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Occurrence of Heavy Metals in Ganga Canal Water at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India: a Case Study

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Occurrence of Heavy Metals in Ganga Canal Water at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India: a Case Study View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 2 (2): 119-123 (2017) This content is available online at AESA Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science Journal homepage: www.aesacademy.org e-ISSN: 2456-6632 CASE STUDY Occurrence of heavy metals in Ganga canal water at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India: A case study Nitin Kamboj1*, Ravinder Singh Aswal1 and Prashant Singh2 1Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar-249404 (Uttarakhand), INDIA 2Department of Chemistry, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Dehradun-248001 (Uttarakhand), INDIA *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT Received: 03 March 2017 The present investigation was framed to assess the contamination of heavy metals in Ganga canal Revised received: 25 April 2017 water at Haridwar (Uttarakhand). The samples of Ganga canal water were collected from five Accepted: 27 May 2017 sampling sites namely Bhimgoda Barrage, Haridwar (origin point); Premnagar Ashram Ghat, Haridwar; Pathari Power Plant, Bahadrabad; Rail Bridge, Roorkee and Uttam Sugar Mills Limited, Keywords Narsan (exit point). The samples were analyzed for seven metals viz., copper, manganese, cadmium, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) lead, zinc, chromium and iron in Ganga canal water monthly during March, 2014 to August, 2014. Ganga canal The concentration of manganese was found greater than its desirable limit (0.1 mg/L), while iron Heavy metals contamination was observed more than its permissible limit (0.3 mg/L) according to Bureau of Indian Standards Monthly variation (BIS) specifications. The water quality data was further analyzed using analysis of variance Spatial variation (ANOVA) for monthly and spatial variations. The ANOVA analysis revealed that the contents of different metals such as copper, manganese, lead, zinc, chromium and iron were found statistically significant (P≤0.05) as per temporal study. These monthly variations in Ganga Canal water quality parameters might be ascribed due to the anthropogenic and hydro-geological activities. However, none of the metals showed significant site variation at any of the sampling site of Ganga Canal. Therefore, the present study emphasized the need of regular monitoring of Ganga canal water to avoid the contamination of heavy metals in the water. ©2017 Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy Citation of this article: Kamboj, N., Aswal, R.S. and Singh, P. (2017). Occurrence of heavy metals in Ganga canal water at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India: A case study. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2(2): 119-123. INTRODUCTION water quality of Ganga canal is being degraded increasing- Haridwar has plenty of water resources in the form of ly from year to year due to increase in pollutant loads Ganga River and Ganga canal and their water is being used particularly from commercial and domestic sources, sew- for domestic and drinking purposes. Ganga canal origi- age discharge and industrial effluents. The effluents may nates from Ganga River after diversion at Bhimgoda be inorganic and/ or organic, which may be toxic in nature Barrage near Har ki Pauri at Haridwar, which is a famous depends on their source (Kamboj et al., 2013). Owing to place for the mass bathing of pilgrims. The sacredness of spirituality, lots of pilgrims pertaining activities have led to Ganga canal water has attracted millions of tourists, the problem of water pollution in Ganga canal. Among pilgrims and also local peoples of Haridwar. The Ganga anthropogenic sources of pollution, domestic and munici- canal is the important source of drinking and irrigation pal sewages are also contributing to polluting the water water located at the bank and in the vicinity of the canal quality of Ganga canal. Heavy influx of floating tourists, (Kamboj et al., 2013). pilgrims and local peoples of Haridwar exert stress through The Ganga canal moves from Haridwar and passes through organic as well as inorganic wastes (Kamboj, 2012). vicinity of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Markandya and Murty (2004) have also reported that most Ranipur, Bahadrabad, Piran Kaliyar, Roorkee, Uttam of the untreated or partially/ treated sewage about 1.3 Sugar Mill Ltd. and Gurukul Narsan, which are densely billion liters/ day of human waste and 260 million liters of populated areas of Haridwar district and also face pressure industrial waste primarily from agricultural fertilizers and from tourists and pilgrims entering into Uttarakhand. The pesticides from surrounding cities enter into the Ganga 120 Kamboj et al. /Arch. Agr. Environ. Sci., 2 (2): 119-123 (2017) basin waterways. Due to easy channel of transportation, Haridwar (S2); Pathari Power Plant, Bahadrabad (S3); Rail solid and liquid wastes are easily dumped into river water Bridge, Roorkee(S4) and Uttam Sugar Mill Ltd., Narsan and therefore, in Ganga canal water directly or through (exit point) (S5) of Ganga Canal in Uttarakhand, India. The ground channels. Change in pH of stream water may affect details of all the five sampling sites (S1) along with their co aquatic life indirectly through affecting other aspects of -ordinates and elevation above mean sea level (MSL) are water chemistry e.g. water with low pH can increase the given in Table 1. solubility of certain heavy metals, which allows the metals Collection, preservation and analysis of samples: The to be more easily absorbed by aquatic organisms samples of Ganga canal water from all the five sampling (Simeonov et al., 2003). Apart from domestic and industri- sites were collected through grab sampling. The samples of al pollutants, hundreds of human corpses and thousands of Ganga canal water were preserved and analyzed for differ- animal carcasses are also released into the Ganga water ent heavy metals i.e. copper, manganese, cadmium, lead, every day due to spiritual rebirth (Haritash et al., 2016). It zinc, chromium and iron in water samples were performed has become major challenge and thus, posed threat up to by adopting standard protocols and methods cited in large extent to the human beings of local population of APHA (2012) and BIS (2012). Haridwar district as well as millions of tourists and Statistical analysis: Data was statistically analyzed using pilgrims of country and abroad. Heavy metals are usually analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the monthly present in wastewater and when, it gets mixed with adja- and spatial variations of mean concentrations of different cent water body contaminates the aquatic environment. heavy metals in the Ganga canal water (Elbag, 2006). Due to drainage of sewage effluent into adjacent water bodies, there might be significant increase in total RESULTS AND DISCUSSION dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, biological oxygen de- The values of seven heavy metals in Ganga canal water at mand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorides, all the five sampling sites namely Bhimgoda Barrage, sulphates, and nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus including Haridwar (origin point) (S1); Premnagar Ashram Ghat, heavy metals like iron, zinc, cadmium, chromium, copper, Haridwar (S2); Pathari Power Plant, Bahadrabad (S3); Rail nickel, manganese and lead (Egborge, 1991; Simeonov et Bridge, Roorkee (S4) and Uttam Sugar Mill Ltd., Narsan al., 2003; Jaji et al., 2007). (exit point) (S5) are presented in Table 2. Besides, pace of modernization and increasing industriali- Copper: The maximum concentration of copper (0.043 zation, urbanization, agriculture and other human activities mg/L) was recorded at the Uttam Sugar Mill Ltd., Narsan are among serious aspects for causing Ganga canal water (exit point) (S5), which was observed below the desirable pollution and resulted deterioration in its water quality. limit (0.05 mg/L) of BIS, 2012. However, the content of Rapid industrial growth and urban development have re- copper was detected minimum (0.001 mg/L) at three study sulted into inclusion of variety of pollutants into Ganga sites viz., Bhimgoda Barrage, Haridwar (origin point) (S1), canal. Haridwar district has also grown up as industrial hub Pathari Power Plant, Bahadrabad (S3) and Rail Bridge, of the Uttarakhand state, therefore assessment and moni- Roorkee (S4). The results are in line with Kumar and toring of metals in Ganga canal has become necessary for Chopra (2012) who reported the higher contents of copper assessing metals pollution of various metals namely calci- in abandoned old Ganga canal at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), um, copper, magnesium, manganese, cadmium, lead, zinc, India. Kumar et al. (2012) also reported higher concentra- chromium and iron in its water. Presence of metals in tion of copper in the water of sub canal of upper Ganga water leads metal contamination, when found in excess canal at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India due to the than desirable or permissible limits and thus, it has become discharge of untreated textile effluent. an issue of concern (Kansal et al., 2013). These metals are Manganese: Manganese is usually occurred with iron and entered into rivers naturally through rocks weathering as is observed as an essential element for various living or- well as variety of human accelerated activities such as ganisms. It is naturally found in surface water, sub-surface mining, smelting, electroplating and other industrial pro- water and ground water as well as in the soil. The manga- cess. In addition, rapid growth of industrialization and ur- nese concentration was found to be varied from 0.015 mg/ banization are also adding metals into the river water sys- L at three study sites viz., Bhimgoda Barrage, Haridwar tem (Simeonov et al., 2003; Seth et al., 2006; Kansal et al., (origin point) (S1); Premnagar Ashram Ghat, Haridwar 2013). Therefore, major objective of present study was to (S2); Pathari Power Plant, Bahadrabad (S3) to 0.293 mg/L assess the monthly and spatial variations in the concentra- at Pathari Power Plant, Bahadrabad (S3). All the sampling tion of heavy metals in Ganga canal water at district sites have been found to have higher values of manganese, Haridwar, (Uttarakhand), India.
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