) Dudhi-Bel 300-2200 Co Sh Schum. Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Ktze. Dubhi-bel 200-1000 Co Sh Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb. Darula 400-1000 Oc T Araceae Acorus calamus L. Bach 1400-2000 R H Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott - 1800-2500 Co H
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Amorphoplallus paeoniifolius Zami-Kand 300-1600 R H Dennst. Colocasia escuienta (L.) Schott. Kachu 300-1400 Co H Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott - 900-2200 Oc H Sauromatum venosum (Ait) Kunth Sap-Ki-Buti 900-2500 Oc H Scindapsus officinalis (Raxb.) Gaj-peepal 200-800 Oc H Schott Araliaceae Macropanax dispermus (Bl.) Ktze.H - 1200-2200 Co T Pentapanax parasiticus (Ham. ex - 800-1500 Oc Sh D.Don) Seem Schefflera venulosa (Wt. & Arn.) Suinl 300-1800 Co T Harms. Arecaceae Phoenix acaulis Buch.- Ham. ex Khajoor 500-1500 Oc T Roxb. P. humilis Royle Thakal 1000-1500 Co T Rhaphidophora glauca (Wall.) - 800-1500 Co Sh Schott. Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia dilatata N.E. Brown Kirmar 1000-1400 Oc H A. Indica L. Israul 1200-1800 Oc H Asclepiadaceae Asclepias curassavia L. Lalma 700-1500 Oc Sh Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Kali dudhi 200-900 Co Sh Schult. Calotropis giganatea (L.) Br. Madar 200-1200 Co Sh C. procera Raxb. Aak 200-800 Oc Sh Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. Anantmul 500-1400 Co Sh Holostemma ada-kodien Schult. Tiltuli 200-800 Co Sh Leptadenia reticulate (Retz.) Wt. & Jadajad 200-600 R Sh Arn. Marsdenia Iucida Moon Murkula 1200-1800 Co Sh M. roylei Wt. Maria bel 1200-1800 Co Sh Orthanthera viminea Wt. Mahur grass 200-800 R H Sarcostemma brevistigma Wt. & Hadjor 1000-1500 Oc Sh Arn. S. secamone (L.) Bennet Dudhni 1200-1600 Oc Sh Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Terni 1000-1500 Oc Sh
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic. Bagmirchi 2200-2600 R Sh subsp. glaucum (Wall. ex Wt.) Hara Asparagaceae Asparagus adscendens Roxb. Satawar 1000-2200 R Sh A. racemosus Willd. Satawar 200-2000 R Sh Asteraceae Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntz Soh 200-2500 Co H Ageratum conyzoides L. Karu-buti- 200-2000 Co H Bebhunia Ainsliaea aptera DC. Karu-buti 1500-2500 Co H Artemisia capillars Thunb. Jhirum 200-2500 Co H A. japonica Thunb. Patee 1000-2600 Co H A. nilagarica (CL.) Pamp. Titpati 500-1800 Co H Bidens biternata (Lour) Merr. & Mangrinya 1000-2000 Co H Sherff. B. pilosa L. Kmra 1000-1600 Co H Blumea fistulosa (Roxb.) Kurz - 200-1500 Co H B. lacera (Burma. f.) DC. Kakranda 200-600 Co H B. laciniata (Roxb.) Druce - 300-1200 Co H B. mollis (Don) Merr. Membranacea 200-2000 Co H Caesulia axillaris Roxb. Bhelwanti 400-1600 Co H Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Zaman 500-2200 Co H Robin Chrysanthemum pyrethroides (Kar Khampa 500-1900 Co H & Kir.) Fedt. Circium wallichii DC Kandaru 1700-2600 Oc H C. argyracanthus DC. Kaniakan 1000-2000 Co H Cichorium intybus L. Kasni 1500-2400 Co H Conyz stricta Willd. - 600-2000 Co H Crassocephalum crepidioides Jali 500-1600 Co H (Benth.) Moore Cyathocline purpurea (Don) Ktze. Shingro 600-1800 Co H Dichrocephalum integrifolia (L.f.) - 800-2000 Co H Kutze. Erigeron bonariensis L. - 1200-2600 Co H Eclipta prostrate L. Bhringraj 200-1200 Oc H Elephantopus scaber L. Bis-hari 200-1500 R H Emilia sonchifolla (L.) DC. Meethi-dodi 500-1700 Oc H Galinasoga parviflora Cav. Marchya 800-2000 Co H
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Gerbera gossypina (Royle) Bauv. Kapasi 1300-2000 Co H Glossogyne bidens (Retz.) Alston Kamraj 200-1000 Co H Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC. Pardo 200-1400 Co H Guizata abyssinica (L.) Cass Ramtil 900-1900 R H Gynura nepalensis (Don) Moore - 1500-2500 R H Helianthus annuus L. Suraj-mukhi 200-1600 Co H Inula cappa (Ham. ex Don) DC Tamagari 500-2500 Oc Sh I. cuspidataa Cl. Jhuri 1800-2600 Co H Launea acaulis (Raxb.) Kerr. Dudhliya 1400-1700 Oc H L. Procumbens (Roxb.) Ram. & Raja Pathri 300-1200 Oc H Parthenium hystrophorus L. Gajar-ghas 200-1600 Co H Pseudoganaphalium luteo-album Bukipool 600-2000 Co H (l.) Siegesbeckia orientalis L. Liskura 400-2400 Co H Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Pili-dudhi 800-2000 Co H S.oleraceus L. Dudhkani 1500-2500 Co H Tagetes eracta L. Genda 1000-2000 Co H T. minuta L. Gutti 1000-2400 Co H Taraxacum officinalls Weber Kanphuliya 1500-2600 Co H Tridex procumbens L. Bichatigand 200-1500 Co H Vernonia cineria (L) Less. Kalijari 500-2300 R H V. anthelimintica (L.) Willd. Ghrahiri 1100-2000 R H Xanthium strumarium L. Adasisi 200-2000 Co H Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Rumdum 200-2600 Co H Averrhoaceae Averrhoa carambola L. Kordoi 800-1500 Co Sh Balsaminaceae Impatiens amphorata Edgew. Phykutli 1200-2600 Co H I. balsamina L. Gulmehndi 300-1600 Co H I. racemosa Hk. f. Chunchuni 1500-2500 R H I. scabrida DC. Namcho 1000-2200 Co H Begoniaceae Begonia picta Sm. Latpatte Pat 600-2600 R H Berberidaceae B. asiatica Roxb Kilmora 1200-2500 Co Sh Betulaceae Alnusnepalensis Don Uttis 1500-2600 Co T Betulaalnoides Buch Ham. ex Don Kantbuj 1500-2500 Oc T Bignoniaceae
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent Arula 400-1500 R T Stereospermum chelonoides DC. Padeli 900-1400 Oc T Tecomella undulate (Don) Seen Rohida 200-1200 Oc T Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba L. Semal 200-1600 Co T Boraginaceae Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsk. Lichkura 1500-2200 Co H C. zeylanicum Thunb. ex Lehm. Lutaki 1000-2600 Co H Brassicaceae Brassica compestris L. Sarson 200-2000 Co H B. oleoraceae ver. Capitata L. Patta gobhi 200-2000 Cu H B. Juncea (L.) Czern. Kaduva 200-2000 Co H Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medil. Tuntkya 1500-2500 Co H Cardamine impatiens L. Charungli 1000-2600 Co H Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Water-cress 1500-2500 Co H Raphanus sativus L. Mooli 200-2000 Co/ Cu H Ropippa indica (L.) Hiern. Petu, Piria 200-1500 Co/ Cu H Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Ananas 200-1400 Cu T Burseraceae Boswellia serrata Colebr. Gugal 500-1400 R T Garuga pinnata Roxb. Titmar 300-1200 R T Caesalpiniaceae Bauhinia purpurea L. Koliyari Knol 300-1600 Oc T B. racemosa Lamk. Jhinga 1200-1500 Oc T B. Retusa Roxb. Simala, Kandalb 1200-1500 Co T B. malabarica Roxb. Kachnar 300-1500 R T B. vahlii (Wt. Arn) Benth. Malu 200-1300 Co Sh B. variegate L. Quarial Kachnar 500-1900 Co T Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Karan 400-1200 Co Sh C. decapitala (Roth) Alston Katherj 1000-2200 Co Sh C. pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Puraiphul 200-1000 Co Sh Cassia fistula L. Amaltas 200-1500 Co T C. floribunda Cav. Taror 200-1200 Co H C. occidentalis L. Jhun-jhun 400-1300 Co Sh C. tara L. Pumar 400-1300 Co H Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde Ashok 200-800 Co T Tamarindus indica L. Imli 200-1100 Co T Cannabaceae
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Cannabis sativa L. Bhang 200-2000 Co H Capparaceae C. spinosa L. Chhail, Kabra 200-2400 R Sh C. zeylanica L. Asaria 200-800 R Sh Caprifoliaceae Lonicera quinqulocularis Royle Bhatkukra 300-2400 Co Sh Viburnum continifolium Wall. ex Ghenu 300-1400 Co T CI. V. mullaha Ham. - 1500-2000 R T Caricaceae Caric papaya L. Papita 200-1300 Cu H Caryophyllaceae Cerastium cerastioides (L.) Britt. Pangian 1500-2500 Co H Dianthus caryophyllus Royle - 1800-2400 Cu H Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Abijalo 1200-2600 Co H Roem. & Schult. Srellaria media (L.) Vill. Wolmara 1000-2600 Co H Casuarinaceae Casuarina equsitifalia Amoen Beefwood 200-2000 Pl T Calastraceae Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Ktze. Mamr 200-1000 R Sh Celastrus paniculata Willd. Malkangani 500-1000 R Sh Elaeodendron glaucum Pere Lunia, Patiyal 1500-2400 Oc T Euonymus pendulus Wall. Bhemela 1800-2600 Co T Aytenus rufa (Wall.) Hara Niyole 800-1500 Oc T Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album L. Bathua 800-2500 Co H C. ambrosioides L. Chisikbol 300-2600 Co H Cleomaceae Cleome viscose L. Jangali-hurhur 200-1000 Co H Clusiaceae Masua ferrea L. Nakesar 400-1000 Pl T Cochlospermaceae Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Gong 200-1000 R T Alston Combretaceae Anogeissus latifalia Bedd. Bakali 450-1200 Oc Sh Combretum nanum Dan Vatmangi 200-600 Oc Sh Terminalia alata Roxb. Asana 200-1400 Oc T
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree T. arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wt. & Arn. Arjun 200-800 Oc T T. Bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Behera 300-1300 Co T T. chebula Retz. Harad 200-1500 Co T Commelinacae Commelina benghalensis L. Kanjula 900-1800 Co H C. suffructicosa Bl. Kanjura 1000-2500 Co H Cyanotis cristata (L.) Don - 800-2500 Co H Murdania japonica (Thunb.) Faden - 400-2000 Co H M. nudiflora (L.) Brenan Kansura 200-1500 Co H Convolvulaceae Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bhoj. - 600-2400 Co H A. speciosa Sw. - 200-1000 Co H Convolvulus arvensis L. Grachi 1200-2500 Co H Erycibe paniculata Roxb. - 500-1100 Oc H Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Sankhpuspi 500-1200 Lc H Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Karemua 200-600 Co Sh I. nil (L.) Roth Kaludanu 500-2000 Co Sh I. pes-tigridis L. Ghiabati 500-1200 Oc H I. quamoclit L. Tarulata 500-1400 Co H Porana paniculata Roxb. Safed bel 500-1900 Oc Sh Cordiaceae Cordia oblique willd. Asing 500-1600 Oc T C. dichotoma Frost. Lasora 300-1100 Oc T Cornaceae Cornus macrophylla (Wall. ex Don) Khagsoo 1500-2500 Co T Hara Corylaceae Carpinus viminea decne. Chamkhari k 2000-2600 Co T Coriariaceae Coriaria napalensis wall. Makroli 1100-2600 Co Sh Costaceae Costus speciosus (koen.) sm. Keokand 800-1500 R H Crassulaceae Kalanchoe integra (Medik.) Ktze. Nunua 1000-1800 Co H K. pinnata (Lamk.) Pers Amarpui 200-1200 Co H Rosularia rosulata (Edgew.) Ohba Looniya 1500-2500 Co H Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Petha 200-1500 Cu H Cucumis melo L. Kachri, Kharbuja 200-1200 Cu H
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree C. sativus L. Khira 1000-1800 Cu H Coccinia indica Wt. & Arn. Kundru 300-1200 Cu H Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam Kaddu 200-2000 Cu H C. moschata (Duch.) Poir. Mitha Kaddu 200-1600 Cu H C. pepo Dc. Kumra 200-1200 Cu H Lagenaria siceraria Standl. Lauki 200-2300 Cu H Luffa acutangula (L.) Poir. Torai 400-2000 Cu H L. aegyptiace Mill. Ghia 300-1500 Cu H Momordica charantia L. Karela 300-2100 Cu H Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Ban kakri 1500-2500 Co H Cogn. Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. Indrayan 100-1500 Oc H Cuscutaceae Cuscuta reflexa L. Amervel 200-2000 Co H Cyperaceae Carex cruciata Nees - 300-2500 Co H C. iria L. Agarmotha 200-1800 Co H C. pangorei Rottb. - 600-1200 Co H C. rotundus L. Bimbai 300-2400 Oc H Fimbristylis dichotoma (Vahi) - 500-1200 Co H Kunth. Scirpus articulatus L. Miti 1200-1600 Co H Scleria pergracilis (Nees) Kunth. - 200-600 R H Dioscoreacea Dioscorea bulbifera L. Ratalu 200-2100 Co H D. belophylla (Prain) Voigt. ex Taroor 600-1500 Co H Haines Dipterocarpaceae Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. Sal 200-1500 Co T Droseraceae Drocera peltata Sm. Mukhjli 1500-2500 Oc H Dipsacaceae Dipsacus inermis Wall. Wopal Hakh 1600-2600 Co H Ebenaceae Diospyros malabarica (Descr.) Kala tendu 500-1500 Co T Kost. D. montana Roxb. Pinna 200-700 Oc T Ehretiaceae Ehretia acuminata Br. Pudila 200-2000 Co T
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree E. laevis Roxb. Poja 200-1600 Co T Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus parvifolia Wall. ex Royle Giwai 1300-2300 Co T Ericaceae Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Burans 1500-2600 Co T Euphorbiaceae Acalypha ciliata Forsk. - 200-1000 Oc H Antidesma acidum Retz. Amli 200-1200 Oc T Arachne cordifolia (Decne.) Bhatia 1200-2100 Oc Sh Hurusawa Bridelia retusa Spr. Gauli 1100-1800 Oc H B. montana (Willd.) Muell. Goya 200-600 Co H Bischoffa javanica Blurme Kanj 200-1000 Co T Drypetes roxburghii (Andr.) Focke Putranjiva 1000-1500 Oc T Ephhorbia antiquorum L. Mansa 200-800 Co Sh E. hirta L. Dudhi 200-2000 Co H E. hypercifolia L. Hazardana 200-2000 Co H E. Maddeni Boiss. - 1800-2400 Cu Sh E. ligularia Roxb. Thoohar 200-1800 Cu H E. pilosa L. Chupiya 1000-1800 Co H E. pulcherrima Willd.ex Kiot Lalpatti 200-1000 Oc H E. prostrate L. Dudhi 300-1500 Co H Emblica officinnalis L. Amala 200-1500 Co T Excoecaria acerifolia F. Diar Kanj,Dudhila 200-2000 Oc Sh Glochidion velutinum Juss. Kantmalu 800-1800 Co T Jatropha curcas L. Jangali arand 500-1200 Oc Sh Mallotus philippensis Muell. – Arg. Rohani 200-1800 Co T Phyllanthus fraternus Webst. Bhui-Amala 200-1100 Co H P. virgatus Forst.f. Bhiuavate 200-1400 Co H Ricinus communis L. Arand 200-2400 Co Sh Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. Kheena 1000-2400 Co T Securinega virosa (Roxb.ex Willd.) Athaina 200-1800 R T Pax. & Hoffm. Fabaceae Abrus precatorius L. Ghumchi, Rati 300-1200 Co Sh Aeshynomene indica L. Laugani 200-1500 Co H Atylosia mollis Benth. - 1000-1600 Co H A. scarabeoides Benth. - 400-1200 Oc H Butea monosperma (lamk.) Taub. Palas Dhak 200-1200 Co T
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree B. pellita Roxb. Patuwa 200-1000 R T Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Arhar 200-2000 Cu Sh Cicer arietinum L. - 200-1800 Cu H Crotalaria albida Heyneex Roth Chunchuni 400-2200 Co H C. bilata Schr. - 300-1400 Oc H C. spectabilis Roth Jhunjhum 200-600 Co H Clitoria ternatea L. Aprajit 300-1100 R T Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Seesam 200-1400 Co T D. sericea (L.) Benn. Gugar 300-400 Oc T Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Salparani 300-500 Co Sh D. hetercarpon (L.) DC. Sarivan 500-1200 Co H D. microphyllum (Thunb.) DC. Sunsuni 1000-2300 Co H D. motorium (Houtt.) Merr. - 200-1000 Oc Sh D. parvifolium DC. Sunsuni 100-1800 Co H D. podocarpum DC. - 800-1200 Co Sh D. triflorum DC. Kudaliya 600-2200 Co H Erythrina arborescens Roxb. Kari 1500-2000 Oc T E. suberosa Roxb. Daldhak 900-1200 Co T Flemingia marophylla (Willd.) Bhanjabasa 600-1800 Co H Merr. F. Procumbens Roxb. Ajhar 200-2200 R H F. Strobilifera (L.) Ait. Siring 300-2200 Co H Glycine max (L.) Merr. Bhat 200-2500 Cu H Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Mulhati 200-1700 R H Indigofera atropurpurea DC. Sakina 200-1000 Co Sh I. pulchella Roxb. 800-1500 Co Sh I. heterantha Wall. ex Brandis Sakina 1600-2500 Co Sh I. linifolia (L.f.) Retz. Narni 300-1400 Co H Lens esculenta Moench. Masoor 200-1200 Cu H Latchyrus aphaca L. Keerkosi 300-1500 Co H L. sativus L. Chapta Matar 200-2000 Co H Lablab purpureus (L.) Sw. Sem 1000-2500 Cu H Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lamk.) Gahat 400-2500 Cu H Verb. Millettia auriculata (Benth.) Baker Gauj 200-800 Oc Sh Mucuna bracteata DC. Konch 600-1200 R Sh M. pruriens (L.) DC. Gaunchi 200-1200 R Sh Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Sandan 800-1400 Co T Hochr.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Mash 300-1200 Cu H P. lunatus L. Lobia, Rians 300-1500 Cu H P. vulgaris L. Rajma 300-1500 Cu H Pisum sativum L. Matar 1200-2000 Cu H P. arvense L. Kaliyan 1000-2000 Cu H Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Bijasal 200-800 Oc T Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb) Niangtythe 300-1200 Oc Sh Benth. P. tuberosa (Willd.) DC. Vidari kand 300-1500 R Sh Sesbania grandiflora Pers. Agasthy, Basna 200-600 Pl T S. sesban (L.) Merr. Jayanti 200-600 Pl T Smithia ciliata Ait. 200-1200 Co H Sophora mollis (Grahm ex Royle) Palwang 1500-2400 R Sh Baker Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC. Ban tor 300-1300 Oc H T. purpurea Pers. Bajrdanti 200-600 Oc H Trifolium repens L. Tipatiya 1500-2500 Co H Trigonella foenum - graecum L. Methi 200-2400 Co H Uraria crinita (L.) Desv. Diong-Kha-riu 200-1000 Oc H U. lagopoides (L.) Desv. Ghursai 200-1400 Oc H U. picta (Jacq.) Desv. Kavario 800-1200 Co H Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Soonth 800-1200 Oc H V. vexillata (L.) Rich. Machali 1000-2000 R H V. radiate (L.) Wilcz. Urad 300-2000 Cu H Zornia gibbosa Span Hirankurni 500-2200 Co H Fagaceae Quercus leucotrichophora A. Baj 1400-2400 Co T Camus Q. glauca Thunb. Phaniyant 800-2000 Oc T Q. floribunda Lind. Tilonj Moru 1400-2400 Co T Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia Indica (Burn.f.) Merr. Gargual 300-800 R T Xylosma longifolium Clos. Kani 300-1200 Co T Fumariaceae Fumaria Indica Pugsley Papra 600-2000 Oc H Gentianaceae Gonscora decussate (Roxb.) Katchirata 700-2300 Co H C. diffusa (Vahi) Br. Karadio 200-800 Co H S. cordata Cl. - 1600-2500 Oc H
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree S. paniculata Cl. - 1800-2600 Co H S. purpurascens Cl. ex Hk.f. & Th. - 1600-2600 Co H Geraniaceae Geranium nepalense Sw. Laljari 1500-2600 Co H G. wallichianum Don ex Sw. Role 2000-2600 Co H Gesneriaceae Didymocarpus pedicellata R.Br. Pather long 500-2500 Vu H Haemodoraceae Ophiopogon intermedius D.Don - 1500-2500 Co H Hippocastanaceae Aesculus indica Colebr. ex Camb. Panger 1500-2500 R T Heliotropaceae Heliotropium strigosum Willd. Chitiphal 200-1400 R H H. indicum L. Bhurandi 200-800 Co H Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) - 1500-2000 Pl Sh Ser. Hypericaceae Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy Chitroi 1000-2200 Co Sh H. uralum Buch, -Ham ex Don Bhyoul 1500-2600 Co Sh Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis aurea Lour. Ghuguldi 1500-2600 Co H Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Kali musli 1000-1800 Oc H Icacinaceae Natsiatum herpeticum Buch. – Hanpalu 300-1600 Pl Sh Ham. ex Arn. Iridaceae Iris kumaonensis Dan Banpiaj 1500-2500 R H Juglandaceae Juglans regia L. Akhrot 1000-2600 Co T Lamiaceae Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. Ratpatti 1200-2500 R H A. parviflora Benth. Bugle 600-1500 Co H Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall. Panjri 400-1000 Co H Anisomeles indica (L.) Ktze. Kalbangra 200-2400 Co H Colebrookia oppositifolia Sm. Bhirmoli 250-1700 Co Sh Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Sm. Fiwain 1000-2500 R H Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) - 1500-2400 Co H E. flava Benth. - 1500-2400 R Sh
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree E. fruticosa (Don) Puthoj 1800-2600 Co Sh E. strobilifer Benth. Pothi 1500-2500 Co H Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spr. Drrup Crumba 1500-2000 Co H L. indica (L.) Banhuri 200-1000 Co H L. lanata Banth. Dron puspi 700-1500 Oc H Mentha arvensis L. Pudnia 1200-2000 Oc H M. piperata L. Peppermint 1000-1500 Co H Micromeria biflora (Don) Benth. Ban-ajwain 900-2600 Co H Ocimum canum Sims. Tulsi 200-1000 Cu H O. basilicum L Tulsi 300-1500 Cu H O. tenuiflorum L. Tulsi 400-1000 Cu H Origanum vulgare L. Ban Tulsi 600-2500 Co H Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt Bhangira 300-1600 Co H Pogostemone bengalense(Burm.f.) Kala-Basingu 200-1400 Co H Ktze Prunella vulagaris L. Syangave 1200-2600 Co H Salvia plebeia Br. Kakronha 200-1200 Co H Scutellaria angulosa Colebr Kappa 700-2400 Co H Thymus linearis Benth. Van Ajwain 1700-2500 Co H Lardizabalaceae Holboellia latifolia Wall. Gomphal 1800-2500 R Sh Lauraceae Cinnamomum tamala L. Tejpat Kiriria 400-2000 Vu T Lindera pulcherrima Benth. Cherry, Cher 1400-2500 Oc T Litsea chinensis Lamk. Chandana 1000-2000 R T Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Kathmor 200-1400 Co T Neolitsea pallens (Don) Momyama Chirar 1500-2500 Co T & Hara Persea gamblei (King ex Hk. F.) Ongtat 700-1100 Oc T Kosterm P, duthiei Nees Kaul 1200-2400 Co T Phoebe lanceolata Nees Kekra 500-1500 Oc T Leeaceae Leea asiatica (L.) Rid. Kumali 1000-1800 Oc H Liliaceae Aloe barbadensis Mill. Grathkumari 200-1800 Cu H Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker Safedmusli 800-1200 Cu H Gloriosa superba L. Karihari 400-1800 Vu H Lilium polyphyllum Don. Kand mool 1500-2200 Cr H
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Paris polyphyllum Sm. Mithi vach 2000-2600 R H Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. Salammisiri 1400-2600 Vu H Urgenia indica Roxb. - 1000-1700 Oc H Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L. Alasi 200-2500 Cu H Reinwardtia indica Dumort. Piyoli 300-2300 Co H Lobeliaceae Buddleja asiatica Lour. - 300-2000 Co T B. macrostaachya Benth. - 500-1500 Co Sh Strychnos mux-vomica L. Kanjiram 800-1400 Co T Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Etting Vanda 500-1200 Co Sh Taxillus vestitus (Roxb.) Van Banderi 1400-2000 Co Sh Tiegham Viscum album L. Banda 600-1400 Co Sh Magnoliaceae Michelia champaca L. Champa 600-1400 Pl T Malpighiaceae Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz Jal 300-1200 R Sh Malpighiaceae Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Jangli Bhindi 200-1800 Oc H Moench. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. Kanghi 200-1200 Co H Gossypium arboreum L. Kapas 200-1500 Cu Sh G. herbaceum L. Kapas 200-1200 Cu Sh Hibiscus rosa-sinesis L. Gurhal 800-1500 Cu Sh H. mutabilis L. Shalapara 300-1500 Cu Sh H. esculentus L. Bhindi 300-2000 Cu H Kydia calycina Roxb. Pulla 200-1000 Co T Malva verticillata L. Chiroti 1800-2500 Co H Malavastrum coromendelianum Harayara 200-1200 Co H Garcke Sida acuta Burm f. Karenti 250-1000 Co Sh S. cordata (Burm. f.) Bross Bhiyli 400-1400 Co Sh S. cordifolia L. Balu 200-1200 Co Sh S. rhombifolia L. Bhiunlli 200-1200 Co Sh Urena lobata L. Boriyal 200-1400 Co Sh Martyniaceae Martynia annua L. Bichooghas 200-1000 Oc H
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Juss. Neem 200-1000 Co T Melia azedarach L. Baken 600-1400 Co T Toona ciliata Roem. Tun 200-1700 Co T T. serrata Royle Dai 1200-2200 Co T Menispermaceae Cissampelos pariera L. Parangad 200-1800 Co H Cocculus laurifolius DC. Tildhara 800-1500 Co T Stephania glabra (roxb.) Miers. Gargigana 800-1600 Co H Tinospora cordifolia (L.) Merr. Giloe,Gurch 200-1200 Co H Mimosaceae Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Khair 200-1400 Co T A. farnesiana (L.) Willd. Vilayati- kikar 200-1100 Co Sh A. nilotica (L.) Keekar Babul 300-1200 Co T A. pennata (L.) Willd. Shembi 200-1200 R Sh Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Willd. Siris 250-1000 Co T A. chinensis Osbeck Kala-Siris 250-1000 Co T A. procera (Roxb.) Benth Safed-siris 300-1100 R T Entada pursaetha DC. Saruni 300-1600 Oc T Mimosa pudica L. Chui-Mui 200-1200 Co H M. rubricaulis Lamk. Kingrei 300-1900 Co Sh Moraceae Artocarpus hetero phyllus Lamk. Kathal 200-1000 Cu T Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Jangali tooth 900-1800 Pt T Ficus roxburghii Wall. Timala 250-1800 Co T F. bengalensis L. Baragad 300-1400 Co T F. elastica Roxb. Sangri 200-1500 Pl T F. hispida L.f. Totmila 400-1200 Co T F. palmata Forsk. Anjeer 600-1800 Co T F. racemosa L. Gular 200-1200 Co T F. religiosa L. Peepal 200-1600 Co T F.semicordata Buch.-Ham.ex Sm. Khaina 200-1400 Co T F. sub-incisa Buch.- Ham.ex Sm Chanchri 300-1200 Co T F. sarmentosa Buch.- Ham.ex Sm. Beduli 600-1800 Co T Morus alba L. Shtoot 200-1200 Co T M. serrata Roxb. Kimu 200-1500 Co T Streblus asper Lour. Udal 200-800 Co T Musaceae Musa paradisiaca L. Kela 200-1000 Cu H
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Myricaceae Myrica esculenta Ham. ex Don Kaphal 1200-1800 Co T Myrsinaceae Embelia ribes Burm.f. Jheum 400-1200 R Sh Maesa indica Willd. Kona 600-1400 Co Sh Myrsine africana L. Bai-bidang 1200-2200 Oc Sh Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globulus Labil. Eucalyptus 200-1600 Pl T Psidium guajava L. Amrood 200-1500 Cu/Pl T Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels Jamun 300-1500 Co T S. frondosum (Wall.) Mahamuni Dubka 200-00 Co T Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera gaertn. Kamal 200-1400 R H Nyctaginaceae Boerhaavia diffusa L. Punerneva 300-1200 Co H Mirabilis jalapa L. Gulabans Upto 2000 Co H Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea stellata Willd. Kamal 200-1000 R H Oleaceae Jasminum arborescence (Roxb.) Chameli 500-2200 Oc Sh J. officinale L. Jai 1200-2200 Oc Sh J. humile L. Pili-chameli 1500-2500 Oc Sh Fraxinus macrantha Wall. Angu 1200-2000 Co T Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Parijat 200-1200 Oc T Olea glandulifera Roxb. Gaild 500-1400 Co T Orchidaceae Calanthe tricarnata Lindl. Kalenth 1800-2400 Oc H Coelogyne cristata Lindl. Gondya 200-1800 R H Eulophia dabia (Don) Hochr. Misri 500-1400 R H Malaxis acuminata Don Muoali 1400-2000 R H Pholidota imbricata (Roxb.) Lindl. Patharkela 600-1500 Co H P. articulata Lindl. Harjojahan 600-1500 Co H Satyrium nepalense L. Salang-Mishri 1000-1400 Co H Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hk.f.ex. Hajodi 500-1200 Co H Don Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. Tipati 300-2200 Co H Papveraceae Argemone mexicana L. Satyanashi 200-1500 Co H
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Papaver somniferum L. Aphim Posta 500-800 Cu H P. dubium L. Post 1800-2700 Cu H P. macrostomum Boiss. & Huet ex - 1500-1800 Cu H Boiss. Parnassiaceae Parnassia nubicola Hk.f. Nirbis 1800-2500 Co H Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L Gharibel 600-1200 Cu H Pedaliaceae Sesamum orientale L. Til 600-2400 Cu H Pittosporaceae Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle Raduthia 600-1400 Ind T Periplocaceae Cryptolepis buchananii Roem. & Dudhilata 800-1600 Co Sh Schult. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Br. Sugandhipala, 200-1200 Oc Sh anantmool Pinaceae Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. Devdaar 1500-2400 Oc T Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Cheer 1100-2200 Co T Plantaginaceae Plantago loanceolata L. Karache 1200-1800 Co H Plumbaginaceae Plumbago Zeylanica L. Chita 400-1600 Co H Poaceae Apluda mutica L.. Tachula 1200-2500 Co H Arundinella nelense Trin. - 1000-2000 Co H A. pumila Hochts.ex Richard - 300-220 Co H Avena sativa Bor Jai 200-1200 Co H Bambusa arundinacea A it. Bans 200-1200 Co T Chrysopogon aciculatus trin. Surwala 150-1700 Co H C. serrulatus L. Gornia 800-2100 Co H C. gryllus L. Salum 300-2300 Co H Cymbopogon distans stapf - 1600-2200 Co H C. flexuosus (Steud.) Wats. Gandhaghas 800-1200 Co H C.martinii (Roxb.)Whats. Piriya-Gas 1400-2000 Co H Cyanodon dactylon (L.) pers. Doob 200-2000 Co H Dendrocalamus strictus Nees Bans 200-1500 Co T Digitaria cruciata Nees ex Steud. - 200-1500 R H
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steudel - 300-2000 Co H Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Anamandia 600-2600 Co H E. coracana L. Madua 300-2200 Cu H Heteropogan contortus (L.) Birwalaghas 400-1600 Co H Hordeum vulgare L. Jau 200-2500 Cu H Imperata cylindrical (L.) Beauv. Phalang 700-2400 Co H Neyraudia arundinacea L. Naltura 300-2200 Co H Oryza sativa L. Dhan 200-2000 Cu H Panicum miliaceum Roth ex Cheena 1800-2200 Cu H Roem.& Schult. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Kodo 200-2200 Co H Saccharum officinarum L. Ganna 200-1800 Cu H S. spontaneum L. Puyal 200-1800 Co H Setaria italica (L.) Pers. Kanju 900-1800 Cu H S. glauca L. Bandra 400-2400 Co H Sorghum helepense (L.) Pers. Jawar 200-1200 Cu H Themeda anathera Hack. Ghatira 600-1600 Co H Thysanolaena maxima Ktze. Phul-buhari 900-1400 Co H Triticum aestivumL. Gehun 200-2200 Cu H Zea mays L. Makka 200-1200 Cu H Polygalaceae Polygala abyssinica Buch.-Hum. - 1500-2000 Co H P.crotalarioides Buch.-Ham. - 1600-2000 Oc H Polygonaceae Fagopyrum dibotrys (Don) Hara Jhankara 1500-2500 Co H F. esculentum (L.) Moench OogalKotu 800-2000 Cu H Polygonum amplexicaule Don Ban-Madua 1500-2600 Co H P. capitatum Buch. – Ham.ex Don - 600-1800 Co H P. chinense L. Pho 1800-2500 R Sh P. hydropiper L. - 900-1800 Co H P. nepalense Medic. - 1200-2000 Co H P. plebeium Br. Dondya 300-1800 Co H P. recumbens Royle ex Bad. - 1800-2500 Co H Rumex haststus Don Cholmore 1000-1600 Co H R. nepalensis L. Jaba 1800-2500 Co H Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. Jainghani 600-1800 Co H Lysimachia lobelioides Wall. - 1500-1800 Oc H Punicaceae
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Punica granatum L. Darim 200-1800 Co/ T Cu Ranunculaceae Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. Angeli 1600-2500 Co H A. vitifolia Buch.-Ham Mudeela 1800-2500 Co H Clematis buchananiana DC. Lagulia 1500-2500 Co Sh C. connata DC. Maruvel 500-1600 Co Sh Delphinium Denudatum Rolye - 1600-2400 Co Sh Ranunculus arvensis L. Nirbis 1500-2500 R H R. diffusus DC. Churmula 800-1400 Co H R.sceleratus L. Angasia-Jhar 1500-2400 Co H Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Jaldhaniya 800-1700 Co H T. javanicum BI. Mamiri 1500-2400 Vu H Rhamnaceae Mamiri 1800-2600 Co H Rhamnaceae Rhamnus triqueter (Wall.) Brandis Gonta 1500-2100 Co T R. purpureus Edgew. Gaunta 1500-2600 Co Sh R. virgatus Roxb. Chantui 1500-2000 Co Sh Ventilago denticulate Willd. Pinchuli 200-600 oC Sh Zizyphus mauiritiana Lamk. Ber 200-1200 Co Sh Z. nummularia Lamk. Jharberi 200-1000 Co Sh Z. oenoplia (L.) Mill. Ber 200-1400 Oc Sh Rosaceae Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall.ex Wanni 1600-2600 Co Sh Lindl. C.bacillaris Wall.ex Lindl. Ruins 1800-2500 Co Sh Duchesea indica (Andr.) Focki Bhuin-Ka-phal 1000-2000 Co H Fragaria vesca L. Strawberry 1000-2600 Co H Malus pumilus Mill. Sab 1500-2600 Cu T Potentilla flgens Wall.ex Hk.f. Bajradanti 1600-2600 Co H Prinsepia utilis Royel Bhekal 1100-2600 Co Sh Prunus armeniaca L. Khimani 1600-2600 Cu T P. cerasoides Don Paiya 1200-2500 Cu T P. cornuta (Royle) Steud. Jamun 1800-2600 Oc T P. domestica L. Plum 1500-2600 Cu T P. persica Batsch. Aru 1000-2600 Cu T P. communis L. Naspati Upto 1800 Cu T Pyracantha crenulata L. Ghingaru 500-2600 Co Sh Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham.ex Don Mehal 700-2000 Co T
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Rosa moschata herm. Kanju 100-2400 Co Sh Rubus ellipitcus Sm. Asedu 1100-2400 Co Sh R. biflorus Buch.-Ham. Hinsalu 2000-2600 Co Sh R. paniculatus Sm. Taptara 1600-2600 Co Sh Rubiaceae Adina cordifolia L. Haldu 200-1000 Co T Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. Kadamb 300-1100 Cu T Randia tetrasperma Lamk. Brandis 1000-2000 Co Sh Gallium aparine Edgew. Kuri 1600-2200 Co H G. rotundifolium L. - 1400-2400 Co H Hymenodictyon excelsum (roxb.) Bhorkud 200-1000 Oc T Wall. Leptodermis lenceolata Wall. Pader 1500-2200 Co Sh Mitragyna parvifoilia (rRoxb.) Faldu 200-600 Oc T Korth. Rubia cordifolia L. Manjith 1200-200 Co H Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb. 700-1500 Co T Wendlandia exserta DC. Terchium 500-1600 Oc T Xerompis spinosa (Thunb.)Keay Pidar 800-1400 Co T Rutaceae Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Bel 600-1100 Co T Boeninghausenia albiflora (Hk.) Pissoomar 1800-2100 Oc H Reichb.ez Medik. Citrus maxima (Burm.) Medik. Jambanebu 800-1500 Cu T C. medica L. Nimbu 700-1200 Cu T C. limon (L.) Burm.f. Nimbu 200-1600 Cu T C. hystrix DC. Jamir 200-1200 Cu T Clausena pentaphylla (Roxb.) DC. Ratanjot 200-600 R T Murraya koenigii (L.) Spr. Meethi Neem 200-1500 Co Sh M. paniculata (L.) Jack. Kamini 400-1100 Co T Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lamk. Tonoai 450-1700 R Sh Zanthaxylum acanthopodium DC. Timur 1800-2400 R Sh Salicaceae Populus ciliata Wall. Paharipepal 1500-2500 Co T P. nigra L.var.italica (Munch.) 200-1800 Pl T Koehne Salix babylonica L. Majnu 1100-1500 Oc T S. tetrasperma L. Gad-bhains 800-1400 Oc T S. acmophylla Boiss. Bhains 1800-2200 Oc T
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Santalaceae Osyris quardripartita hochst. & - 900-1400 Co Sh Steud. Santalum album L. Chandan 200-1600 Co T Sapindaceae Cordiospermum halicacabum L. Kanphuti 600-1500 Co H Dodonea viscose (L.) Jacq. Vallari 1000-1500 Pl Sh Heynea trijiuga Roxb. Ban-Ritha 200-800 R T Litchi chinensis (Gaertn)Sonn. Litchi 200-1200 Co T Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Reetha 800-1600 Pl T Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken.` Kusum 200-600 Oc T Samydaceae Casearia ellipctica Willd. Pipari 200-1200 Co T Sapotaceae Chyura 200-1200 R T Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) Lam. Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Mac. Mahua 200-1000 Oc T Mimusops elengiL. Bakula 200-800 Oc T Saxifragaceae Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. Pan 1800-2500 Co H Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) Engl. Silphor 1200-2200 R H Schisandraceae Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.) Ageli 1800-2500 Fr Sh Hk.f.&th. Scrophulariaceae Bacopa monnieri (L.) pann Brahmi 600-1000 Cu H Hemiphragma heterophyllum - 1800-2600 Cu H Wall. Limnophila sessilifera (Vahl) Bl. Pepermint 200-1400 R H L. rugosa (Roth.) Medik. Pepermint 800-1500 R H Smilacaceae Smilax aspera L. Kukardara 1200-2500 Co Sh S. macrophylla Roxb. Ram-dana 200-1000 R Sh S. perfoliata Lour. - 500-1100 R Sh Solanaceae Capsicum annum L. Mircha 1200-2000 Cu H Datura innoxia Mill. Dathura 200-1000 Co H D. metel L. Kala-Dathura 300-1200 Co H
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree D. stramonium L. Dathura 200-1200 Co H NIcotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Janglitambakuu 1000-1600 Co H N. tbacum L. Tambaku 800-1800 Cu H Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Tamatar 200-2500 Cu H Kersten Physalis minima L. Thuiravalu 200-1200 Co H Solanum indicum L. Kantakari 200-1800 Co H S. melongena L. Baigun 200-1800 Cu H S. nigrum L. Makoi 200-2500 Co H S. tuberosum L. Aalu 200-2000 Cu H Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Aswgandha 300-1200 R Sh Sonneretiaceae Duabanga grandiflora - 200-1000 Co T (Roxb.ex.DC.) Sterculiaceae Abroma angusta L. Ulatkambal 500-1500 Oc T Helicteres isora L. Marorphali 200-1000 Oc Sh Petrospermum aceifolium Willd. Kanak champa 300-800 Oc T Sterculai pallens Wall. 600-1400 Oc T S. villosa Roxb. Udal 200-800 Oc T Symplocaceae Symplocos chinensis(Lour.) Druce Lodh 1000-2200 Co T Taccaceae Tacca integrifolia Ker-Gawl - 200-1800 Oc Sh Theaceae Camellia sinensis (L.) Ktze. Chaipatti 450-2000 Cu/ Pl Sh Eurya acuminaa DC. Barkyal 1500-2500 Co T Thymelaeaceae Daphne papyracea Wall. Satpura 1600-2300 Co Sh Tiliaceae Corchorus Aestuans L. Titpatti 400-1000 Co Sh C. olitorius L. Jute 600-1200 Cu Sh Grewia optia Drumm. Bhimal 200-1800 Co T G. elastica L Farsia 300-2500 Oc T Triumfetta modidea Jacq. - 200-1500 Co Sh Thyphaceae Typha angustata Bory & Chaub. Ghabajaria 500-1500 Oc H Ulmaceae Celtis australis DC. Kharik 1000-2000 Co T
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree C. tetrandra Roxb. - 300-2000 Co T Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Papri 200-600 Co T Planch. Thema orientalis Bl. - 1000-1300 Co T Ulmum wallichoana Planch. Mairu 2000-2600 R T Urticaeae Boehmeria macrophylla Horn. Samrali 500-1400 R Sh B. platyphylla Don Garkoil 200-1200 Co Sh B. ruglosa Wedd. Gethi 500-1500 Co T Debregeasia longifolia Wedd. Tusar 800-2000 Co T D. salicfolia (Don) Rendl. Tusar 600-1800 Co T D. salicifolia J.&G. Chaulu 20-1300 Co Sh Gerardenia heteophylla Decne Kala Bichhoo 600-2200 Co Sh Pilea scripta(Buch.-Ham.ex Don) Chailu 1500-2500 Co H Wedd. Pouzplzia hirta Hassk - 1000-2200 Co H Urtica ardens link Bichhoo, Shisoon 600-2200 Co H Valerianaceae Valeriana jatamansii DC. Tagar 1200-2600 Vu H V. hardwickii Wall. Ex Roxb. Samovar 1500-2500 R H Verbenaceae Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Kumhar 250-1600 Co T C. macrophylla Vahl Daya 300-1200 Co Sh Clerodendrum philippinum Schau. Bakesag 200-1200 Co Sh C. serratum (L.) Moon Nagbel 300-1600 Vu Sh C. viscosum Vent. Bhant 200-1500 Co Sh Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gambhari 200-1200 Oc T Duranta repens L. - 200-1200 Pl Sh Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. - 300-1000 R Sh Lantana camara L. Kuri 300-1000 Co Sh Lippia Nodiflora (L.) A.Rich - 200-1400 Co H Premna barbata Wall. ex Schau. Gingdari 700-1500 R Sh Tectona grandis L.f. Sagon 200-1200 Co T Vitex nirgundo L. Nirgundi 200-1300 Co Sh Violaceae Viola canescens Wall. Banfas 1400-2600 Co H V. pilosa Bl. - 1200-2000 Co Vitaceae Ampelocissus latifolia (Vahl) Plach. Pan laguli 300-1500 Oc Sh
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Altitudinal Categories Family/Taxa Local Name Status range Herb/ Shrub/Tree Coyratia japonica (Thunb.) - 200-1400 Oc Sh Gagnep. Cissus repanda Vahl Gendal 300-1200 Oc Sh C. quadrangula L. Hadjora Oc Sh Tetrastiguma lanceolarium(Roxb.) - 300-1800 Oc H Planch. T. serrulata (Roxb.) Planch. - 500-2400 Oc H T. braceolatum Planch. - 1000-1600 Oc Sh Vitis vinifera L. - 200-2000 Cu Sh Zingiberaceae. Angoor 1000-2000 R Sh Zingiberaceae Curcuma aroatica salisb Banhardi 700-1200 R H C. longa L. Haldi 200-2000 Cu H Globba racemosa Sm. - 800-1500 Co H G. multifloroa Wall. Karmi 600-1400 Co H Hedychhium spicatum Ham.ex Sm. Ban-Haldi 1000-2000 Vu H Roscoea procera Wall. Musli 1600-2500 Co H Zingiber chrysanthum Rosc. Jangli Haldi 1200-1600 R H Z. officinalis Rosc. Adarak 200-1800 Cu H Abbreviations used: H = Herb T = Tree Sh = Shrub Vu = Vulnerable NE = Near endemic E = Endemic Co = Common R = Rare Cu = Cultivated Oc = Occasional Cu/Pl = Cultivated/Planted In addition to the above indigenous list of plants, cultivation of the following plants was also observed. These plants are often met with as escape along roadsides, way sides and abandoned fields etc. Some of the cultivated plants recorded during field reconnaissance survey are grouped into the following three heads as:
i. Cereals and millets: Triticum aestivum (Wheats), Oryza sativa (paddy), Zea mays (Maize of Idian corn) and Amaranthus paniculatus (amaranth) etc. ii. Cash crops: Solanum tuberosum (Potato), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Zingiber officinale (giner) etc. iii. Fruit Yoelding plants: Psidum guajava (Guava), Prunus persica (Peach), Pyrus malus (Apple), Mangifera indica (Mango), Carica papaya (Papaya), Musa paradisiacal (Banana), Citrus spp. (Lemon etc.) and others. The flora of the valley bottom as well as the higher reaches of dam area is identical and uniformally distributed. Therefore, a sizeable portion of population of each taxon may be directly affected particularly those coming in the submerged area of Dam leading such population of
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand different taxa completely wiped out or submerged. But the species in question will not be affected at all as all these species are also found, growing well outside the submerged area. Obviously the sizeable loss of population each taxon may definitely be affected but this will not lead the imminent danger of exitiction of these taxa from this area. Because these taxa as mentioned earlier are as common or occasional in the upper reaches of Dam as well as in neighbouring areas of the Dam. It is quite possible that these taxa may tend to attain large population in due course of time after Dam construction. Morever, all these taxa are also found as common or occasional within the territories of Kumaun and Garhwal Himalaya (Central Himalaya) within the sarne altitudes of Jamrani Dam Area. Therefore, it is suggested that the danger of extinction of these taxa will not occur from the Kamaun and Garhwal Hiamalaya in case Dam is constructed. 6.3.2.1 Survey & Numerical Extrapolation of Results The field survey for the ecological study was conducted during the pre monsoon and post monsoon season along with other environmental studies. The survy was conducted on both the banks in the study area and sampling was done within 10 km radius of the river bed on the either side. Considering the difficult terrain, quadrate method was used for sampling the vegetation. Taking into consideration the size of the vegetation patches, 12 random quadrates of 10 x 10 m size were laid to study the trees and shrubs. During the survey, number of plants of different species in each quadrate was identified and counted. To find temporal variation quadrate are laid down almost on the same location. The canopy type is taken as criteria to select the different type of ecosystem. Based on canopy cover and solar penetration. There were three visibly distinct ecosystems: 1. Dense-Medium Canopy Ecosystem 2. Diffused-Medium Canopy Ecosystem 3. Grass Land Ecosystem Following terms are used by biologists (ecologists) to describe the abundance of species and individuals within an area (or environment): a. Species Diversity (S) – the number of species in the sample. b. Species Evenness (or equitability) – a measure of the number of individuals within species populations. Evenness is greatest when species are equally abundant. Numerical indices are often calculated to quantitatively describe different levels of diversity and evenness in samples collected from different areas, environments or at different times from the same environment. One example might involve an evaluation of possible biologic changes caused by modifying the environment.
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Two species diversity indices viz. Shannon-Weaver Index of Diversity (H’) and Evenness index (E) were computed using the following formula: Shannon Weaver index of Diversity (H)
H = Σ P1 * log P1
Where ni = importance value for each species N = total importance values
P1 = importance probability for each species = ni /N Evenness Index (E)
H e
E = S Where H = Shannon index of general diversity e = 2.73 S = number of species
This means that as we multiply the proportion (pi) of each species in the sample times the natural log of that same value (In pi), then sum (Σ) the values for each species, and finally multiply by minus 1. A statistical program, called PAST, developed by Produe University, USA, was used to caluculate Shannon-Weaver Index (H), Evenness Indec (E), & Dominance Index. The program permits the statistical comparison of values calculated for single locations at different times or values for two or more geographic locations. One can determine whether or not two diversity values are really different, statistically.
Table 6.3: Pre-Monsoon Shannon-Weaver Index (H), Evenness Index (E) and Dominance Index
Community Type Shannon-Weaver Index (H) Evenness Index (E) Dominance Index Dense-Medium Canopy 1.698 0.958 0.179 Medium-Light Canopy 1.913 0.903 0.158 Grass Land Ecocystem 1.524 0.962 0.162
Table 6.4: Post-Monsoon Shannon-Weaver Index (H), Evenness Index (E) and Dominance Index
Community Type Shannon-Weaver Index (H) Evenness Index (E) Dominance Index Dense-Medium Canopy 1.736 0.924 0.164 Medium-Light Canopy 1.892 0.936 0.170 Grass Land Ecocystem 1.926 0.912 0.152
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Observation It can be observed from Table: 6.3 & 6.4 that diversity and density of various floral species in the study area is quite less. During pre-monsoon session average Shannon diversity index is 1.711 which indicates the low species diversity and the evenness index of species is 0.941 which indicates that species are distributed evenly. It could be seen that the indices show more similarity in terms of flora composition across different ecosystems. In post monsoon seasion average Shanon diversity index and Evenness index slightly increases as compare to pre-monsoon session. On an average Shannon diversity index and Evenness index was 1.85 and 0.924. This shows a slight increase in the diversity of species in the sampling area after monsoon. 6.3.2.2 Medicinal Plants Various plant parts such has roots, rhizomes, tubers, bark, stem, leaves, whole plants, fruite, seed and combination of different parts were used as medicinal. The analysis or study indicated that in the 10 km2 radius area from Jamrani Dam site 105 species was identical as a medicinal purpose.
Table 6.5: Diversity, Distribution and Uses of Medicinal plant species of Gola catchment of study area 10km2 redius from Dam Site
Altitudinal Part Family/Taxa Local name LF Multipurpose Uses range Used Justicia adhatoda L. Basinga 300-1600 Sh Wp Medicinal; Edible; Folder Acer cappadocicum Kanja 1800-2500 T Sd,Lf,Wd Medicinal; Household; Tool (Wall.) Gled. handles & Beam; Leaves for manuring; Fodder Achyranthes aspera L. Apamar g 200-2600 H Wp Medicinal; Religious; Edible Agave cantula Roxb. Desi 1000-2000 Sh Rt. Lf Medicinal; fodder; Fiber; Rambas Insecticides; Pesticides A. Americana L. Ranbans 500-1800 Sh Lf Medicinal; Fiber; Insecticides; Pesticides Yucca glorisa L. 1000-1800 Sh Wp Medicinal; Edible. Alangium salvifolium Ghaul 800-1100 T Rt, Br, Medicinal; Household; (L.F.) Wang Wd Agriculture implement; Edible; Fodder Amaranthus spinosus Kateli- 200-1600 H Wp Medicinal; Edible; Fodder L Chauli Buchanania lanzan Pural 200-1200 T Wp Medicinal; Edible; Fuel; Spr. Timber B. latifolia Roxb. Bhilwa 200-1200 T Wp Medicinal; Edible; Fuel; Timber Lannaea Ghigen 1000-1500 T Wp Medicinal; Edible; Fuel; ceromandelica Timber; Gum (Houtt.) Merr. Phoenix acaulis Buch.- Khajoor 500-1500 T Rh, Fr Medicinal; Edible; Ham. ex Robx Household; Broom; Fiber P. humilis Royle Thakal 1000-1500 T Rt, Lf, Fr Medicinal; Edible; Household; Broom; Fiber
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Altitudinal Part Family/Taxa Local name LF Multipurpose Uses range Used Bidens biternata Mangrinya 1000-2000 H Wp Medicinal; Edible; (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff Religious; Fodder Averrhoa carambola Kordoi 800-1500 Sh Wp Medicinal; Edible; L. Household (Detergent for strain) Berberis aristata DC. Daru Haldi 1500-2600 Sh Wp Medicinal; Edible; Fodder B. asiatica Roxb. Kilmora 1200-2500 Sh Br, Wd Medicinal, Household, wood & bark yield yellow dye Alnus nepalensis Don Uttis 1500-2600 T Lf, Rt, Br Medicinal; Fuel; Household; Carpentry; Construction Betula alnoides Buch. Kantbuj 1500-2500 T Wp Medicinal; Fuel; Religious –Ham.ex D.Don Oroxylum indicum (L.) Arula 400-1500 T Wp Medicinal; Edible; Fuel Vent Stereospermum Padeli 900-1400 T Br, Rt, Medicinal; Fuel; Dye; chelonoides DC. Wd Household; Tecomella undulata Rohida 200-1200 T Br Medicinal; Fuel; Household (D.Don) seen Bombax ceiba L. Semal 200-1600 T Wp Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder; Fiber; Fuel Brassica campestris L. Sarson 200-2000 H Wp Medicinal (Boils, skin disease, cough, migraine, muscle pain, bronchitis, leprosy, pneumonia, scabies) Boswellia serrata Gugal 500-1400 T Wp Medicinal; Fuel; Religious colebr. Garuga pinnata Roxb. Titmar 300-1200 T Wp Medicinal; Detergent; Black dye; Edible Bauhinia purpurea L. Koliyari, 300-1600 T Wp Medicinal; Fodder; Fuel; Knol Edible B. racemosa Lamk. Jhinga 1200-1500 T Lf, Br, Medicinal; Edible; Sd, Fr Household; Fuel; Fodder B. retusa Roxb. Simala, 1200-1500 T Gum, Medicinal; Fuel; Fodder Kandalb Bud B. malabarica Roxb. Kachnar 300-1500 T Lf, Fl Medicinal; Edible; Fuel B.vahlii(Wt.& Arn) Malu 200-1300 Sh Sd,Fr Medicinal; Edible; Benth B. variegata L. Quarial 500-1900 T Lf, Br, Fr, Medicinal, Edible, Religious, Kachnar Fl Fodder, Fuel Cassia fistula L. Amaltas 200-1500 T Wp Medicinal; Fuel; Edible; Household, Religious Elaeodendron Lunia, 1500-2400 T Lf, Wd Medicinal, Fuel, Fodder, glaucum Pere Patiyal Agriculture implement Euonymus pendulus Bhemela 1800-2600 T Fuel, Timber, Cosmetic Wall 6-100
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Part Family/Taxa Local name LF Multipurpose Uses range Used Mesua ferrea L. Nakesar 400-1000 T Br, Fr, Medicinal, Fuel, Household, Sd, Fl Religious Terminalia alata Asana 200-1400 T Wp Medicinal; Fodder; Roxb. Instrumental drums; Religious C. dichotoma Frost Lasora 300-1100 T Lf, Sd, Fr Medicinal; Edible; Fuel Datisca cannabina L. Bujr- 200-1200 T Rt Medicinal; Household bhanga yellow dye for colouring clothes Diospyros malabarica Kala tendu 500-1500 T Fr, Br, Medicinal; Fuel; Household; (Descr.) Kost. Wd Gum; Timber D. Montana Roxb. Pinna 200-700 T Wd Fuel; Household; Agriculture Implements Drocera peltata Sm. Mukhjali 1500-2500 H Wp Medicinal; Household; Dying agent Ehretia acuminata Br. Pudila 200-2000 T Br, Fr Medicinal; Edible; Household; Agriculture tools; Fuel E. laevis Roxb. Poja 200-1600 T Lf, Br, Fr Medicinal; Edible; Fuel Elaeagnus parvifolia Giwai 1300-2300 T Wp Medicinal; Edible; Fuel Wall. ex Royle Rhododendron Burans 1500-2600 T Lf, Fr Medicinal; Edible; Religious arboreum Sm. ceremonies (phooldeli) Bischoffia javanica Bl. Kanj 200-1000 T Br, Lf, Medicinal; Edible; Wd, Fr Household; Red dye; Construction: thatching) Drypetes 1000-1500 T Fr, Sd Meedicinal; Religious; roxburghii(Andr.) Wd Fooder; Fuel; Household; Focke Tools, Turning Emblica officinalis L. Amla 200-1500 T Wp Medicinal; Edible; Mallotus Rohani 200-1800 T Sd, Fr Medicinal; Fuel; Household; pphilippensis Muell. – Red dye colouring fibre Arg Butea monosperma Palas Dhak 200-1200 T Wp Medicinal; Edible; (Lamk.) Taub. Religious; Fiber; Household. Cajanus cajan (L.) Arhar 200-2000 Sh Lf. Sd. Medicinal Fuel; Household; Millsp. St. Basket Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Seesam 200-1400 T Lf. Wd Medicinal; Fodder; Fuel; Household; Construction; Timber Macrotylama Gahat 400-2500 H Sd, Lf Medicinal; Edible; Fodder uniflorum (Lamk.) Verd. Ougeinia oojeinensis Sandan 800-1400` T St, Lf Medicinal; Edible; Fuel; (Roxb.) Hochr. Fodder; Household; Agriculture tools Vigna mungo (L.) Mash 300-1200 H Sd Medicinal; Edible; Hepper Religious` 6-101
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Altitudinal Part Family/Taxa Local name LF Multipurpose Uses range Used Pterocarpus Bijasal 200-800 T Lf, Br, Medicinal; Religious; marsupium Roxb. Wd Fodder; Household Quercus Baj 1400-2400 T Sd, Wd Medicinal, Edible, leucotrichophora A. Household Camus Xylosma longifolium Kani 300-1200 T Br, Lf Medicinal, Edible, Fuel Clos Aesculus indica Panger 1500-2500 T Fr, Br, Medicinal, Detergent for Colebr. ex Camb Sd woolen Clothes, Religious ceremonies Juglans regia L. Akhrot 1000-2600 T Br, Fr Medicinal, Edible,
Ocimum sanctum L. Tulsi 400-1000 H Wp Medicinal, Religious Holboellia latifolia Gomphal 1800-2500 Sh Lf, Fr Medicinal, Edible, Fodder Wall. Phoebe lanceolata Kekra 500-1500 T Lf, Wd, Medicinal, fuel, Fodder, Nees Strychnos mux- Kanjiram 800-1400 T Lf, Rt, Medicinal, Edible, Religious vomica L. Sd, Fr Osbeckia stellata -- 1200-2600 Sh Fl, Rt Medicinal, Edible, Fodder Buch-Ham Azadirachta indica Neem 200-1000 T Wp Medicinal, Insecticides, Juss. Edible, Fuel, Religious, Melia azedarach L. Baken 600-1400 T Lf, Fl, Fr, Medicinal; Religious; Wd Toona ciliata Roem. Tun 200-1700 T Br, Lf, St Medicinal; Fuel; T. serrata Royle Dal 1200-2200 T Lf, Br, Medicinal (Asthma, boils, Wd Ulcer) Acacia catechu (L.f.) Khair 200-1400 T Rt, Lf, Medicinal, Fuel, Fodder Willd. Br, Wd A. farnesiana (L.) Vilayati- 200-1100 Sh Br, Rt, Lf Medicinal, Fuel, Fodder Willd. Kikar A. nilotica (L.) Keekar 300-1200 T Wp Medicinal, Babul A. pennata (L.) Willd. Shembi 200-1200 Sh Rt, Lf, Br Medicinal, Household A chinensis Osbeck Kala-Siris 250-1000 T St, Br, Sd Medicinal,
A. procera (Roxb.) Safed-Siris 300-1100 T St, Br, Sd Medicinal, Benth Ficus roxburghii Wall. Timala 250-1800 T Wp Medicinal; Edible; Fuel; Fodder; Religious F. bengalensis L. Bargad 300-1400 T LF, fr. Medicinal; Edible; La, Sd Religious; Fodder F. racemosa L. Gular 200-1200 T Wp Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder Morus alba L. Shoot 200-1200 T WP Medicinal (Sore throat, Vermifuge); Edible.
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Altitudinal Part Family/Taxa Local name LF Multipurpose Uses range Used Myrica esculenta Kaphal 1200-1800 T Br, Lf Medicinal; Edible; Ham. ex Don Religious; Fodder Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus 200-1600 T Br, Lf Medicinal; Edible; Labil. Religious; Fodder Psidium guajava L. Amrood 200-1500 T Lf, Br Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder Syzygium cuminii (L.) Jamun 300-1500 T Br, Lf, Medicinal; Edible; Skeels Sd, Fr Religious; Fodder Cedrus deodara Devdaar 1500-2400 T Resin Medicinal; Edible; (Roxb.) Loud. Religious; Fodder Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Cheer 1100-2200 T Resin Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder Plantago loanceolata Karache 1200-1800 H Br, Lf Medicinal; Edible; L. Religious; Fodder Plumbago Zeylanica L. Chita 400-1600 H Lf, Fr,Sd Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder Cyanodon dactylon Doob 200-2000 H WP Medicinal; Edible; (L.) pers. Religious; Fodder Hordeum vulgare L. Jau 200-2500 H Sd Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder R. virgatus Roxb. Chantui 1500-2000 Sh Lf, Br Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder Malus pumilus Mill. Sab 1500-2600 T Fr Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder P. persica Batsch. Aru 1000-2600 T Fr Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder Anthocephalus Kadamb 300-1100 T Br, Fr Medicinal; Edible; cadamba Miq. Religious; Fodder Aegle marmelos (L.) Bel 600-1100 T Fr Medicinal; Edible; Corr. Religious; Fodder Populus ciliata Wall. Paharipepal 1500-2500 T Br, Wd Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder P. nigra L.var.italica 200-1800 T Br, Wd Medicinal; Edible; (Munch.) Koehne Religious; Fodder Madhuca longifolia Mahua 200-1000 T Fl, Br, Medicinal; Edible; (Koen.) Mac. Sd, Wd Religious; Fodder Gmelina arborea Gambhari 200-1200 T Br, Rt, Lf Medicinal; Edible; Roxb. Religious; Fodder Lantana camara L. Kuri 300-1000 Sh Lf, Fr Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder Tectona grandis L.f. Sagon 200-1200 T Sd, Wd, Medicinal; Edible; Oil Religious; Fodder Vitex nirgundo L. Nirgundi 200-1300 Sh Wp Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder Curcuma. longa L. Haldi 200-2000 H Wp Medicinal; Edible; Religious; Fodder
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In its Tarai & Bhabhar belt a number of medicinal trees, shrubs and herbs grow like Vijayasar, Arjun, Bhilwa, Varun, Gambhari, Kutuj, Tejpatra, Priyangoo, Danti, Sarivah, Shwet, Sarivah, Brahmi, Satwahi, Patha, Bhringraj, Punarnava, Kamal, Kamalni, Gokhru, Anatmool, Marodfali, Talwarfali, Ashok, Kaliyali, Pipli and Various species of Mentha and so on. There is potential to grow Mulhati, Aswagandha, Saptaparna and so many other plants of various zones of India. Many these plants have a great commercial importance. These are widely used in indigenous system of medicines like Ayurveda, Yunani, Aamchi (Tibetan system) for skin diseases, stomach disorder, nervous disability, liver diseases. Many of these are used in heart & brain tonics. Some are blood purifiers and strengthen the immunity mechanism. At present crores of this herbal raw material is supplied to Haldwani, Ramnagar, Dehradun & other mandis of plains Bheshaj Sanghs & K.M.V.N. has the official authority to collect these medicines. 6.3.2.3 RET Plants A total 100 species (25 trees; 32 shrubs; and 46 herbs) belonging to 92 genera and 60 families have been identified as rare and other from the Gola catchments. Along an altitudinal gradient, maximum species (95 spp.) were found distributed within 200-1800m altitudes, followed by spp. with in 1801-2610m altitudes. Two species i.e., Dioscorea deltoidea (Vulnerable) and Pittosporum eriocarpum (Indeterminate) have been recorded in the Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Using new criteria of International Union for Conservation of Natural Resources (IUCN), the species have been also categorized as Vulnerable (Didymocarpus pedicellata, Cinnamomum tamala, Hedychium specatum, Heracleum candicans, Gloriosa superba, Polygonatum verticillatum, Rauvolfia, Symplocos chinensis, valerianajatamansi, Thalictrum foliolosum), Near Threatened (Celastrus paniculata) and Least Concerned (Evolvulus alsinoides).
Table 6.6: Diversity, distribution and status of the RET plants in the Gola Catchment with the 10 km2 radius from dam site
Taxa Local Name Altitudinal range (m) LF Status Acanthaceae Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. Chotaganti 300-1300 Sh R T. fragrans Roxb. Pandi 500-1800 Sh R Aceraceae Acer oblongum Wall Pharbanj 1500-2000 T R Anacardiaceae Buchanania lanzan Spr. Pural 200-1200 T R Rhus javanica L. Damphela 1000-2400 T VU Apiaceae Heracleum candicans Wall Padara 1800-2600 H VU Apocynaceae Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth ex kurz. Surpgundha 200-1000 Sh VU Araceae Acorus calamus L. Bach 1400-2300 H R
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Taxa Local Name Altitudinal range (m) LF Status Amorphophalus paeoniifolius Dennst Zami-Kand 300-1600 H R Asclepiadaceae Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Jadajad 200-600 Sh R Wt. and Arn. Orthanthera viminea Wigst. Mahur grass 200-800 H R Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic. Bagmirchi 2200-2600 Sh R Subsp. glaucum (Wall ex Wt.) Hara Asparagaceae Asparagus adscendens Roxb. Satawar 1000-2200 Sh R A. racemosus Willd Satawar 200-2000 Sh R Asteraceae Elephantopus scaber L. Bis-hari 200-1500 H R Guizota abyssinica (L) Cass Ramtil 900-1900 H R Gynura nepalensis (Don) Moore - 1500-2500 H R Vernonia cineria (L) Less Kalijari 500-2300 H R V. anthelimintica (L.) Willd Ghrajiri 1100-2000 H R Balsaminaceae Impatiens racemosa Hk.f. Chunchuni 1500-2500 H R Begoniaceae Begonia picta Sm. Latapatte, Pat 600-2600 H R Bignonaceae Oraxylum indicum (L.) Vent Arula 400-1500 T R Burseraceae Boswellia serrata Colebr. Gugal 500-1400 T R Garuga pinnata Roxb. Titmar 300-1200 T R Caesalpiniaceae Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Kachnar 300-1500 T R Capparaceae Capparis cuminat (Forsk.) Edgew. Karil 200-1000 Sh R C. spinosa L. Chhail, Kabra 200-2400 Sh R C. zeylanica L. Asaria 200-800 Sh R Caprifoliaceae Viburnum mullaha Ham. Maleo 1500-2000 T R Celasteraceae Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Ktze Mamr 200-1000 Sh R Celastrus paniculata Willd. Malkangani 500-1000 Sh NT Cochlospermaceae Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston Gong 200-1000 T R Convolvulaceae Evolvulus alsinoides L. Sankh Pushpi 500-1200 H LC Costaceae Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm. Keokand 800-1500 H R Cyperaceae Scleria pergracilis (Nees) Kunth - 200-600 H R Euphorbiaceae Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Pax. Athaina 200-1800 T R & Hofffm. Fabaceae
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Taxa Local Name Altitudinal range (m) LF Status Butea pelita Roxb. Patuwa 200-1000 T R Clitoria ternatea L. Aprajit 300-1100 T R Flemingia procumbens Roxb. Ajhar 200-2200 H R Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Mulhati 200-1700 H R Mucuna bracteata DC. Konch 600-1200 Sh R M. pruriens (L.) DC Gaunchi Upto 1200 Sh R Pueraria tuberose (Willd.) DC Vidari kand 300-1500 Sh R Vigna vexillata (L.) Rich. Machali 1000-2000 H R Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Gargual 300-800 T R Gesnerianceae Didymocarpus pedicellata R.Br. Pather long 500-2500 H VU Hippocastanaceae Aesculus indica Colebr. ex Camb. Panger 1500-2500 T R Hippocastanaceae Heliotropium strigosum Willd. Chitiphal 200-1400 H R Iridaceae Iris kumaonensis Dan Banpiaj 1500-2500 H R Lamiaceae Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth Ratpatti 1200-2500 H R Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Sm. Fiwain 1000-2500 H R Elsholtzia flava Benth - 1500-2400 Sh R Lardizabalaceae Holboellia latifolia Wall Gomphal 1800-2500 Sh R Lauraceae Cinnamomum tamala L. Tejpat Kirkiria 400-2000 T VU Litsea chinensis Lamk. Chandana 1000-2000 T R Liliaceae Gloriosa superba L. Karihari 400-1800 H VU Lilium polyphyllum Don Kand mool 1500-2200 H CR Paris polyphylla Sm. Mithi vach 2000-2600 H R Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. Salam misiri 1400-2600 H VU Malpighiaceae Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz Jal 300-1200 Sh R Mimosaceae Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. Shembi 200-1200 Sh R Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Safed-siris 300-1100 T R Myrsinaceae Embelia ribes Burm. f. Jheum 400-1200 Sh R Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Kamal 200-1400 H R Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea stellata Willd. Kamal 200-1000 H R Orchidaceae Coelogyne cristata Lindl. Gondya 200-1800 H R Eulophia dabia (Don) Hochr. Misri 500-1400 H R Malaxis cuminate Dan Muoali 1400-2000 H R Pittosporcese
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Taxa Local Name Altitudinal range (m) LF Status Pittoporum eriocarpum Royle Raduthia 600-1400 T Ind Poaceae Digitaria cruciata Nees ex Steud. - 200-1500 H R Polygonaceae Polygonum chinense L. Pho 1800-2600 Sh R Ranunculaceae Delphinium denudatum Royle Nirbis 1500-2500 H R Thalictrum foliolosum DC Mamiri 1500-2400 H VU Rutaceae Clausena pentaphylla (Roxb.) DC Ratanjot 600-1500 T R Toddalia asiatiea (L.) Lamk. Tonoai 450-1700 Sh R Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Timur 1800-2400 Sh R Sapindaceae Heynea trijuga Roxb. Ban-Ritha 200-800 T R Sapotaceae Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) Lam Chyura 500-1200 T R Saxifragaceae Bergenia ligulata (Wall.) Engl. Silphor 1200-2200 H R Schisandraceae Schisandra grandiflora (Wall) Hk. f. and Ageli 1800-2500 Sh R Th. Scrophulariaceae Limnophila sessilifera (Vahl) Bl. Pepermint 200-1400 H R L. rugosa (Roth) Merr. Pepermint 800-1500 H R Smilacaceae Smilax macrophylla Roxb. Ram-dana 200-1000 Sh R S. Perfoliata Lour. - 500-1100 Sh R Solanaceae Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Aswgandha 300-1200 Sh R Ulmaceae Ulmus wallichiana Planch. Mairu 2000-2600 T R Urticaceae Boehmeria macrophylla Horn. Samrali 500-1400 Sh R Valerianaceae Valeriana jatamansii DC. Tagar 1200-2600 H VU V. hardwickii Wall. ex Roxb. Samova 1500-2500 H R Verbenaceae Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon Nagbel 300-1600 Sh VU Holmskioldia sanguined Retz. - 300-1000 Sh R Premna barbata Wall. ex Schau. Gingdari 700-1500 Sh R Vitaceae Ampelocissus lotifolia (Vahl) Planch. Pan laguli 300-1500 Sh R Cissus repanda Vahl Gendal 300-1200 Sh R Vitis lanata Roxb. Puarani 1000-2000 Sh R Zuingiberaceae Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Banhardi 700-1200 H R Hedychium spicatum Ham. ex Sm. Ban-Haldi 1000-2000 H VU Zingiber chrysanthum Rosc. - 1200-1600 H R
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Abbreviations used: LF = Leaf form, H = Herb, VU = Vulenerable, Sh = Shrub NT = Near Threatened, T = Tree, Ind = Indeterminate, R = Rare LC = Least Concern,
The study also indicates that the majority of taxa are either common and / or occasional, in the Dam area as well as in Kumaun, and Garhwal region, besides a few rare species were also recorded in and around Dam Area but these species are well represented elsewhere in similar altitude and climate in Kumaun and Garhwal Himalaya as indicated by the earlier published literature and herbarium records. 6.3.3 TERRESTRIAL FAUNA The Terrestrial fauna was evaluated to gain an insight in the following respects for species of carnivore, ungulates, non-human primates, birds, reptiles, amphibians and butterflies. The main objective of the study is: (i) To prepare an inventory of the terrestrial fauna present in the study area. (ii) To assess present status of the terrestrial fauna present in the study area. (iii) To assess the impacts of the proposed dam on the terrestrial fauna.
6.3.3.1 Mammals As many as 20 species of wild animals (Mammals) were seen inhabiting the Jamrani area. Out of these 14 species were seen throughout-the year in fair numbers. Two species viz. Felis chaus (jungle cat) and F. viverrina (fishing cat) were observed occasionally while four species viz. the Himalayan Black Bear Selenarctos thibetanus, Indian Porcupine (Sahi) Hystrix indica, The Smooth Indian Otter (ood-udbilao) Lutra lutra monticola (otter), The Himalayan Palm civet Felis bengalensis; were seen very rarely in the 10 km radius of Jamrani dam catchment area.
Table 6.7: List of Wild Life found in the study area of Jamrani Dam Site
Availability in Local name of the Zoological Name of the S. Habitat 10 km Radius of Species species No Catchment area 1. The common Forest neighbouring villages Langoor Presbytis entellus Common of Jamrani dam site (Kumauni Gunri) 2. Thick wooded Jamrani Ghurad Nemorheadus goral Common forest. 3. The Indian wild In higher elevation of Sus-scrofa cristatus Common Soar Jamrani forest. 4. Indian Porcupine Hystrix indica Jamrani forest area. Rare
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Availability in Local name of the Zoological Name of the S. Habitat 10 km Radius of Species species No Catchment area (Sahi) 5. Field mouse Musbodurga Near cultivated fields. Common 6. The Himalayan Selenarctos thibetanus Wooded forest of Jamrani. Rare Black Bear (Bhalu) 7. Indian Jackal Forest and in dry open plain Canis aureus Common (Ghidar) (Jamrani dam site.) 8. In bush wood and Hill fox Vulpes-vulpes montana cultivated land (Jamrani Common dam site) 9. Inhabiting the grass land Jungle Cat Felis chaus Occasional and around the Gaula river. 10. Near to the villages, Leopard Cat Felis bengalensis Common Jamrani forest & dam site. 11. Thick forest around Gaula Fishing Cat Felis viverrina Occasional river 12. Pinr marten Martes flavigula Forest area of Jamrani Common (Chitrole) 13. Petaurista petaurista Red flying Squirrel Forest area of Jamrani Common alviventer 14. Jamrani forest and nearby Rhesus Macaque Maccaca mulatta Common cultivated land. 15. Cultivated land near Indian Field Mouse Mus booduga Common Jamrani 16. Grooves of trees at Jamrani Common Herpestes edwardii forests and adjustment Common Monangoose cultivated field. 17. Lepus nigricollis Forest area and nearby The Common Hare Common ruficaudatus cultivated field. 18. The Smooth Indian Forest area (among rocks Otter (ood- Lutra lutra monticola below roots of trees and Rare udbilao) bushes all along Gola river. 19. I.Hbusettus, II. The Bat Jamrani area. Common Rhinolophus 20. The Himalayan At Jamrani forest where it Peguma larvata Rare Palm civet takes shelter of trees. 6.3.3.2 Avian Fauna The avian fauna is very well represented in and around Jamrani area within 10 km radius of the project site. The investigators have come across 65 bird species (Table-6-8) during their year long 6-109
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand investigation. 37 species termed here as occasional occur in fair number 6 species termed as rare and the remaining 22 species in fairly large number. The investigators have termed some birds as temporary migratory birds which in fact migrate from the adjoining hills of Kumaon to the foot hills (Jamrani and other area) during winter in search of food and to escape the severe winter months of hills.
Table 6.8: List of Avian species found in and around Jamrani Dam Site. (10 km radius from the catchment area of Gola River)
Availability in 10 km S. Local name of the Zoological Name of the species Habitat Radius of No. Species Catchment area 1. **The Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis coromandus, Grazing cattle field Common Boddacrt near Jamrani village. 2. The Large Crowned Phylloscopus occipitalis, Blyth Forest area at Jamrani Occasional willow warbler 3. *The Grey-Headed Sciecercus xanthoschistos Wooded hill forest Occasional Flycatcher-Warbler albosupercilliaris, Jardon 4. *The Brown Hill Suya prinia criniger, Hodgson Inhabit bare stony hill Occasional warbler sides around Gola river 5. *The Rufous-Bellied Niltava sundara whistleri Frequents broad Occasional Niltava Ticehurst leaved trees of Jamrani forest 6. *The little Spider- Arachnothera longirostris Observed on the edge Rare Hunter longirostris, Latham of glade and cleaning 7. *The Scaly Bellied Piscus stuamatus squamatus Forest area Rare Green Woodpeeker Vigor 8. **Yellow Fronted Peccides mahra-ttensis, Lathan Well wooded mixed Occasional Pied Woodpeeker forest 9. **Golden Backed Brachypternum benghalensis, Forest area Rare Woodpecker Jerdon 10. **Brown Fronted Dryobates auricips Mixed forest Common Woodpecker 11. **Indian Golden Oriolus oriolus Well wooded village Occasional Oriole area 12. **The Jungle Myna Aethiopsar fuscus, Wagler Well wooded village Occasional area 13. **Hill Myna or the Gracula religiosa, Linn Well wooded village Occasional Grackle area 14. *The Black and Mycerobas icteroides icteroides, Forest area Rare Yellow Grosbeak Vigor 15. *The common Carpodacus erythrinus, Pallas Jamrani forest Occasional Rosefinch 16. **West Himalayan Garrules glandarius bispecularis Forest area Common Red Crowned Jay Vigor 6-110
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Availability in 10 km S. Local name of the Zoological Name of the species Habitat Radius of No. Species Catchment area 17. *The Indian cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Open cultivated land Occasional micropterus, Gould near Jamrani forest 18. **Northern Blossom Psittacula cynocephala Well wooded forest Occasional headed Parakeet bengalensis Lesson Forester area and neighbouring villages 19. **The Blue-Bearded Nyctyornis athertoni athertoni Forest area Common Bee-enter Jardine and Selby. 20. **The smaller house Apus affinis J.E. Grey Forest and adjoining Common Swift villages 21. *The Indian Great Bubo bubo bengalensis franklin Inhabited well wooded Common Horned Owl but open and cultivated villages at Jamrani 22. ** The pin tailed Treron apicaudas apicauda Forest area Occasional green pigeon Blyth 23. **The House Passer domestices, Linn. Neighbourhood of Common Sparrow villages 24. **The Common Hirundo rustica rustica, Linn Neighbour of villages Common Swallow 25. **The Large Pied Notacilla manderaspatensis, All along Gola river Occasional Wagtail Gemlin 26. **Indian Purple Nectarinia asatica asiatica, Light deciduos forest Occasional Sunbird Latham and neighbouring villages 27. **The Roller or Blue Coracias benghalensis Villages & Forest area Occasional Jay benhalensis, Linn 28. **The Common Merops Orientalis, Latham Villages & Forest area Occasional Green Bee-eater 29. **The Pied Cerycle Lugubris, Temminck Along Gola river Occasional Kingfisher 30. **The white Ualcyon smyrnesis, Linn Villages & Forest area Occasional Breasted Kingfisher of Jamrani 31. **The Hoopoe Upupa cpops, Linn Jamrani village & Common Forest area 32. **Indian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea Forest area Occasional Scolopacea, Linn 33. **Rufousbellied Parus rubidiventris Forest area Common crested tit Rubidiventris, Blyth 34. *Crested Black Tit Parus metanolophus, Vigor Forest area Common 35. *White Tailed bush Saxicola Lencura, Blyth Along Gola river Common 6-111
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Availability in 10 km S. Local name of the Zoological Name of the species Habitat Radius of No. Species Catchment area chat 36. *Rufous Backed Lanius scharch erythronotus, Forest area Common Shrike Vigor 37. **Black Headed Lanius schach tricolor, Hodgson Forest area Common Shrike 38. **The Common Hirundo rustica rustica, Linn Neighbour of villages Common Swallow 39. **The Large Pied Notacilla manderaspatensis, All along Gola river Occasional Wagtail Gemlin 40. **The Roller or Blue Coracias benghalensis Villages & Forest area Occasional Jay benhalensis, Linn 41. **House crow Corvus splendens. Vicillot Jamrani Villages. Common 42. **The Jungle Crow Corvus macrohynchos, Wagler Jamrani forest & Common villages 43. **Tree pie Dendrocitta vagabunda Wooded villages and Occasional vagabunda, Lathem screb jungle of Jamrani 44. *Central India Parus xanthogenys aplonotus, Well wooded lacality at Occasional yellow checked tit Blynth Jamrani 45. **Northern Choloropsis aurifrons aurifrons, Well wooded area of Occasional Goldfronted Temmicnck. Jamrani chloropsis 46. **White cheeked Pycnonotus leucogenys villages and wooded Common Bulbul leucogenys, Gray. forest of Jamrani 47. **The Red Vented Pycnonotus cafer cafer,Linn Villages and light scrub Common Bulbul jungle (Jamrani) 48. **Northern Pied Saxicola caprata Bicolor, Sykes. Hill side neighborhood Occasional bushchat cultivated fields and villages of Jamrani 49. **Indian collard Saxicola torquata Indica, Blyth Near Gola river Rare bushchat 50. **Deccan Black Saxicola fulicata intermedia, Jamrani villages. Occasional Robin Whistler & Kiinnear. 51. **the Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis saularis, Near Jamrani village Occasional Linn 52. **West Himalayan Terpsiphone paradisi Light deciduous forest Rare paradise flycatcher leucogaster, Bwainson of Jamrani 53. **The white spotted Rhipidura albicolles albogularis, village and forest area Occasional fantail flycatcher Lesson of jamrani 54. **The common Acridotheres Tristis, Linn. Neighbouring villeges Common
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Availability in 10 km S. Local name of the Zoological Name of the species Habitat Radius of No. Species Catchment area Myna of jamrani dam site. 55. *Red-billed Blue Cissa erythrohynehe ercipital. Arboreal, Jamrani Occasional Mappie Blyth. forest 56. **The Black Garrulus lanceolatus. Forest area. Occasional Throated Jay 57. *The Green-backed Parus moniticolus, Vigor. Forest area. Occasional tit 58. *The Red-headed tit. Aegithaliscus concinnus, Gould. In tress and bushes. Occasional 59. *Himalayan White Sitta Himalayaensis Forest area. Occasional Tailed Nuthatch Himalayensis, Jardine & Selby. 60. **The Rusty Pomatorhinus erythrogencys, Forest area. Occasional cheeked Scimitar- Vigor. Babbler 61. **The white crested Lothera leucomelata Inhabit forest where Common kalej pheasant hamiltomii, J.B.Gray there is heavy undergrowth of bushes neighbouring Gola river. 62. *The Rufous Turtle Streptopelia oricntalis or Light wooded forest Common Dove ientalics, Latham. 63. *The wall-creeper Trichodroma muraria Inhabits chiff,s and Occasional nepalensis, Bonaparate. rocks, Gola River. 64. **The Indian Blue Erithacus brunncus, Hodgson. Forest area. Occasional Chat 65. The dark grey Bush Saxicola Ferria, Gray. Forest area. Occasional chat * This symbol indicates temporary migratory birds (from adjoining hill to the present site winter) ** This symbol indicates residential birds. As many as 20 species of mammals, 65 species of Birds, 17 species of butterflies; 20 species of mammals 7 species of amphibians and 10 species of reptiles were recorded in the impact zone of the proposed dam site (10km2), during the present survey. During the present survey there is no any threatened/endangered species (IUCN-Vulnerable category) has been recorded in the dam site (10 km radius). 6.3.3.3 Reptiles, Amphibians and Butterflies The reptilian species are generally cold blooded and they hibernate during winter season they are abundantly seen in rainy and summer season. As many as 10 species of Reptiles were seen inhabiting the Jamrani area. Two species viz. Indian spiny-tailed lizard, (Uromastyx hardwickii) Green Bronze-back Tree Snake (Dendrelaphis cyanochloris) were observed rarely while four 6-113
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand species viz. Himalayan Rock Agama, (Laudakia himalayana), Indian Fringe-fingered Lizard (Acanthodactylus cantoris), Small-spotted Lizard, (Mesalina guttulata), Asian Grass Lizard (Takydromus sexlineatus) were seen Occasionally. While four species were seen commonly in the 10 km radius of Jamrani dam catchment area. Seven species of amphibians and 17 species of butterflies are recorded in the Jamrani forest area. During the present survey there is no any threatened/endangered species (IUCN-Vulnerable category) has been recorded in the dam site (10 km radius).
Table 6.9: List of Reptiles found in and around Jamrani Dam Site. (10 km radius of the project site)
Sl. Local/ Common Zoological Name Habitat Availability in No. name 10 km Radius of Catchment area Family Agamidae 1 Emma Gray's Forest Calotes emma Forest area of Jamrani Common Lizard 2 Green forest lizard Calotes calotes Forest area of Jamrani Common 3 Large Scaled Forest Calotes grandisquamis Forest area of Jamrani Common Lizard 4 Indian garden lizard Calotes versicolor Forest area of Jamrani Common 5 Himalayan Rock Laudakia himalayana Forest area of Jamrani Occasional Agama, 6 Indian spiny-tailed Uromastyx hardwickii Forest area of Jamrani Rare lizard Family Lacertidae 7 Indian Fringe- Acanthodactylus cantoris Forest area of Jamrani Occasional fingered Lizard 8 Small-spotted Lizard Mesalina guttulata Forest area of Jamrani Occasional 9 Asian Grass Lizard Takydromus sexlineatus Forest area of Jamrani Occasional Colubridae 10 Green Bronze-back Dendrelaphis Forest area of Jamrani Rare Tree Snake cyanochloris
Table 6.10: List of Amphibians Species
Availability in 10 Local name / S. No. Zoological Name Habitat km Radius of Common name Catchment area Family Bufonidae Forest area and Ornate Torrent Toad Ansonia ornata Common 1 ponds/river of Jamrani 2 Silent Valley Torrent Forest area and Anonia rubigina Occasional Toad ponds/river of Jamrani 3 Duttaphrynus Forest area and Himalayan Toad Occasional himalayanus ponds/river of Jamrani 6-114
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Availability in 10 Local name / S. No. Zoological Name Habitat km Radius of Common name Catchment area Family
Dicroglossidae 4 Common skittering Euphlyctis Forest area and Rare frog cyanophlyctis ponds/river of Jamrani 5 Sphaerotheca Forest area and Burrowing frog Occasional breviceps ponds/river of Jamrani Family Ranidae 6 Forest area and Bicolored Frog Clinotarsus curtipes Rare ponds/river of Jamrani 7 Common Indian Forest area and Rana Tigrina Common Frog ponds/river of Jamrani Table 6.11: List of Butterflies
Availability in 10 S. Local name Zoological Name Habitat km Radius of No. Catchment area Family Nymphalidae 1 Tawny Coster Acraea violae (Fabricius ) Forest area of Jamrani Occasional 2 Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea (Cramer) Forest area of Jamrani Common 3 Common Crow Euploea core (Cramer) Forest area of Jamrani Common 4 Blue Pansy Junonia orithya (Linnaeus) Forest area of Jamrani Common Junonia almana Forest area of Jamrani Occasional 5 Peacock Pansy (Linnaeus) Family Papilionidae Papilio demoleus Forest area of Jamrani Common 6 Lime Butterfly (Linnaeus) 7 Common Mormon Papilio polytes (Linnaeus) Forest area of Jamrani Common Graphium doson (C. & R. Forest area of Jamrani Occasional 8 Common Jay Felder) Family Pieridae Catopsilia pyranthe Forest area of Jamrani Common 9 Mottled Emigrant (Linnaeus) Common Grass Forest area of Jamrani Common 10 Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus) Yellow 11 Common Gull Cepora nerissa (Fabricius) Forest area of Jamrani Common 12 Common Albatross Appias albina (Boisduval) Forest area of Jamrani Common Family Lycaenidae 13 Monkey Puzzle Rathinda amor (Fabricius) Forest area of Jamrani Common 14 Dark Cerulean Jamides bochus (Stoll) Forest area of Jamrani Occasional 15 Common Cerulean Jamides celeno (Cramer) Forest area of Jamrani Common Castalius rosimon Forest area of Jamrani Occasional 16 Common Pierrot (Fabricius) Common Hedge Acytolepis puspa Forest area of Jamrani Common 17 Blue (Horsfield)
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6.3.4 DETAILS FOSSILS PLANTS AND ANIMALS PRESENT IN THE AREA There is no any fossil plant was reported during the survey with 10km2 redius from Jamrani Hydro power Dam site study area and no any literature was report any fossil plant in the entire forest / Dam Area. 6.4 AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT 6.4.1 INTRODUCTION Aquatic ecosystem harbours a variety of plants and animals varies from primary producers to large consumers at different trophic levels. These animals and plant communities are considered best indicators of the aquatic environment as they react sensitively to change in environment due to stresses. Therefore, to assess the possible impacts and evolve appropriate mitigation measures of Jamrani Multipuopose high dam (~130.6 m height, El 631.4m, msl) of river Gola and its streams an extensive survey was conducted to generate baseline data for aquatic fauna, habitat structure and river morphology in its influence zone. The proposed Jamrani Multipurpose dam project is envisaged by UJVL, Government of Uttrakhand on the river Gola to augment irrigation in existing 23 canal systems in Bhabbar (Nainital) and Tarai (Udham Singh Nagar) area and to provide drinking water supply to Kathgodam-Haldwani twin cities. In addition to irrigation and drinking water, it is also proposed for an incidental generation of 30 MW. It’s a run of river (R-O-R) scheme and proposed at Jamrani village situated at a distance of about 10 km upward from Kathgodam, District Nainital. The powerhouse will be located along the right bank of the river, approximately 150 m downstream from the main dam. The proposed dam height is to be 130.6m above river bed level. The reservoir will have water spread to approximately 4.52 square km (km2), extending 9.0 km upstream of Gola River and 1.30km in the Lugar Gad. Therefore, to assess the possible impact, study area has been sub-divided into the following areas:
Dam Site at Jamrani village Upstream of the dam or reservoir site or inundation area up to Tiwari village Downstream of dam/power house site to Ranibag(Kathgodam)
6.4.2 OBJECTIVE The baseline survey on existing aquatic environmental conditions in the vicinity of the proposed project site on the river Gola is based on objectives:
1. Inventorization of different aquatic species (plankton, benthos, fishes). 2. Present status of riverine fish fauna: Identification of fish species 3. To identify the feeding & breeding grounds of economically important fishes. 6-116
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4. To assess the existing status of endangered species. 6.4.3 METHODOLOGY FOR AQUATIC FAUNA 6.4.3.1 Sample Collection The samples were collected during summer season in the month of June, 2009 for planktons (phytoplankton and zooplankton), benthos and fishes including the other existing invertebrate and vertebrate fauna (Fig. 6-1). The river/stream morphology was visualized and interpreted based on the criteria by Rosgen (1996). The baseline data collected were also authenticated with secondary source of information.
Figure 6.1 : Fish sample survey using cast net and hook line method in Gola River dam site
6.4.3.2 Study Area The Gola River originates from south-eastern Kumaun Himalaya and flows towards southern direction. It takes reverse ‘L’ turn near village Tiwari flows about 14 km towards west direction to reach Ranibag. The river flows in the influence area from east to west direction and thus the valley is directly exposed to sunlight throughout the day. The Jamrani village is ~7.0 km and further 7 km Ranibag where it receives water from Nainital stream and takes a turns to southern direction towards Kathgodam. 6.4.3.3 Sample Sites In order to have a holistic view of the aquatic environment, a stretch of 20 km of Gola river reach was surveyed. Seven sampling sites / locations viz., dam site, upstream (up to 10 km length) and downstream (10 km) from dam site were identified. Four sampling sites i.e. Nainital gadera and its confluence with Gola river near Ranibag; Bhimtal gadera and its confluence with Gola river at Dehra; Barajalaa (Naukuchia) gadera downward Jamrani village and at dam site upward Jamrani village were selected. The remaining three sites upstream i.e. near temple, Haidakhan ashram, confluenc of Khinchi Gola with Lugar near village Tripali and near bridge site on Lugar gadera at Lugar village were selected.
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Table 6.12: Details of sample sites in the river Gola of the proposed Project in Uttrakhand
Sites Sampling Source Distance from Elevation Latitude Longitudes Location Kathgodam feet, -N* -E* msl* I Nainital gadera Spring water ~4 km near ~1825’ 29o17’24.85” 079o32’56.98” /Nainital lake Ranibag II Bhimtal Spring water ~6 km, Dehra ~1889’ 29o17’53.66” 079o36’23.83” (Naukuchia) gadera III Barajala Spring water ~9 km before ~2100’ 29o16’58.90” 079o36’56.98” gadera d/s, Jamrani village dam site IV Gola river at Spring ~10.0 km after ~2175’ 29o16’14.78” 079o36’34.62” Dam site water/snow Jamrani village melt in winter V Gola river Spring ~14.0 km ~2364’ 29o14’53.90” 079o39’28.17” upstream Dam water/snow Haidakhan near site melt in winter Temple VI Upstream dam Spring ~17 km ~2602’ 29o14’54.13” 079o40’05.69” site at Khinchi water/snow Tilwari / Gola River melt in winter Markuria village VII Lugar Gadera Spring water ~19 Lugar village ~2580’ 29o14’21.17” 079o40’36.37” near Bridge *Note:- The site details based on Google earth images viewed on dated July 13th , 2009
Figure 6.2 : Image of Gola river basin depicted with proposed Jamrani MHP project location
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6.4.4 SITE MORPHOLOGY Site morphology and habitat structure observed in the influenced area of the proposed project is based on the criteria by Rosgen (1996) are as follows:
Site I: Nainital gadera It is located 4 km upward from Kathgodam and approximately 6-7 km downstream from the proposed Jamrani dam project site. The stream has gentler slope varies from 2-4% and in few place >4%, with rapids, riffles, pools and run habitat. Riffle pool habitats were obsereved frequently. The substratum of the channel consists of graveled surface with cobbles and sand. At few places scattered small boulders and rocks were also observed in the flowing channel along the banks. The stream width and depth during the study period was observed between 2-2.5 m and 0.15-0.30 m. The bankful width and depth were measeured (~8m) and (<0.6m) which attain bankful width during rainy season due to increase in water level upto the floodprone area. Therefore, it can be inferred from the channel morphology that it is faourable for small size fish as it also provides a favourable breeding ground with graveled surface during monsoon period especially for local and endemic migratory fishes. It is a perennial stream, originates from the seepage of Nainital Lake, hence named Nainital gadera also recieves water from Sat Tal and north-western watershed of Bhimtal. Water current was observed between ~1 m/s in during study period.
Figure 6.4 : Bhimtal gadera
Site II: Bhimtal gadera
It is located 5km downstream of proposed dam site. This stream is a perrinial spring fed and flows through V shape valley in this site. It originates from southern slopes of Bhimtal Lake and Nauckuchia lake watershed and has sparse vegetation. The river bed mainly consist cobbles, pebbles, boulders, and Figure 6.3 : Site 1: Nainital gadera rocks. Some place fine graveled surfaces were also observed. The flowing water predominated with Rapids habitat followed by cascade and pools. Few sites with pool riffle and pool run habitat were also observed. The site has gentle gradient (>4 %) with cascade dominated habitat. Water temperature recorded was 18oC and air 6-119
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Site III- Barajala gadera (Nauckuchia) It is located 8 km upward from kathgodam and 2 km downstream of dam site. The google earth image is depicts the watershed and flow of the stream which originates from north-east side of Nauckuchia Tal / lake. The flowing water predominated with run habitat followed by riffle and pools in the Barajalaa stream. Few sites with pool run habitat were also observed. The site has gradient more than 4 %, water temperature recorded was 20-24oC and air temperature was 32- 34oC during day time and its water current was recorded to be <1m/sec. The common occurance of fluvial morphology along the bank side might be due to excessive sand and gravell deposits. The channel width observed was <1m, with water depth <0.15m, hence the channel is not found supportive of fish life. It’s a perennial stream (Paniyabor-khaljala) and the Gola river flows through a wide valley at this site. The river bed consists deposition of large amount of gravells, sand, cobbles and pebbles with lessor amount of boulders and rocks. The river bank consists of sparse vegetation and shows
presence erodible material. Figure 6.5: Barajala gadera (Nauckuchia)
Site IV- River Gola at Dam site The proposed dam site is located 1 km upstream of Jamrani village. The site showed gradient >4% slope at dam site with rapids habitat and the substratum consists of cobbles, small and large boulders with lessor amount of sand and gravells. Along banks and flood prone area gravells and sand predominates. The vegetation was observed on the side slope of hills in the valley where as river bed is devoid of vegetation or riparian cover. The approximate channel width was observed to be of 7 m and depth <45cm or 0.45 m and the geomorphology of the site does not found significantly support riverine fish except for few species that are adapted to hill stream. Geomorphology of the channel is shown in the photographs Figure 6.6.
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Figure 6.6: Showing the geaomorphology of the channel at proposed dam site
Site V- River Gola upstream Dam site The site is located near temple at Haidakhan village about 4 km upstream/upward of project site. The stream has gentle slope with pool and run habitat. However, 500 m upstream of temple it was found defragmented habitat due to reappearance of seepage or springs of Gola river from its underground flow during lean period. The substratum is dominated with gravells, sand, cobbles and pebbles with lessor amount of boulders /rocks and the pools consists of sand and gravells. It is typical ‘B’ type of stream (2-4 % slope). It is a spring fed river and also receives water from snow melt during winter from higher peaks of Kumaun Himalayas. The river geomorphology and habitat are shown in Figure 6.7. The valley is wide and consist sparse vegetation.
Figure 6.7 : River geaomorphology and habitat structure at site V
Site VI- Khinchi Gola The site has gentler gradient (2-4 % or >4%) and substratum dominated with graveled material followed by cobbles, pebbles and sand. The site is located near confluence site of Gola River and Lugar stream. About 500m – 1000 m reach length of Gola river was surveyed. The river flows underground at this site. Hills at this site are stable with conglomeration of alluvial formation.
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The valley is wide and few patches of vegetation are seen on the bank side and patches of grass in the channel. Due to underground flow of river the water habitat was not visible but can be assumed based on the bed material that it would be riffles and run habitat during post monsoon and rapids during rains. The river traverse through a wide valley and makes reverse ‘L’ turn to flow towards west. Due to its flow through valley forming cleft, hence known as Khinchi Gola. Gola river morphology is depicted in Fig. 6-8. The valley forms ‘reverse T shape’ due to turn of Gola where the stream lugar joins on its left bank (Google Earth photo). Along the front hills on top Markudia village is situated and on the left side of the river its confluence with Lugar Gadera, Tilwari village is located.
Figure 6.8 : River Geaomorphology and habitat structure at site VI
Site VII- Lugar Gadera Study site is selected near the bridge across the Lugar gadera, located about ~9 km from the proposed dam site at Lugar village. Shallow water with depth less than <0.15m was observed with fragmented habitats. The width was less than 1m and flow was <1m /sec. The small channel disappeard after traveling 200m-300m distance and starts flowing underground and reapper at the downstream after its confluence with river Khinchi Gola. The stream bed is predominated with deposition of gravells and sandy materials. Algal mats were also observed with algal blooms indicating eutrophication in the slow flowing and shallow stream during summer. No fish was observed in the channel as it was not showing specific habitat except some shallow pools. Substratum was predominated with huge deposition of gravells and sandy material with lesser amount of boulders. The channel morphology is shown in Figure 6.9.
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Figure 6.9: Showing Lugar channel morphology during study period 6.4.5 RIVER MORPHOLOGY 6.4.5.1 Origin of river Gola It is a small spring fed river of the foothills of Kumaun and drains the Siwalik hills to the east of Haldwani. Thereafter it flows towards south-east, turns towards southwest and is joined by another spring fed tributary (Lugar gadera) flowing from the western part of its catchment. Downstream of this confluence, the Gola river takes a U-turn, flows for a short distance of about 14 km in a westerly direction before turning towards south-east at Ranibag, Kathgodam and enters into the the plains at Haldwani. The river flows from east to west direction at proposed dam site and its influence zone i.e. from Tilwari village to Ranibag and gets long hours sun light. The river channel width varies from 150 m to 300 m with huge deposition of gravels, sand and cobbles. The water flow was observed to be 5-8 m wide channel only. On its right bank slope Kumaun Himalayas present where as along left bank shiwalik range forms the boundary. The southern slope of shiwalik faces plains of terai belt. The upper course of the Gola river showed a steep gradient with It has cut a gorge across the Siwalik hills. Subtropical forests cover its upper and middle catchment while Sal and riverine forests are found along its lower catchments, which are under heavy biotic pressure (S.S.Negi, 1995). 6.4.5.2 Flow Regime The Gola river watershed is relatively dry lying in the Kumaun Himalayan range, situated at an average elevation of over 600 m from sea level in upper Gola. The Gola river and its streams are spring fed whereas the major Nainital streams recieves water from the seepage of Nanital/ Sat tal/bhimtal lakes. Streams present in the project influence area are of 1st order streams, which originate from spring of the adjoining hills. The gradient or slope varies form gentler to high. Gola river flows through wide valley except fewever sites in the influence zone of the proposed project and some places due to deposition of gravells and sand material it flows underground
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Riffles-pool Pool & run
Rapids Riffle-pool (Meter gage dam site)
Pocket pool Small cascade, rapid, riffle, pool
Figure 6.10 : Showing habiatats in the river Gola & its streams in the Jamrani dam area
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6.4.6 RESULTS Aquatic faunal diversity in the influence zone showed a diverse range of species from zooplankton to fishes. The planktonic population of the stream is inherently poor due to constant change in water flow, habitat structure and thus, has a less role to play in ecological niche. The aquatic micro taxa identified in the influence zone of Jamrani dam is illustrated in Tables 6.13, 6.14 and 6.15 and Figure 1.7-1.9. The fish species occurrence and habitat preference are shown in Tables 6.16, 6.17and Figure 6.15. 6.4.7 AQUATIC MICROFAUNA Phytoplanktons observed from the sampling sites belong to three families i.e. cyanophyceae (blue green algae), chlorophyceae (green algae) and bacillariophyceae (diotoms). Zooplankton such as protozoan, rotifers, crustaceans (copepods, cladocerans, isopods etc.) and insects were recorded. Water insects were spotted in side pools. Benthos is represented by may flies, stone flies, caddis fly larvae and black fly larvae. The most dominant insects observed comprises of mayflies or ephemeroptera in the all sample which are ‘sensitive’ to human disturbances (Pendergrast and Cowley, 1966) indicating the undisturbed condition. Among invertebrates recorded insects naids, larvae and imago contributed to 90 % of the total aquatic fauna. The fresh water shrimp belonging to the family Palaemonidae (Macrobrachium sp.) was recorded from the downstream areas of river Gola. Nematodes found parasitizing on the blackfly nymphs at two sampling stations from the streams joining the river upstream and downstreams of main dam. The aquatic benthos recorded within in the study area is given in Table 6.15 and Figure 6.14. The habitat structure and geomorphology of the study sites are depicted in Plates 6.15.
Table 6.13: Showing the aquatic phytoplanktons recorded from the sample sites
S. No. Name of Taxa Sampling Sites (June 2009) Blue Green Algae I II III IV V VI VII 1 Anacystis sp. + + - - + - + 2 Oscillatoria sp ++ + - ++ + + + 3 Nostoc sp + + - + + - + 4 Microcystis sp. + + + + + - + Green Algae 1 Cosmerium sp + + - - ++ + + 2 Closterium sp. + + - - - - - 3 Chlorella sp + + + + ++ + + 4 Hydrodictyon s.p + + - - - - - 5 Chlamydomonas sp. + + - + + - + 6 Euglena sp + + - - + - + 7 Spirogyra sp. +++ ++ - - - +++ +++ 6-126
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S. No. Name of Taxa Sampling Sites (June 2009) 8 Ulothrix sp. + ++ - - + - - 9 Cladophora sp. + + + + - - - 10 Chlorogonium sp. + + - - - - 11 Oocystis sp. + + - - + - + Diatoms 1 Cocconeis sp + + + + + + + 2 Diatoma sp. + + + + + + + 3 Fragillaria +++ +++ + ++ ++ + +++ 4 Nitszchia sp + + + + + + + 5 Navicula sp. ++ + + + + + ++ 6 Synedra sp. + + + + + + + 7 Gomphoneis sp. ++ ++ + + + + 8 Cymbella sp + + + + + + + 9 Pinnularia sp. + + - + + - + 10 Surirella sp. + + - - - - - 11 Meridion sp. + + - - + - + Note: absent (-), present (+), dominant (++) and abundance (+++)
Table 6.14: Showing the aquatic zooplanktons recorded from the sample sites
S. No. Name of Taxa Sampling Sites(June 2009) Protozoan I II III IV V VI VII 1 Lepocinclis sp. + + + - + - - 2 Phacus sp. + - + - + - + 3 Oikomonas sp. + + + + + - + 4 Paramecium sp. + - - - + - + 5 Diffugia + - - - + - + 6 Centropyxis - - - + + - - Crustacean Rotifers 1 Keratella sp + + + + + - + 2 Brachionus sp + + + + + - + 3 Colpoda sp. + - - - - - + 4 Asplanchna sp. - + - + - - - 5 Polyarthra sp. - - - + + - - 6 Philodina sp. + + + - - + 7 Notholca sp. - + - + + - - 8 Stylonichia sp. + - + - + - + Cladoceran - - - 1 Alone sp. - - + - + - + 2 Bosmina sp. + + + + + - + 3 Moina sp. + + + + + - +
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S. No. Name of Taxa Sampling Sites(June 2009) 4 Ceriodaphniaa + ------5 Daphnia sp. + + + + ++ - + Copepods - 1 Cyclops sp. + + + + + - - 2 Diaptomus sp. + + + + + - + 3 Eucyclopes sp. + + + + + - - Note: absent (-), present (+), dominant (++) and abundance (+++)
Rotifers (Brachionus sp) Copepods (Cyclops sp) Figure 6.11: Zooplankton present in Gola River
Table 6.15: Showing the aquatic benthos recorded from the selected sample sites
S. No. Name of Taxa Sampling Sites (June 2009) Ephemeroptera (May flies) I II III IV V VI VII 1 Ephemeralla sp ++ + + + + - + 2 Baetis sp. + + - + - - - 3 Stenonema sp. ++ ++ - + + - - 4 Heptagenia sp. - + - - - - - 5 Rhithrogena sp. + + - - - - - 6 Cynigma sp. + + - - - - - Plecoptera (Stone flies) 1 Acroneura sp + + + + + - + 2 Isoperla sp. + + - + - - -- 3 Perla sp. + + - + - - - Dipterans (Crane flies) 1 Chironomous sp. + + ++ + + + ++ 2 Ablabesmyia sp + + + - + - - 3 Tipulid sp.(Dicranota) + + - + - - - 4 Simulium + + - + + - + 5 Mosquito larvae(Dixa) + - - - + - + 6 Antocha - - - + - - + 7 Musca larvae + - + - + + + Odonata-damsel fly 6-128
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S. No. Name of Taxa Sampling Sites (June 2009) 1 Macromia sp. + + - + + - + 2 Lestes sp. + + + + + - - 3 Rhinocypha + + - - - - - Trichoptera (Caddis flies) 1 Corrydalis sp + + - + - - - 2 Ochrotircha sp + + - + - - - 3 Hydropsyche + + - + - - - 4 Narpus larvae sp + + - + - - - Coleoptera-Riffle Beetle 1 Psephenus sp. - + - + - - - 2 Hydrophilus sp. + + - + - - - 3 Cybister sp + + - - - - - Amphipods- Scuds 1 Gammarus sp + + - - + - - Hemiptera-True bug 1 Hydrometra sp. + + - - + - + 2 Gerris sp + + - - + - + 3 Ranatra sp. + + - - + - + 4 Heleocoris sp. + + - - - - - Turbellaria 1 Polycelis sp. + - - - - - + 2 Turbellaria sp. + - + - + + + Nematode 1 Plectus sp + + + + + - + Annelids 1 Tubifex sp. + - - - + + + 2 Planaria sp. + - + - - - - 3 Dero + + - - - - + Gastropods 1 Lymnea sp - - - + + - - Decapods-Prawn &crabs 1 Machrobrachium sp. - - - + + - - 2 Potamon sp. + + - + + - - Note: absent (-), present (+), dominant (++) and abundance (+++)
6.4.7.1 Fish Composition A total of nine species were recorded. Fishes like Barilius spp., Garra spp., Puntius spp. and Nemacheilus spp. are of common in occurrence whereas migratory mahseer and schizothorax recorded rarely. No fish species was observed in the u/s khinchi Gola and Lugar stream and d/s in Barajalla stream. On the basis of different fish catch or visual observation made during survey none of the fish recorded are listed under Indian wildlife act (1972) and IUCN (2006). The list of fishes observed during the current investigation (June 2009) and recorded in the previous survey are given in Table 6.16 and Figure 6.15.
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Table 6.16: Showing the fish species recorded during survey in the study area
S. No. June 2009 Sampling Sites Fishes I II III IV V VI VII 1 Tor putitora ++ + - + + - - 2 Tor tor + ------3 Schizothorx sp (Gray) + + - - - - - 4 Barilius bendelisis +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ + + 5 B.barila + + + + + - - 6 Puntius sp (P.ticto) - - - - + - - 7 Garra gotyla gotyla ++ +++ +++ ++ - - 8 Nemacheilus sp. + - + - + + + 9 M.armatus - - - - + - - Note: absent (-), rare (+), present (++) and abundance (+++)
6.4.7.2 Fish Habitat Preference The dominant habitat found in the river was riffle pool followed by rapids and runs. Substratums consist of gravells, pebbles, cobbles and sand with lesser amount of boulders. Banks are predominated with gravells sand and pebbles/cobbles. The aquatic life with fishes was observed from Ranibag to Haidakhan (near Temple) only. The area from Jamrani village to Haidakhan is about 4 km. The spawning/breeding ground was also observed near village Dehra towards Ranibag (Nainital gadera) where it consists heterogenous habitat with riffle-pool and runs having clean graveled surface (Figure 6.15). The habitat preference and dwelling habit of fishes present in the area are given in Table 6.17.
Table 6.17: Showing resident fish species of river Gola collected from the study area
Fish Species* Local Common Life stage Dwelling Feeding habits Breed-ing name name encountered habits and period habitat Family: Cyprinidae Tor putitora Mahseer Golden Fingerlings Column Omnivorous: Monsoon (Hamilton) chiniaru mahseer and Adults and mid green matters, months Migratory water insects and their dweller – larvae, phyto Tor putitora Mahseer- scavenger benthos, zoo (Hamilton) Red fin benthos.
Schizothorax Asala Himalayan Fingerlings Midwater Herbivorous: August to richardsoii trout and Adults dweller green matters, October (Gray) Migratory algae attached on stones, phytobenthos etc. Garra gotyla Suckers Hillstrea Adults Bottom Green matters, August - gotyla m fish dweller, algae attached October/ rapids- on stones, Monsoon riffles 6-130
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Fish Species* Local Common Life stage Dwelling Feeding habits Breed-ing name name encountered habits and period habitat Family: Cyprinidae phyto-benthos etc. Barilius spp. Hillstrea Juveniles, Column of Omnivorous: February to m carp fingerlings side small insects, June i. B. bendelesis i. Dhabu and Adults waters/ phytoplankton, *Found in ii. B. barila k ditches on zooplankton Sep-Nov. ii. Dhaur the bank of small tributaries Puntius sp Adults Pools small insects, - Kunchula zooplankton Family: Cobitidae Nemacheilus gadera Loaches Adults Shallow Scrapper, - spp. water periphytons, graveled zoobenthos riffles Family: Mastecemblidae Mastecembles Bam Eel Young one Deep pools Omnivorous, - armatus and Adults plankton, zoo benthos etc 6.4.8 AQUATIC FLORA Observation indicates that the bottom substratum is poorly supported with green matters or Phytobenthos because the substratum consists of gravells, sands with less cobbles and boulders. The low species richness of phytobenthos could be attributed to poor growth of macro invertebrates. Some places of shallow water having a depth less than 15 cm showed eutrophication and algal blooms as observed Lugar, Bhimtal and riffle sites in river Gola. These places were recorded to be observed to be dominated with mats of filamentous algae-Spirogyra sp, other periphyton species, zooplankton, zoobenthos buut with no fish species. The dry, hot and less humid environment in the wide valley does not support lichens and macrophytes. 6.4.9 SPECIES DIVERSITY INDEX Out of the seven sampling sites, four sites found supportive to aquatic life and remaining three showed fragmentation resulting in poor aquatic life. The species richness and shanoon diversity index made are illustrated in Table 6.18.
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Table 6.18: Showing Shannon diversity index (H’) and species occurrence (n)
Sl.No. Diversity indeces Study sites I II III IV V VI VII 1 Phytoplankton(H’) 1.36 1.33 0.99 1.09 1.16 1.00 1.03 2 Species richness (n) 26 26 11 15 20 12 19 3 Zooplankton(H’) 1.195 1.073 1.15 1.08 1.21 0.00 1.11 4 Species richness (n) 17 13 14 13 18 0.0 14 5 Benthos (H’) 1.46 1.42 0.79 1.30 1.24 0.59 1.09 6 Species richness (n) 34 31 9 22 20 4 16 7 Fishes (H’) 0.64 0.61 0.44 0.49 0.76 0.28 0.18 8 Species richness (n) 7 5 3 4 7 2 2
The Gola River and its tributaries are not observed suitable for presence of cold-water endemic species except few hillstream fishes. Only few individual of mahseer in Nainital gadera and river Gola was recorded whereas in lugar, river Gola near Markudia/Tiwari village and in Barajalla stream Barilius sp fish species was recorded only. The low biodiversity was supported by low species richness and Shannon diversity index value. The water temperature and habitat structure from Ranibag to Jamrani and upstream was observed not suitable for cold water fishery. To develop future fishery in the waters of river Gola and its tributaries in the area, a composite hatchery can be proposed and set up with the help of state fisheries department at Jamrani on Barajalla (means 12 months) perrinial channel by assuring regular flow of water in river Gola. 6.4.10 MIGRATORY PATTERN The endemic Mahseer is a fresh water stream fish, having their territorial regime confined up to foothills and migrates up and down for spawning (Badola and Singh, 1984; Nautiyal and Lal, 1984; Singh, 1988; Singh et al., 1991). The Mahseer is the most important game and food fish in the Himalayan rivers. The spawning and feeding grounds of Mahseer in the Gola river is impacted due to the already existing Gola barrage at Haldwani and developmental activities such as construction of roads. Adults and juveniles species such as Schizothorax spp and Tor spp move upstream and downstream respectively in Gola River including stream Nainital gadera. River Gola stretch from Kathgodam up to its confluence with Nainital gadera and bhimtal gadera serve as a route through which the fish have easy access to the spring-fed streams that provide congenial environment for the fish to breed. The presence of gravel, pebbles, sand and bankside vegetation is prerequisite for Mahseer to build their spawning nests which are not present frequently in river Gola except its stream Naintal. The proposed Gola dam on the Gola river may have adverse impacts on the migration of mahseer fishes (Tor putitora Hamilton). Fish migration in Gola river has already affected from plains to hills due to Gola barrage at Haldwani. The construction of Gola barrage has left the downstream dry. 6-132
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The lower strech of river Gola from Gola barrage to its confluence point with river Ramganga remains dry during most of the period except for the monsoon season. The proposed storage dam is aimed to provide drinking water and augment irrigation; therefore, a minimum flow will remain in the river Gola throughout the year. The proposed dam height is about 130.6 m from the river bed axis. The height may have some impacts on fish migration in the free water flow zone between Gola Barrage located ~15 km downstream to upstream the proposed dam site. The impact on fish migration upstream of Haidakhan is natural due to natural fragmentation of habitat during summer as water flows underground in a stretch of about 3-4 km or the available for water is not supportive for fishery. This might not affect the downward movement of fishes as water availability is ensured throughout the year and will provide better habitat to grow hill stream fishery as well as reservoir fishery. The upward migration will not possible in Gola river due to the proposed storage dam, because the dam will act not only as barrier for fish migration but also contributes to change in the fish habitat due to submergence. The lotic habitat will change in to the lacustrine habitat from the crest of dam upto ~9 km distance upstream. The fish from the river or stream will be affected and result in poor chance of survival except for some pockets that are left as side stream above the submergence zone. Therefore, the proposed dam will have major impact on the existing endemic fishes, which play a major role in maintaining the aquatic ecosystem though it does not contribute significantly to the livelihood opportunities for the local inhabitants. To protect the endemic fishes, the downstream area from Gola dam site up to Gola Barrages be declared as protected area for future fishery. The spawning grounds shall be protected for the required habitats for their existence by imposing ban on fishing. The option left behind for propagation of endangered Mahseer is either in/ex situ conservation by developing fish hatchery. The yearlings and fish seed produced is placed in the submergence zone for further improvement of the population. 6.4.11 IDENTIFICATION OF SPAWNING GROUNDS Young ones and fingerlings were visually observed in Nainital gadera only which in the undisturbed, virgin places that are rich in nutrients and counted on the spot that varied from 10- 20 per square meter. Other places, they are found absent except for few large fishes in pools near Haidakhan ashram. A stretch of about 4 km from Ranibag to Dehra village downstream 4km of proposed dam was observed suitable for spawning and feeding ground for Mahaseer which need to be protected. 6.4.12 FISHERIES POTENTIALS AND ECONOMICS The most important game and food fish of the Kumaun Himalayan streams and rivers are the Tor sp and Schizothorax sp which are present in abundance at spring water lakes such as Nainital, Sat tal, Bhimtal and Nauchuchia tal. The seepage or overflow of these lake water shed give berths to Nainital gadera, Bhimtal gadera and Barajalla (Nauckuchia) gadera where very few beeding 6-133
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand ground of these endemic fishes are present. Out of all these gaderas, Nainital gadera is supportive for the endemic fish due to available habitat and Gola river regime from downstream Jamrani to Kathgodam area. The altitudinal range of the submergence area of proposed project is lies between 630-800 m mean sea level. Fishing for food is made by local inhabitants reside along the sides of the river and by the fisherman who are having fishing license from the state fishery department. There is no organised fish market is available in the project site or nearby villages. Fishermen and locals sell the fishes to the local hotels or they consume themselves. The peak fishing season is considered during pre monsoon i.e. from March to June where as in this is period Gola river has lean flow. The cast net and hook-line are the common method being used. The goda or basket trap is also frequently fixed for 2-3 days during winters. The predominant species in all catches includes Barilius sp and Garra sp followed by mahseer Tor putitora, Schizothorax, Puntius, Mastecembelus Nemacheilus spp. The size of mahseer was generally small with average length of 12.9 cm. In spite of less population of Mahseer, there is tremendous scope to develop the fishery potential for both commercial and recreational purpose in the Gola river and reservoir after completion of the project. Based on the present investigation a fisheries management plan for the development of fishery for mahseer, trout and reservoir fishery is presented in Fisheries Management plan. 6.4.13 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS DUE TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT
The proposed Gola dam project may poses potential impacts on the hydrology and water quality. The Nainital, Bhimtal and Nauckuchia tal gadera with high gradient leaving lesser chances for migrating fish to traverse upstream However, the ecological conditions of the catchment area provide scope for possibility of upward migration of fishes from Gola during monsoon when the water in Gola swells up. In the post Gola project scenario the migration of Tor sp may be affected or curtailed. However, it is only 3-4 km stretch upstream in river Gola further the habitat fragmentation or under ground flow during summers naturally inhibit migration. All the endemic hill stream fishes will be put to threat due to habitat destruction such as loss of breeding grounds, spawning grounds, substratum, food and shelter by submergence of river bed and change in water chemistry from flowing water to impounded water. The possible negative and positive impacts inferred from the study are described as: 6.4.13.1 Negative Impacts
Dam construction will result in land use changes due to impoundment and transformation of lotic environment to lentic habitats. The modification of downstream river due to impoundment.
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Regulation of stream flow during the migratory period can alter the seasonal and daily dynamics of migration. Regulation of a river can lead to a sharp decrease in a migratory population, or even to its complete elimination. 6.4.13.2 Positive Impact
Water temperature changes have often been identified as a cause of reduction in native species but in this case it may prove beneficial for introduction of endemic snow trout or mahseer. The proposed dam is mainly for storage of water for drinking and irrigation, therefore a minimum flow will remain in the river Gola throughout the year. This will facilitate the endemic fishery downstream as water availability is ensured throughout the year, which is dreg at present. The lotic habitat will change in to the lacustrine habitat which may be more beneficial from fishery point of as well because at present the area is not observed found supportive of significant fishery. Location of the National Cold Water Fishery Research Centre, Bhimtal, will facilitate promoting hatchery activity. 6.4.14 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS ON AQUATIC FAUNA The impact on aquatic fauna of the river Gola and its tributaries in upstream and downstream of the proposed Jamrani barrage site was assessed and predicted for construction phase and operational phase of the hydel power project. Construction phase
Silt load will increase turbidity of flowing water downstream and deteriorate the physical and chemical quality of water. The settling of sediments on the substratum and flow of turbid water will cause loss of biodiversity. The deposition of sand and silt on the river banks will also damage the growth of riparian cover that provides shelter and foods for numerous insects. Operation phase
The proposed environmental monitoring programme will improve the water quality. The proposed fisheries management plan will improve the endemic fishing. 6.4.15 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR FISHEREIS The most effective mitigation measure to maintain the aquatic ecology is to ensure compensatory flow (15-30%) and regular implementation and regular monitoring of environmental plan to maintain the water quality. The compensatory flow may be designed
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand based on the habitats and the fish species. Special care may be taken to ensure the protection of spawning grounds. Since, the project is a water storage scheme to augment drinking water and irrigation the regular supply of water downstream will be available throughout the year. The ensured optimum periodic release of water will minimise environmental impact. It is a ~130.6 m high dam which will block the river flow and form reservoir therefore the following steps are suggested to minimise adverse environmental impact: 1. The most pragmatic and holistic approach to save the germplasm of commercially viable fish species from the blink of further deterioration and bring back to possible optimum population levels could be through artificial propagation in captivity way. The stocking material (fingerling size), so produced, could be ranched in a phased manner to replenish and repopulate. Steps in this direction have already been taken by various national/ state agencies as National Research Centre-Cold Water Fisheries for golden mahseer and snow trout; Tata Electric Companies, Lonawala (Maharastra) for Tor khudree, T. tor and Tor putitora; J & K Fisheries Department for T. putitora and ICAR Complex for North-East Hill region Barapani (Meghalaya) for Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis, and the Himachal Pradesh State Fisheries Department for Mahseer (Tor putitora) and Trout (S.troutta fario & gairdenii), and fisheries department of Uttrakhand state at Satpuli (Mahseer). 2. Adaptation of gene/embryo bank technique is cost-effective, the work in this direction is being carried out by National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow. 3. Identification of suitable productive and spawning areas for endemic and commercially important cold water fishes and to declare those areas as sanctuaries for conservations maintenance of the population. 4. Lower river habitat enhancement shall be undertaken with help of some structures such as check dams (deepen shallow reaches of stream by creating plunge pools), weirs (habitat quality by enabling adjacent positioning of pool and riffle habitat), logs, rock veins and cross veins (stabilize laterally eroding banks, restore natural channel geometry and retain proper channel width to depth ratios), boulder clusters (hydraulic relief from water current and strategic feeding zones for fish) and flow constrictors (decrease width to depth ratio for higher carrying capacity, movement and refuge benefits). 5. Establish hatcheries to promote seed production of mahseer and snow trout 6. Link fishery with watershed market potential programme
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Navicula sp., Euglina Navicula sp., Cymbella sp., Pinnullaria sp. sp. Gomphonies sp. Spirogyra sp.
Cosmarium sp. Surrirella sp. Surrirella sp. Diatoma sp.
Diatoma sp. Cymbella sp. Cosmarium sp. Gomphonies sp.
Microcystis sp. Nostoc spp. Oscillatoria sp.
Figure 6.12: Showing the aquatic microflora & fauna in river Gola and its streams in the influenced area
Spirogyra sp. Lepocinclis sp. Fragillaria sp. Chlorella sp, Navicula sp., Gomphonies sp.
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Chlamydomonas sp., Pinnularia sp., Nitschia Nitschia sp. Cosmarium sp. Cocconies sp. sp., Diatoma sp.
Colpoda sp. Chlamydomonas sp. Euglena sp., Navicula Synedra sp. sp.
Figure 6.13: Showing the aquatic microflora & fauna in river Gola and its streams in the influenced area
Stone fly-Isoperla sp May Fly- Baetis sp
Nymph- Macromia sp May Fly- Baetis sp
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Chironemous -midge larvae May Fly- Ephemerella Figure 6.14: Benthos of river Gola and its streams in the impact zone of the project
Garra gotyla gotyla
Barilius bendelisis
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Tor putitora Figure 6.15: Showing the fish recorded from the project influenced area
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
CHAPTER 7 SOCIO- ECONOMIC BASELINE STATUS
7.1 INTRODUCTION The environmental impact assessment report provides the existing socio-economic status of the Project affected families (PAFs), which highlights the base line information i.e. social inventory of the PAFs. The social inventory provides information on the village wise distribution of PAFs, demographic profile of family structure, health and nutritional status, economic profile, resource base, common property resources of PAFs, land to be acquired from PAFs, their land holdings and cropping pattern, loss of production from the land to be acquired by the project and the loss of individual property. The acquired base line information is analysed and through tables and Figures to enable formulation of a relevant Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Plan for the PAFs. 7.2 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE AREA Jamrani Multipurpose Dam Project envisages construction of 130.6 m. high Roller Compacted Concrete Dam on river Gola at about 10 km upstream of Kathgodam in District Nainital (Uttarakhand). The water stored in the reservoir shall be utilized for irrigation and domestic (including drinking water) purpose as well as 30 MW power generation from a power station proposed just at the d/s of the dam. The reservoir created by the construction of dam shall extend approximately up to 9Km on upstream along the river Gola and in a stretch of 1.3 Km along “Luger Gad”, a tributary of river Gola. The average width of reservoir impounded in the back of the dam will be of the order of about 400m. as per lake’s survey. The area of the reservoir will be (i.e water spread) 452 ha. 7.3 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT AFFECTED FAMILIES The details of affected settlement and population like demographic information, livestock and other household assets have been obtained through door to door field survey conducted at household levels. The records of land likely to be acquired in different (project affected) villages have been obtained from the concerned Revenue Authorities. Categorization of Farmers As per the National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan (NPRR)-2007, the farmer are categories as follows: Small Farmer: - means a cultivator with an un-irrigated land holding up to two hectares or with an irrigated land holding up to one hectare, but more than the holding of a marginal farm. Marginal farmer: - a cultivator with an un-irrigated land holding up to one hectare of irrigated land holding up to half hectare.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Landless: - Each affected person, under poverty line & without homestead, living at least for a period 3 yrs in the affected area preceding the date of declaration of the affected area The survey conducted amongst the farmers of the project affected villages show that all (100 %) the farmers of the region belong to only marginal farmer category. No farmers from these villages belong to any other category. 7.4 PROJECT AFFECTED AREA AND PAFS 7.4.1 LAND The area of the land submerged in the reservoir shall be 386 ha including different forest lands and land of 6 villages. The details of the proposed submerged land is tabulated as below:-
Table 7.1: Detail of submersed land S.No Type of land Area (in ha) (i) Reserve forest land 120.13 (ii) Panchayat (forest) land 62.78 (iii) Benap or Gram Samaj land including river bed 155.60 (iv) Nap or Cultivated land 47.39 Total 385.92 Say 386 7.4.2 VILLAGES UNDER SUBMERGENCE Six villages on upstream of the dam shall come under submergence. The details of villages with respect to their land required for reservoir as well as their population is tabulated as below.
Table 7.2: Villages under submergence (As per departmental survey 2001)
Sl.No Name of the village Agricultural Land required No.of affected Population of the ( ha) families village 1- Tilwari 3.890 33 2- Murkudia 20.800 56 3- Ganrad 9.100 8 688 4- Paniabore 4.000 8 5- Udwa 2.800 8 6- Pastola 6.800 16 Total 47.390 129 688 Table 7.3: Villages under submergence (As per departmental survey 2008)
Sl.No Name of the village Agricultural Land No of affected Population of the required ( ha) families village 1- Tilwari 3.890 13 77 2- Murkudia 20.800 52 384 3- Ganrad 9.100 12 57 4- Paniabore 4.000 12 65 5- Udwa 2.800 11 67 6- Pastola 6.800 20 112 7-142
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Sl.No Name of the village Agricultural Land No of affected Population of the required ( ha) families village Total 47.390 120 782
For the construction of dam all the above villages need to be rehabilitated fully and the programme for proposed rehabilitation and resettlement for the oustees is in accordance with the Notification of National R&R-Policy published vide Gazette notification no- 331 dated 31 October 2007 and subsequent amendments to, if any in future. 7.4.3 DETAILS OF THE LAND HOLDING IN SUBMERGENCE AREA
Table 7.4: Details of Land holding in submergence Area (As per departmental survey 2001)
Sl.No Land holding Category of family General S/C S/T Total 1- More then 1 acre 16 2 - 18 2- ½ to 1 acre 19 1 - 20 3- Less than ½ acre 55 36 - 91
Total 90 39 - 129 7.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE AREA The main source of income of the population in the dam affected area is from daily wage earned in the near by towns like Kathgodam, Haldwani and industrial hub Rudarpur. Agriculture is done in small patches of fields due to unequal terrain in the area. No. and Name of villages affected by Dam Project are given in the Table-4.31 under along with Nos. of families to be affected by it.
Table 7.5: List of Villages & No. of families with 10 km radius from the dam site
Village Total House Total Population Total Male Total Female Pastola 21 121 69 62 Amritpur 417 1922 1019 903 Pasauli 86 488 259 229 Raunsil 166 952 493 459 Tilwari 42 266 135 131 Murkudia 97 619 335 284 Udwa 46 331 175 156 Jamrani 51 281 155 126 Dhera 218 1248 654 594 Paniya Mahta 37 239 117 122 Paniya Bor 21 112 57 55 Gumalgaon 27 189 104 85 Ganrad 7 46 24 22 Kura 2 11 4 7
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand
Village Total House Total Population Total Male Total Female Anna 7 31 19 14 Total 1245 6856 3619 3249 Table 7.6: List of Affected SC, Literate & Illiterate Population with 10 km radius
Population SC Literate Illiterate Total Working population 122 368 167 242 151 1516 406 620 79 300 188 115 180 631 321 424 206 146 120 95 56 374 245 249 46 188 143 137 10 187 94 130 65 825 423 475 49 149 90 91 55 52 60 49 7.6 AMENITIES Main public amenities like college, post office, Tele-Communication, mettaled roads and proper transportation system, post office, banks, hospitals are mostly inadequate in these villages. The peoples of these villages go to Haldwani and Kathgodam for bank and hospital facilities. Unpaved road attach most of these villages to Haldwani-Nainital State Highway. Kathgodam is the nearest Railway station of North Eastern Indian Railway to the project site. Beside above, the famous Herakhan Ashram will be fully submerged. The provision has been made in the D.P.R. for resettlement of the Ashram on the higher reaches. 7.7 HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF THE PAP The health status determines the nature and state of human resource development. On the other hand, several economic variables like income, employment, purchasing power and poverty determine the health status of the people. Health status of the people, in general, determine the average expectation of life, number of persons in the productive age group, production, productivity, earning capacity, employment and family welfare. The determinant factors of health status include food, nutrition, hygiene, medical facilities, and socio-cultural implications of health, environmental aspects, education and psychology and worldview of the people. The health status is manifested in general in the form of prevalent infant mortality rate, life expectancy, morbidity, maternal mortality, level of fertility and mortality etc. Besides this, the health status is connected to the hygienic conditions and nutritional status of the person concerned. The hygienic condition can be understood in terms of personal hygiene, domestic
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Department, Uttarakhand hygiene, environmental hygiene and the community hygiene while the nutritional status denote the quality and quantity of the staple food, pulses, oil seeds, milk products, vegetable, flesh food and drinks. The information gathered in regard of the general appearance of the PAP, their hygienic conditions and also of the dietary pattern shows that an average PAP is living in a hygienic and healthy condition. Thus their health statuses are good. Generally, the people suffer from minor problems like eye and skin ailments and normal cold and fever. Proper medical aid facilities do not exist. Mostly the people have deep faith in their ages old health care practices. The staple food is chapatti made from Wheat and Maize flour and Rice. The Pulses and different vegetables are other major food items. Availability of milk and milk products to the villagers is very good due to large number of livestock in the area.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
CHAPTER 8 IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF IMPACTS 8.1 INTRODUCTION Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential permanent and temporary direct and indirect impacts as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed Jamrani Dam project have been identified. This Chapter addresses the basic concepts and approach for conducting a scientifically based analysis of the potential impacts likely to accrue as a result of the proposed project. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) consists of quite a few disciplines that are subjective in nature and cannot be quantified. The conversion of qualitative parameters to quantitative parameters is often the most difficult and cumbersome exercise. Wherever possible, the impacts have been quantified and otherwise, qualitative assessment has been undertaken. This Chapter deals with the anticipated positive as well as negative impacts due to the proposed Jamrani Multipurpose Dam project. Construction related impacts are heavily dependent on:-
The contractor's work habits, especially those related to the storage of construction materials and cleanliness of work site;
Cooperation between local communities and local authorities and the contractor in terms of observance of Social Framework Agreement (SFA) and use of public space and utilities;
Project management's enforcement of correct construction practices and standards; and
The incorporation of mitigation measures identified in the EIA into the bid documents and specifications.
An effective collaboration with local communities in evolving a workable Social Framework Agreement (SFA). Operational impacts are usually linked, to the increase in the movement of project activities, and the absolute volume on project works. These include increase in air, noise pollution, accident, obstructions to borrowing process and disturbance in construction schedule. The impacts which have been covered in the present Chapter are categorized as below:
Land and Land use
Water Environment
Ecology and Biodiversity
Social, Health and Economic
Ambient air quality
Noise environment
Impacts on seismicity
Other Impacts
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
The impacts as referred above are described in the following sections. A brief checklist of possible impacts occurring due to the proposed construction activities is given below in Table 8-1.
Table 8.1: Detailed Checklist of Impacts occurring form the Concerned Project
Aspect of Environment Likely Impacts A. Land Environment Construction phase - Increase in soil erosion - Quarrying operations - Pollution by construction spoils - Use of land for labour colonies - Problems due to muck disposal - Solid waste from labour colonies - Acquisition of land for various project appurtenances B. Water resources and water quality Construction phase - Increase in turbidity of nearby receiving water bodies - Degradation of water quality due to disposal of liquid wastes from labour colony and construction sites Operation phase - Disruption of hydraulic regime - Sedimentation and siltation risks - Impact on downstream water users - Deterioration of water quality in river due to diversion of flow resulting in decrease in the assimilative capacity of the river. C. Aquatic Ecology Construction phase - Increased pressure on aquatic ecology as a result of indiscriminate fishing. - Reduced productivity due to increase in turbidity Operation phase - Impacts on migratory fish species - Impacts on spawning and breeding grounds due to diversion of water for hydropower generation. - Degradation of riverine ecology D. Terrestrial Ecology Construction phase - Increased pressure on nearby forests due to labour force to meet their fuel wood and timber requirements - Adverse impacts due to migration of labour population Operation phase - Loss of forest - Impacts on rare/endangered species, if any - Impacts on medicinally and economically important plant species, if any - Impacts on nature reserves due to various project appurtenances
- Impacts on wildlife habitats - Impacts on wildlife movement
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Aspect of Environment Likely Impacts E. Socio-Economics Construction phase - Acquisition of land and private properties - Social disruption and decrease in standard of living of Project Affected Families. - Impacts on archaeological & cultural monuments - Impacts on mineral reserves - Improved employment potential during project construction phase - Development of allied sectors leading to greater employment - Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities Operation phase - Impetus on industrialization and urbanization due to increased power generation - Uncontrolled migration of people into the areas due to increased employment potential as a result of project implementation. F. Air Pollution Construction Phase - Impacts due to emissions generated by crushers and other equipment. - Impacts due to increased vehicular movement - Impacts due 3 x 200 KVA D.G. Sets emissions. G. Noise Pollution Construction Phase - Noise due to operation of various equipment - Noise due to increased vehicular movement - Increased noise and vibrations due to blasting. H. Public Health Construction Phase - Increased incidence of water-related diseases - Transmission of diseases by immigrant labour population including water borne and other communicable diseases. Operation phase - Increased incidence of vector-borne diseases 8.2 IMPACTS ON LAND ENVIRONMENT 8.2.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE The environmental impacts due to construction works are generally temporary in nature often lasting during construction phase. Some of the impacts which are irreversible in nature may extend well after the cessation of construction activities. Thus, it is imperative to address such issues appropriately well in advance to ameliorate the severity of such impacts to the extent possible. The duration of the construction phase for the proposed project is about 6 years. The major impacts anticipated on land environment are as follows: . Increase in soil erosion
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
. Land Slides . Hill Torrents . Quarrying operations . Excavation of Construction Material from River bed . Pollution by construction spoils . Use of land for labour colonies . Problems due to muck disposal . Solid waste from labour colonies 8.2.1.1 Impacts due to Quarrying A project of this magnitude would require significant amount of construction material. The coarse and fine aggregate requirement is of the order of 20 lakh m3. The quarry is proposed to be located within a short lead distance (3-5 km u/s & d/s) from the proposed dam axis. Air emission & noise generation from quarrying will be restricted using the best available economical practice, like sprinkling of water, and providing respiratory and auditory personal protective equipment (PPE) to the workers. A minimum distance of 100 m will be maintained between the quarry site and the National highway. Site isolation methods will be adopted, so that the fugitive emissions & noise generated from the site can be restricted within the few meter distance from site. 8.2.1.2 Land Slides As common phenomena in the Himalayan terrain, here also landslides have occurred in the reservoir area of the project. These landslides are delineated well before the project is constructed and suitable treatments to stabilize them shall be provided. Twelve cones having heights ranging from 26m. to 130 m. in the reservoir area have been identified out of number of debris cones and fans in the said area. To name them Khaljhala (1.6 km R/B), Sakula slide (2.7 km R/B) and Markudia slide (6.5 km L/B) in the reservoir area are main three land slides. It may be due to the facts that heavy torrential rains brought down the fractured and shared Amritpur granite, (which is common in the reservoir area) and such loose pieces of rocks piled the river bed. Land slides destroy vegetation, spoil off site good land by debris and pollute the river water and stream beds. High rainfall, instability of geologic material undercutting of slopes, super saturation of soil mass over a lithic contact, faulting and tectonic imbalance are some of the factors promoting land slides. These cones /fans will not pose any stability problem in the reservoir. This has also been discussed in GSI. Report 1992. Separate budget provision shall be made for this type of work. 8.2.1.3 Hill Torrents Torrents are hilly streams with ill-defined beds and flashy flows. They carry little water or are usually dry expect for the rainy season when they get swollen up with floods. Torrents on emerging from the hills lose their velocity and shed off their detritus on reaching the plains causing large scale damage in foot hill situations.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
8.2.1.4 Excavation of construction material from river bed In order to obtain rocks, aggregates and boulder river bed excavation will be done with help of common earth moving equipments. This may result into (i) degradation of aquatic-terrestrial ecotonal balance and (ii) increase the turbidity in water. These effects will be short lived, but will affect the downstream ecological balance. This could be restricted to a major degree by undertaking environmental monitoring in the construction phase itself, and thus restricting the limit of the movement of the earth moving vehicles and extent of digging. 8.2.1.5 Pollution due to construction spoils As RCC is proposed to be used, mishandling of the same can lead to construction spoils, which may have a long term harmful impact on the soil environment. Similar threat to both land and water environment is from oil (from both mobile & stationary sources). Proper supervisory steps will be taken so that the chances of such spoils are minimized. Any spill reported will be conveyed to the Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) manager / maintenance staff at site and will be attended immediately. 8.2.1.6 Operation of Construction Equipment During construction phase, various types of equipment will be brought to the site. These include jack hammer, explosives, mechanical shovels, JCB, dumper trucks etc. The sitting of these construction equipment would require significant space. In addition, land will also be temporarily acquired, i.e. for the duration of project construction for storage of quarried material before crushing, crushed material, cement, rubble, etc. Efforts must be made for proper sitting of these facilities. Various criteria for selection of these sites would be:
Proximity to the site of use Sensitivity of forests in the nearby areas Proximity from habitations 8.2.1.7 Increased Soil Erosion Runoff from major construction sites has high suspended solids load. The disposal of these runoff into water can increase the turbidity levels. The increase in turbidity levels could be higher for smaller streams, with low flow. This can reduce the light penetration, which in turn can reduce the photosynthetic activity and primary productivity. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) has been assessed to be extremely low in Gola, ranging below 5 mg/l. Thus due to increased soil erosion sediments will get settled in the reservoir upstream of Jamrani dam site. Thus, water will be relatively silt free downstream of dam site. The discharge contributed as runoff from the construction site is insignificant in comparison to the flow in river Gola. Thus, marginal increase in the suspended solid load of river Gola, is expected which is not likely to cause any significant adverse impact on the aquatic ecology in the immediate vicinity of the project site.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
The details of catchment-wise soil erosion and danger of siltation has been discussed in details in the Environmental Management Plan, under the Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) plan section. 8.2.1.8 Construction of Roads The following roads will be constructed to approach the dam site:
Widening and Strengthening the existing P.W.D. road from Kathgodam to Amritpur (8 km distance) Improvement i.e. pavement of unmetalled road from Amritpur to Project site. The construction of roads can lead to following impacts: Removal of trees on slopes and re-working of the slopes in the immediate vicinity of roads, can encourage landslides, erosion gullies, etc. With the removal of vegetal cover, erosive action of water gets pronounced and accelerates the process of soil erosion and formation of deep gullies. Consequently, the hill faces are bared of soil vegetative cover and enormous quantities of soil and rock can move down the rivers, and in some cases, the road itself may get washed out. Construction of new roads increases the accessibility of a hitherto undisturbed areas resulting in greater human interferences and subsequent adverse impacts on the ecosystem. Increased air pollution during construction phase, due to actions of hot-mix bitumen plant, movement of heavy earth-moving vehicles etc. Various management measures have been recommended for control of adverse impacts due to construction of roads and the same have been outlined in Chapter-6 of this Report. 8.2.1.9 Solid Waste generated from Labour Camp It is estimated that during the construction phase around 500-600 labour will be required. Assuming, that in a family both husband & wife both work together and have a child, then the total population works upto 900 persons (600 labour = 300 families + 300 childern). Assuming approx. 10% extra as buffer; total population works upto 990. Further assuming approx. 10% of these will be Sr. Technical staff, and of which approx. 50% will be married (& with children) total population of the Sr. technical staff, engineers and administrative staff & family works out to be approx 200 souls (=50 unmarried staff+ 50 married staff + 50 wives + 50 children). Thus the total population to be housed at construction site comes to approx. 1200 souls. Thus assuming that per capita solid waste generation is approx. 0.3 kg/capita/day, total solid waste generated will be approx. 360 kg/day. Proper dispoal methods, like temporary storage and/ or disposal into nearby trenching ground will be worked out at the point of operation only.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
8.2.2 PROJECT OPERATION PHASE 8.2.2.1 Acquisition of Land The total land to be acquired for the project is 67.39 ha. The details of land acquisition are given in Table 8-2.
Table 8.2: Land to be acquired for Jamrani Dam Project
SI. No. Name of villages Land to be acquired in Ha. Remarks 1 Tilwari 3.890 2 Murkudia 20.800 3 Ganrad 9.100 4 Paniabore 4.000 Under reservoir 5 Udwa 2.800 Submergence 47.39 Ha. 6 Pastola 6.800 Sub-total (A) 43.5
7 Pania Mehta 4.400 8 Gumalgaon 2.200 9 Raunsil 4.224 10 Pasauli 3.226 11 Bhorsa 1.608 12 Anna 1.202 In U/s of dam 20.00Ha 13 Kula 0.510 14 Dehra 2.025 15 Amritpur 2.025 Sub-total 20.02 Total 67.39 Ha The number of families likely to be affected due to submergence of land in reservoir or due to acquisition for other purposes connected with of dam is given below in Table 8-3.
Table 8.3: Nos. of Project Affected Families (PAFs) both U/s & D/s
SI. No. Name of villages No of families affected Remarks 1 Tilwari 33 2 Murkudia 56 U/S 3 Ganrad 8 129 families 4 Paniabore 8 5 Udwa 8 6 Pastola 16 Sub-total 129 7 Pania Mehta 11 8 Gumalaon 7 9 Rausil 20
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
SI. No. Name of villages No of families affected Remarks 10 Pasauli 11 D/S 11 Bhorsa 14 79 families 12 Anna 7 13 Kula 3 14 Dehra 6 15 Amritpur 0 Sub-total 79 Total Number of 208 families affected Apart from above, in villages, approximately 20 families may be considered as landless agricultural labourer or other livelihood like business, etc. Thus a total 208 families have been assessed in the project area, which shall need rehabilitation. No township is being affected by construction of the project. No scheduled tribe population is being affected by the project. The Project Affected Families will get adequate compensation as per the Resettlement and Rehabilitation of the Project Affected Families-2007 (NPRR-2007). 8.3 IMPACTS ON WATER ENVIRONMENT 8.3.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE The construction phase impacts on the water environment will be mainly two fold, as given below: . Increase in turbidity of nearby receiving water bodies . Degradation of water quality due to disposal of liquid wastes from labour colony and construction sites . Discharge from crushing plant 8.3.1.1 Increase in Turbidity of Water The spoil water generated from the construction phase can be safely assumed to be around 10 - 15 m3/ day (= 0.173 l/s average flow = 1.73 x 10-4 m3/s), having and average TSS (Total Soluble Solids) content of 1000 -1500 mg/l. While as if we consider the river as the receiving water body, it has a 75% dependable flow (as calculated in DRP, 2005) of approx. 317 Mm3/yr, which roughly interprets to an average 10 m3/s flow. Then from the monitoring from the Gola river site, the average TSS content is approx. 5 mg/l (or lesser). Thus assuming complete mixing of flows & a steady state model, the resultant concentration of TSS will be approx. 5 mg/l, i.e. due to the low flow of influent turbid current, the turbidity will not change much. However, in practical situation, a turbid plume will form which will carry over to some distance before it is completely dissolved. The primary productivity direct under the plume’s umbra will be reduced. Proper measures to entrap the turbid plume in RCC sedimentation basin of suitable capacity, with an average detention time of approx. 1 day may be constructed (approx. dimensions = L :
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
3m; B = 2m; Effective D : 2.5 m and FB: 0.25 m). The suspended particulates will settle down during this period and the clear supernatant can be discharged into the receiving water. 8.3.1.2 Release of Liquid Waste from labours Camp It has been previously calculated in sec 4.2.1.7 that the total population of the labour camps will be approx. 990 souls, whereas approx. 200 technical & administrative staff will also be posted there. Assuming the total per capita water requirement of 70 l/labour the total water requirement for the labours will be approx. 69.3 m3/day, say 70 m3/day. Assuming approx. 120 l/ capita/day demand of the technical & administrative staff and Their families, total water demand comes to approx. 24 m3/ day, say, 25 m3/day. Further, assuming 80% conversion to wastewater, total wastewater generated from employees & labour camps will be approx.76 m3/day. Considering the worst case scenario for the purpose of assessment of impacts on water quality, it is assumed that all the sewage generated from various labour camps/colonies outfalls at a common point. It is also assumed that the sewage is discharged without any treatment. The BOD (3 day, 27oC) load in domestic sewage varies from 150 mg/l. Thus total BOD load exerted will be approx. 15.2 kg BOD/day. Now estimating as per the modified Streeter Phelp’s equation (1925) we may now find out the critical DO deficit after a definite time lag. kd* Lo D (e kd *t e kr*t ) Do *e kr*t kr kd Where D = Deficit from saturation DO (dissolved Oxygen) level at a specific temperature -1 kd= Deoxygenation constant, day -1 kr = Reoxygenation constant, day t = time, day
Do = initial DO deficit (DO saturation - DO observed value), mg/l Lo = ultimate BOD value (after mixing) The results of modeling are provided below: The model suggests that the critical DO deficit will occur at time 0.78 day from the point of discharge of pollutants into river. It is estimated, that even at critical deficit level will be approx. 5.28 mg/l. 8.3.1.3 Discharge from Crushers During construction phase, crusher of capacity 150 tph will be commissioned at the project site by the contractor. Water is required to wash the boulders and to lower the temperature of the crushing edge. About 0.1 m3 of water is required per tone of material crushed. The effluent from the crusher would contain high suspended solids. About 12-15 m3/hr of waste water is expected to be generated from the crusher. The effluent, if disposed without treatment can lead to marginal increase in the turbidity levels in the receiving water bodies. The natural slope in the
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand area is such that, the effluent from the crushers will ultimately find its way in Gola River. This amounts to a discharge of 0.0033 to 0.0042 cumecs. The effluent from crusher will have suspended solids level of 3000-4000 mg/l. The level of suspended solids in the composite sample after disposal in river would increase by a maximum of 0.20 mg/l, which is insignificant. Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated due to small quantity of effluent to be discharged and large volume of water available in river for dilution. Even then, it is proposed to treat (sedimentation) the effluent before disposal so as to ameliorate even the marginal impacts likely to accrue on this account. 8.3.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE In the operational phase, several impacts are envisaged due to impoundment of water at reservoir. The impacts are listed below: . Changes in Hydrological regime . Change in Groundwater regime . Sedimentation & Reduction in Reservoir capacity . Reservoir water Quality – Eutrophication Model The impacts are listed in details below. 8.3.2.1 Changes in Hydrological Regime The current flow at Jamrani Site (without the dam) vary from 13907 cusec to 23758 cusec (as per 1976-78 data). The downstream coffer dam has been designed to handle backflow of 315 m3/s towards the dam. Sedimentation studies show that the average flow is approx. 317 Mm3/year (~10 m3/s) in Gola. Av. flow at Gola weir has been monitored for 1948-49 to 2005-06 and the average min. flow is The Gola headwork has been remodeled in 1980 to take 18.6 cumec discharge along with its initial 9.92 cumec capacity. A 16.125 km long Golawar feeder has also been constructed for 12.20 cumec discharge from km 1.1 of Golawar main canal to Halduchur. Thus the project will have uniform water level all through the year controlled by the dam. This will lead to increased agriculture even in lean months in the silty flood plains of the river. 8.3.2.2 Change in Groundwater Regime The state of Uttarakhand can be physiographically divided into Ganga Plain, Shiwalik Hills, Lesser Himalayas, and Central Himalayas region. The State is drained by major perennial rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Ramganga, Sarda and Kali and their tributaries. The predominantly hilly State of Uttarakhand has a varied hydrogeological setup and can be divided broadly in to two distinct hydrogeological regimes viz. the Gangetic alluvial plain and the Himalayan mountain belt. The former is covered with a vast expanse of alluvium and unconsolidated sedimentary material of varying size fractions (ranging from boulder to clay) and is a promising zone for ground water development. The latter zone, being predominantly hilly, offers much less potential for large scale development of ground water. Ground water in the hilly region occurs mostly in fissures/fractures and emerges as springs. The springs are amenable to small scale development of ground water resources in the State. The yield of tube wells in Siwalik
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand formation ranges from 50.4 m3/hr to 79.2 m3/hr, in Bhabar formations yield is upto 332.4 m3/hr. In Tarai belt yield of tubewell ranges 36m3/hr to 144 m3/hr and in Indo-Gangetic plain yield varies from 90 m3/hr to 198 m3/hr. Net dynamic ground water availability is 2.10 billion cubic meter/yr. and against this the net drawal is approx. 1.39 billion cubic meter/yr. The stage of ground water development is approx. 66%. Due to the formation of this dam a reservoir will be formed. The reservoir water will spared over an area of about 4.521 km2, submerging different categories of land. This will certainly result into rise of the groundwater. However, detailed hydrological studies show that the geological features underlying the dam site comprise of primarily monolithic Amritpur Granite. In such formations groundwater generally occur in fracture/fissure zones, and the topography of the groundwater table generally follows the ground topography. Topsoil comprises of a thin crust of humic material over underlain bedrock. Thus aspects of rise of groundwater and it’s resultant salination has to be established through separate geo-hydrological studies. Moreover, since the water table is quite fragmented & deep and surface is well-drained no change in water salinity is expected. 8.3.2.3 Sedimentation & Reduction in Reservoir capacity The School of Hydrology, IIT, Roorkee2 (then, University of Roorkee) has carried out a reservoir sedimentation study for Jamrani reservoir. They have used equation given by Grade et. al. (1978) for the evaluation of the sediment load coming into the reservoir;
0.06 0.94 0.84 Vs 1.16 * B *Vw * S o
3 Where, Vs = annual sediment load yield, m = ? B = reservoir width, m 3 Vw = cumulative inflow, m3 = 317 Mm /year So= Slope of river bed (m/m) = 0.014
3 Vs for Jamrani comes out to 4.578 Mm / year. Considering a 10 years data, the annual sediment yield becomes approx. 4.0 Mm3/yr. However, they have concluded that considering the vegetal cover in the catchment area, the runoff factor (C) will be approx. 0.54, and the annual sediment yield will be approx. 2.0 Mm3/yr. Further it was predicted, that, at the rate of 2.0 Mm3/yr, if the trap efficiency is 100%, the reservoir will be completely filled in 113 years. It has been further predicted, that the deposition will extend upstream of confluence within five years and can extend 15 km upstream of dam in 20 years time. It had been concluded that the reservoir will loss 75% of its capacity after 100 years. Sieve analysis of the river bed material has also been carried out, which shows that river bed materials are generally coarse in nature with average dia varying from 10-15 cm, thus indication a mixture of gravel & boulder with fine sediment.
2 Reservoir Sedimentation Study og Jamrani Dam, School of Hydrology, University of Roorkee, Satis Chandra et.al.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Alternately, if we consider that correctly the river bed is composed of primarily boulder and pebbles, and thus support only a handful of aquatic species, after the establishment of sediment, the nutrient rich silty wedge will support a variety of small organisms, like arthropods, mollusks, small fishes, reptiles etc. This will render the reservoir oligotrophic and lead to formation of new food webs. 8.3.2.4 Reservoir water Quality – Eutrophication Model Mathematical models, which simulate water quality transformations in a water body by means of set of mathematical equations, provide means to quantify influences under different waste water disposal and receiving water body flow scenarios. Such analysis, therefore, provides basis for prediction of water quality profile for situations in which monitored observations are not available. A Eutrophication model was developed by NEERI to predict the degree of Eutrophication in the proposed Jamrani Dam reservoir. Two major differences in the modeling of water quality in reservoir and lakes in comparison to others are: Reservoirs and lakes rarely receive discharges of organic matter large enough to cause serious oxygen depletion from relatively virgin catchment areas like that of Jamrani Reservoir. Because of larger detention time, reservoirs and lakes are dominated by planktonic organisms and are therefore, more prone to Eutrophication than other water bodies. Majority of models for reservoirs and lakes, therefore, are concerned with algal growth and inorganic nutrients where as DO and BOD concentrations are of secondary importance. Thermal stratification of reservoirs give rise to vertical variation in water quality due to different mixing patterns based on the limnology. Thermal stratification depends upon meteorological and topographical conditions and it is a seasonal phenomenon in temperate reservoirs and lakes whereas stratification could be a permanent feature in tropical reservoirs and lakes. In order to stimulate reservoir water quality changes, it becomes important to model the processes such as algal growth, nutrient uptake, nutrient recycle, predation, etc. algal growth is a function of light intensity, temperature and nutrients with loss due to death and sedimentation, washout and predation. Starting from the beginning of summer, the equations may be written in the form of daily balances on algae and nutrients as, Modeling Equations
dn/dt = GP – R – S – Q2 N / Ve
-1 Where N is the algal concentration, GP is algal production rate (day ), S is loss due to -1 3 3 sedimentation (day ), Q2 is daily outflow (m /d), Ve is the volume of the epilimnion layer (m ); and
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
de/ dt = (Q1 / Ve ) C1 – (Q2 / Ve ) C2 – u Where E is the nutrient concentration, first term on right hand side represents the daily influx of 3 nutrients in which Q1 is the inflow (m / day), C1 is nutrient concentration, second term represents the daily outflux of nutrients and u is the uptake rate (day-1). The basic equation relating photosynthesis to light intensity is as follows,
P = Pm (I / Ik ) EXP ( I – I/Ik )
Where P is rate of photosynthesis, Pm is the maximum rate of photosynthesis, Ik is optimum light intensity corresponding to Pm and I is the light intensity. For any incident light intensity, the radiation decreases with depth and can be given by,
Ih = Io EXP ( - Ke h)
Where, Ke is extinction coefficient, Io and Ih are light intensities at surface and depth ‘h’ respectively. The above equations can be put together to obtain an expression for daily photosynthesis in a water column integrated over depth as,
-1 2 Gp = (N Pm / Ke ) D [1.33 sinh ǿ - (1 / ǿ ) N ( 1 + ǿ ) ] – 1
Where Gp is gross daily production per unit area, N is algal concentration, D is day length represented as a fraction, ǿ is ration of light intensity and optimum light intensity for maximum growth i.e. ǿ = I / Ik. The effect of nutrient limitation on growth is incorporated using Michaelis – Menten equation for limiting nutrients as,
P1 = P { C / KS + C }
Where P1 is rate of growth with nutrient limitation, P is growth in the absence of nutrient limitation; C is concentration of limiting nutrient, Ks is half saturation constant. The rate of respiration is represented as, dN / dt = Rn Where r is rate of respiration and N is algal concentration. The rate of sedimentation is incorporated as a constant portion of standing crop as
S = Ksed N
Where S is rate of sedimentation, Ksed is a constant, and N is algal concentration. Considering all the above mentioned processes, a computer model has been developed to study the Eutrophication potential in the proposed Jamrani reservoir. It was felt that considering the nature of reservoir a long term simple model is adequate to describe the trophic status of reservoir.
Result and Discussion Water quality analysis of river water presented in this report indicates that either the nutrients
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand are absent or present in very low concentrations. Soil samples were collected and analysed for estimating nutrient concentrations in the surface runoff. These values have been used I the model for initial year and a steady 5 percent annual increase in the concentration of both the nutrients has been assumed thereafter. There is no other major source of nutrient. A simulation run for 100 years period which is more than the design life of the proposed reservoir predicts low algal and nutrient concentrations. It can, therefore, be inferred that the reservoir is likely to remain oligotrophic with very little chances of algal blooms occurring. 8.4 IMPACTS ON AIR ENVIRONMENT 8.4.1 IN THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE: In the construction phase the primary impacts to air environment will be occurring due to (i) Haulage of material by dumper trucks, (ii) Storage of fine raw material and (iii) operation of DG sets. The impacts have been discussed in details below. 8.4.2 HAULAGE OF MATERIAL BY DUMPER TRUCKS It has been estimated that approx. 15 nos. 17.5 m3 capacity dumpers to carry the blasted rubbles and rock fragments. AP-42 by U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) gives the emission from uncovered hauler/dumper trucks as a function of the wind speed and vehicle speed. Assuming vehicle speed as 20 km/hr, which is equivalent to 5.55 m/s and the surface wind speed as 1.5 m/s, a sum of 7.05 m/s is arrived at. Now this roughly gives a total suspended particulate (TSP) emission of 0.902 g/m2/hour. TSP included both RPM (defined as a mixture of PM10 and PM2.5) and SPM. The quantity of particulate emissions from re-suspension of loose material on the road surface due to vehicle travel on a dry paved road may be estimated using the following empirical expression:
0.65 1.5 sL W E k * C 2 3 Where, E = Emission factor k = Particle size multiplier = 4.6 g/vehicle km traveled sL= Road surface silt loading (grams per square meter) (g/m2) = 10 g/m2 W =Average weight (tons) of the vehicles traveling the road = 22.5 MT C = Emission factor for 1980's vehicle fleet exhaust, brake wear and tyre wear = 0.2119 g/ vehicle km travelled (given by EPA) So, E = 79.45 ~ 80 g/vehicle km travelled (VKT) Now, as 12 nos. operating dumper trucks will be used for hauling of material, assuming 2 nos. round trips/ day, and total round distance of 10 km, total emission from the truck fleet will be
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand approx. 19,200 gm = 19.2 kg particulate dust (mostly particulate with dia less than 10 μm). Please refer to Annexure C. In order to mitigate the emission of particulates from the road surface, proper up keeping of the roads will be extremely necessary. For this purpose, water sprinkling will have to be undertaken on both carriageway and unpaved shoulder sections. Good housekeeping in the construction site can reduce the emission from vehicular movement by several folds. 8.4.2.1 Storage of Loose Raw Material Storage of loose raw material without proper cover can lead to blowing away with wind, esp. in the summer month with high surface wind and low relative humidity. This scenario has been modeled using the TOXSCREEN (a derivative of SCREEN model, with inputs based on AP-42 “Wind Erosion of Storage Piles”) model developed by USEPA to model fugitive dust generation from open storage activity. Although modeled for silt or silt like material (with diameter 0.2 – 2 μ), the results can be safely extrapolated for other fine raw material of similar consistency. We have assumed about 20% silt like fine content in storage pile, and an average dia of pile as 2 m and height approx. 0.5 m. Thus maximum concentration of 12.22 μg/m3 was observed at 10m downwind direction. With progressive reduction in the distance the concentration of fugitive dust also reduced, at 100 m distance the concentration becomes 2.5 μg/m3 and at 200m distance the concentration becomes 0.83 μg/m3. Hence it can be concluded that although the emission will depend on the pile dia. and exposed surface to surface wind, with concentration of pollutants will be virtually imperceptible beyond a distance of 100 m or so. 8.4.2.2 Operation of DG sets In the Operation phase, it is envisaged that power supply will be obtained from the nearest sub- station. However, keeping in mind the intermittent nature of supply, it is foreseen that the contractor will arrange for back up power based on Diesel Generator (DG) sets. It is very difficult to predict the capacity (in KW) of the DG sets. The emissions of the DG sets are based on the power output, KVA/KW rating. As it is not very sure that DG sets with what capacity will be used, the details of the emission cannot be calculated. However, in case the DG sets rating is below 800 KVA, the G.S.R. 371 (E) dt. 17-05-2002 will have to be complied with. The DG sets will be provided with suitable stack height as per the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) norms, based on the rating of the DG sets. The DG sets will also be provided with suitable acoustic enclosure so that the insertion loss is more than 25 dB(A), as per Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 and the noise at 1 m distance is leas than 75 dB(A). It will be also ensured that the fuel used for DG sets are low sulphur diesel with sulphur content less than 0.25% by weight. 8.4.3 OPERATIONAL PHASES In the operations phase, moderate vehicular activities are envisaged on paved roads, thus fugitive dust emission will be minimized. Proper housekeeping conditions will be important to reduce emission.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
8.5 IMPACTS ON NOISE ENVIRONMENT 8.5.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE In a water resource projects, the impacts on ambient noise levels are expected only during the project construction phase, due to earth moving machinery, etc. Likewise, noise due to quarrying, blasting, vehicular movement will have some adverse impact on the ambient noise levels in the area. Various impacts considered include: . Impacts due to operation of various construction equipment . Impacts due to increased vehicular movement. . Blasting impacts 8.5.1.1 Impacts due to Operation of Construction Equipment The noise level due to operation of various construction equipments is given in table below:
Table 8.4: Noise level due to operation of various construction equipment
Equipment Noise level Range , dB(A) Earth moving Compactors 70-72 Front loaders 72-82 Backhoes 72-92 Tractors 76-90 Scrappers, graders 82-90 Pavers 86-88 Truck 84-90 Materials handling Concrete mixers 75-85 Movable cranes 82-84 Stationary Pumps 68-70 Generators 85-90 Air Compressors 75-85 Others Vibrators 69-81 Saws 74-81 Under the worst case scenario, considered for prediction of noise levels during construction phase, it has been assumed that all this equipment generate noise from a common point. The resultant noise level from the operation these equipments will be approx. 94.25 dB(A). The sound pressure level generated by noise sources decreases with increase in distance due to wave divergence, further an additional decrease is expected, due to atmospheric/environmental
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand attenuation during transmission path. Hence the propagation model used describes the dissipation of energy in a homogenous media.
Table 8.5: Resultant Noise Level at Various Distances and Resultant Increase over Baseline
Distance ( r) Resultant Noise level from Baseline Noise level, Resultant Noise level , In (m) Construction, dB(A) dB(A) dB(A) 10 66.13 60 66.23 25 58.17 60 58.79 50 52.15 60 54.22 75 48.63 60 52.38 100 46.13 60 51.49 200 40.11 60 50.42 500 32.15 60 50.07 1000 26.13 60 50.02 It could be seen from the figure that the noise level change drastically within 100 m distance from source (considered at origin). Practically it can be safely concluded that the incremental noise level becomes unperceivable after a distance of about 100 m. 8.5.1.2 Operation of vehicles It is estimated that approx. 20 automobiles (cars), 10 medium and 30 large trucks/ hr. will ply on an average in the area adjacent to the construction site. LEQ-V2 software developed by CALTRANS (California Department of Transportation) is used here to assess the resultant noise level. A 2 lane paved carriageway, 6.5 m wide, with shoulders on both sides was envisaged. The height of the receptor was assumed as 1.2 m. The resultant noise level is approx. 64.89 dB(A). Thus it can be seen that despite the movement of the vehicles the noise level increment will be nominal. Vehicular noise depends on the load, engine & tyre condition, road condition and receptor distance. Thus in order to reduce vehicular noise, good housekeeping practice to maintain tyre pressure, avoiding over loading, engine condition and smooth road will be beneficial. Excluding these the only measure that may be helpful is to segregate/ isolate the movement of construction vehicles to a certain limit, and enclose the periphery of the same, so that the receptor and noise sources are segregated. 8.5.1.3 Impacts of Blasting Noise generated by blasting is instantaneous in nature. Noise generated due to blasting is site specific and depends on type, quantity of explosives, dimension of drill hole, degree of compaction of explosives in the hole and rock. Abrasive Blasting has an instantaneous noise level of approx. 105 dB(A). However, blast noise duration will be only for 5-6 seconds, and as the nearby receptors (workers) will be approx. 0.5 km away, and protected by suitable personal protective equipment (PPE), the perceived noise level will be approx. 43.03 dB(A). Additional attenuation from masking of shot hole of blast area could be achieved. There will be no underground tunneling in the proposed project. Only diversion duct will be provided. Hence, there shall not be any disturbance to ground water regime consequent to
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand blasting for construction. The ground water position of the area shall not change due to existing steep slope of surface. The combined effect of selection of stable sites for construction of the diversion duct and use of controlled blasting at fragile locations are expected to have a less impact on the geological environment. So, there is no need of environmental management plan to this problem. In order to minimize generation of dust during blasting and its better dispersal in atmosphere following steps are to be taken: 1. Number of blast holes & their geometry has to be designed for each blasting considering the mass of material to be removed and also their geological formation. 2. The quantity of explosives i.e. charges weight for each blasting are to be determined and used. Over charging of blast holes cause formation of fine dust of rock. Proper masking of the shot hole and the area between the receptor will reduce this problem. 3. It is suggested that blasting operation should preferably, be carried out during noontime. This will ensure proper ventilation of dust & consequently better dispersion and dilution. This should be avoided during period of possible temperature inversions i.e. morning & evening. 4. In case overcast condition is prevailing (as in rainy afternoons & evenings) and / or if the inversion layer is close to ground (as in winter mornings & evenings); blasting should be summarily avoided. 8.5.1.4 Operations Phase In the operational phase, only the operation of (i) turbine & other power generating equipment & (ii) movement of vehicles will be the considerable source of noise. The turbine will be restricted to the powerhouse complex. Thus its will be of extreme importance to maintain good road and vehicle condition in order to reduce the noise. Thus no significant impacts due to noise are envisaged in the operational phase. 8.6 IMPACTS ON BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 8.6.1 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 8.6.1.1 Flora The proposed area to be submerged by the proposed project is about 452 ha, which is mainly under forest. The vegetation in the vicinity of the proposed project area is scattered composed of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate vegetation. Sal Shorea robusta, Teak Tectona grndis, Adina cordifolia, Alstonia scholaris, Syzygium cuminii, Melia indica, Diospyros momtana, Aegle marmelos, Mallotus philippensis, Bischoffia javanica, Terminalia chebula, T.arjuna, T.bellerica, Madhuca longifolia, Holoptelia integrifolia, Lannea coromandelica, Albizia procera and Bombax ceiba. chir-pine(Pinus roxburghii); chir-pine-banj-oak (Quercus leucotrichophora & Pinus roxburghii), Syzygium cuminii, Embelica Phyllanthus emlica, Pyrus pashia, Symplocos chinenses, Q. glauca, Myrica esculenta, Lyonia ovalifolia, Acer oblongum, Glochidion velutinum, Therefore, no species of conservation significance is likely to be lost due to submergence. All these taxa are
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand also found as common or occasional within the territories of Kumaun and Garhwal Himalaya (Central Himalaya) within the sarne altitudes of Jamrani Dam Area. Therefore, it is suggested that the danger of extinction of these taxa will not occur from the Kamaun and Garhwal Hiamalaya in case Dam is constructed. 8.6.1.2 Fauna As many as 20 species of wild animals (Mammals) were seen inhabiting the Jamrani area. Out of these 15 species were seen throughout-the year in fair numbers. Two species viz. Felis chaus (jungle cat) and F. viverrina (fishing cat) were observed occasionally while four species viz. The Himalayan Black Bear Selenarctos thibetanus, Indian Porcupine (Sahi) Hystrix indica, The Smooth Indian Otter (ood-udbilao) Lutra lutra monticola (otter), The Himalayan Palm civet Felis bengalensis; were seen very rarely in the 10 km radius of Jamrani dam catchment area. The investigators have come across 65 bird species during their year long investigation. 37 species termed here as occasional occur in fair number 6 species termed as rare and the remaining 22 species in fairly large number. The investigators have termed some birds as temporary migratory birds which in fact migrate from the adjoining hills of Kumaon to the foot hills (Jamrani and other area) during winter in search of food and to escape the severe winter months of hills. The reptilian species are generally cold blooded and they hibernate during winter season they are abundantly seen in rainy and summer season. As many as 10 species of Reptiles were seen inhabiting the Jamrani area. Two species viz. Indian spiny-tailed lizard, (Uromastyx hardwickii) Green Bronze-back Tree Snake (Dendrelaphis cyanochloris) were observed rarely while four species viz. Himalayan Rock Agama, (Laudakia himalayana), Indian Fringe-fingered Lizard (Acanthodactylus cantoris), Small-spotted Lizard, (Mesalina guttulata), Asian Grass Lizard (Takydromus sexlineatus) were seen Occasionally. While four species were seen commonly in the 10 km2 radius of Jamrani dam catchment area. Seven species of amphibians and 17 species of butterflies are recorded in the study area. During the present survey there is no any threatened/endangered species (IUCN-Vulnerable category) has been recorded in the dam site (10 km radius). The terrestrial ecology present in the submergence area is well developed out side the project area at the top of the hill or within 10 km radius of the project. Hence, no impacts associated with loss of forest or habitats of wild animals are involved. The creation of a barrage across the river and formation of a reservoir would result in the change of habitat and would lead to fragmentation of habitat. This reservoir will function as a physical barrier, which comes in the way of animal migration and dispersal. The proposed project activities like drilling, blasting, etc. would lead to increased noise levels in the area, which may cause disturbance to the wildlife in the area. The components of the project are mostly on agricultural land, barren land and or underground and large area of cultivable land is required for the project. The construction of the project facilities would involve deforestation. Thus the danger of erosion and disturbance to hill slopes is high. Major construction of road is required. The construction of roads and project components
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand will involve felling of large number of trees and huge deposition of excavated material in the river and tributary streams would affect the environment adversely. The clearing of forests for project construction activities would result in change in land use/ land cover. 8.6.1.3 Pressure on local Forest for Fuel Wood It has been already stated that approx. 990 souls will have to be accommodated in the labour camps. We assume that per capita fuel wood requirement is approx. 2 kg/ day, the total fuel wood requirement comes to 1980 kg/day. This translates into a massive 723 MT/yr requirement. The fuel need of the laborers/ workers has to be attended in an organized manner otherwise the labour may resort to indiscriminate felling of trees and shrubs owing to their cost free and easy availability at leisure. Consequent deforestation if continued shall adversely affect the ecosystem; therefore, pre-emptive action plan has to be devised to meet the fuel needs of workers especially those residing in the labour camps. These objects can be best accomplished by mandatory banning of the use of fuel wood in the labour camps besides complying the following obligatory steps: -
In every contract document mandatory clause should be made for the contractors to provide community kitchen facilities to laborers who reside without family and also to ensure supply of LPG fuel to the laborers living with families in camps failing which the contractor shall solely be held responsible and liable for penalty and or remedial action.
Establishing a LPG godown and a state owned kerosene oil depot within the township of project complex at Haldwani and Kathgodam.
Providing free electricity for domestic purpose to the labour residing in labour camps.
They may further be interested in having low smoke, portable chullas, than make shift chullas. However, distributing small kerosene stoves at subsidized rates, and rationing kerosene at subsidized rates from local fair price shop to these families will substantially reduce the fuel wood requirement & open biomass burning. 8.6.1.4 Habitat Fragmentation Due to the onset of the construction activity, and increased human interference in the nearby areas, the local habitat of fishes, small insects (primarily arthropods), birds and small mammals will be disturbed, if not lost. Due to the reservoir formation approx. 452 ha. area will be inundated out of which approx.65 ha. is thickly vegetated forest land, 44 ha. is moderately vegetated forest land; both these types of jungles are capable of hosting a strong contingent of local insects, bird, and small mammal populations. However, this loss will be more or less temporary in nature and the local population will soon dwindle back into equilibrium, and expand faster. When the population size decreases, most species benefit from an associated decrease in intraspecific competition, leading to increased reproduction and/or survival of survivors, which helps the population reach rapidly its optimal size. The Allee effect describes a scenario in which populations at low numbers (Weak Allee effect, with population near critical size) are affected by a positive relationship between population growth rate and density, which increases their
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand likelihood of extinction. Thus, some population at low density can suffer from a lower recruitment or a higher mortality, leading to a further population decrease. The endpoint of this loop process is often the extinction of the population. The importance of this dynamic process in ecology has been under-appreciated and recent evidence now suggests that it might have an impact on the population dynamics of many plant and animal species. Additionally, in the operation phase, due to (i) increased human interference in the nearby forest land and (ii) due to increased vehicular movements; the local habitats will be more frequently violated. While, both flora & fauna will be affected by these, flora is more of common/abundant nature and the loss of trees will not cause a very severe problem to the phyto-sociological texture, whereas due to patch-like formation of habitat, the loss/infringement of habitat will pose a significant threat for fauna. This could be mitigated primarily by restricting the dam site and its immediate facilities and/or the jungle fringes by providing barbwire fencing all around. The problem with this kind of arrangement is primarily restriction of movement of animals, esp. during the breeding and lean seasons (summer & winter). The fencing may be let open at certain passes, where the animals will like to pass over from one side of the fencing to another. Arrangements will be supervised by the local forest department (under the guidance of the DFO). 8.6.1.5 Reproductive failure & dwindling of population The habitat fragmentation may in long term lead to, (i) Reduced reproductive success (due to imbalance in male & female members in population) (ii) Reduced gene flow among population (leading to reduced genetic variation and fewer dominant variant alleles), and (iii) Greater inbreeding (leading to “population bottleneck”) (iv) Greater chances of failing of populations due to combination of two recessive alleles and manifestation of weaker phenotypes. The overall impact of habitat fragmentation and loss of potentially reproductive mates will lead to pressure on reproductive process of all fauna. This will be more prevalent in higher groups, birds and mammals, who require more time and resources to reform group, and (usually) have a small clutch size. This will lead to increased inbreeding among the members of the same population, having slight or no variation in genotype. This, in course of time may lead to susceptibility to certain diseased conditions (like anthrax) or even genotypic disorders (like intolerance to certain proteins in gastrointestinal tracts). These disorders may also lead to extinctions of massive proportions in a certain populations. Hopefully, most of the fishes, birds and mammals found in the catchment areas of the Jamrani Dam and / or nearby areas are of common type, and abundant in Nainital district/ Central Himalayan foothill sections. Thus, the local species will have a far greater chance of survival (and
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand further reproduction). The only way to ensure a safe population size beyond the critical size is to ensure safe passages and links between the forest areas. 8.6.2 AQUATIC ECOLOGY In the operational phase, the primary problem encountered by the local terrestrial and aquatic ecology will be several folds, as (i) Loss of migration path & resultant problem in reproduction, (ii) Habitat fragmentation, (iii) Reproductive failures & dwindling of population balance. 8.6.2.1 Loss of Migration Path of Fishes & Resultant Problem in Reproduction The endemic Mahseer is a fresh water stream fish, having their territorial regime confined up to foothills and migrates up and down for spawning (Badola and Singh, 1984; Nautiyal and Lal, 1984; Singh, 1988; Singh et al., 1991). The Mahseer is the most important game and food fish in the Himalayan rivers. The spawning and feeding grounds of Mahseer in the Gola river is impacted due to the already existing Gola barrage at Haldwani and developmental activities such as construction of roads. Adults and juveniles species such as Schizothorax spp and Tor spp move upstream and downstream respectively in Gola River including stream Nainital gadera. River Gola stretch from Kathgodam up to its confluence with Nainital gadera and bhimtal gadera serve as a route through which the fish have easy access to the spring-fed streams that provide congenial environment for the fish to breed. The presence of gravel, pebbles, sand and bankside vegetation is prerequisite for Mahseer to build their spawning nests which are not present frequently in river Gola except its stream Naintal. The proposed Gola dam on the Gola river may have adverse impacts on the migration of mahseer fishes (Tor putitora Hamilton). Fish migration in Gola river has already affected from plains to hills due to Gola barrage at Haldwani. The construction of Gola barrage has left the downstream dry. The lower strech of river Gola from Gola barrage to its confluence point with river Ramganga remains dry during most of the period except for the monsoon season. The proposed storage dam is aimed to provide drinking water and augment irrigation; therefore, a minimum flow will remain in the river Gola throughout the year. The proposed dam height is about 130.6 m from the river bed axis. The height may have some impacts on fish migration in the free water flow zone between Gola Barrage located ~15 km downstream to upstream the proposed dam site. The impact on fish migration upstream of Haidakhan is natural due to natural fragmentation of habitat during summer as water flows underground in a stretch of about 3-4 km or the available for water is not supportive for fishery. This might not affect the downward movement of fishes as water availability is ensured throughout the year and will provide better habitat to grow hill stream fishery as well as reservoir fishery. The upward migration will not possible in Gola river due to the proposed storage dam, because the dam will act not only as barrier for fish migration but also contributes to change in the fish habitat due to submergence. The lotic habitat will change in to the lacustrine habitat from the crest of dam upto ~9 km distance upstream. The fish from the river or stream will be affected and result in poor chance of survival except for some pockets that are left as side stream above the submergence zone. Therefore, the proposed dam will have major impact on the existing endemic fishes, which play a major role
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand in maintaining the aquatic ecosystem though it does not contribute significantly to the livelihood opportunities for the local inhabitants. To protect the endemic fishes, the downstream area from Gola dam site up to Gola Barrages be declared as protected area for future fishery. The spawning grounds shall be protected for the required habitats for their existence by imposing ban on fishing. The option left behind for propagation of endangered Mahseer is either in/ex situ conservation by developing fish hatchery. The yearlings and fish seed produced is placed in the submergence zone for further improvement of the population. 8.6.2.2 Indiscriminate fishing in the reservoir area In search of free protein the labour, during the construction phase, may resort to fishing in the rivers. This will take a heavy toll on the aquatic population of fishes. Most of the economic fishes like Barilius bendelisis (Dhabuk), B. barila (Dhaur), Tor tor (Mahseer), T. Putitora (yellow finned Mahseer), Schizothorax richardsonii (Asela) etc. are pretty common in these waters. Migration for breeding is also a very common activity among these species. Proper arrangement will be made with the local fisheries department, so that the fisheries activities in the area are kept under check. Apart from angling, the use of explosives for fishing will be strongly deterred by the Dam administration. Supply of subsidized ration could also be distributed among the labours on special occasions, so that these practices are kept at bay. 8.6.3 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT DUE TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT
The proposed Gola dam project may poses potential impacts on the hydrology and water quality. The Nainital, Bhimtal and Nauckuchia tal gadera with high gradient leaving lesser chances for migrating fish to traverse upstream However, the ecological conditions of the catchment area provide scope for possibility of upward migration of fishes from Gola during monsoon when the water in Gola swells up. In the post Gola project scenario the migration of Tor sp may be affected or curtailed. However it is only 3-4 km stretch upstream in river Gola further the habitat fragmentation or under ground flow during summers naturally inhibit migration. All the endemic hill stream fishes will be put to threat due to habitat destruction such as loss of breeding grounds, spawning grounds, substratum, food and shelter by submergence of river bed and change in water chemistry from flowing water to impounded water. The possible negative and positive impacts inferred from the study are described as: 8.6.3.1 Negative Impacts
Dam construction will result in land use changes due to impoundment and transformation of lotic environment to lentic habitats. The modification of downstream river due to impoundment.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Regulation of stream flow during the migratory period can alter the seasonal and daily dynamics of migration. Regulation of a river can lead to a sharp decrease in a migratory population, or even to its complete elimination. 8.6.3.2 Positive Impact
Water temperature changes have often been identified as a cause of reduction in native species but in this case it may prove beneficial for introduction of endemic snow trout or mahseer. The proposed dam is mainly for storage of water for drinking and irrigation, therefore a minimum flow will remain in the river Gola throughout the year. This will facilitate the endemic fishery downstream as water availability is ensured throughout the year, which is dreg at present. The lotic habitat will change in to the lacustrine habitat which may be more beneficial from fishery point of as well because at present the area is not observed found supportive of significant fishery. Location of the National Cold Water Fishery Research Centre, Bhimtal, will facilitate promoting hatchery activity. 8.6.4 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS ON AQUATIC FAUNA The impact on aquatic fauna of the river Gola and its tributaries in upstream and downstream of the proposed Jamrani barrage site was assessed and predicted for construction phase and operational phase of the hydel power project. Construction phase Silt load will increase turbidity of flowing water downstream and deteriorate the physical and chemical quality of water. The settling of sediments on the substratum and flow of turbid water will cause loss of biodiversity. The deposition of sand and silt on the river banks will also damage the growth of riparian cover that provides shelter and foods for numerous insects. Operation phase The proposed environmental monitoring programme will improve the water quality. The proposed fisheries management plan will improve the endemic fishing. 8.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS 8.7.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE The socio-economic impacts in the construction phase will include the followings, (i) Influx of outside population, (ii) Increase in social competition, (iii) Generation of employment and (iv) Land Acquisition The impacts are described below in details.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
8.7.1.1 Influx of outside population The construction will require more or less approx. 600-700 labour in any parts of 6 years schedule. A rapid influx of 600 + persons will mean that within a certain span of time the pressure on the local infrastructures, like water, sewage, housing, roads and markets increases several folds. Moreover, the influx of external population is generally associated with the advent of social vices, creation of unsanitary conditions and illiteracy. Proper mitigation measures may be adopted with help from local NGOs working in the sectors of social up-liftment, sanitation & literacy drive. The only way to mitigate this impact is to (i) reduce the use of external labours and introduce the maximum nos. of local people (as semi-skilled and unskilled labour) in the construction process; and (ii) introduction of external labours in a phase-wise manner, leading to habituation of local people, and thus reducing the sudden surge in need of infrastructure in the region. 8.7.1.2 Increase in social competition By social competition will be increased, a conflict between the indigenous people, living with a meager handful with the affluent external population is meant. It is very difficult to cut an end to this type of uneven and /or biased competition other than engaging the local “son of the soil” into the Construction & Operation phase itself. 8.7.1.3 Generation of Employment The project construction phase will span for more than a six-year period. During this peak construction period, an average army of 600+ labours will be required. Even in the lean phase, this number will be around 200 strong. For wages and other benefits provisions of Minimal Wages Act, 1948 and further amendments brought to act, by Ministry of Labour Welfare, Govt. of India; CPWD and /or Uttrakhand PWD will be followed. Thus this project will bring upon a boon in the region, as the income generated though this project, will be distributed all over to the local region, bringing upon a cascading effect of Income Multiplier in the region and leading to subjective change in living condition & consumption pattern in the region. 8.7.1.4 Land Acquisition The total land to be acquired for the project is 67.39 ha. This will generate some major adverse impacts during the construction phase. The acquisition will be as per the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and its subsequent amendments till date as well as National Resettlement & Rehabilitation (R&R) Policy, 2006. Approx. 208 project affected families (PAFs) will be directly affected by the land acquisition procedure. They will loose land & home both. Outside of the submerged area approximately 20 ha of land in 9 villages will be acquired. Rehabilitation criteria shall be as per THDC norms circulated by Govt. of India vide letter No 19/18/96 Hydle-II dated 17-09-1996. According to which land should be provided to
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand rehabilitation. In lieu of land, structures etc. to be acquired cash payment shall be made for compensation. Providing each family, a cash compensation for 2 acres land at Govt. rates. There are 49 pucca & 80 kaccha houses in upstream area of Dam site for which cash compensation of Rs. 1,40,610/- and Rs. 71,940/- each respectively has been proposed. Additional compensation for pucca & kaccha houses has also been proposed @ Rs. 57225/-&44145/- respectively as THDC norms. Earlier land for settlement has been identified in the village Kalyanpur in tehsil: Sitarganj in Sampuranand jail Camp, which is about 11 km. from Sirarganj town in district Nainital itself. The land proposed to be acquires was owed by the State Home Department who has been requested to transfer the said land to the project authorities for rehabilitation purpose vide District Magistrate Nainital’s letter NO. Gyap/jamrani dated 21-8-1989. Again District Magistrate Nainital informed to Special Secretary (Irrigation-4) vide his letter dated 9.10.1995 that no land is available in this district other then jail Camp Sitarganj, but Home Ministry have refused to give any land at Sitarganj jail Camp. It’s most unfortunate that the happiness of certain human beings have to be sacrificed for the prosperity of thousand others downstream. It is well understood that the disbursement of compensation in terms of money and /or land is not a viable solution for a group of person, who have lost their land & home and might be trade for the project. However, if we consider that most of the PAPs are farmers by nature, and own small patches of mostly unfertile land in the hilly slopes of these villages, and will get handsome amount of compensation (in terms of money/land) and will settle down in mostly plain land in the downstream areas, most possibly in the fringe areas of Haldwani, Nainital and / or Kathgodam towns, the options of resettlement do not look that inhuman. Further to add onto this, most of the able bodied males of age beyond 20 in the area are engaged in secondary & tertiary sectors in the town level (mostly in Kathgodam & Haldwani), supporting their families from outside. Very few families are currently engaged in active cultivation. Thus loss of agricultural land shall not affect the families with extreme adversity. 8.8 POSITIVE IMPACTS The positive impacts due to improved human use environment, increased penetration of urbanization, employment generation, betterment in public health & increased access to communication. 8.8.1 PERCEIVED BENEFITS FROM DAMS The dam was perceived in order to provide fresh drinking water supply to the local population of expanding Haldwani & Kathgodam towns, and provide irrigation water through Golawar & Golapar canals to the Bhabhar (old alluvium) area, which has a derelict irrigation scenario. Thousands of locals will be benefited from this project.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
8.8.2 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES The project will benefit the people living in the neighboring villages by giving preference to them in relation to direct employment associated with the various project activities. However, most of the jobs will comprise of technical involvement hence the villagers can possibly be employed only in certain non-technical or casual labor jobs and that too for a limited duration. It is proposed that first preference will be given to people whose land is acquired and to their relatives. The next preference will be given to the poorer people and subsequently the other villagers. Considering this, the impact is significantly positive. 8.8.3 GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE AREA AND IMPACT ON THE LOCAL ECONOMY Since the drilling activities involve a large number of workers residing in the site area, there will be an obvious rise in the developmental and commercial activities of the region. Local business (e.g. suppliers of construction materials, shop owners of stationary and grocery shops of the nearby area) in this region is also expected to flourish. The proposed project is therefore likely to benefit the people living in the neighboring village by boosting the local economy. Additional expenditures incurred by those employed at the facility is likely to enhance the economy. 8.8.4 BETTERMENT IN ACCESS & PUBLIC HEATH The project will also result in betterment of access (better roads) with Haldwani & Kathgodam towns. This will increase the access the hospitals and nursing homes in the area. Moreover, it is possible that with the influx of technical & administrative staff, some small level dispensary facility may also come up in the area. This will also cater to the people of local villages and will increase their access to modern medicine. 8.9 WEIGHING OF IMPACTS Weighing & evaluation of impacts in terms of the benefits derived from the project against the cost of the project, becomes the purpose of the environmental impact assessment procedure. We have designed a matrix of 29 impacts described above, divided into 6 primary sectors affected by the project. These probable impacts arising from the project is evaluated in terms of (a) nature & (b) magnitude. Assessment of Nature of Impact: For evaluation purpose, the impacts arising from the project is evaluated into (i) beneficial and (ii) adverse impacts. Both are further sub-divided into (i) Long terms & (ii) short term effects. These temporal variables are still further divided into (i) direct & (ii) indirect effects. Assessment of Magnitude of Impact: the magnitude of the impact is assessed with the help of “+”sign. The intensity & extent of the impacts could be observed from the nos. of “+”signs. A single + denotes minor/insignificant impacts, 2 + signs denote moderate impact and 3 + signs denote considerable insignificant impacts.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report of Jamrani Dam Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation Department, Multipurpose Project Uttarakhand
Table 8.6: Impact Evaluation Matrix
Effects Beneficial Adverse Sector Action Long Terms Short Term Long Terms Short Term Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Land Impacts due to quarrying + Excavation of Construction material + Pollution due to construction spoils ++ Operation of construction ++ equipment Increased soil erosion ++ Construction of roads ++ + Solid waste generated from labour + camp Acquisition of land +++ Water Increase in turbidity of water + Release of liquid waste from labour + camp Discharge from Crushers + Change in hydrological regime +++ Change in groundwater regime ++ Sediment Transport Air Haulage of material by dumper + trucks Storage of loose raw material +
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report of Jamrani Dam Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Irrigation Department, Multipurpose Project Uttarakhand
Effects Beneficial Adverse Sector Action Long Terms Short Term Long Terms Short Term Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Operation of DG sets + Noise Operation of Construction + Equipment Operation of vehicles + Impacts of blasting +++ Ecology Pressure of local forests for fuel + wood Indiscriminate fishing + Loss of migration path + Habitat Fragmentation +++ Reproductive failure ++ Redevelopment of Species +++ Socio- Influx of outside population ++ Economic Increase in social competitions + Generation of employment +++
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Revised
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN for JAMRANI DAM MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT
Submitted to Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change New Delhi
Submitted by JAMRANI DAM CONSTRUCTION DIVISION-I, Irrigation Department, Kathgodam, Uttarakhand
October 2009 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 1-1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1-1 1.2 Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan ...... 1-2 1.2.1 Introduction ...... 1-2 1.2.2 The Catchment ...... 1-3 1.2.3 Thematic Mapping with Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) ...... 1-5 1.2.4 Silt Yield Index (SYI) Method ...... 1-6 1.2.5 Prioritization of Watersheds/Sub-watersheds: ...... 1-7 1.2.6 Watershed Management Approach: ...... 1-13 1.2.7 Project Period for Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan ...... 1-13 1.2.8 Objectives of CAT Plan ...... 1-14 1.2.9 Cost Allocation for CAT Plan ...... 1-18 1.3 Compensatory Afforestation Plan ...... 1-19 1.3.1 Element of schemes for compensatory a forestation ...... 1-20 1.3.2 Special Fund for Carrying Out Afforestation ...... 1-20 1.3.3 Agency for compensatory afforestation ...... 1-22 1.3.4 Nature of land provided for a forestation and species selected ...... 1-22 1.3.5 Cost Associated ...... 1-23 1.4 Biodiversity Management plan ...... 1-23 1.4.1 Terrestrial Ecology Management ...... 1-24 1.5 Wild life management plan ...... 1-25 1.6 Reservoir Rim Treatment (RRT) plan ...... 1-26 1.6.1 Biological slope protection measures ...... 1-28 1.6.2 Engineering Slope Protection Measures ...... 1-29 1.7 Green Belt Development Plan ...... 1-30 1.7.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1-30 1.7.2 GUIDELINES AND TECHNIQUES FOR GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT ...... 1-31 1.7.3 Species to be Planted ...... 1-32 1.7.4 Precautions during Plantation ...... 1-32 1.8 Fisheries Management Plan ...... 1-33 1.8.1 Potential of Upstream and Downstream Connectivity ...... 1-34 1.8.2 Collection and transportation facilities ...... 1-41 1.8.3 Stream Restoration ...... 1-41 1.8.4 Development of Reservoir fishery...... 1-42 1.8.5 The Habitat of the proposed dam site ...... 1-42 1.8.6 Fish Hatchery ...... 1-44 1.9 Muck Disposal Plan ...... 1-49 1.10 Vector & Vector Borne Diseases Mitigation Plan...... 1-50 1.10.1 Destruction of vector breeding locations: ...... 1-51 1.10.2 Low hygienic sense among villagers ...... 1-51 1.10.3 Lack of implementation of preventive measures against vectors ...... 1-51 1.10.4 Lack of basic sanitation & health facilities among the poorest ...... 1-52 1.11 Disaster Management Plan (DMP) ...... 1-53 1.11.1 Scenario Development: ...... 1-53 1.11.2 Management Plan ...... 1-54
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
1.11.3 Preventive Actions...... 1-58 1.12 Environment Monitoring Plan ...... 1-58 1.12.1 Land Compensation and Social Justice & Welfare ...... 1-58 1.12.2 Water Quality and Public Health ...... 1-59 1.12.3 Sedimentation and CAT Works Monitoring ...... 1-60 1.12.4 Air and Noise Quality Monitoring ...... 1-60 1.12.5 Establishment of Environmental Division ...... 1-61 CHAPTER 2 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN ...... 2-64 2.1 General ...... 2-64 2.2 Submergence Area ...... 2-64 2.2.1 Land ...... 2-64 2.2.2 Villages under submergence: ...... 2-64 2.2.3 Details of the land holding in submergence area:- ...... 2-65 2.2.4 Temporary affected Villages in downstream due to Constructional activities: 2-66 2.3 Need for Rehabilitation and its Extent ...... 2-67 2.4 Area Identified for Rehabilitation: ...... 2-67 2.5 Estimated Cost for Rehabilitation and Resettlement: ...... 2-68 2.6 Time Schedule for Action Plan: ...... 2-68 2.7 Provisions of Estimate ...... 2-69 2.8 R&R Benefits for Affected Families ...... 2-69 2.9 R& R Benefits for Project Affected Families Belonging to Schedule Tribes & Schedule Castes...... 2-72 2.10 Infrastructure facilities and basic amenities to be provided at resettlement zone .. 2-72 2.11 Estimate for resettlement of oustees ...... 2-73
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
CHAPTER 1 : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
1.1 INTRODUCTION The task of the assessor is not limited only to observing the baseline environment, or to determine the possible impacts, or to justify the significance of any impact. Mitigation of adverse impacts and the enhancement of the beneficial impacts are also a part and parcel of the job. This is possible only through the adaptation of a suitable Environment Management Plan (EMP), tailor made to the situation under question. A development project’s mitigation measures encompass all actions taken to eliminate, offset, or reduces potentially adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. Such measures are typically associated with the latter stages of project planning, although in practice they may occur at any stage throughout the project cycle. Mitigation measures aimed at eliminating, offsetting, or reducing adverse environmental impacts can have a range of objectives. Some of these are briefly defined below in approximate order of priority. The first priorities are avoidance or prevention of impacts, whereas the priority of the other categories is less rigid. . Avoidance Avoiding projects or activities that could result in adverse impacts; avoiding certain types of resources or areas considered to be environmentally sensitive. This approach is most effective when applied in the earliest stages of project planning. . Prevention Measures aimed at impeding the occurrence of negative environmental impacts and/or preventing such an occurrence having harmful environmental and social impact. . Preservation Preventing any future actions that might adversely affect an environmental resource or attribute. This is typically achieved by extending legal protection to selected resources beyond the immediate needs of the project. . Minimization Limiting or reducing the degree, extent, magnitude, or duration of adverse impacts. Mitigation can be achieved by scaling down, relocating, or redesigning elements of a project. . Rehabilitation Repairing or enhancing affected resources, such as natural habitats or water sources, particularly when previous development has resulted in significant resource degradation.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
. Restoration Restoring affected resources to an earlier (and possibly more stable and productive) state, typically “background/pristine” condition. . Compensation Creation, enhancement, or protection of the same type of resource at another location, to compensate for resources lost to development. These objectives have become the guiding principal for development of these specific environment management plans. Some data, presented in the environmental management plan (EMP) has been incorporated from the DPR and associative data obtained from Jamrani Bandh Nirman Khand-I, Dhamvadhunga, Khathgodam. Some data has bee obtained from various studies done by different agencies in the region. Some data was generated during the field visits and some during brainstorming sessions. The following discussions can be broadly divided into, 1) Catchment area treatment (CAT) Plan, 2) Compensatory afforestation plan (CAP), 3) Biodiversity Management Plan 4) Reservoir Rim Treatment (RRT) plan, 5) Green Belt development Plan 6) Fisheries Management Plan 7) Muck Disposal Plan 8) Plan for reducing Vector & Vector-borne Diseases 9) Disaster Management Plan 10) Environment Monitoring Plan (EMoP).
1.2 CATCHMENT AREA TREATMENT (CAT) PLAN 1.2.1 Introduction The catchment, in many ways, is the soul of the river. It provides the river necessary runoff during the monsoon; people inhabited in the river’s catchment use the water of the river for daily use. However, the same catchment provides a load of eroded soil & silty material, as well - 3- as nutrients, like Nitrogen (as NO3 ), Phosphorous (as P3O4 ) & Potash (in various alkaline salt forms). Thus the catchment can accord both life & death to the dam & its reservoirs. A comprehensive catchment area treatment plan was formulated by the Jamrani Dam Project, Irrigation Department, Kathgodam, Uttrakhand in 2006. This section throws light to the relevant sections of the plan, in light of the baseline environmental issues & impacts predicted thereupon.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
1.2.2 The Catchment Location and Extent: - The catchment area of Jamrani Dam project constitutes of a smaller hydrological unit of 2 B 4 Catchment of Ganga Basin encompassing an area of 45038 ha. It is spread 29km. towards in the north -south direction and 18km towards west-East direction. The proposed dam site is located near Jamrani Village 10km.U/S from Gola barrage at Kathgodam (Nainital) Uttarakhand. Geographically, the area is located between 29°13 '20"N latitudes and 79°31'30" to 79° 49' 36" E longitudes. Topography: The entire catchment is hilly and the valley is narrow. A number of nalas drain these extensive land mass to the Gola River. The catchment area is located between the altitudes 1200 - 2400m from mean sea level. The mountains have steeply sloping ridges and are moderately to strongly sloping foot slopes. The intermountain valley sides are having gentle to strong sloping river terraces. Nearly 50% of the area has sloped greater then 27° The catchment area is represented' by the survey of India Topographical maps 53 0/11,0/12,0/15 and 53 0/16 of 1:50,000 scale. The area can be approached by Delhi- Kathgodam-Bhimtal-Lohaghat road. The Gola River originates from Punagarh, situated on the boundary of dist. Almora & Nainital flows through Jamrani, Khanyun, Hairakhan and Jamrani village. The catchment area is drained by Gola river and its tributaries mainly by Kalsa river and Luger Gad. A number of natural springs in the region keep the river perennial. Gola is not a snow fed river. The over all drainage patterns is subdendritic and have excessive relief. Geology:- The entire catchment of Jamrani Dam Comprising the sub- basins of Kalsa in north - west of the Lugar Gad, in south-west and mains of Gola and its tributaries entend over the outer Himalayan authochthonous Shiwalik as well as in the lesser Himalaya. The main dam is located on the Shiwalik rocks comprising of hard, compact, medium to line grained sand store with alternate bands of clay. The Shiwalik are located in southern portion of catchment and are separated by Main Boundary Thrust. The northern region of the catchment which is located in lesser Himalaya comprises rocks of all ochthonous units. at the Jaunsar Group of the Krol Nappe. For the purpose of the preparation of CAT plan, catchment area has been delineated using topographical sheets and satellite imageries (RS imagey). The plan area of the catchment is 45000 ha while for land use calculations, area of the catchment has been used as 55053 ha which has been arrived at using digital elevation model (DEM) i.e. area along the slopes of the drainage area. The Area of Interest (AOI) as described above falls in satellite scene (Path-98, Row-50). The data has been procured in raw digital format and has been geo-referenced using Survey of India 1:50,000 scale and 1:250,000 scale topographical sheets with the help of standard data preparation techniques in ERDAS IMAGINE software. The interpretation of geo- referenced satellite data has been done using standard enhancement techniques, ground checks and experiences of qualified professionals.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Table 1.1: Landuse classification for the catchment area at dam site
No. Landuse Category Area in ha Area in percentage Dense Vegetation 1 25622.41 46.54 (Crown Cover Density > 40 %) Medium Vegetation 2 14167.68 25.73 (Crown Cover Density 10 - 40 %) Light Vegetation (Degraded) 3 5696.93 10.35 (Crown Cover Density < 10 %) 4 Agricultural Land 5120.04 9.30 5 Scrubs/Bushes 2234.24 4.06 6 River bed/Barren Areas 815.86 1.48 7 Water Bodies 24.93 0.05 8 Settlement/Built-up Areas 1370.90 2.49 Total 55053.00 100.00 Slope map has been generated through standard triangulation techniques (TIN) using digitized all contours at 40 m interval derived from Survey of India (SOI) 1:50,000 topographical sheets for the catchment area at dam site. The platforms used are ArcView/MapInfo Professional/ ERDAS Imagine for the purpose. The raster slope map was converted to vector form for further use. The slope map has been prepared dividing slope classes into slope percentages and has been presented in Annexure to this report. The areas falling under various standard slope categories have been tabulated below in Table 1-2.
Table 1.2: Areas falling under different slope categories
Slope category (percentage) Area in ha Area in percentage 0-1 264.33 0.48 1-3 1001.64 1.82 3-5 1025.67 1.86 5-10 2605.25 4.73 10-15 2176.67 3.95 15-25 4356.68 7.91 25-33 4845.18 8.80 33-50 13513.52 24.55 > 50 25264.06 45.89 Total 55053.00 100 The catchment area at dam site has been divided into small grids of 25m*25m. The vector layer so generated of 25 m grid size was updated by landuse / land cover details, soil information and slope values in MapInfo Professional software using different maps as generated above. It could be seen that approx. 45% of the catchment area has >50% slope. Thus the possibilities of erosion is maximum in these regions as the velocity of runoff will be directly proportional to the 1 slope (from Manning’s equation V * R0.67 * S 0.5 ) and so shall be the carriage of suspended n material.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
1.2.3 Thematic Mapping with Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) Soil loss has then been calculated in tons/acre/annum for each grid using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) through information derived from updated grids with the help of a customized computer software/program. The general form of RUSLE is: A = R*K*LS*C*P Where, A = soil loss, tons/acre/annum R = Rainfall erosion index = 0.0219*p2.2 where p is 2 year, 6 hr rainfall in inches K = soil erodibility factor, tons/acre per unit of R LS = slope length and steepness factor, dimensionless C = vegetative cover factor, dimensionless P = erosion control practice factor, dimensionless A thematic map has been prepared using these calculated soil erosion values for delineating areas prone to soil erosion in the catchment area. The map encompasses an entire 25 km radius area taking the dam axis at its centre. It could be seen from the map that the soil type encompassing the area immediately adjacent to the dam is moderately deep, excessively drained, loamy skeletal soils on steep slopes, subjected to moderate erosion/or having moderate erosive potentials. The soil type in immediate vicinity (probably the well drained flood plains and /or banks) is deep, well drained fine loamy soil with low erosive potential. In total the total area (25 km2 radius = 1962.5 km2 area) has been divided into a total of 19 classes of different texture, drainage, depth, slope & erosive potential based on RS image & AISLUS map. The slope map of the catchment area developed through RS imagery is given below:
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Figure 1.1: Slope Map of Catchment Area 1.2.4 Silt Yield Index (SYI) Method The Silt Yield Index (SYI) is defined as the Yield per unit area and SYI value for hydrologic unit is obtained by taking the weightage arithmetic mean over the entire area of the hydrologic unit by using suitable empirical equation. In `Silt Yield Index’ (SYI), method the terrain is subdivided into various watersheds and the erodibility is determined on relative basis. SYI provides a comparative erodibility criteria of catchment (low, moderate, high, etc.) and do not provide the absolute silt yield. SYI method is widely used mainly because of the fact that it is easy to use and has lesser data requirement. Moreover, it can be applied to larger areas like sub-watersheds, etc. The Silt Yield Index Model (SYI), considering sedimentation as product of erosivity, erodibility and arial extent was conceptualized in the All India Soil and Land Use Survey (AISLUS) as early
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand as 1969 and has been in operational use since then to meet the requirements of prioritization of smaller hydrologic units within river valley project catchment areas. The erosivity determinants are the climatic factors and soil and land attributes that have direct or reciprocal bearing on the unit of the detached soil material. The relationship can be expressed as: Soil erosivity = f (Climate, physiography, slope, soil parameters, land use/land cover, soil management) 1.2.5 Prioritization of Watersheds/Sub-watersheds: The prioritization of smaller hydrologic units within the vast catchments is based on the Silt Yield Indices (SYI) of the smaller units. The boundary values or range of SYI values for different priority categories are arrived at by studying the frequency distribution of SYI values and locating the suitable breaking points. The watersheds/sub watersheds are subsequently rated into various categories corresponding to their respective SYI values. The sub-watershed map developed from the RS imagery study & slope aspect analysis is given below.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Figure 1.2: Prioritization of Sub-watershed based on RS imagery Study The application of SYI model for prioritization of sub-watersheds in the catchment areas involves the evaluation of: a) Climatic factors comprising total precipitation, its frequency and intensity, b) Geomorphic factors comprising land forms, physiographic, slope and drainage characteristics, c) Surface cover factors governing the flow hydraulics and d) Management factors. The data on climatic factors can be obtained for different locations in the catchment area from the meteorological stations whereas the field investigations are required for estimating the other attributes. The various steps involved in the application of model are:
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
- Preparation of a framework of sub-watersheds through systematic delineation - Rapid reconnaissance surveys on 1:50,000 scale leading to the generation of a map indicating erosion-intensity mapping units. - Assignment of weightage values to various mapping units based on relative silt-yield potential. - Computing Silt Yield Index for individual watersheds/sub-watersheds. - Grading of watersheds/sub-watersheds into very high, high medium, low and very low priority categories. The area of each of the mapping units is computed and silt yield indices of individual sub- watersheds are calculated using the following equations: Silt Yield Index calculations: n A *W SYI = ii i *100 i1 Aw Where, th Ai = Area of i unit (EIMU) th Wi= Weightage value of i mapping unit n = No. of mapping units
Aw= Total area of sub-watershed. SYI has been calculated based on the methodology developed by All India Soil & Landuse Survey (AIS &LUS). Each erosion unit was assigned a weightage that indicates the relative erosion intensity. A factor k, rated as an inertia factor signifying equilibrium between erosion and deposition is assigned a value of 10. Any addition to this factor is indicative of erosion roughly in proportion to the added factor whereas the subtraction is suggestive of deposition possibilities. SYI values for each sub-watershed marked within the catchment area was calculated using assigned weightages. A map of prioritization of different sub-watersheds has been prepared highlighting priority categories as per following criteria: SYI Values Priority > 1300 Very high 1200-1299 High 1100-1199 Medium 1000-1099 Low <1000 very low Also the above data have been tabulated highlighting SYI values and areas of each sub- watershed as given in Table 1-3.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Table 1.3:: Prioritization of sub-watersheds
Sub-Watershed Area in ha SYI Value Priority W1 1328 1052 Low W2 2432 1301 Very high W3 1106 916 Very low W4 2465 1198 Medium W5 679 879 Very low W6 1369 1234 High W7 1778 1286 High W8 953 1181 Medium W9 3241 1187 Medium W10 2426 1091 Low W11 1146 1026 Low W12 1877 980 Very low W13 1798 1042 Low W14 2934 1234 High W15 3340 1191 Medium W16 1515 1005 Low W17 2087 1165 Medium W18 1521 1214 High W19 1701 1218 High W20 2444 1010 Low W21 717 1355 Very high W22 1195 1261 High W23 2579 1080 Low W24 1497 1122 Medium W25 2041 1128 Medium W26 2144 1234 High W27 3795 1023 Low W28 2945 1008 Low Total 55053
Keeping in view the erosion categorization indicated in the table above, area under different intensities of erosion is estimated to be:
Table 1.4 : Prioritization of Catchment Area
Sr. No. Priority Type of Watershed Area (in Ha) % of Area 1. Very High 3149 5.72 2. High 12642 22.96
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Sr. No. Priority Type of Watershed Area (in Ha) % of Area 3. Medium 15624 28.38 4. Low 19976 36.29 5. Very Low 3662 6.65 Total 55053 100.00
Thus it could be seen that only 5.72% of the total catchment area is under “very high” erosive potential, 22.96% area in under “high” erosive potential and 28.38% area in under “medium” erosive potential. Thus approx. 57% of the total catchment area is under clear and present threat from soil erosion. The Jamrani Dam Construction division has also taken help from AISLUS report on Detailed soil survey and land use of 2B4C2a, 2B4C2b, 2B4C2h, 2B4C2j, 2B4C2t, 2B4C2u & 2B4C2z sub- watershed of the catchment of the Jamrani Irrigation Project, Tehsil: Dhari & Nainital, Dist: Nainital, U.P. dt. June 1996. The sub-watershed map generated and prioritized is given below.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Figure 1.3: Prioritization of Sub-water sheds (Marked in numbers) based on Soil Erosion potential as per AISLUS classification Watershed management is the optimal use of soil and water resources within a given geographical area so as to enable sustainable production. It implies changes in land use, vegetative cover, and other structural and non-structural actions that are taken in a watershed
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand to achieve specific watershed management objectives. The overall objectives of watershed management program are to: Increase infiltration into soil; Control excessive runoff; Manage and utilize runoff for useful purpose 1.2.6 Watershed Management Approach: The watershed management measures have been classified under the following categories:
Biological measures Engineering measures Socio-economical methods Biological Measures The various measures covered in this category are:-
Afforestation Pasture Development Vegetated Waterways Engineering measures The various erosion control measures in this category are:-
Gully plugging Contour cultivation Contour bunding Graded bunding Socio-economical methods: The various erosion control measures in this category are:-
Development of better agricultural methods Development of pasture land Ensuring plantation in social/common land as a mean of livelihood restoration 1.2.7 Project Period for Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan The total period has been divided into 9 years. The first phase of the project will span for 5 years and the second phase will span for next 4 years. Understanding that the volume of work is massive in nature, the total work cannot be finished up in a 9 year period. Only the area demanding extreme priority can be finished up in the 9 year period. In the later phases, the pending works of the afforestation, social forestry, change in agricultural methods and animal husbandry practices.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
1.2.8 Objectives of CAT Plan
1.2.8.1 Long Term Objectives 1) To stop deforestation & subsequent soil loss by resorting to afforestation & together soil conservation methods in these water sheds 2) To rehabilitate gradually the tree & shrub in a sustaining manner by ensuring that villagers fodder & fuel need are met by the choice of suitable option. 3) To reduce silt & debris flow to the dam reservoir for enhancing its lifespan 4) To develop conditions and infrastructure for economic upliftment of the people through employment generation and increased production from agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, sericulture, & related activities etc. 5) To develop a mode of assessment of achievements and the lessons learnt in tackling integrated watershed management
1.2.8.2 Short term objectives The short term objectives to the project are as follows: 1) To increase productivity of private land so as to meet the present requirement for food, fodder & fuel thereby improving the quality of life. 2) While high yielding variety of seed, pesticides, and artificial fertilizers do increase the productivity, the inputs are neither always available, nor affordable. Hence, other means which depend on the existing and sustainable inputs will be tried out on a pilot basis. 3) Where slopes are too steep to warrant practice of agriculture, a change of landuse will be encouraged in consultation with the landholders. 4) As the productivity of agriculture land is so intimately linked with sufficient manuring, ready availability of the fodder, for stall feeding of cattle is significant, so as to conserve the farmyard manure. 5) Availability of fodder & availability of labour to collect the fodder are the preconditions to be established, as well awareness raising among and incentives to farm women. 6) Training of motivated veterinarians who can approach farmers and farm women and provide services and advise at their doorstep free of charge under an extension program. Improve nutrition and management must depend on changing local condition b-fittings the local socio-economic structure. 7) Rehabilitate the uncultivated lands such as Forest department land, soyam land and other non-institutional land in such a way that the fodder and fuel are met locally. 8) Soil capacity for water retention can increased through construction of earth bunds along the contours where slopes are to be afforested, whether it is forest department land or civil/soyam land. Intermittent roads of hedged along counters must consist of palatable shrubs, suitable as fodder. Contour bunding and hedges would serve to retain water and conserve the soil, as soil will be arrested along the hedges. Hedges of
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
fodder shrubs will be of more immediate value to the local population then the trees, which will be useful for fuel wood and small timber in the long run. 9) Land slides are checked on a priority basis, where these may threaten agriculture land, valuable installations and communication systems etc. 10) To rehabilitate such lands in view of the rights and obligations of people and Govt. in the various legal categories of land and to established joint management plans with the defined social units (Villages Panchayats) from the very beginning ensuring internal consensus. 11) Create awareness among farmers and farm women of the objectives of environmental rehabilitation. 12) Distribution of intermediate and long term products from the afforested lands with equity.
1.2.8.3 Catchment Area Treatment Approach Catchment area treatment measures are essential for conservation of soil, for maintaining and enhancing productivity in the catchment area, and for reduction of sediment load flowing through the river and its tributaries. These measures assist in maintaining equable flows in streams and its tributaries. The development strategies for advanced watershed management plan include (priority wise): 1) Land Use Policy 2) Forestry (including social forestry) 3) Soil & water conservation & management 4) Grassland development & livestock management 5) Horticulture 6) Agriculture
1.2.8.4 Land use Policy Detailed surveys for land use inventories and land capability classifications should be carried out for each micro-watershed to identify and demarcate land suitable for agriculture/horticulture/ pasture/ forest. Agriculture should be practiced only on land with less than 30% slope. The land having 30-50% slope may be used for horticulture / fodder development in case it is not already covered by forest area. All land having more than 50% slope should be brought under permanent grass cover The micro-watershed draining directly into the dam reservoir should be as far as possible kept under tree cover Necessary legislative measure must also initiated for such conservation drives 1.2.8.5 Forestry Survey in the watershed area shows that an appreciable portion of the forest area, is poorly stocked or is totally devoid of tree growth and is therefore prone to excessive soil erosion.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
About 53% forest land is subjected to moderate soil erosion, and about 22% to severe erosion. Thus in order to save the watershed the forest land must be brought under meticulous soil conservation management programme, encompassing of both biological & engineering slope protection & soil erosion management schemes. The forest & blank area, wherever erosion is severe, required to undergo detailed planning in terms of plantation.
1.2.8.6 Horticulture: As already mentioned the agricultural land with slope over 30% should be brought under horticulture, there is a vast potential of increasing production of fruits in this watersheds. Fruit crop production can play a prominent role in the economy of this area. Strategy for increased fruit production must emphasize on increased productivity / unit area rather than increase in area.
1.2.8.7 Grassland Development & Livestock Management The fodder resources in the watershed have been badly depleted, the hill slopes have been rendered bare and the animal nutrition therefore is very poor. To bring in any improvement in the livestock production, fodder resources are to be improved. Due to tiny & fragmented holdings there is little scope of growing fodder exclusively on these holdings. Community grazing lands are mostly barren patches and civil / soyam forests have been denuded. The only source of fodder is crop byproducts or looping from forest trees. To generate fodder resource, therefore community grazing lands and forest plants will have to be planted with suitable forage species. These grazing lands will require periodic tests and closure to grazing for generation of useful grasses.
Apart from grass land development works the following supportive programme will have to be undertaken: Procurement & multiple action of seeds of improved grasses & legumes and establishment of grassland research centers Genetic up gradation of existing livestock through cross breeding and replacing unproductive poor cattle by buffalos Encouraging stall feeding, grass harvesting and hay makes to increase the efficiency of fodder utilization. Encouraging poultry farming, rearing of rabbits for meat and wool Developing infrastructure for dairy cooperatives, marketing & supply of daily & poultry feeds etc. Strengthening of veterinary centers & extension services
1.2.8.8 Agriculture About 21% of the watershed area is under cultivation, which includes a lot of marginal land, suitable for cultivation. The productivity of crops, is envisaged to be low because of low inputs and faulty methods of production. Productivity in irrigated as well as un-irrigated land will be increased substantially by balanced use of advanced seeds, fertilizers, plant protection measures & the area can be turned as the producer of fruit, fodder & food. The plan is
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand considered necessary for development of agriculture in the watershed is as follows:
Transfer of area with >30% slope from agriculture to horticulture and forage production Improvement of terraces and introduction of conservation farming & better crop rotation. Making improved seed, fertilizers and insecticides, etc. available readily at subsidized rates Adopting water harvesting techniques in rain fed areas, and encouraging proper management of irrigation water Crop diversification for providing higher economic return to farmers, e.g. introducing soya bean in the up land areas of Ragi cultivation, growing of high value crops like vegetables, flower, medicinal plants & mushrooms etc., in areas having assured irrigation and easy accessibility in the valleys. Developing seed production & distribution centers as well as marketing facilities for high value crops Strengthening of research, extension & advisory services.
1.2.8.9 Soil and water conservation Improving the vegetable cover on the hill slope, use of land according to its capability, and systematic treatment of different areas by soil and water conservation measures should receive a high priority in the water shed management works. The micro- watersheds draining directly into the dam reservoir should be kept on a top priority to check silt and debris running into the reservoir. The crucial areas needing immediate treatment should be identified e.g. the micro watersheds draining into the first order streams or the main rivers, and those watersheds be treated in the first phase itself. The treatment of the watersheds must start from the top and would include construction of engineering structures like check dams etc., developing of cultivated areas, stabilization of bunds area through use of vegetation, rehabilitation of the denuded forests, development of grassland, and the stabilization of roads and stream banks etc. There is a substantial linkage between soil and water conservation and agriculture production. Stream borne erosion is a specific problem of watershed, torrent training and correction through design of vegetative and engineering structures is for the check widening of the torrent channels and the silt loads in the steams. Similarly, the land needs special treatment.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
1.2.9 Cost Allocation for CAT Plan
Table 1.5: Budgetary Allocation Table for CAT plan
Sl. No. Project Component Year Sectoral 1 2 3 4 5 Total (Rs. In Lac) 1. Forestry 103.3 182.56 193.5 191.05 44.25 714.66 2. Horticultural Activities 11.2 15.79 15.79 11.2 2.00 55.98 3. Agricultural Activities 36.19 43.35 41.7 36.44 6.48 164.16 4. Animal Husbandry 26.47 36.74 33.96 33.96 11.98 143.11 5. Soil Conservation Activities 104.61 141.44 142.74 110.90 46.73 546.48 6. Minor Irrigation 46.69 73.48 73.48 50.37 15.57 259.59 7. Energy Conservation 24.98 26.71 26.71 24.98 5.5 108.88 8. Farm Forestation 0.073 0.073 0.073 0.073 0.038 0.33 Yearly Total 354.513 522.143 530.953 462.973 137.548 1993.19
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
1.3 COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION PLAN
Jamrani Multipurpose Dam Project consists of Construction of a 130 meter high Roller Compacted Concrete dam on river Gola about 10 km. u/s of Kathgodam in District Nainital. The water stores in the reservoir is to be utilized in the lean period for irrigation and other purposes like drinking water in rural Bhabar area and Haldwani town and power generation etc. The construction of dam shall create a reservoir behind it which shall be submerging about 386 hectares of land in a stretch of about 10 km length along the river Gola and 2 km along Lugar gad. The average width of reservoir will be about 400 m. The reservoir shall be submerging notified forest land, gram samaj land and cultivated land as under in 6 villages. An index map of the project area showing submergence and work areas is enclosed.
Table 1.6: Break up of land acquired
Type of Land Area (Ha) 1. Reserved Forest 120.13 2. Van panchayat 62.78 3. Benap or Gram Samaj Bhumi including river bed 155.60 4. Nap or cultivated land 47.39 385.9 The above land is affected in villages Paniabor, Ganrad, Pasrola, Murkudia, Udwa and Tilwari. Some more land shall be required u/s as well as in d/s of dam for various purposes as construction of haul roads, stacking construction materials, store, sheds, batching plant, project activities for which exact assessment is still to be done. The land required for these purposes may be of various sizes as assessed for reservoir and main dam. The construction of dam and appurtenant works as indicated above shall be necessitating acquisition of forest land as well as cultivated Land. The diversion of forest land for non-forest shall be governed by Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, wherein the most important role is to compensate for loss of the forest Area. Under the Forest (Conservation) Act the compensatory forestation provision is described as below:- The Forest (conservation) Rules, 1981 prescribes that steps proposed to be taken to compensate for the loss of forest area should be specified while making proposals for degeneration or diversion of forest land to non-forest use. Compensatory a forestation is one of the most important condition stipulated by the Government of India in approving proposals for degeneration or diversion of forest land to non-forest use therefore, it would be essential that with all the proposal for degeneration or diversion of forest land for non-forest use, a
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
comprehensive scheme for compensatory forestation is formulated and submitted to the Government of India. 1.3.1 Element of schemes for compensatory a forestation The scheme for compensatory a forestation should consider the following details.
Delineation of proposed area on suitable map. Agency responsible for afforestation. Details of work schedule proposed for compensatory afforestation. Provision of funds and the mechanism to ensure that the will be unlisted for raising afforestation. Details of proposed monitoring mechanism, Land identified for compensatory afforestation to be transferred to the forest department equivalent non-forest land identified for the purpose are to be transferred to the control of the sate forest department so that the plantation raised can be maintained permanently. The transfer must take place prior to the commencement of project. The forestation should be specifically identifiable as related to the project. It should be adjacent to another forest area and should be clearly an additional plantation activity and not a diversion of a part of the annul plantation programme. 1.3.2 Special Fund for Carrying Out Afforestation The state/UT Government should create a special fund to which the individual agency will make their deposits for compensatory a forestation. The forest Department or any other agency which is assigned the job of compensatory a forestation should be able to fully draw this fund for the afforestation activity envisaged. It has also been emphasized in the guidelines on land transfer cases under forest conservation Act. 1980 issued by forest department U.P. that for compensatory a forestation non-forest land is not available in the district conserving the project the land may be made available anywhere in the state. The project necessitates land acquisition for main dam reservoir area and other miscellaneous works, like construction of roads camps stores place for material stacking, construction of coffer dam etc The land required for above miscellaneous purposes belongs to forest department (Reserved forest land) revenue department (Van Panchayat and Gram Samaj Bhumi) and to private cultivators the major quantum of land shall be needed for reservoir submergence area and construction of main dam.
400 Ha. for submergence area in reservoir
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
300 Ha. Land for miscellaneous works needs in U/s and D/s of dam site like construction of colonies, haul roads stores batching and mixing plant and quarrying the construction materials from river bed in D/s of dam. It was also insisted by the forest department that all banjar, parti land and river bed land belonging to revenues department which has to be acquired for construction of the project shall also be treated as forest land and equivalent land has to be provided by the department to forest department for compensatory afforestation. Hence while making assessment for compensatory land, this provision was kept in the estimate and accordingly efforts were made for arrangement of land in spite of the best efforts the above compensatory afforestation land could not be arranged in district Udham Singh Nagar. However with great efforts 590.816 hect Gram samaj land has been taken in tahsil Sandila distt. Hardoi, in consultation with D.F.O. Hardoi, which was thought sufficient the process of transfer of land of D.F.O. Hardoi by the revenue department is complete. The details of land taken at Hardol is given below (Table 1-7)
Table 1.7 : Village wise Afforestation Plan
Name of Village Area allocated for Afforestation (ha) 1. Lonahara 240.366 2. Sanai 47.66 3. Khazona 32.325 4. Kamipur 67.159 5. Gosavadonga 104.587 6. Berua 69.860 7. Usraha 28.859 Total 590.816 Out of 590.816 ha land only 380 ha land is needed for aforestation. In village Lonahara only 134.13 ha land is required instead of 240-366 ha. A total of 32.325 ha and 69.860 ha land of the villages Khazaona & Berua respectively not required now. In village Usraha only 26.457 ha land has been taken instead of 28.859 ha. Thus 379.99 ha. say 380 ha land is now necessary for compensatory a forestation in Hardoi. The detailed land classes of different categories of reservoir area have now been prepared as detailed below.
Table 1.8 : Division of Afforestation Land
Sl. No. Type of Land Area (ha) 1. Reserved forest land 120.13 2. Van Panchayat Bhumi 62.28 3. Banjarparti and river bed land 155.60
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Sl. No. Type of Land Area (ha) 4. Cultivated land ( Land cases under preparation) 47.39
In above land categories only (a) and (b) category land is the forest land. Category (c) land was previously considered as forest land but now a clarification has been received form Revenues department U.P. Govt vide G.O. No.143/30/75 (348) R-6 Rajasva-6 Anubhag -Locknow dated 21st July, 1989 that the said land is Nap Bhumi and compensatory land shall not be required against this land. For other appurtenant works of the project against total land requirement of 100 Ha considered earlier 50 Ha forest land has now been considered sufficient Thus total forest land 120.13+62.78+50.00=232.91 Ha. only shall now be acquired for reservoir dam and appurtenant works which would necessitate compensatory afforestation and the same shall be provided in village Sanai, Godwandonga, Usraha. and Kamipur totaling area of 248.265 hectares. The balance land 342.551 Ha. acquired in district Hardoi in village Lonahara, Khaohara and Berua shall be Kept reserved for future requirements of project or on other projects of the department. 1.3.3 Agency for compensatory afforestation The land for compensatory afforestation taken in district Hardoi has been –selected in consultation with division director social forestry, Forest Division, Hardoi the necessary directions have been issued to this division by forest Department, U.P. Govt and Head of Department forest U.P. Lucknow for taking up this work on priority. The D.F.O. Hardoi has prepared an afforestation plan which shall be completed in 4 year form the date of transfer of land to them and funds made available. 1.3.4 Nature of land provided for a forestation and species selected The proposed plantation under equivalent compensatory a forestation scheme shall be needed only in 235 Ha. Area as indicated in pare 1.5 above most of the land taken for compensatory a forestation is ‘usar’ in nature having ph value 9-11 required ‘usar’ treatment the land acquired is available in small plots having irregular boundary but attempt has been made to made chaks of 10-12 ha area by combining number of plots. To check the encroachment by villagers on land so acquired proper demarcation of land by fixing boundary pillars and making trenches o boundary is proposed. In usar land plantation of Babool and Prosopis spp. and in light usar soil plantation of Arjuna, Kanji, Siras, Aukesia, Auricle has been proposed by forest Department.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
The entire work is proposed to be completed in 4 year. It is proposed to plant 2000 plants per hectare. Provision of proper watch and ward has also been made in the plan. For successful plantation the forest department shall be engaging some additional staff and shall be purchasing some equipment like truck, tractor, pumps etc for provision for above has also been made by them in the plan. 1.3.5 Cost Associated The cost component for Afforestation has been calculated as below:
Table 1.9: Total Cost for Afforestation Purpose
SL No. Item of work Amount (in INR Lakhs)
1. Cost of surveying fixing boundary pillars, digging trenches 6.14 etc @ rs. 1615.00 per Ha. For 235 Ha. 2. Plantation cost including maintenance @ Rs. 67700/- per 333.26 Ha. For 388 Ha. Total 339.4
The above amount is proposed to be made available to the forest Department in 4 installments as per their yearly requirement. The complete cost of Afforestation is given below in Table.
Table 1.10: Complete Cost Estimate of Compensatory Afforestation
SL No. Item of work Amount (in INR Lakhs) Surveying fixing level pillars and signboards in 1. 11.23 Reservoir area and at Dam site Cost of land 590.816 Ha. At Hardoi for compensatory 2. 14.49 a forestation 3. Cost of compensatory a forestation in 380 Ha. Land 349.40
Total 375.12
4. Add: 2% contingency and 1.5% W.C Estt 12.34
Grand Total 377.46
1.4 BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN
The loss of biodiversity has attracted the global attention for more than a decade. As human impact on the environment has intensified, more attention was directed at finding ways to preserve the existing biodiversity. Effective management of biodiversity resources requires accurate and up-to-date information, especially time series data, to guide park managers in
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
making appropriate decision. Much has been written about the need for information in areas needing protection. The base line assessment provides information about the existing resources. 1.4.1 Terrestrial Ecology Management The project area is less vegetated at the bottom of Gola river valley and the forest area present only on the hillside. As per site investigation by the ecological expert, there is no specific plants or trees species is present in the valley in the submergence area. The terrestrial ecology present in the submergence area is well developed outside the project area at top of hill or within 10 km radius of the project. Hence, no impacts associated with loss of forest or habitats of wild animals are involved. The vegetation in the vicinity of the proposed project area is scattered composed of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate vegetation. Sal Shorea robusta,Teak Tectona grndis, Melia indica, Mallotus philippensis, Bischoffia javanica, Terminalia chebula, T.arjuna, T.bellerica, Holoptelia integrifolia, Albizia procera and Bombax ceiba. chir-pine (Pinus roxburghii); chir-pine-banj-oak (Quercus leucotrichophora & Pinus roxburghii, Pyrus pashia, Symplocos chinenses, Lyonia ovalifolia, Glochidion velutinum, Accordingly, an integrated management plan was evolved for better management and biodiversity conservation.
Eco-development Eco-development initiative needs to be encouraged in nearby areas. The ecotourism should promote in villages for long-term conservation of habitat and landscape.
Awareness and Education Mass awareness program in nearby areas should be exercised. The banners and posters should be distributed and fixed along the road for making aware the pilgrimage. The Awareness will help in minimize human-wild life conflicts.
Monitoring of Mammals and Aves Population The population of mammals which found rare in the project area and aves in the influence zone should be recorded at different sites at regular interval. This will assist in decision making to maintain the existing population.
Management Practices In order to achieve effective management of the ecosystem, the following practices should be considered:
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Keeping the labour camps away from the project site and to supply cooking fuel to labour in order to prevent tree felling in the project area.
Cutting of the existing trees from the submergence area under the supervision of forest department.
Ensuring that no illegal felling of trees outside the submergence takes places.
Avoiding /minimizing the movement of vehicles and excessive blowing of horn and lighting during night time to avoid disturbances to the existing wild animals in the vicinity of the active project areas.
Carrying out timber logging to retrieve the valuable timber and vegetation from submerged area.
Undertaking strict law enforcement for conservation of wildlife living or breeding along the shoreline of the reservoir. 1.5 WILD LIFE MANAGEMENT PLAN
The project area is less vegetated at the bottom of Gola river valley and the forest area present only on the hillside. As per site investigation by the ecological expert, there are no specific plants or trees species is present in the valley in the submergence area. The terrestrial ecology present in the submergence area is well developed outside the project area at top of hill or within 10 km radius of the project. Hence, no impacts associated with loss of forest or habitats of wild animals are involved. The vegetation in the vicinity of the proposed project area is scattered composed of tropical, sub-tropical and temperate vegetation. Sal Shorea robusta, Teak Tectona grndis, Melia indica, Mallotus philippensis, Bischoffia javanica, Terminalia chebula, T.arjuna, T.bellerica, Holoptelia integrifolia, Albizia procera and Bombax ceiba. chir-pine (Pinus roxburghii); chir-pine-banj-oak (Quercus leucotrichophora & Pinus roxburghii, Pyrus pashia, Symplocos chinenses, Lyonia ovalifolia, Glochidion velutinum, In terrestrial faunal study approximately 17 species of butterflies; 65 species of birds; Twenty species of mammals and Seven species of reptiles were recorded in the impact zone of the proposed dam site (10 km radius), in the present survey carried out in pre monsoon and during monsoon’ 09. Evidence of globally threatened species was not found in the dam site. None of the other species sampled are threatened globally.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Based on the findings of the detailed surveys that are proposed during monsoon season, a management plan will be written focusing on the habitat utilization and their population status will be made for there conservation. It is therefore logical that a comprehensive assessment of flora and fauna be carried out in the impact zone including, their population estimates seasonality habitat and habitat dependence and food preference, migratory routes of wildlife, assessment of population and habitat loss for formulation conservation plan for the impact zone for land reclamation and wildlife restoration using modern scientific methods. Accordingly, an integrated management plan was evolved for better management and biodiversity conservation.
Systematic documentation of flora and fauna It is recommended that suitable inventory may be prepared on time scale basis to study the changes due to various interventions for management with adequate infrastructure development. After baseline assessment, based on the importance of the flora, fauna of terrestrial and aquatic conservation measure shall be undertaken for which the project proponent will provide the financial allocation
Integrated in situ and ex situ Conservation of flora and fauna Biodiversity survey in the project and in the national park shall be made for documentation of the flora and fauna for undertaking in situ conservation measure for the species that are under threat through various measures.
Habitat / Eco-region based improvement & management The upstream and downstream areas should be vegetated to improve the habitat / landscape and to overcome landslides area through reservoir restoration. The forest area within the project sites and the adjacent forest upstream and down stream shall be afforested with specify forest type indigenous species to maintain the habitat quality and land cover. Slope indicators and other instrumentation such as piezometers should be used for monitoring behaviour of doubtful areas and in important cases automatic tele-metered warning systems should be incorporated. 1.6 RESERVOIR RIM TREATMENT (RRT) PLAN
The reservoir area will encompass of approx. 4 km2 area, with a length of approx. 10 km along the rim of the reservoir. There are certain areas in this stretch where the rock formations are unconsolidated in nature and/ or subjected to excessive erosion in terms of water & wind borne erosion.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
The catchment area, including the rim area comprise of medium grade metamorphic & crystalline rocks overlain onto carbonaceous slates, medium to fine grained quartzite quartzwacks, sublitherenite, phyllites, limestone & marble. This is underlain by Okhlakanda Gneiss, Rikhakot Schist, Bhawali quartzite, and Bhimtal volcanic rocks. Being softer and more slippery (due to smaller & much weaker fragments of metamorphic rocks than volcanic rocks) in nature these layers in some areas of the reservoir rim may tend to slip over each other causing serious landslides. This may be more prevalent during the monsoon months. Although layout map showing land slide / land zone around the reservoir periphery is already prepared by G.S.I. Tabulated data of some of the slip are as follow:-
Table 1.11: Land Slip Zone along Reservoir Rim
Location Distance from dam Site dimension (width x height) Khaljhala 1.6 km on right bank 90mx160 m It is a major active slide Rocks involved are sandstone with 1-2 m thick clay hale/ siltstone bands. strike in NW-SE with 40 dip towards NE i.e. into the hill three major steep (65-35) valley dipping (SW or SE) joints result in formation of wedges which abetted by steep gradient is the cause for land sliding, further studies have been recommended.
Table 1.12: Major Land Slip Zone along Reservoir Rim – contd.
Location Distance from dam Site dimension (width x height) Sakula slide of sakula nala 2.7 km on right bank 80mx100 m Slide extends form nala bed to about 80m height at an inclination of 35 followed by two bars between 80m and 100m. Rock involved in sliding is friable sandstone overlain by Amritpur granite. Fault zone is pulverized. Failure seems to have occurred due to poor strength of rocks. Retaining walls may be provided.
Table 1.13: Major Land Slip Zone along Reservoir Rim – contd.
Location Distance from dam Site dimension (width x height) Murkudia slide 6.5 km on left bank 300 m x 125m
Highly sheared and fractured basic rocks and granites poor rock strength together with wedge formation is the principal cause of slide. It is likely to get disturbed and has to be stabilized by terracing and erection of retaining walls all along the width of slide and plantation of suitable trees/ bushes.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
A number of debris cones and fans have been delineated. Twelve cones have heights ranging from 26m to 130m in the reservoir area highly fractured and sheared Amritpur granite has provided maximum number of such deposits. It may be due to the fact that torrential rains brought down loose pieces of such rock and piled them on the bed. These cones/fans will not pose any stability problem in the reservoir. Detail of these feature are contained in the progress report of GSI (1992). The layout plan of the project showing landslide around the reservoir periphery is enclosed as Annexure 1 of this chapter. 1.6.1 Biological slope protection measures Though indigenous tree species will be given preference for the creation of green belt, other species, suitable for the area in the light of aspect and other related factors will also be planted as suggested in the CAT Plan. In addition to the suitable plantation as proposed in the CAT Plan the mixed plantation with soil binding tree to be planted in the Reservoir Rim are given below. The plantation will be required as per the existing contours.
Grasses and similar plants of Graminae family have higher root to shoot ratio and may act as better slope protector than any other plant species.
Proper engineering protection measure may have to be done in order develop full fledged trees in slopes of 1:2 or more, in these types of slope small shrub type trees having good root mass will be more suitable.
Retaining walls of small height, approx. 1.5-2 m tall made of rough stones, with or without mortar depending on slope, soil nailed with wooden or steel bars of suitable dimensions, may be prepared in order to check erosion and provide
Top soil (approx. 15 cm section) during excavation, will be saved and stacked separately with a stack slope of less than 1:3 (v:h). This soil will be reused in filling between the retaining walls and NGL. This soil is fertile with humic material and plant seeds, and can sustain high quality plant life.
Proper maintenance of plants after plantation is required in order to retain all saplings. For that proper staff allocation & fund allocations has to be made. A list of indigenous trees, shrubs and herbs will be planted after identification of species suitable for soil erosion control around the project area and along the periphery of the reservoir. The species are Shorea robusta, Adina cordifolia, Tectona grandis, Alstonia scholaris, Syzygium cuminii, Melia indica, Diospyros momtana, Aegle marmelos, D. salicifolia. Gerardenia
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
heteophylla Decne Pilea scripta (Buch.-Ham.ex Don) Wedd. Pouzplzia hirta Hassk, Urtica ardens link.
Figure 1.4: Various types of retaining walls
1.6.2 Engineering Slope Protection Measures
1.6.2.1 Embankment slopes less than 1:2: For slopes gentler than 1:2, Figure 6-5 in urban sections, brick pitching will be adopted. The bricks will be laid in such a fashion that they will form open pockets in between them. The advantage of this arrangement is that it allows the growth of vegetation in the empty spaces created on the face of the slope, while providing better retention. Second-class bricks laid flat will be used without any mortar in between. The pockets will support any kind of vegetation growing on the slopes. See figure for the details of the arrangement. At Figure 1- 1: Brick Pitching locations where the embankment abuts water body, a kerbstone and gabion box arrangement will be provided at the bottom.
1.6.2.2 Embankment slopes steeper than 1:2 If the slope is steeper than 1:2, Figure 6-6, stone pitching will be carried out. Stones will be fixed on slopes by gentle hammering. A P.C.C. anchor will be provided at the base, which will prevent
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
sliding of stones on slope. The gaps between adjacent stones allow grass to grow which will hold the soil firmly together. To check the slope stabilization of borrow pits adjacent to the embankment, the depth of the pit will be so regulated that the bottom edge of pit shall not intersect the imaginary line of slope 1:4 drawn from the top edge of the nearest embankment. To avoid embankment slippage and erosion, borrow pits shall not be dug continuously. Construction stage Rainfall over the exposed earthwork is the primary cause of soil erosion. The contractor, before commencement of the monsoon season, will undertake several erosion control measures:
The contractor for civil works of dam will ensure those slopes are 2 to 1 for all the earth stockpiles and for borrow areas slopes. For any cut slope, a gradient of 1 in 4 is recommended by the IRC and MoST. The construction work must consist of measures to control soil erosion, sedimentation and water pollution, through use of berms, dikes, sediment basin, slope drain, etc. To prevent surface run off over raw earth, all earthwork especially store top soil, will be covered with mulch, grass, or fiber mats. Such storage areas when located close to water body, will be equipped with sediment basins, such that sediment laden water does not directly enter into the water body Operation stage Monitoring, maintenance and any remedial corrective measures must be carried out to maintain the erosion protection measures during the operation phase. 1.7 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN
1.7.1 INTRODUCTION In order to mitigate and minimize the environmental impacts arising due to construction of project from air pollution, noise pollution, soil erosion etc. the Greenbelt development around the project sites can provide the best solution. The green canopy not only absorbs some of these pollutants but also improves the aesthetic environment. Therefore, a “Green Belt Development Plan” has been proposed around the project area in general and along the project components in particular using the local flora to:
Protect natural or semi natural environments Improve air quality within urban areas Ensure that urban dwellers have access to countryside, with consequent educational
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
and recreational opportunities Protect the unique character of rural communities which might otherwise be absorbed by expanding suburbs. Though indigenous tree species will be given preference for the creation of green belt, other species, suitable for the area in the light of aspect and other related factors will also be planted as suggested in the CAT Plan. In addition to the suitable plantation as proposed in the CAT Plan the mixed plantation with soil binding tree to be planted in the Reservoir Rim are given below. The plantation will be required as per the existing contours.
Broad leaf trees growing above 10 m in height should be planted along the approach roads and colonies Plantation of trees should be undertaken in appropriate encircling rows. Generally local/indigenous fast growing trees shrubs should be planted. The trees should be protected by plantation of non palatable shrub species to avoid browsing by animals. Proper engineering protection measure may have to be done in order develop full fledged trees in slopes of 1:2 or more, in these types of slope small shrub type trees having good root mass will be more suitable. Retaining walls of small height, approx. 1.5-2 m tall made of rough stones, with or without mortar depending on slope, soil nailed with wooden or steel bars of suitable dimensions, may be prepared in order to check erosion. Proper maintenance of plants after plantation is required in order to retain all saplings. For that proper staff allocation & fund allocations has to be made. 1.7.2 GUIDELINES AND TECHNIQUES FOR GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT Extensive survey in the project area was undertaken to observe the vegetation types and its density. The soil characteristics were also kept in mind. Based on this survey and environmental conditions suitable plants species have been proposed for green belt development plan. To meet the requirement of plants sapling for development of green belt, a nursery is a pre- requisite and calls for following considerations:
Size of Nursery The size of nursery depends upon the number and type of seedlings to be produced. To produce required plants.
Nursery Site Selection
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
A well-drained site near the areas where plantation is to be carried out is always preferred. Light shading site for the nursery is important for the protection of the young seedlings against sun, frost, hailstorms or heavy rains. Sites, which are prone to water logging, should not be selected and sites shall be selected in consultation with Forest Department preferably near the existing one. Modernization of existing nursery may also be explored.
Transportation The nursery should be readily accessible all the year round in order to facilitate transportation of materials required in the nursery and dispatch of seedlings from the nursery.
Fertilizer Application The organic fertilizer produced through domestic organic waste coupled with vermin compost can be utilized for the nursery. Farmyard manure (FYM) can also be used but chemical fertilizer should be avoided. The compost / vermin compost proposed to be developed through solid waste management.
Soil and Soil Fertility The best site for raising the nursery is the area, which has got a thick layer of humus. The fertile and well-drained soil with sandy loam to loamy texture, pH varying from 5.5-7.5 should always the preferred for nursery sites.
Water Supply and Drainage The site should have perennial water supply. The drainage of soil has important bearing on the health of seedlings. 1.7.3 Species to be Planted A list of indigenous trees, shrubs and herbs will be planted after identification of species suitable for raising in the nursery and for development of green belt around the project area and along the periphery of the reservoir. The species are Shorea robusta, Adina cordifolia, Tectona grandis, Alstonia scholaris, Syzygium cuminii, Melia indica, Diospyros momtana, Aegle marmelos, D. salicifolia. Gerardenia heteophylla Decne Pilea scripta (Buch.-Ham.ex Don) Wedd. Pouzplzia hirta Hassk, Urtica ardens link. Some medicinal plants, which are commonly found in Jamrani area have been proposed to plants in green belt area i.e. Justicia adhatoda L. Acer cappadocicum (Wall.) Gled. Achyranthes aspera etc 1.7.4 Precautions during Plantation Some important precautions should be taken during the plantation, which are as under:
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Open grazing is practiced in general in the area; therefore, protection should be provided in advance. Polyculture should be practiced. Mixture by group should be preferred over intimate mixture. Species mentioned should be planted in sufficient numbers so increase their population size in the area. Multipurpose species should be planted in large numbers, so as to provide direct benefit to people living around It is proposed for densification of plantation in a ten meters zone in forest land around the periphery of the reservoir (452ha.) for improving the forest canopy and scenic beauty besides soil erosion and providing shelter to wildlife and birds. It is proposed to plant fruit bearing and such species which are best studied for bird-nesting. The total cost of green belt development will be lum sum Rs. 4 crore, which include cost of plantation along road side, reservoir side and project sites including power house and colony. 1.8 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PLAN
The construction of a dam on a river blocks or delays upstream fish migration and contribute to decline of species especially on the migration of potamodromous fishes- whose entire life cycle is completed within the inland waters (Northcote, 1998). Migratory fishes are of great significance economically and for sporting purposes. For these reasons and to minimize the negative impacts, the fish passes are recommended. The various hydroelectric dam projects worldwide have evolved and adopted fish passage with adequate flow of water to facilitate fish migration. Upstream passage technologies are considered well-developed in majority of the dam at various places especially for few anadromous species However, the downstream migration is still under experimentation. Some fish passes are more suitable in targeting a variety of migratory species, such as vertical slot passes with successive pools in case of smaller dam. The following are the various potential dam and site specific upstream connectivity that have been implemented under various hydroelectric dam project world wide. There are no systematic studies to assess the fisheries in project river Gola and its tributaries. The river water not found supportive for coldwater fishes like Schizothorax sp and mahseer Tor sp. except for endemic hillstream fishes. The presence of Tor sp. and Schizothorax sp. in Nainital gadera, Bhimtal gadera and Barajalla (Nauckuchia) gadera is due to the lakes only. The commonly occurrence fishes are Barilius sp and Garra sp whereas others are rare in occurrence. The rare occurrence of mahseer and snow trout fish may be due to blockage of river
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
downstream at Gola barrage. Thus the river valley projects have impacted a larger stretch of rivers in India as there is no provision made for fish migration from downstream to upstream. 1.8.1 Potential of Upstream and Downstream Connectivity Based on the nature of the dam potential upstream connectivity to facilitate fish migrations that are implemented worldwide based are described below:
1.8.1.1 Upstream Fish Passage Facilities The general principle of upstream fish passage facilities (or fish passes) is to attract migrants at specified point of the downstream obstruction and to induce them (actively), or make them (passively) pass upstream by the waterway (fish pass) or by trapping them in a tank and transferring them upstream (fish lift or transport systems). a. Pool-type fish passes
Pool-type fish passes are widely used in low head dams (Figure 1.5).
Figure 1.5: Pool Fish Passes
*Based on the river types and sites for the target species the pool length from 1m to 10m shall be adopted.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
b. Denil fish passes
The Denil fish ways are suitable for low head dams, adopted to facilitate the fish species that are larger than 30 cm size such as salmon, sea-run trout, marine lamprey and large rheophilic potamodromous species (barbs). The design can be adjusted to allow passage for weak swimmers (Figure 1-6).
Figure 1.6: Denil fishway and its characteristics. c. Vertical slot fish ways
Vertical slot fish ways are suitable for small dams. It is a rectangular channel partitioned by baffles into resting pools where channel floor lined with rocks to provide varied water level that facilitate bottom dwelling species (Figure 1-9).
Figure 1.7: Vertical slot fish way and its characteristics features
d. Nature-like bypass channels
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Bypass channels are alternative route created wire like natural streams with a flow control device (gates). These channels are characterized by a very low gradient, generally 1 to 5 percent, even less in lowland rivers (Figure 1-8). The main disadvantage of this pass is that it requires considerable space and cannot be adapted in upstream. The control devices create hydraulic conditions that make fish navigation difficult.
Figure 1.8: The nature-like bypass channel constructed over a weir and its principle.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Figure 1.9: The nature-like bypass channel e. Fish locks
A fish lock consists of a large holding chamber located at downstream linked to an upstream chamber at the fore bay level by a sloping or vertical shaft, which is closed and filled with the sloping shaft (Figure 1-10). Fish attracted into the downstream holding pool, enter the upstream chamber through the opened gate. A downstream flow is established within the shaft through a bypass located in the downstream chamber, encourages the fish to leave the lock. The main drawback of the lock is, its limited capacity (in terms of holding number of fish) compared to that of a traditional
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
fish pass and its discontinuous nature of operation with restricted volume of the lower chamber.
Figure 1.10: Fish lock with its basic operation mechanism (Clay 1995). f. Fish lifts or elevators
Fish lift is a mechanical device that transport (Fig. 1-13) directly trapped fishes in a V-shaped entrance upstream over a dam. When the trap is raised, fish along with water are lifted up until it reaches the top of the dam. The main disadvantage is its higher cost of operation and maintenance.
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Figure 1.11: Elevator / fish lift on the Arguenon Dam, France.
1.8.1.2 Downstream Fish Passage Facilities Downstream fish passages are less advanced than upstream fish passage and no country has found a satisfactory solution to downstream migration problems, especially for high dams. The proposed dam is of Run- off -River scheme to tap the surface flowing water potential for incidental generation of 30MW hydropower. Thus, the only way to stop wash away fishes downstream is to physically prevent them passing through turbines by using screens with mesh.
1.8.1.3 Effectiveness and efficiency of the fish pass The effectiveness of fish pass varies considerably from case to case. The 100 % effective fish pass could be ineffective in the long run because of changes in hydrological regime, water quality, increase in predation and loss or deterioration of the habitat upstream and downstream as they are species and site specific (Table 1-14). Thus, other mitigation measures especially hatchery management may prove indispensable.
Table 1.14: Showing Advantage and Disadvantage of Various Fish Ways
Fish ways Features Fishes Advantage Disadvantage A. Fish Ladders i) Pool and weir Stair case like devices Salmon-trout Low head Not suitable for with series of pools Cyprinidae dams, weirs, high dams barrage ii) Pool and oriface Special orifice and Salmonidae Low head Not suitable for notches in the wall dams, weirs, high dams barrage iii) Vertical slots Step pools slope 10- Varied range of Low head Not suitable for 20% fishes dams, weirs, high dams
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Fish ways Features Fishes Advantage Disadvantage barrage iv) Denil Fish pass Rectangular Rapid Low head Not suitable for ferroconcrete gutter swimmers- dams, weirs, high dams with baffles Salmoniodae barrage B. Bay-pass Artificial channel Salmonidae or Suitable for Need lot of space channel or constructed from the other Rheophilic low gradient in the vicinity, Not Nature-like pass side of barrage, weirs, fishes rivers, barrage, suitable for high check dams or dams check dams dams C. Fish locks Lock chamber principal Salmonidae, Traps, habitat Provision for high cyprinidae, Eels loss dams but not cost effective D. Fish lifts Cage traps with large Salmonidae, Traps, habitat Provision for high /Elevator holding pools cyprinidae, Eels loss dams but low effectiveness *None of the fish passage found favourable for the proposed Jamrani MHE dam projects
Fish ladders constructed to facilitate migration of Tor putitora and other carps reported have been ineffective (Sandhu and Toor, 1984). A high dam on the river Sutlej at Bhakhra resulted in a sharp decline in catches of Tor putitora in Gobindsagar reservoir from 40% 1966 to 0.5% in 1979 (Natranjan and Sehgal, 1982). But later an increase in catches, indicating that the Mahseer has found a way to produce new stocks under the new situation (Kumar, 1988) has also been reported. The fish pass failure have been reported around the world (ref. Washburn & Gillis, 1985; Pavlov, 1989; Wang, 1990; Clay, 1995; Cada, 1998; Valdemaras & Vida, 2002; Peliciece & Agostinho, 2008) due to lack of attraction flow, unsuitable location of the entrance, inadequate maintenance and hydraulic conditions (flow patterns, velocities, turbulence and aeration levels) etc. The proposed dam would be 130 m high above the river bed. Studies have reported that fish ladder/fish pass is not technically feasible in place where the height of the diversion structure is significant and local topography does not support construction of fish ladder/fish pass. The biological uncertainty due to fish lift in case of Scizothoracine fish has also been reported (Yousuf ,A.R.,) due to immediate loss of habitat on upper side of dam. Under such situation, to protect the endemic fish, the remaining part of small channels/ tributaries upstream and downstream from dam site should be protected to maintain the ecological integrity of the aquatic ecosystem for conservation of Mahseer population. The option left behind for propagation of Mahseer is through ex situ conservation in the vicinity. Suitable fish hatchery should be developed for the production of Yearlings and fish seed to be placed in the reservoir for further improvement of fishes. Traps can be incorporated to catch
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
fish temporarily to strip them of spawn in the hatchery and also by directing to preferred streams by erecting fish breaks or barriers on other streams. 1.8.2 Collection and transportation facilities Trapping and transportation can be a long-term measure in the case of high dams where the installation of a fish pass makes it difficult for fish to reach the valuable habitat for breeding. The technique of trapping and transporting migrants is often used as a transitory measure for both downstream and upstream movement of fish. Container vessel shall be installed gets self- propelled or transported for carrying fish upstream which has the advantage of being able to be placed anywhere in the tailrace and in the path of migrating fish. Fish can be released downstream and upstream on the river in the spawning ground or transported to a hatchery. 1.8.3 Stream Restoration Streams are life line of any river system that maintains the ecological integrity (Figure 1-12). In addition to the various plan given in the management plan for restoration of aquatic ecosystem, the following suggestion will improve the stabilization of riverbank for restoration of aquatic ecosystem:
Bank stability: Riparian plant roots penetrate and bind the channel bank soils, providing stability and resistance to stream bank Reduce sedimentation and develop riparian cover area of the streams/river
Figure 1.12: Demonstrating Riparian zone –Functions of a typical stream
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1.8.4 Development of Reservoir fishery It would be desirable to consider downstream Gola river as Mahaseer zone as per the Wildlife Protection Act for Jamrani project to develop fisheries. The downstream channels as should be restored for conservation. The reserve may have its own hatcheries, fishing ponds, seed collection centers, reservoir management and reservoir stocking cells along river Gola at some suitable place. The modalities of having such an infrastructure are to be worked out in collaboration with State Fisheries Department and National Research Centre Coldwater Fisheries (NRCCWP) Bhimtal, Nanital District or Research institutes/University/expert agency. The National Research Centre Coldwater Fisheries (NRCCWP) Bhimtal has succeeded ( >70% ) in stocking Mahseer size range of 1200-1500 g in the Shyamlatal Lake which is being developed a mahseer conservation site. The Uttarakhand State Government setting up a state fish farm for sustainable management of the mahseer fishery stock on Nayar river at Satpuli. The probable locations for the propagation of fish fingerlings from the hatcheries are presented in Figure 1.13. 1.8.5 The Habitat of the proposed dam site The Gola river is a low gradient river, where the water runs all along the river except for some pools and riffles observed frequently along the course of the river. Many small pocket pools were noticed during the monsoon season alongside the river bank. These pools were predominantly found with fingerlings of variety of fishes as Garra spp and Barilius spp while the golden mahseer Tor putitora and Schizothoprax richardsonii showed rare occurrence. A total of 9 fish species were collected throughout the study area and their habitat distribution are depicted in Table 1-15. The occurrence of fish fauna was carried out along the river reach length of 20 km from proposed dam site. The Gola river basin 10 km downstream at Gola barrage from proposed dam project and about 9 km stretch from upstream to Lugar village of Jamrani dam Project were surveyed during pre-monsoon season June 2009) for evolving effective mitigation measures. Three tributaries upstream on the right bank flow through Kumaun hills which are spring water streams and one tributary upstream on left bank of river Gola flows through Siwalik hill of warm climate zone joining the main river Gola in the stretch assessed. It also includes the reach length of 2 km of Nainital gadera, 1km of Bhimtal and 500m sretch of Barajalla stream. The detail of the physiograpgy of downstream and upstream of proposed Jamrani dam project is illustrated in Figure 1-14.
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Figure 1.13: Image of Gola river basin at proposed Jamrani MHP project, Kathgodam
Table 1.15: Habitat preference of fishes in the Study Area
Fish Species* Dwelling habits and habitat Pools Runs Riffles Rapids Tor putitora (Ham.) +++ ++ +++ ++ Schizothorax richardsoii (Gray) ++ ++ +++ ++ PH Barilius bendelesis (Ham.) ++ ++ ++ + B. barila(Ham.) + ++ ++ - P. ticto ticto (Ham.) ++ - - - Glyptothorax spp. + ++ ++ ++ PH Nemacheilus spp. - + ++ - Mastecembelus armatus ++PH - - - PH-Preferable habitat, +present, ++abundance, +++dominant, - Not recorded
The streams (gadera) present in the influenced zone are 1st order streams and originate from spring /seepage of kumaun hills and lakes as Nanital, Sat tal, Bhimtal and Nauckuchia tal. The Gola river flows underground in summers due to huge deposition of gravels/ sand material with rise in gradient (>4%) upstream of Haidakhan ashram whereas water is available throughout
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
the year downstream of dam site with gentle slope (<2%). The habitat like rapids present at proposed dam site are less preferred place to sustain fishery and aquatic life due to high water current and cobble/boulder surface. The influenced zone of Gola river recoded 2-7 fishes during study period. The area falling upstream of dam site is not significantly observed to be suitable for endemic as well as migratory fishes except the commonly occurring and widely distributed Barilius sp. This may be due to disruption of surface flow during summer lean period of river Gola and Lugar gadera as water flow underground which causes loss habitat or fragmentation of flow (Figure 1-14).
JULY JUNE 2009 2009
Figure 1.14: Images of Khinchi Gola River & Lugar gad near village Tiwari 7km u/s of dam site (JUNE & JULY 2009) 1.8.6 Fish Hatchery For the conservation and development of mahseer and other fishes in the reservoir, a hatchery shall be constructed. The hatchery units may be set up with the help of the state fisheries department. Brooders shall be collected from the river and be hatched in the hatchery. After rearing the spawn in the hatchery for a stipulated period of time, the young fish shall be either be restocked in the river Gola upstream and downstream of Jamrani dam including associated streams. This shall be monitored to know the efficacy of survival. The seed produced in hatchery shall also be supplied to the private entrepreneurs and fish farmers in the region to promote fish culture. Thus, it will not only help in generating employment and income but will also help in reducing the pressure on the natural fish stocks. In present scenario one site observed to be suitable in the downstream near Jamrani village along the Barajalla gadera for hatchery (Figure 1-15).
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Bhimtal lake
Nauckuchia tal
Barajalla gadera
Proposed Hatchery
Figure 1.15: Image of Nainital, Bhimtal, Nauckuchia (Barajalla) gadera with river Gola
1.8.6.1 Management of the Hatchery The State Fishery Department Uttarakhand shall support financially in developing and managing the hatchery by the “Jamrani Muultipurpose Dam Project” authority upto five years. The fish hatchery management can be handed over to department of fisheries of Uttrakhand for maintenance and further expansion at their cost after five years.
1.8.6.2 Seed Collection As the knowledge on induced breeding technique of snow trout is very scanty and the main problems faced during the culture practices of this fish is the procurement of seed. However, brooders of migratory Mahseer and other fishes can be collected from the river and other small spring fed tributaries themselves or from Nainital /Bhimtal / Nauckuchia lakes and artificially spawned by striping. The striped fish can be returned to the natural habitat and the spawn can be reared in the hatchery.
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1.8.6.3 Reservoir Management Sound management strategies are essential for achieving successful spawning and rearing. The technology for artificial spawning and rearing are widely available in the country. The study area also found suitable for reservoir fisheries. The fish species which can be stocked in the reservoir along with Mahseer are Labeo sp., Grass carp, Silver carp, Common carp, Catla sp. etc. All these fishes are easily reared in the hatchery.
1.8.6.4 Stocking of Reservoir Stocking of fish seed in reservoir is important for management practice in reservoirs. Before stocking the reservoir with the fish seed, a detailed limnlogical study needs to be carried out so as to assess the physico-chemical and biological quality of the water. This will be help in introducing the fingerlings into the reservoir for culture purpose. Construction Design of hatchery pounds proposed by Dr. S.N. Ogale TEC, Lonavla is enclosed in Table 1-16 and Figure 1-16. While developing the hatchery and ponds the expertise of the National Cold Water Fisheries Research Centre, Bhimtal, and Dr. S.N. Ogale Tec, Lonavla along with other experts may be sought for a successful implementation. The state fishery department has already successfully managing the Mahseer hatchery, Satpuli, Pauri Garhwal.
Table 1.16: Showing Infrastructure requirement for development of hatchery Sl. No. Activity Area/Nos 1 Land for hatchery 4 ha 2 Hatchery Shed 65 sqm 3 Nursery ponds 20x20x1.2m 4 Rearing ponds 30x10x1m 5 Holding ponds 30x10x3m 6 Food storage yard 38 sqm 7 Pump House for water supply One 8 Laboratory for hatchery 58 sqm 9 Laboratory Equipments one set 10 Mobile Lab one Jeep 11 Fish seed @ 1.5 lakh/year 5 years 12 R/M Cost - 13 Office/Residential Quarters for staff 242 sq.m
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
Figure 1.16: Layout Plan of Fish Hatchery
1.8.6.5 Upstream Fisheries: Development of Hatchery Artificial propagation to conserve, restore natural fisheries and stocking of reservoir with indigenous species Schizothorax sp(Asla) and Tor sp(Mahaseer) has been proposed to sustain the aquatic life and water quality. The tentative cost of Rupees 80.0 lac (INR) has been proposed for documentation of the aquatic diversity, construction of a composite fish hatchery at Barajalla stream near Jamrani village and stocking of river, reservoirs (Table 1-17).
1.8.6.6 Downstream Fisheries: Habitat enhancement
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For downstream fisheries, it is recommended for habitat restoration and conservation of downstream channel through lower channel enhancement program (biological and engineering structures eg. construction of weirs, logs, small barrages and substratum with boulders, rocks, cobles, gravels etc.) along the main river bank and adjacent tributaries with in 10 km downstream reach length of river. Hence there is need to develop an integrated fishery and riparian ecosystem management plan for which the budget of ~20 lacs (INR) has been allocated (Table 1-17).
Table 1.17: Showing the cost for fisheries management plan of proposed projects
S. No. Fisheries Management Plan Cost in Rs. lacs Upstream sites 1 Hatchery for river/ reservoir fishery proposed downstream Jamrani 45.0 village on the Barajalla streams 2. Stocking and monitoring of both reservoirs (5 year) 10.0 3. Infrastructures like boats, trucks, jeeps and man power etc. 25.0 regulating dam lake and river 4. Downstream sites Lower habitat enhancement, riparian cover development, Stocking of 20.0 downstream river, tributaries Total estimate cost Rs. 100.0 Say as Rs. 1.0 Crore (INR)
The rates are tentative however; the detailed cost shall be worked out in consultation in the other management plan.
Snow trout -Schizothorax richardsonii
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Fish Golden Mahseer : Tor putitora
Side/ pocket pools with fingerlings Showing riffles and rapid habitat and substratum
Figure 1.17 : Showing snow trout and golden Mahseer
1.9 MUCK DISPOSAL PLAN
Most of the construction materials needed for dam can be obtained from with in the reservoir area. There will also be piles of waste materials from excavation for the dam foundation, spillway excavation, and by- pass tunnels, part of which can be placed within the reservoir area. Borrow pits and spoil piles may present a permanent unsightly appearance on the land- scale unless adequately treated. The treatment consists of smoothing and planning suitable cover vegetation. For best result it may be necessary to place a layer of soil over spoil banks to assist growth of vegetation. Borrow areas should be graded such that they will drain rather than impound water A land escaping plan may also made use of some spoil banks for necessary parking areas for vehicles, equipment storage or a fish hatchery site A very small percent of
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
construction cost is usually regarded as a reasonable expenditure to avoid leaving unsightly borrow and disposal area near a dam. In case of the Jamrani dam project, the total excavated material from the foundation shall be of the order of 12.00 lacs m3 during the entire construction period of six years. All this material shall be slumped and leveled in the downstream island of the river bed. This island is 12.76m below the road level and can accommodate the entire excavated material. Later on with good quality of earth this could be leveled and proper land scaping will be done and area will be developed for tourist. Special care will be taken that the muck generated will not pollute the river water. The cost for Muck disposal plan on annual basis will be approx. 240 lakhs. 1.10 VECTOR & VECTOR BORNE DISEASES MITIGATION PLAN
Vector borne diseases are prevalent in the catchment area. Malaria and other mosquito borne diseases have been found to be raving these terrains for years together. The vector borne diseases of public health importance are malaria, filaria, japaneese enchephelitis, dengue & kala-azar. Malaria is a serious public health problem in many in Uttarakhand. Sporadic cases of dengue has been reported in the past in Uttarakhand. There are no cases of Japanese encephalitis, dengue & kala-azar in Uttarakhand. Cases of Japanese encephalitis, dengue & kala-azar in district Pilibheet is reported which is adjoining to the State of Uttarakhand. Cases of P. falsiparum have been also reported from some areas of Haridwar, Udham Singh Nagar & Nainital. In Uttarakhand 3 Districts i.e. Haridwar, Udham Singh Nagar & Nainital are most sensitive areas for malaria measure steps are being taken to control malaria by giving radical treatment & indoor residual spray are being done time to time as per norms of NVBDCP places where resistance has been developed to D.D.T, Melathion is being used. The four distinct species of the malarial parasites are P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae & P. ovale. P. vivax has the widest distribution throughout the world, with about 70% of malarial cases have been reported to be infected by P. vivax. 25-30% of the malarial cases have been reported by P. falciparum and 4-8% is of the mixed variety. The P. vivax parasites are carried by female Anopheles mosquitoes. These mosquitoes breed in clear & stagnant water and have a very low hatching period of approx. 24 hours. This makes preventive measures like draining of water very difficult to apply against these. It is acknowledged that due to the construction of the dam itself, the vector & vector borne diseases may be increased. In order to offset this proper vector management plan coupled with the creation of a social benefit fund will be developed by the dam authority. The primary cause
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of the prevalence of these vector borne diseases in the project impacted area are (i) stagnation of water in patches/eddies/around the rocks, (ii) low hygienic sense among villagers, (iii) lack of implementation of preventive measures against vectors & (iv) lack of basic sanitation & health facilities among the poorest. Management against these vector borne diseases, thus, will encompass of; 1.10.1 Destruction of vector breeding locations: The most fundamental measure to control any vector bore disease it to destroy the vector. Since the most effective means for keeping the mosquito population under control is to destroy the stagnant and non-flowing (lentic) waters. As the river has a good slope (0.014 m/m) and high velocity, it is difficult for mosquito to breed in the flowing (lotic) waters. Rather mosquitoes will prefer small puddles of stagnated water around boulders, small streams, sewage soaking pits, pitchers filled with water in backyard etc. The management for this will be to use kerosene or similar heavy oils in the water puddles to kill the larvae. Not allowing water to stand in jars and pitchers in the backyard of houses can be a very effective means of destruction of breeding grounds. In the forest/ non-residential areas proper management through local authorities (like local panchayets) and/ or local heath department will bring positive results. 1.10.2 Low hygienic sense among villagers It is also worthy to mention that the local villagers have very little sense of public hygiene. Proper training & education can only alleviate the scenario. After the dam is constructed, the local doctor & staff of dam colony may treat and educate the local villagers in the possible benefits arising from lack of proper hygiene. Some fund allocations from the dams social benefit fund may go to the education of local villagers, with the help of local NGOs & Village Panchayats. 1.10.3 Lack of implementation of preventive measures against vectors Arising from the above reason, the lack of preventive measures are killing the local villagers. The poor villagers can not afford to buy allethrine laden mosquito sprays/ coils. Thus the local in house vector reduction is limited only to indoor sprays of DDT/ organochlorines. But this leaved a persistent trail of POP (persistent organic pesticides), which are readily soluble in the fatty tissues of human beings. Thus these have a worse effect on human health & that of non- target organisms. V. K. Dua, R. Kumari, R. K. Johri, V. P. Ojha, R. P. Shukla, & V. P. Sharma in Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology has reported serious increase of
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organochlorine pesticides in surface waters of Nainital districts.1 Thus further & more intensive use of organichlorine pesticides may be harmful for the reservoir water quality. In order to mitigate this only suitable way is to use medicine laces mosquito nets. These are low cost, extremely effective & non-fossil fuel consuming solutions to the vector problems. The needy villagers (BPL) may be distributed these types of mosquito nets for free, where as it may be subsidized in case of slightly affluent villagers. The implementation agency for this distribution & implementation will be the Department of Medical health & family Welfare, GoUA, & the dam administrations. A third party monitoring network may be created based on NGOs feedbacks. 1.10.4 Lack of basic sanitation & health facilities among the poorest Department of Medical health & family Welfare, GoUA has Primary health centers (PHC) in Okhal Kand, Bhimatal, Bel, Haldwani & Kathgodam in the project impacted area. It also runs a charitable community health centre in the Bhowali. Govt. Hospital, polyclinic & nursing home facilities are available in Haldwani & Kathgodam. In these clinics the poorest of the poor are provided will free treatment & health benefits for the following:
Immunization & distribution of Iron & Folic Acid to Pregnant women Institutional delivery Immunization of children Management & Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) Oral Rehydration Therapy Distribution of Contraceptives Intraocular Lens Implant and Cataract operation Family Planning AIDS Awareness Tuberculosis treatment Leprosy treatment Distribution of medicines Initiatives for Medical Care to BPL Population - Uttarakhand State Illness Assistance fund (Vyadhi Nidhi)
1 Organochlorine Insecticide Residues in Water from Five Lakes of Nainital (U. P.), India, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
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Promotion of Institutional Delivery through Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) Scheme for BPL families under NRHM Universal Health Insurance scheme for BPL families is proposed However, if we consider distance, the clinics are quite far away from the dam area. Thus it is anticipated that once the dam will come into effect, the access to these towns will be made smoother and faster. Moreover, the resident doctor (for dam colony) at the site will also help the local villagers in emergency/ distress. 1.11 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN (DMP)
A comprehensive dam break analysis study has been undertaken by IIT Roorkee. This disaster management plan is generic in nature and addresses the different maximum credible accident scenarios that may occur in the area. 1.11.1 Scenario Development:
1.11.1.1 Heavy Rainfall/Storm in the Catchment This can lead to two types of emergencies:
Release of large flood volumes downstream through spillways. Slides in the reservoir rim 1.11.1.2 Earthquake Following types of emergency situations can arise: Damage to dam or spillway structures. Slides in the reservoir rim. Breaching of the dam due to earthquake leading to downstream flooding is not likely. The dam has been designed for the worst possible earthquake scenario in the region and is being constructed using most modern techniques.
1.11.1.3 Slowly Developing Situation: Deficiencies in design/construction/maintenance can cause development of situation which are not emergent at the moment of occurrence and can be rectified, but if these attended to properly, these can develop into emergency situation. These deficiencies can manifest themselves through following situations giving sufficient notice for repairs and strengthening;
Abnormal settlements, heaving, deflections, or lateral movement of concrete structures. Cracking or spalling of concrete and opening of contraction joints. Deterioration, erosion, or cavitation of concrete.
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Abnormal leaking through foundation or formed drains through concrete surfaces, construction joints, or contraction joints. Possible undermining of the downstream toe or other foundation damage. Unusual or inadequate operational behavior. 1.11.1.4 Civil Disturbance This may result in willful tempering with equipment release of large volume of water by forcible opening spillway gates. 1.11.2 Management Plan
1.11.2.1 For Events Due to Heavy Storm: Possibility of this situation developing in the case Jamrani Dam is extremely rare because a very conservative estimate of design flood has been made and very flexible flood surplussing arrangements have been planed. Overtopping of the dam to extreme flood occurs only in the event of either when the design flood gates exceeded or when at the time of high floods, due to some defects, some gates of the spillways get struck up. Inflow design flood estimated for Jamrani Dam is 42,00 cumecs which is more than two times the maximum actual observed flood. Also Jamrani Dam has three spillways for lowering the reservoir level. The gates shall be electrically as well as manually operated. The question of jamming of all the gates simultaneously would not arise. Jamrani Dam organization is maintaining a network of rain gauge, stations in the catchment area of Jamrani Dam. Besides the rain gauge stations, gauge discharge site has been established at Gola Barrage site. Stations are to be equipped with wireless sets so that anyingormation can be transmitted to Control room at Damuadhunga Colony, Haldwani. Other than the monsoon period i.e. except from 15th June to 15th October, the daily rainfall data and the gauge discharge data will be transmitted to control room every fortnightly. During the rainy season till the reservoir level as below R.L. 750.0 the gauge data as well as rainfall data from rain gauge stations will be collected every four hours be transmitted to Control room only once in a day. When the dam reaches normal pool level at elevation 762 m. which would occur towards end of August of beginning of September, this information will be available to District Collectors of Nainital, Bareilly and Udham Singh Flood control Room, Irrigation Department Dehradun / Lucknow and Chief Engineer (North) Irrigation department Uttaranchal, Haldwani Central Flood Forecasting Unit Haldwani. The message would read as follows-“Full reservoir level reached at Jamrani Dam site. Hence forth addition inflows will be released through spillways”. After the FRL is reached, the spillway Gate operating staff will work these shifts at dam site. The river stage at all gauge station will be recorded two hourly and its gauge data will be
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transmitted to control station every four hours. Similarly; if heavy rainfall occurs in any area of the catchment this would be immediately reported to the control room. Based on the above data, the spillway will be operated in accordance with instruction set out the reservoir operating policy whose copy would always be kept in the control room. When there is only base flow in the reservoir or released from reservoir do not exceed 1200 cumecs, the information about flood being released from reservoir would be passed on to District Magistrate of Nainital, Bareilly and Udham Singh Nagar, flood control room Irrigation Deptt Dehradun / Lucknow and Chief Engineer (North) Irrigation Department Uttaranchal Haldwani, flood forecasting station central water commission, twice daily at 8.00 PM. When the spillway discharge exceeds 1200 cumecs and it is expected that inflow flood would further increase, information about flood released may be given to above officials, every two hours. Flood forcast in terms of likely water levels downstream at various village and towns along the banks of the river during the course , of the day may also be passed which shall be update with every release of information on the receipt of this information, it would be the duty of the District Administration to spread this information through use of loud speakers, radio and television and to arrange for necessary evacuation, if required. During the rainy season whenever heavy rain occurs in the ;reservoir area, the rim of the reservoir should be inspected for possible slide both during and after the rain. Special attention shall be given to those areas which have been identified as vulnerable from the experience of previous years. Any slide/imminent slide that is noted by the dam inspector would be brought to the notice of the Control Room indicating the location of the slide. The Engineer-in-charge of the dam will inspect the site and report on the likely volume of slide and wherher any corrective actions are required. Based on this report suitable warning shall be issued
1.11.2.2 For Landslide Land slides usually occur during rainy season either during heavy rainfall or immediately after it. Therefore, it is possible that reservoir is nearly full when a slide situation begins to develop. As Soon a developing slide zone is noticed, it should be thoroughly examined to estimate the likely volume of the slide material and its nearness to dam. If the assessment indicates that sliding can lead to overtopping of the reservoir, a notice for alert situation should be given and the reservoir suitably lowered. It may be mentioned here that the situation of dam being overtopped due to rim slide is hypothetical in the case of Jamrani Dam. Jamrani Dam has a very large free board of 3.6 m. No slide can be big enough to fill up this empty volume.
1.11.2.3 For Earthquake A short term micro earthquake recording has been conducted by the Department of Earthquake Engineering, University of Roorkee, Roorkee (U.P.) in the environs of Jamrani Dam
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site. The survey was primarily aimed at evaluating the seismic status of thrust (Main Boundary Fault MBF). This study also focused on the possibilities of Reservoir Induces Seismicity (RIS). For prognosticating the possibilities of Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS); the main conditions are (a) the availability or otherwise of the channels of seepage (b) existence of deeper tectonic conditions as stress build up in pre- existing fault planes and weak zones and (c) physical and textural properties of rocks (Huang Naian 1982 ). In addition the rate of increase of water level in the reservoir and duration of high water level maintained also play an important role in the increase of RIS.
In the context of Jamrani dam reservoir area; the sandstone inter bedded with claystone and siltstone of the lower Siwalik group occupies the large area; this sequence provides natural barrier against the seepage. Further the permeability of the material of the thrust plane near dam site was measured in one drill hole; indicate values in the range of 7-10 Luegons; which is small to cause any appreciable seepage. Few more drill holes across the thrust plane would be drilled to take the average value of permeability along that plane. As the textural and physical properties of rocks are closely related to the occurrence of RIS, The plastic rocks under deformation may shoe settlement without producing vibration while on the other hand failure of brittle rocks produces vibrations. The reservoir environment such as one which is characterized by alteration of plastic claystone mudstone and sandstone as in as in Bhakra, Ramganga and Pong dams in India have not registered any RIS so far. The geological environment of the Jamrani reservoir area is practically of the similar type having similar sedimentary sequence of the Siwalik It may be anticipated therefore that there will be no significant change in the stress distribution in the creation of reservoir by constructing the Jamrani Dam. Whenever an earthquake occurs which generates a peak ground acceleration of 0.1 g at dam a warning siren will switch on automatically. Immediately after the earthquake, quick inspection of site to find out whether any damage has taken place. If required, message will be sent immediately, by Control Room to District magistrate of National, Bareilly and Udham Singh nagar. In case when no emergent situation arises at the dam site, after occurrence of the earthquake, message to this effect may be passed on to District Administration. However, the dam and other appurtenant works will be thoroughly inspected by senior Officer of department. The officers shall thoroughly examine all the visible evidence as well as examine the readings of
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various instruments after earthquake to locate any internal or external damage to the dam. Remedial measures would be implemented as required.
1.11.2.4 Slowly Developing Situations The responsibility for identifying and locating surface manifestations of deficiencies, which may gradually convert into serious emergencies, rests squarely with the Dam Maintenance Organization of Jamrani Dam. During the first filling of the reservoir after completion of construction very close watch shall be maintained during the gradual filling of the reservoir. The dam shall be inspected regularly by dam authorities the condition of Dam. These inspections shall be scheduled during the period of low water to check the condition of structures normally submerged and during period of maximum water level to check structural behavior under full load or during maximum spillway discharges. A close watch for the health of the dam shall be kept during mansoon when the reservoir is approaching FRL. Besides the Dam maintenance Organization a senior officer of the rank of Chief Engineer would inspect the project twice during the year, one before the onset of monsoon and the other after the monsoon. It will carry evaluation as per guidelines given in SEED manual (Safety Evaluation of Existing Dam) of USBR. Beside the schedule set above, special inspections and emergency inspection shall be made when unusual potentially adverse condition develop at the dam site.
1.11.2.5 Civil Disturbance In case of any Civil Disturbance, Officer-in-charge Control Room shall inform D.M., Nainital immediately requesting him to provide suitable force for protecting vulnerable points of the project.
1.11.2.6 Dam Break Scenario: Dam break study has been analysed by U.P. Irrigation Research Institute using state of the art MIKE 11 software developed by Danish Hydrological Institute (DHI). Dam break analysis has been carried for 12 different combinations of breach width & time. Dam was assumed to fail considering a linear failure mode & rectangular breach up to the top half of the dam. The following observations have been made therein.
The effect of change of breach width is more significant than to breach time. Both peak discharge & maximum water levels in crease with increase in breach width and the peak of hydrograph is attained earlier. Ith the increase in breach time both peak discharge is delayed & maximum water level deceases but the effect I not so significant. The instantaneous failure of the dam is the worst failure case. The peak discharge from
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the dam is of order 43,237 cumec, when rectangular breach width is 60 m. 1.11.3 Preventive Actions In case of concrete dams, it is perhaps always possible to take suitable preventive actions to avoid catastrophic situation of breaching of dam provide a constant vigil is made through regular inspections and analysis of instrument data. A brief resume is provided here for the preventive actions to be taken for various developing situations. In the sphere of preventive maintenance, it is necessary that all spillway gates and mechanical equipment for operating the gates be thoroughly inspected before the start of monsoon season every year. An elaborate procedure for commission of storm and gauge data to Central Control Room has been discussed already and this should be strictly followed. If the information received through wireless message from various stations in the catchment indicates that the incoming flood is likely to exceed the inflow design flood and the reservoir is full, a notice for alert situation should be given and the reservoir appropriately lowered to receive the incoming flood. 1.12 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN
Environment Management Plan is incomplete without the monitoring of the baseline environment. The environmental monitoring programme is a vital process in the Management Plan for a water resources/ river valley project. This helps in signaling the potential problems that would result from the proposed project and will allow for prompt implementation of corrective measures. The environmental monitoring will be required during construction and operational phases. The following parameters need to be monitored:
Land Compensation and Social Justice & Welfare, Water Quality and Public Health, Catchment Area Treatment Measures; and Air Quality and Noise Level Benefit Monitoring & Evaluation Framework 1.12.1 Land Compensation and Social Justice & Welfare Land required for various components of the project would be acquired through the State Forest Department and private land through State Revenue Department of Uttarakhand. Compensation would be paid as decided by the revenue department/ DM in accordance with the prevailing norms of the state for such acquisitions. In addition to the compensation for land acquired, a number of social welfare measures have been proposed under the Social Response
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Program. These include income generation, education assistance, development of infrastructure, healthcare facility etc. A programme envisaging an overall benefit package, basic education (upto 10th standard), elementary health benefits plan for the local residents with the local doctors, special emphasis on pregnant woman and neo natal care, disbursement of subsidized/ free medicine for the needy etc. A separate SRP cell under the control of the GM of the project would be responsible for implementation of the program. Each program will be translated in terms if measurable benefit units. A separate body comprising of representatives from project management, public representatives & third part (NGOs) shall be responsible for monitoring and concerted evaluation of the SRP. 1.12.2 Water Quality and Public Health Since water contamination leads to various water related diseases, the project authorities shall establish a procedure for water quality surveillance and ensure safe water for the consumers. A detailed epidemiological study related to water borne diseases shall be carried out and the data shall be compiled for every year in the project area. This data would help the authority in finding out the trends for incidence of water related diseases prevalent in the area, which would help them to take suitable remedial measures for reducing or eradicating the occurrence of these diseases in future. Water quality parameters shall be monitored for one year before and for at least three years after the completion of the project. Monitoring shall be carried out on monthly basis to cover seasonal variations for five years. Water quality shall be analyzed by applying the standard technique. The parameters recommended for monitoring are as follows:
Table 1.18: Water Quality Monitoring Plan
Sl. No. Parameters Description 1 Parameters to be monitored 17 basic parameters as per IS 10500:1991 2 No of locations One locations each at intake and after treatment 3 Frequency of Measurements At least Once in a season
The monitoring results should be compared with the 4 Compliance Preferable and Permissible limits of IS 10500:1991. Parameters to be monitored as following:
1. pH 2. Dissolved Oxygen 3. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
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4. Total Dissolved Solids 5. Temperature 6. Total Hardness 7. Calcium 8. Magnesium 9. Iron 10. Manganese 11. Chlorides 12. Sulphates 13. Nitrates 14. Fluorides 15. Total Nitrogen 16. Total Phosphates 17. Total Coliform Water quality monitoring at two distinct locations i.e., barrage and power house/ tailrace tunnel outlet would be ensured, through the environmental division of the project. 1.12.3 Sedimentation and CAT Works Monitoring Sediment load shall be continuously monitored to establish effectiveness of the soil conservation measures undertaken through CAT plan. The sediment load monitoring shall be carried out through the environmental division of the project. Monitoring of afforestation schemes shall be required to measure the change in forest cover of the catchment area. It shall allow for validation of the assessment made in the present study and will give timely signal against potential problems, which could result from the proposed project, thus allowing for prompt implementation of corrective measures. The project authority needs to monitor the vegetation cover through remote sensing techniques for this purpose. 1.12.4 Air and Noise Quality Monitoring Though there is no significant air or noise pollution by the proposed project, however, to assess the effectiveness of air pollution control measures suggested towards maintenance of approach roads, stone crushers, muck disposal sites and quarry sites and noise control measures suggested towards operation of various construction machinery, it would be required to monitor these parameters at regular interval. The environmental division of the project would carry this out.
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Table 1.19: Air & Noise monitoring plan
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring • Suspended Particulate Matter ( SPM) • Respirable Particulate Matter ( RPM)
• Sulphur Dioxide ( SO2 ) Parameters to be 1 • Oxides of Nitrogen ( NOx ) monitored • Carbon Monoxide ( CO) • Hydrocarbons ( HC ) • Lead (Pb)
The air quality monitoring should be conducted using High Volume Samplers attached with gas sampling trains. CO will be collected 2 Sampling Methodology by Peroxide tube method or by portable CO meter. HC should be collected in Mylar Bags.
Three locations one upwind direction and two locations in 3 No of locations downwind direction to be monitored.
Frequency of Once in a month @ two days per monitoring 4 Measurements
The monitoring results should be compared with the National 5 Compliance Ambient Air Quality Standards. Noise Quality Monitoring Parameters to be 1 Hourly noise levels for 24 hours monitored The noise levels should be recorded using a portable hand held 2 Sampling Methodology noise level meter. 3 No of locations Four locations at boundary fence corner of the project Frequency of 4 Once in a month Measurements The monitoring results should be compared with the National 5 Compliance Ambient Noise Quality Standards. 1.12.5 Establishment of Environmental Division Jamrani Dam Construction Division will establish an Environment Division in the initial stage of the project itself. The division shall have an Environmental Engineer/Officer, & two nos. Technical Assistant (with environmental engineering background). Later on a Chemist (with background in analytical inorganic chemistry) may be appointed. Until and unless this framework can work self-sufficiently, environmental monitoring could be achieved through appointing external Environmental Monitoring agencies, affiliated with MoEF & NABL.
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The task of the division would be to supervise and co-ordinate studies, monitoring and implementation of environmental mitigation measures, and it shall report directly to the head of the Project. An Environmental Advisor shall review progress of the division every year. The Environmental Advisor would be an experienced Ecologist or Environmentalist familiar with environmental planning of water resources projects. In phases, division will be provided with basic monitoring devices as mentioned in Table 1.20.
Table 1.20: List of Basic Environmental Monitoring Equipment
SL. No. Name & specification of Equipment Approx. Cost (INR) 1. A Lutron Noise level meter 7500 2. A digital hygro-thermo meter 2000 (measures pressure, temperature & relative humidity) 3. A Wind vane cum cup type anemometer –Lawrence & Mayo “Lynx” 18000 Total 27500 The remuneration of staff can be calculated as following:
Table 1.21: Remuneration Component of Staff
Sl. No. Staff Monthly package (INR) Annual Package (INR) 1. Environmental Engineer/Officer 18000 259200 2. Technical Assistant 12000 172800 3. Chemist 10000 144000 4. Total 40000 576000 Basis: = salary + 20% of annual package as bonus/ benefit package The annual cost of monitoring in the construction phase has been worked out in Table below;
Table 1.22: Annual Cost of Environmental Monitoring during Construction Phase
Sample/ Total Cost/Sample Total Cost SL Parameter Location Frequency/yr. Location Samples (INR) (lakh INR) 1. Ambient Air 6 4 4 96 2500 2.4 2. Workplace air 4 4 4 64 1800 1.152 Surface 3. 4 1 3 12 3500 0.42 Water 4. Ground water 3 1 3 9 3501 0.31509 5. Noise 6 1 4 24 800 0.192 Drinking 6. 2 1 6 12 3500 0.42 water Annual Cost of Environmental Monitoring during construction phase 4.89909
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Sample/ Total Cost/Sample Total Cost SL Parameter Location Frequency/yr. Location Samples (INR) (lakh INR) Considering 6 year duration of construction (roughly accounting for price escalation) 29.4
Similar estimates have been prepared for monitoring during the operations phase. The same is produces below.
Table 1.23: Annual Cost of Environmental Monitoring During Operational Phase
Sample/ Frequency Total Cost/Sample Total Cost SL Parameter Location Location / yr. Samples (INR) (Lakh INR) 1. Ambient Air 4 4 4 64 2500 1.6 Water 2. 8 1 3 24 3500 0.84 (SW+GW) 3. Noise 4 1 4 16 800 0.128 2.568
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CHAPTER 2 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN
2.1 GENERAL
Jamrani Multipurpose Dam Project envisages construction of 130.6 m. high Roller Compacted Concrete Dam on river Gola at about 10 km upstream of Kathgodam in District Nainital (Uttarakhand). The water stored in the reservoir shall be utilized for irrigation and domestic (including drinking water) purpose as well as 30 MW power generation from a power station proposed just at the d/s of the dam. The reservoir created by the construction of dam shall extend approximately up to 9Km on upstream along the river Gola and in a stretch of 1.3 Km along “Luger Gad”, a tributary of river Gola. The average width of reservoir impounded in the back of the dam will be of the order of about 400m. as per lake’s survey. The area of the reservoir will be (i.e water spread) 4.52 sq. km. 2.2 SUBMERGENCE AREA
2.2.1 Land The area of the land submerged in the reservoir shall be 386 ha including different forest lands and land of 6 villages. The details of the proposed submerged land is tabulated as below:- Table 2-1 : Detail of submersed land S. No Type of land Area (in ha) (i) Reserve forest land 120.13 (ii) Panchayat (forest) land 62.78 (iii) Benap or Gram Samaj land including river bed 155.60 (iv) Nap or Cultivated land 47.39 Total 385.92 Say 386
2.2.2 Villages under submergence: Six villages on upstream of the dam shall come under submergence. The details of villages with respect to their land required for reservoir as well as their population is tabulated as below.
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Table 2-2 : Villages under submergence (As per departmental survey 2001) Sl.No Name of the village Agricultural Land No.of affected Population of the required ( ha) families village 1- Tilwari 3.890 33 2- Murkudia 20.800 56 3- Ganrad 9.100 8 688 4- Paniabore 4.000 8 5- Udwa 2.800 8 6- Pastola 6.800 16 Total 47.390 129 688 Table 2-3 : Villages under submergence (As per departmental survey 2008) Name of the village Agricultural Land required No of affected Population of the Sl.No ( ha) families village 1- Tilwari 3.890 13 77 2- Murkudia 20.800 52 384 3- Ganrad 9.100 12 57 4- Paniabore 4.000 12 65 5- Udwa 2.800 11 67 6- Pastola 6.800 20 112 Total 47.390 120 782
For the construction of dam all the above villages need to be rehabilitated fully and the programme for proposed rehabilitation and resettlement for the oustees is in accordance with the Notification of National R&R-Policy published vide Gazette notification no- 331 dated 31 October 2007 and subsequent amendments to, if any in future. 2.2.3 Details of the land holding in submergence area:- Table 2-4: Details of Land holding in submergence Area (As per departmental survey 2001) Sl.No Land holding Category of family General S/C S/T Total 1- More then 1 acre 16 2 - 18 2- ½ to 1 acre 19 1 - 20 3- Less than ½ acre 55 36 - 91
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Sl.No Land holding Category of family General S/C S/T Total Total 90 39 - 129
Beside above, the famous Herakhan Ashram will be fully submerged. The provision has been made in the D.P.R. for resettlement of the Ashram on the higher reaches.
2.2.4 Temporary affected Villages in downstream due to Constructional activities: Only 20 ha land is required in d/s for the construction activities. There will mainly be temporary construction such as installation of batching plants, mixing plants, workshops, heavy vehicle yard etc. and temporary hutments/tin sheds for contractor’s labour camps. Besides these, two or three permanent buildings shall be constructed which will be required in future during maintenance period, such as Field Hostel (for officers and subordinates) and site offices. Some landscaping shall also be proposed under beautification work. All the above batching plants and labour camps will be removed after completion of the main works. Thus only about 79 families of 9 villages in downstream will be partially and temporarily affected. All the population of the d/s villages shall not need any shifting or rehabilitation but some compensation for crops, land (if affected) and partial benefits shall have to be given as per state government policy at that time. All the precautionary measures will be taken regarding the environmental and ecological balance of the said area as well as implementation of all the social welfare programmes as indicated in the National R&R policy 2007. This has also been discussed in EIA report. Since construction of dam will take about six years’ time therefore all the welfare programmes for the above 9 villages will continue till the completion of dam work and in future, if required as per policy. Table 2-5 : The details of the villages in the down stream (As per departmental survey 2001) Sl. No. Name of the villages Agricultural land (in ha.) required No of families 1 Pania Mehta 4.400 11 2 Gumalgaon 2.200 7 3 Rausil 4.224 20 4 Pasauli 3.226 11 5 Bhorsa 1.608 14 6 Arna 1.202 7 7 Kula 0.510 3 8 Dehra 0.605 6
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Sl. No. Name of the villages Agricultural land (in ha.) required No of families 9 Amritpur 2.025 - Total 20.000 79
The data shown in table no-2.5 may change according to space required for various batching plants at the time of construction. 2.3 NEED FOR REHABILITATION AND ITS EXTENT (i) The six villages of the upstream shown in table no-5.2 coming under submergence are being partially affected up to Full Reservoir Level (FRL), (but affect of reservoir drawdown condition shall make them sensitive for land slides) except village Ganrad which will be fully submerged. The population (abadi) of these villages coming under submergence will need rehabilitation. Rehabilitation and resettlement will be done as per norms laid down in National Policy of R&R Oct 2007.
(ii) The 9 villages in the d/s will not need rehabilitation. Population of these villages shall require some benefits as mentioned in the point 2.2 (iv) above. (iii) No township is being affected by construction of the project. (iv) Since there is not a single ST person in the project area therefore no scheduled tribe population is being affected by the project. The “No Objection Certificate” has been issued by Ministry of Tribal Affairs (NGO Division) Govt. of India vide G.O.F.2204/106/2007 NGO dated 17-4-2008 (Enclosure no- 1). (v) There is no any architectural or historical monuments in the vicinity of this project. (vi) Hairakhan Ashram in the u/s of the dam will be fully submerged. Adequate provisions have been made in the D.P.R. for resettlement of the Ashram at any suitable location. (vii) There is no any possibility of emergent communicable disease due to water deposition in Gola river as per enclosed letter of Municipal Board Haldwani (Encloser no -2 ). 2.4 AREA IDENTIFIED FOR REHABILITATION: The total no. of rural families being affected by the project and its submergence is assessed as 129 and 120 as per departmental survey done in 2001 and 2008 respectively. The exact figure of Project Affected Families (PAF) will be determined after final survey under the instructions of administrator for R&R. just before construction. All the PAFs shall be paid compensation in cash, in case Govt. is unable to make the land available in nearby districts. However full efforts
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shall be made to resettle them in the nearby area by providing land and cash compensation as per R&R Policy Oct.2007.
Earlier, land for settlement had been identified in the village Kalyanpur in tehsil Sitarganj in Sampurnand and Jail Camp, which is about 11 Km. from Sitarganj town in district Nainital (now Udham Singh Nagar). The land proposed to be acquired was owned by the State Home Department who had been requested to transfer the said land to the project authorities for rehabilitation purpose vide District Magistrate Nainital’s letter No.Gyap/Jamrani dated 21-8- 1989 . Again District Magistrate Nainital wrote to Special Secretary (Irrigation-4) vide his letter No.4/ dated 9.10.1995 that no land is available in this district other then jail Camp Sitarganj, but State Home Ministry refused to give any land at Sitarganj Jail Camp. Further efforts were made by the project authorities for identification of the land for oustees in Pantnagar agriculture farm of G.B.Pant University Pantnagar but University authorities also refused the proposal. Again land at Bagjala (Golapar) near Haldwani was identified but the forest authorities also refused. However process to identify the land for resettlement of the PAF has been initiated by project authorities through D.M.Nainital /Udham Singh Nagar. 2.5 ESTIMATED COST FOR REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT: The cost of various facilities to be given for rehabilitation as well as cash compensation shall be governed by Rehabilitation norms of National R&R Policy 2007. Details of such cost has been estimated and included in the R&R estimate as shown in page no 2.11 to 2-14. 2.6 TIME SCHEDULE FOR ACTION PLAN: As per construction programme for main and allied works ( in which rehabilitation is also included), the construction of main dam as well as coffer dam shall start in Oct.2009 and reservoir filling will commence in 2015.Accordingly rehabilitation and compensation process shall be initiated as soon as the construction activities starts. The project and Govt. authorities shall try to complete the process before the 50% work of the dam is completed. The process of initiation of acquisition of land and buildings required for project purpose shall be done as per following time schedule:-
1- Acquisition of cultivated land at project site a- Reservoir area Dec. 2009 b- For other works Dec. 2009 2- Acquisition of houses including land at project site Dec. 2010 3-Acquisition of Government buildings and other Community building. June 2010
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4- Acquisition of Hairakhan Ashram and temple March 2011
The bar-chart of above activities is enclosed at enclosure- No-3
The figures of PAF & population (as per departmental survey done in 2008 after submission of E.I.A report) is indicated in Encloser-No-4.
The figures of PAFs and total population indicated in the table no-5.3 of E.I.A. report submitted earlier to Uttarakhand Environment and Pollution Control Board for public hearing was based on field survey done by department in 2001. After conducting the public hearing successfully on 12-05-2008, it was felt necessary to get the recent survey done regarding project affected families and total count of population so that it can be incorporated in the R &R plan of the project which is being prepared as per norms of National Policy of R&R 2007. The survey done by the department during the year 2008 shows difference from the earlier reported figures. Now the revised figures has been mentioned in the table no-2.5. The main reason for reduction of families as well as population of the affected area is the migration of people from hills to plains in search of jobs opportunities and because of limited land holdings of the hill people for agriculture which is mainly dependent on rains, therefore making life difficult in remote area of the hills. The figures may change as the time progresses and the R&R shall be done as per actual counts at the time of start of the project. 2.7 PROVISIONS OF ESTIMATE Cost of land in Haldwani Tehsil for resettlement of oustees is taken as per letter dated: 22 Feb.2008 of D.M. Nainital (Encloser no -5). The cost of house construction is taken as per P.W.D. rates and valuation of fruit and other trees is as per enclosed rates of Holticulture as well as Forest Department (Enclosure no. 6, 7, 8 & 9). Cost of Government buildings in the submergence area is also included in the R & R estimated. 2.8 R&R BENEFITS FOR AFFECTED FAMILIES Proposed Provision of NRP-2007 and Paras Related to 1. The resettlement and rehabilitation [R&R] benefits shall be extended to all the affected families [AFs]. 2. Any affected family [AF]owning house and whose house has been acquired or lost, may be allotted free of cost house site to the extent of actual loss of area of the acquired house but not more than 250 sq.mt of land in rural areas and 150sq.mt of land in urban areas.
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3. Each and every affected family which is below poverty line and doesn’t have his own accommodation or land and living in that affected area from more than three years since the date of affected area declaration and unwillingly rehabilitated will get minimum 100 square mt. of land in rural area [carpet area] or 50 sq.mt.area in urban area (proposed wherever implemented in multistories building complex etc.) but the one who doesn’t want to have proposed house, will get suitable financial aid which will be given once. This amount will not be less than financial aid given by Government of India for house construction under any such programme. 4. (a) Each AF owning agricultural land in the affected zone and whose entire land has been acquired may be allotted in the name of the khatedar’ [s] in the AF, on replacement cost basis, agricultural land or cultivable waste land to the extent of actual land loss by the khatedar’[s]in the AF for taking recourse to this provision subject to a maximum of one hectare of irrigated land or two hectares of unirrigated land/cultivable wasteland, if government land is available. This benefit will also be available to AFs who, as a consequence of acquisition, been reduced to the status of marginal farmers. (b) In case of Irrigation and hydle project, the AF will be preferred to have land in command area of the project in lieu of their land as far as possible. Chakbandi will be done in such land and appropriate sized piece of land will be provided to those AF who can settle their in groups. If any AF doesn’t get the land near the command area of project or gives option for not getting the land, in such condition he will get monitory compensations for the loss of land to purchase land some where else. 5. (a)In this matter the state Government can propose for providing land by combining the land near project command area. (b) In the case of irrigation projects, fishing rights in the reservoirs shall be given to the oustees, if such rights were enjoyed by them in the affected zone. (c) In other cases also, unless there are special reasons, fishing rights shall be given to displaced persons only. 6. In case of projects involving land acquisition on behalf of a requiring body the stamp duty and other fees payable for registration shall be borne by the Requiring Body. 7. The Land allotted for resettlement shall be free from all encumbrances. 8. The land allotted may be in the joint names of wife and husband of AF.
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9. (a) In case of allotment of wasteland/degraded land in lieu of acquired land, each Khatedar shall get a one-time financial assistance of Rs.15,000/-per hectare for land development . (b) In case of allotment of agricultural land to AF each khateder will get not less than Rs 10000 for agriculture production in lieu of the acquired land by appropriate government 10. Each AF having cattle shall get financial assistance of Rs.15,000 for construction of cattle shed. 11. Each AF shall get financial assistance as transportation cost for shifting of building materials, belongings and cattle etc. from the affected zone to the resettlement zone as decided by state govt. but shall not be less than Rs. 10000/-per AF. 12. Each affected person who is a rural artisan, small trader or self-employed person shall get a one–time financial assistance of not less than Rs.25,000/- for construction of working shed/shop. 13. (i) In case of projects involving land acquisition on behalf of a requiring body (RB). (a) The RB shall provide employment to affected persons who lose their employment due to the project, subject to availability of vacancies and suitability of the affected person for the employment. (b) The RB shall arrange to impart training to AF’s so that they may be trained for the suitability of such job. (c) The RB shall provide grant or other skill creating facilities to AF’s as per norms laid by the state government. (d) The RB will give preference to groups and cooperatives of affected persons in outsourced contracts. Allotment of shops or any other financial opportunities inside or nearby project area. (e) The RB will give preference to willing landless labour and unemployed affected persons while engaging labour in the project during the construction phase. (ii) Affected persons shall be provided necessary training facilities for development of entrepreneurship skills to take up self employment projects at the resettlement zone as part of R&R benefits. 14. In case of projects involving land acquisition on behalf of a requiring body. (a) Affected families who have not been provided agricultural land or employment shall be entitled to a rehabilitation grant equivalent to 750 days minimum agricultural wages; (b) If the Requiring body is a corporate organization /company, such PAFs, in addition, shall be given 20% of this amount in the form of shares in the requiring body at book value as per
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guideline to be notified by the central government but the government can increase the ratio up to 50% of the rehabilitation grant. 15. In the cases where loss of agricultural land or displacement takes place on account of land development projects, in lieu of land-for-land or employment, such AFs would be given a site or apartment within the development project. 16. In case of projects involving land acquisition on behalf of a Requiring Body, each displaced AF shall get a monthly subsistence allowance equivalent to 25 days minimum agricultural wages per month for a period of one year. 17. The project officer will arrange such annual policies at their own cost by which the affected vulnerable persons [as per para 6.4(V) of R&R policy 2007] will be provided pension of the amount throughout their life, but the amount of this pension will not be less than Rs 500 per month as settled by said government. 18. In case of acquisition of land in emergent situation such as under section 17 of the land acquisition Act. 1894 or similar provision of other Act in force, each AF shall be provided with transit accommodation, pending resettlement and rehabilitation scheme. Such families shall also get R&R benefits as mentioned in above para under the policy. 19. In case of linear acquisitions, in projects relating to Railway lines, highways, transmission lines, laying pipelines and other such projects wherein only a narrow stretch of land is being acquired, each khatedar will be offered an ex-gratia amount not less than Rs.20,000. If the AF is reduced to landless and smaller marginal farmer on account of such acquisition the AF shall be provided with other R&R benefits as per policy. 20. The AF can have the choice of taking full and decided by government amount at one time after the advice with R.B in place of one or more advantages as per instruction from para 2.2 to 2.19. 2.9 R& R BENEFITS FOR PROJECT AFFECTED FAMILIES BELONGING TO SCHEDULE TRIBES & SCHEDULE CASTES. a. No tribal family is affected by the project. [No objection certificate enclosed as Enclosure. no. 1]. The SC shall be given all benefits under para 2.21.3, 2.21.10 & 2.21.11 of R&R policy. 2.10 INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES AND BASIC AMENITIES TO BE PROVIDED AT RESETTLEMENT ZONE
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a) In all cases involving displacement of 400 families or more masse in plain areas, or 200 families or more masse in tribal or hilly areas or DDP blocks or areas mentioned in Schedules V and VI of the Constitution of India, comprehensive infrastructural facilities and amenities notified by the appropriate Government will be provided. If relocation takes place in an existing settlement, the same infrastructure will also be extended to the host community including road, draining water, public transport, drainage, drinking water for cattle, ponds, grassland, fair prices shops, Panchyat Ghar, Co- operative scarcities, Post office, seed and fertilizer godowns, Irrigation, electricity, health centre, mother child care center, places of worship, land for traditional activities such as crimination places and security arrangements etc. b) Affected families shall be provided basic infrastructure facilities in case the resettlement in rehibilated area which shall be extended to host community. c) While shifting the population of the affected zone to the resettlement zone, the Administrator for R&R may as far as possible, ensure that : I. In case the entire population of the village/area to be shifted belongs to a particular community, such population / families may be resettled masse in a compact area so that sociocultural relations (social harmony) amongst shifted families are not disturbed. II. (In the case of resettlement of Scheduled caste AFs, it may be ensured that they resettled in sites close of the villages. d) The appropriate government will decide that the resettlement area is a part of Gram Panchayat or Nagar Palika. Other R&R benefits shall be given as per noms laid down in the policy. 2.11 ESTIMATE FOR RESETTLEMENT OF OUSTEES 1- Proposal for cash component to PAFs due to unavailability of Govt. land in nearby districts [i]- Cost of average 1ha. land for each PAF which have land more than 1acre in the submergence area [@ Rs. 25.20 lacs in Haldwani Tahsil as per enclosed letter of D.M.Nainital, Enclosure No. 5] 1x18x25.20 = Rs 453.60 lacs [ii]- Cost of average 1/2. land for each PAF which have land ½ to 1acre in the submergance area [@ Rs. 25.20 lacs in Haldwani Tahsil as per enclosed letter of D.M.Nainital ] 1/2x20x25.20 = Rs 252.00 lacs
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[iii]- Cost of average 1/2. land for each PAF which have land less than ½ acre in the submergence area [@ Rs. 25.20 lacs in Haldwani Tahsil as per enclosed letter of D.M.Nainital ] 1/4x91x25.20 =Rs 573.30 lacs [iv]- Stamp duty etc.@ 7+2%=9%x total cost under item [i], [ii] and [iii] above 115.10
9x1278.90/100 =Rs 114.90 lacs
Total =Rs 1394.00 lacs
2- Land For Additional Work Presently 20ha. agricultural land near river bed upto 2km. in the d/s of dam have been assessed for various constructional activities such as construction of Crushing plants , Batching plants and contractors labour camp etc. This acquisition will be temporary and annual rent of Rs.2.00 lac/ha. per year will be paid to each PAF approximately for a period of 6 years 20x2.00x6 =Rs 240.00 lacs (Since acquisition cost of above land is 20x12.125= Rs. 242.51 lacs, therefore =Rs. 242.51 lacs is taken for estimate) 3- Allotment of house sites free of cost for the PAFs whose houses will be submerged [as per norms laid down in National R&R Policy 2007]
[i] 129 familes have land in the project affected area. i.e. 129x250sq.m.xRs.1088/sq.m. =Rs 350.88 lacs [ii] Stamp duty[7%+2%] i.e 350.88x9% = Rs 31.58 lacs
Total = Rs 382.46 lacs
4-Cash component for house construction [as per rate of residential building in DPR] for 129 familes i.e 129x34.07 sq.m.xRs.7,270/sq.m. =Rs 319.52 lacs
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5- Other facilities for oustees [i] Cattle sheds in 30sq.m.[as per norms laid down in National R&R Policy 2007point 7.10] 29xRs.0.15 lac =Rs 19.35 lacs
[ii] 1No primary school and 1 middle school
2x100sq.mxRs.7,270/sq.m. =Rs 14.54lacs
[iii] 1No Panchayat Ghar 1x100sq.mxRs.7,270/sq.m. =Rs 07.27lacs
[iv] 1No Dispensary 1x100sq.mxRs.7,270/sq.m. =Rs 07.27lacs
6- Grant for agricultrual production. [as per norms laid down in National R&R Policy 2007point 7.9. 2] 129xRs. 0.10 lac =Rs 12.90 lacs 7- Grant for transfer of homely items e.t.c. .[as per norms laid down in National R&R Policy 2007point 7.11] 129xRs. 0.10 lac =Rs 12.90 lacs 8- One time financial assistance as a rehabilition grant equivalent to 750 days of Minimum Agricultural Wages ] for loss of livelihood.[ as per norms laid down in National R&R Policy 2007 point 7.14] 12x750xRs.120.00 =Rs 10.80 lacs 9- Each PAF whose entire land has not been acquired and consequently becomes a marginal or small farmer will get One time financial assistance equivalent to 500 days of MAW .
117x500xRs.120.00 =Rs 70.20 lacs 10- Each PAF get a monthly allowance@ 25 days per month MAW for a period of one years .[as per norms laid down in National R&R Policy 2007point 7.16] 129x12x25Rs.120.00 =Rs 46.44 lacs
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
11- Ex-gracia to each members of PAF (as per project provision) 1832xRs 0.75 =Rs. 1374.00 lacs 12- Grant for drinking water facilities 129xRs.0.20lac =Rs 25.80 lacs 13-Construction of 5km. jeepable ring road in the resettlement area [as per PWD rates] 5kmxRs.25.50lacs =Rs 127.50 lacs 14- Grant for electric and telephone lines etc. 129x1.00 = Rs. 129.00 lacs 15- Compensation for trees in PA area i-For fruits trees [as per rates of Holticalture Deppt.] = Rs. 38.82 lacs ii-For other trees [As per rates of Forest Deppt.] = Rs. 3.05 lacs
16- Compensation for government building in P.A.area i- Inspection house/Dak Bangla at Hairakhan 2 nos.[200+150=350sq.m.] @ Rs.1088/sq.m. = Rs. 3.81 lacs ii- Primary school at Hairakhan 1no. 100 sq.m. @ Rs.1088/sq.m. = Rs. 1.09 lacs iii- Forest choki,Range office and a Lisha depot [20+50+150=220sq.m.] @ Rs.1088/sq.m. =Rs. 2.39lacs
17- Construction of shops in resettlement area 10xRs 1.00lac =Rs 10.00 lacs 18- Construction of road around the perefery of reservoir 21kmxRs 25.50 lacs =Rs 535.50lacs 19- Reconstruction of Hairakhan Temples [as per project ]
[a] ½ ha land for temples area cost of ½ ha land @ Rs.47,500/ha = Rs.0.48 lac [Rates of that area are given in enclosed letter of D.M. Nainital ] [b] stamp duty @ 9% =Rs. 0.05 lac
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, of Jamrani Dam Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
[c]cost of construction of 9 Temples of right bank and other buildings of left bank [since the temple construction work is an artistic architectural work. Therefore the rates of construction is taken for type-5 building, mentioned in revised DPR] 2167sq.m.x Rs.8874/sq.m. = Rs.192.30lacs [d] Transportation of various items of Temples in newly constructed area l.s. =Rs. 0.10 lac [e] Provision of drinking water for Temples area l.s. =Rs. 1.00lac [f] Provision of electricity for Temples area l.s. =Rs. 1.00lac [g] Construction of jeepable road from temples area to the Haldwani-Babyad main road 5km.xRs.25.50lac/km. =Rs.127.50 lacs [h] Public lavatory and bath 50sq.m.xRs.5600/sq.m. =Rs. 2.75lacs
Total for Hairakhan Temples =Rs. 325.18 lacs
Grand Total = Rs. 5113.79 lacs Say = Rs. 5114.00 lacs
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report of Jamrani Dam Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
ACTION PLAN FOR REHABILIATION AND RESETTLEMENT OF OUSTEES OF JAMRANI MULTIPURPOSE DAM PROJECT (DISTT. NAINITAL) BAR CHART
S.No. ITEM OF WORK Quantity Amount YEAR (In Lacs) 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 1. Acquisition of cultivated land at Project site
A) Submergence area 47.39 ha. 12/2009
(i) Acquisition 574.52
(ii)Cash component 819.48
Total 1394.00
B) For other works 20.00 ha. 240.00 12/2009
2. Acquisition of houses including 12/2010 land and trees at project site and 129 Nos. 2611.82 allotment of housesites for oustees as well as cash component for house construction and other facilities. 06/2010
3. Acquisition of Govt. building land 542.79 and other community buildings 03/2011 and construction of road around the reservoir.
4. 9No. 325.18 Acquisition and reconstruction of Haira-Khan Ashram and Temples on upper reaches G.Total 5133.79 lacs say Rs.5114.00 lacs Note:- (i) Total 368.39 ha forest land case had been prepared and sent to M.O.E.F.Govt.of India in 1993 . Although 380 ha of land already acquired for afforestation (against 368.39ha forest land required for dam) in distt. Hardoi, U.P upto 1993, subsequently payment of Rs.26.43 lacs had been done for plantatation but
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Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Report of Jamrani Dam Jamrani Dam Construction Division-1, Multipurpose Project Irrigation Department, Uttarakhand
M.O.E.F.Govt.of India denied to sanction the said required land case in 1994. (ii) Amount for the land mentioned in S.No 1(A)and 1(B) above is being calcutated as per rates given in the enclosed letter of D.M Nainital (commercial purpose rates has been adopted) for the dam side area. (iii) Cost of land in Haldwani Tehsil is calculated as a cash component w.r.t. land coming under submergence area due to unavailability of land in nearby districts and cost of residential plots and cost of house construction is included in item no -2 above. (iv) Beside acquisition of Temples and remaining land of Ashram, the cost of reconstruction is also included in item no-4 above. (v) Cash component of land for oustees in Haldwani tehsil is estimated Rs.1391.53 lacs. After payment of the acquisition cost of Rs.574.52 lacs mentioned in item no 1 (A) above the rest amount i.e. Rs.1394.00- 574.52-.819.48 lacs shall be spent on purchase of land for oustees or shall be paid in cash
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