The Production and Circulation of Late Iron Age Slip Decorated Pottery in Central Europe

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Production and Circulation of Late Iron Age Slip Decorated Pottery in Central Europe THE PRODUCTION AND CIRCULATION OF LATE IRON AGE SLIP DECORATED POTTERY IN CENTRAL EUROPE Christopher Guy Cumberpatch Department of Archaeology and Prehistory University of Sheffield Thesis submitted for the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. July 1991 The production and circulation of Late Iron Age slip decorated pottery in Central Europe. Christopher Cumberpatch Summary The aim of this study is to investigate the organisation of production and exchangein the Later Iron Age, or Late La Töne period in part of Central Europe. Although a wide range of goods are considered in relation to this aim (Chapter 2), the focus of the thesis is on the slip decoratedpottery which is a characteristic find on the larger settlements. Following a review of current approachesto the archaeologyof the period (Chapter 1), the second chapter summarisesthe current state of knowledge of the Later Iron Age in the study area (Czechoslovakia,Transdanubian Hungary and Poland). The third chapter considers the theoretical frameworks employed in the interpretation of non-capitalist economic systems. These are discussedin relation to the theory and practice of archaeological interpretation. In chapters4 and 5 the methodsof analysis used in the study of the the slip decorated pottery are described. Chapter 4 focuseson the production of the pottery and the technology employed, relating this to the organisation of labour. Chapter 5 is concernedwith the circulation of the pottery and the methods (petrological and typological analyses)used to interpret the distribution in terms of the actions which produced it. Chapter 6 draws together the data discussedin the secondchapter and that obtained from the analysis of the slip decoratedpottery. The picture of the period which emergesis at variance in a number of respectsfrom that traditionally accepted,in that there appearsto have been a high degreeof continuity with the situation in the Middle la Töne in terms of the economic structuresunderlyinmg the emergenceof sites of central character. The establishmentof thesesites was certainly associatedwith changesin economic relationships (some of which are symbolisedby the production and circulation of slip decoratedpottery), but theseappear to be in addition to, rather than in place of, traditional forms of organisation. A number of appendicesand tables summarisesupporting data. Contents Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates Acknowledgements Preface 1 0.1 Introduction 1 0.2 Chronology 4 Chapter 1 Approaches to the later European Iron Age 7 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 The study of Iron Age societies 7 1.3 'Celtic society' and the question of Roman influence 10 1.4 Entrepreneurialcapitalism 16 1.5 Patronageand proto-feudalism 19 1.6 Multifactoral approaches 21 1.7 Conclusion 22 Chapter 2 Settlement, economy and society in the Later Iron Age of Central Europe 23 2.1 Geographicalbackground 23 2.1.1 Czechoslovakia 23 2.1.2 Malopolska 25 2.1.3 TransdanubianHungary 25 2.2 The archaeologyof the Later Iron Age in Bohemia and Moravia 26 2.2.1 Farmsteadsand villages 27 2.2.2 Industrial villages and non-agrariancentres of production 29 2.2.3 Iron production 31 2.2.4 Non-ferrous metallurgy 34 2.2.5 Querns and stone working 35 2.2.6 Pottery production 37 2.2.7 Other craft and industrial activities 40 2.3 Castella 40 2.4 Ritual sites 42 2.5 Oppida 46 2.5.1 Metallurgy 48 2.5.2 Stone working 49 2.5.3 Glassproduction 50 2.5.4 Pottery production 51 2.5.5 Other craft and industrial activities 52 2.6 Coinage and the minting of coins 53 2.7 Circulation and exchange 57 2.7.1 Circulation: the evidence of artefacts 57 2.7.2 The location of settlementsand the methods of transport 63 2.8 The archaeologyof the later Iron Age in Slovakia and TransdanubianHungary 66 2.8.1 Introduction 66 2.8.2 South-westSlovakia: western section 67 2.8.3 South-westSlovakia: easternsection 67 2.8.4 TransdanubianHungary 68 2.8.5 EasternSlovakia 70 2.8.6 North and Central Slovakia 2.9 The Celto - Dacian problem and the question of multi-cultural assemblages 72 2.10 Slovakia: subsistence 2.11 Settlementand economy in Slovakia and Hungary 76 2.11.1 SouthernSlovakia and western Hungary 77 2.11.2 Fannsteadsand villages 77 2.11.3 Central sites 79 2.11.4 The characteristicsof central sites 79 2.11.5 Functional characteristicsof central sites 82 2.116 Pottery production 82 2.11.7 Metallurgy 83 2.11.8 Other craft and industrial activity 83 2.12 Exchangeand circulation of goods 84 2.13 Northern Slovakia and the Püchov culture 86 2.13.1 Settlement 86 2.13.2 Metallurgy 88 2.13.3 Pottery production 89 2.13.4 Stonemasonry 91 1.13.5 Other craft and industrial activities 91 2.13.6 Exchangeand the circulation of goods 92 2.14 The archaeologyof Later Iron Age settlementin Poland 93 2.15 Settlementlocation 2.16 Production and exchange 97 2.17 Summary 100 2.18 Conclusion 101 Chapter 3 Archaeological approaches to non-capitalist economies 108 3.1 Economic anthropology and archaeology 108 3.2 Neo-classicaleconomic theory 108 3.3 Non-formal approaches 110 3.3.1 Substantivism 111 3.3.2 Marxism 113 3.3.3 Political Economy 116 3.3.4 Circulation 119 3.3.5 Production and Reproduction 122 3.4 Archaeological applications and implications 123 3.5 Theory in practice 127 3.5.1 Modes of production 128 3.5.2 A redefinition of the mode of production 129 3.5.3 Production in a gift economy 132 3.5.4 Methodology: approachingthe mode of production archaeologically 133 3.5.5 The mode of exchange(or circulation) 134 3.5.6 Circulation, exchangeand discourse 136 3.5.7 Identifying exchangein a gift economy 137 3.5.8 Methodology: identifying circulation and exchange archaeologically 138 3.5.9 Consumption and use 139 3.5.10 Methodology: understandingconsumption 140 3.6 Conclusion 141 Appendix 1 Sites with slip decorated pottery 232 Appendix 2 Pottery production sites 247 Appendix 3 Viereckschanzen and other ritual sites 253 Appendix 4 CLUSTAN programme 257 Bibliography 258 Tables 281 Figures Plates List of Tables 2.1 Coin moulds and minting debris -281 3.1 Componentsand variables comprising a mode of production 282 3.2 Hypothetical modesof pottery production 283 3.3 Componentsand variables comprising a mode of exchange 284 3.4 Hypothetical modesof circulation/ exchange. 284 3.5 General ranks of production in a debt basedsystem 285 4.1 Firing temperaturesdetermined by thermal expansion 286 4.2 Firing temperaturesdetermined by mineralogical changes 286 4.3 Suggestedsequence of production for slip decoratedpottery 287 4.4 Suggestedmode of slip decoratedpottery production 288 4.5 Modes of production applicable to the Middle and Late La Tene 289 5.1 Summary of numbers of sherdsfrom sites within the study area 290 5.2 Distribution of decorative motifs on sites within the study area 291 Key to Figure 5.2 292 5.3 Summary of diagnostic vesselforms 293 5.4 Distribution of vesselforms on sites within the study area 294 Key to Figure 5.3 295 5.5 Regionally distinctive typological groups 296 5.6 Summary of relationship between typological groups and those defined in Figure 5.25 297 5.7 Principal geographicalareas represented in clusters identified in Figure 5.25 303 5.8 Summary of the material from sites outside the principal areasof distribution found in eachgroup 304 5.9 Summary of larger quantities of material (greater than 2% of assemblage)from sites outside the principal areasof distribution found in eachgroup 305 5.10 The principal typological groups (T1- T4) and their relationship to the samplestaken for petrological analysis 306 6.1 Goods in circulation in the eastern part of the study area 307 6.2 Suggestedranking of goods in Late Iron Age Central Europe. 308 List of Figures. 2.1 Modern political geographyof the study area. 2.2 Late La Tene settlementbetween Lhotka nad Labern and Lovosice. 2.3 Sapropelite sourcesand Late La T6ne settlementin the Kladno - Nove Straseci area 2.4.1 Gold, silver, tin and copper ore sourcesin Bohemia and Moravia 2.4.2 Non-ferrous metallurgy in Bohemia 2.5 Principal Late La Tene sites in Bohemia and western Moravia 2.6 Late La Tene settlementin Moravia 2.7 Middle - Late La Tene glass workshops 2.8 Distribution of Graphittonkeramik in Bohemia 2.9 Zoomorphic sherd from Stradonice 2.10 Late La Tene settlementin Slovakia 2.11 Principal Late La Tene sites in TransdanubianHungary 2.12 Bratislava and Devin 2.13 Esztergom 2.14 Komärno 2.15 Late La Tene settlement in Makopolska 2.16 Tyniec group sites around Nowa Huta 4.1 Slip decoratedpottery: Open forms 4.2 Slip decorated pottery: Closed forms. 4.3 Slip decoratedpottery: Bases 4.4 Slip decoratedpottery: Sherdsfrom minor sites in Bohemia 4.5 Slip decoratedpottery: Profiled vesselsfrom Stradonice 4.6 Slip decoratedpottery: Examples of grey geometric decoration 4.7 Slip decoratedpottery: Grey decoration from Zemplin 4.8.1 Micro-photographs of slip decoratedpottery fabrics: Stradonice 1 and Liptovskä Mara 90 4.8.2 Micro-photographs of slip decoratedpottery fabrics: Stare Hradisko 1 and Nitra Mikov - Dvor. 4.8.3 Micro-photographs of slip decoratedpottery fabrics: Stare Hradisko 2 and Zemplin 1 4.9.1 Refiring graph: Krzeslawice 4.9.2 Refiring graph: Esztergom 4.9.3 Refiring graph: Manching 4.10 Kilns from Esztergom and Liptovskä Mara 4: 11 Reconstruction of an updraft kiln Figures 5.1 - 5.15 illustrate the relative sizes of the fabric groups identified on the sites studied. 5.1 Tabän - Gellerthegy 5.2 Stradonice 5.3 Starb Hradisko 5.4 Trisov 5.5 Podxsze 5.6 Mogila 5.7.
Recommended publications
  • Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The eighth-century revolution Version 1.0 December 2005 Ian Morris Stanford University Abstract: Through most of the 20th century classicists saw the 8th century BC as a period of major changes, which they characterized as “revolutionary,” but in the 1990s critics proposed more gradualist interpretations. In this paper I argue that while 30 years of fieldwork and new analyses inevitably require us to modify the framework established by Snodgrass in the 1970s (a profound social and economic depression in the Aegean c. 1100-800 BC; major population growth in the 8th century; social and cultural transformations that established the parameters of classical society), it nevertheless remains the most convincing interpretation of the evidence, and that the idea of an 8th-century revolution remains useful © Ian Morris. [email protected] 1 THE EIGHTH-CENTURY REVOLUTION Ian Morris Introduction In the eighth century BC the communities of central Aegean Greece (see figure 1) and their colonies overseas laid the foundations of the economic, social, and cultural framework that constrained and enabled Greek achievements for the next five hundred years. Rapid population growth promoted warfare, trade, and political centralization all around the Mediterranean. In most regions, the outcome was a concentration of power in the hands of kings, but Aegean Greeks created a new form of identity, the equal male citizen, living freely within a small polis. This vision of the good society was intensely contested throughout the late eighth century, but by the end of the archaic period it had defeated all rival models in the central Aegean, and was spreading through other Greek communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Europa XXI T.13 (2005) : New Spatial Relations in New Europe
    POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES STANISLAW LESZCZYCKI INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES POLISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY EUROPA XXI EDITORS: TOMASZ KOMORNICKI and KONRAD Ł. CZAPIEWSKI WARSZAWA 2005 EDITORS: Maciej Jakubowski (editor-in-chief) Ewa Korcelli-Olejniczak Barbara Jaworska EDITORIAL BOARD: Marek Dutkowski (Gdańsk) Wanda E. Gaczek (Poznań) Jacek Głowacki (Warszawa) Jerzy Grzeszczak (Warszawa) Marek Koter (Łódź) Piotr Szeliga (Warszawa) Krzysztof Wojciechowski (Lublin) http://rcin.org.pl POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES STANISLAW LESZCZYCKI INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES POLISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY EUROPA XXI 13 NEW SPATIAL RELATIONS IN NEW EUROPE EDITORS: TOMASZ KOMORNICKI and KONRAD Ł. CZAPIEWSKI WARSZAWA 2005 http://rcin.org.pl VOLUME REVIEWED BY: Andrzej Kowalczyk EDITORIAL OFFICE: Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, PAS 00-818 Warszawa ul. Twarda 51/55 tel. (48-22) 69 78 849 fax (48-22) 620 62 21 www.igipz.pan.pl/cbe e-mail: [email protected] PREPARED FOR PRINT BY: Małgorzata Cala Department of Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, PAS ISSN 1429-7132 http://rcin.org.pl CONTENTS MAREK DEGORSKI—New relations in new Europe—necessity of its cognition 5 SPATIAL DIMENSION OF EUROPEAN UNION ECONOMIC FUTURE 7 HORVATH GYULA—Regional disparities and competitiveness in Central and Eastern Europe 9 WEGENER MICHAEL, KOMORNICKI TOMASZ and KORCELLI PIOTR—Spatial Impacts of the Trans-European
    [Show full text]
  • The Atlantic Early Iron Age in Gaul Pierre-Yves Milcent
    The Atlantic Early Iron Age in Gaul Pierre-Yves Milcent To cite this version: Pierre-Yves Milcent. The Atlantic Early Iron Age in Gaul. Lehoërff A., Talon M. (dir.). Movement, Exchange and Identity in Europe in the 2nd and 1st Millennia BC beyond Frontiers, Oxbow Books, pp.79-98, 2017, 9781785707162. hal-01889723 HAL Id: hal-01889723 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01889723 Submitted on 17 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. This pdf of your paper in Movement, Exchange and Identity in Europe in the 2nd and 1st Millennia BC belongs to the publishers Oxbow Books and it is their copyright. As author you are licenced to make up to 50 offprints from it, but beyond that you may not publish it on the World Wide Web until three years from publication (September 2020), unless the site is a limited access intranet (password protected). If you have queries about this please contact the editorial department at Oxbow Books ([email protected]). MOVEMENT, EXCHANGE AND IDENTITY IN EUROPE IN THE 2ND AND 1ST MILLENNIA BC AN OFFPRINT
    [Show full text]
  • Cold-Climate Landform Patterns in the Sudetes. Effects of Lithology, Relief and Glacial History
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE 2000 GEOGRAPHICA, XXXV, SUPPLEMENTUM, PAG. 185–210 Cold-climate landform patterns in the Sudetes. Effects of lithology, relief and glacial history ANDRZEJ TRACZYK, PIOTR MIGOŃ University of Wrocław, Department of Geography, Wrocław, Poland ABSTRACT The Sudetes have the whole range of landforms and deposits, traditionally described as periglacial. These include blockfields and blockslopes, frost-riven cliffs, tors and cryoplanation terraces, solifluction mantles, rock glaciers, talus slopes and patterned ground and loess covers. This paper examines the influence, which lithology and structure, inherited relief and time may have had on their development. It appears that different rock types support different associations of cold climate landforms. Rock glaciers, blockfields and blockstreams develop on massive, well-jointed rocks. Cryogenic terraces, rock steps, patterned ground and heterogenic solifluction mantles are typical for most metamorphic rocks. No distinctive landforms occur on rocks breaking down through microgelivation. The variety of slope form is largely inherited from pre- Pleistocene times and includes convex-concave, stepped, pediment-like, gravitational rectilinear and concave free face-talus slopes. In spite of ubiquitous solifluction and permafrost creep no uniform characteristic ‘periglacial’ slope profile has been created. Mid-Pleistocene trimline has been identified on nunataks in the formerly glaciated part of the Sudetes and in their foreland. Hence it is proposed that rock-cut periglacial relief of the Sudetes is the cumulative effect of many successive cold periods during the Pleistocene and the last glacial period alone was of relatively minor importance. By contrast, slope cover deposits are usually of the Last Glacial age. Key words: cold-climate landforms, the Sudetes 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Routes4u Project Feasibility Study on the Roman Heritage Route in the Adriatic and Ionian Region
    Routes4U Project Feasibility Study on the Roman Heritage Route in the Adriatic and Ionian Region Routes4U Feasibility Study on an Iron Age cultural route in the Danube Region Routes4U Project Routes4U Feasibility study on an Iron Age cultural route in the Danube Region ROUTES4U FEASIBILITY STUDY ON AN IRON AGE CULTURAL ROUTE IN THE DANUBE REGION August 2019 The present study has been developed in the framework of Routes4U, the Joint Programme between the Council of Europe and the European Commission (DG REGIO). Routes4U aims to foster regional development through the Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe programme in the four EU macro-regions: the Adriatic and Ionian, Alpine, Baltic Sea and Danube Regions. A special thank you goes to the author Martin Fera, and to the numerous partners and stakeholders who supported the study. The opinions expressed in this work are the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. www.coe.int/routes4u 2 / 57 Routes4U Feasibility study on an Iron Age cultural route in the Danube Region CONTENTS Contents ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... 5 II. ANALYSIS OF THE “STATE OF THE ART” OF IRON AGE HERITAGE IN THE DANUBE REGION...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Architecture, Style and Structure in the Early Iron Age in Central Europe
    TOMASZ GRALAK ARCHITECTURE, STYLE AND STRUCTURE IN THE EARLY IRON AGE IN CENTRAL EUROPE Wrocław 2017 Reviewers: prof. dr hab. Danuta Minta-Tworzowska prof. dr hab. Andrzej P. Kowalski Technical preparation and computer layout: Natalia Sawicka Cover design: Tomasz Gralak, Nicole Lenkow Translated by Tomasz Borkowski Proofreading Agnes Kerrigan ISBN 978-83-61416-61-6 DOI 10.23734/22.17.001 Uniwersytet Wrocławski Instytut Archeologii © Copyright by Uniwersytet Wrocławski and author Wrocław 2017 Print run: 150 copies Printing and binding: "I-BIS" Usługi Komputerowe, Wydawnictwo S.C. Andrzej Bieroński, Przemysław Bieroński 50-984 Wrocław, ul. Sztabowa 32 Contents INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER I. THE HALLSTATT PERIOD 1. Construction and metrology in the Hallstatt period in Silesia .......................... 13 2. The koine of geometric ornaments ......................................................................... 49 3. Apollo’s journey to the land of the Hyperboreans ............................................... 61 4. The culture of the Hallstatt period or the great loom and scales ....................... 66 CHAPTER II. THE LA TÈNE PERIOD 1. Paradigms of the La Tène style ................................................................................ 71 2. Antigone and the Tyrannicides – the essence of ideological change ................. 101 3. The widespread nature of La Tène style ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Iron Age Scotland: Scarf Panel Report
    Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report Images ©as noted in the text ScARF Summary Iron Age Panel Document September 2012 Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report Summary Iron Age Panel Report Fraser Hunter & Martin Carruthers (editors) With panel member contributions from Derek Alexander, Dave Cowley, Julia Cussans, Mairi Davies, Andrew Dunwell, Martin Goldberg, Strat Halliday, and Tessa Poller For contributions, images, feedback, critical comment and participation at workshops: Ian Armit, Julie Bond, David Breeze, Lindsey Büster, Ewan Campbell, Graeme Cavers, Anne Clarke, David Clarke, Murray Cook, Gemma Cruickshanks, John Cruse, Steve Dockrill, Jane Downes, Noel Fojut, Simon Gilmour, Dawn Gooney, Mark Hall, Dennis Harding, John Lawson, Stephanie Leith, Euan MacKie, Rod McCullagh, Dawn McLaren, Ann MacSween, Roger Mercer, Paul Murtagh, Brendan O’Connor, Rachel Pope, Rachel Reader, Tanja Romankiewicz, Daniel Sahlen, Niall Sharples, Gary Stratton, Richard Tipping, and Val Turner ii Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report Executive Summary Why research Iron Age Scotland? The Scottish Iron Age provides rich data of international quality to link into broader, European-wide research questions, such as that from wetlands and the well-preserved and deeply-stratified settlement sites of the Atlantic zone, from crannog sites and from burnt-down buildings. The nature of domestic architecture, the movement of people and resources, the spread of ideas and the impact of Rome are examples of topics that can be explored using Scottish evidence. The period is therefore important for understanding later prehistoric society, both in Scotland and across Europe. There is a long tradition of research on which to build, stretching back to antiquarian work, which represents a considerable archival resource.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Economic Study of the Area of Interest
    SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE AREA OF INTEREST AIR TRITIA 2018 Elaborated within the project „SINGLE APPROACH TO THE AIR POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF TRITIS” (hereinafter AIR TRITIA) (č. CE1101), which is co-financed by the European Union through the Interreg CENTRAL EUROPE programme. Socio-economic study of the area of interest has been elaborated by the research institute: ACCENDO – Centrum pro vědu a výzkum, z. ú. Švabinského 1749/19, 702 00 Ostrava – Moravská Ostrava, IČ: 28614950, tel.: +420 596 112 649, web: http://accendo.cz/, e-mail: [email protected] Authors: Ing. Ivana Foldynová, Ph.D. Ing. Petr Proske Mgr. Andrea Hrušková Doc. Ing. Lubor Hruška, Ph.D. RNDr. Ivan Šotkovský, Ph.D. Ing. David Kubáň a další Citation pattern: FOLDYNOVÁ, I.; HRUŠKOVÁ, A.; ŠOTKOVSKÝ, I.; KUBÁŇ, D. a kol. (2018) Socio- ekonomická studie zájmového území“. Ostrava: ACCENDO. Elaborated by: 31. 5. 2018 2 List of Contents List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 6 1. Specification of the Area of Interest ......................................................................... 7 1.1 ESÚS TRITIA ................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Basic Classification of Territorial Units ................................................................ 8 2. Methodology ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Detailed Assessment of the Effects of Meteorological Conditions on PM10
    atmosphere Article Detailed Assessment of the Effects of Meteorological Conditions on PM10 Concentrations in the Northeastern Part of the Czech Republic Vladimíra Volná 1,2,* and Daniel Hladký 1 1 Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Šabatce 17, 143 06 Praha, Czech Republic; [email protected] 2 University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 April 2020; Accepted: 9 May 2020; Published: 12 May 2020 Abstract: This article assessed the links between PM10 pollution and meteorological conditions over the Czech-Polish border area at the Tˇrinec-Kosmosand Vˇeˇrˇnovicesites often burdened with high air pollution covering the years 2016–2019. For this purpose, the results of the measurements of special systems (ceilometers) that monitor the atmospheric boundary layer were used in the analysis. Meteorological conditions, including the mixing layer height (MLH), undoubtedly influence the air pollution level. Combinations of meteorological conditions and their influence on PM10 concentrations also vary, depending on the pollution sources of a certain area and the geographical conditions of the monitoring site. Gen1erally, the worst dispersion conditions for the PM10 air pollution level occur at low air temperatures, low wind speed, and low height of the mixing layer along with a wind direction from areas with a higher accumulation of pollution sources. The average PM10 concentrations at temperatures below 1 ◦C reach the highest values on the occurrence of a mixing layer height of up to 400 m at both sites. The influence of a rising height of the mixing layer at temperatures below 1 ◦C on the average PM10 concentrations at Tˇrinec-Kosmos site is not as significant as in the case of Vˇeˇrˇnovice,where a difference of several tens of µg m 3 in the average PM · − 10 concentrations was observed between levels of up to 200 m and levels of 200–300 m.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Carpathian Foredeep, Poland) for Geothermal Purposes
    energies Review Prospects of Using Hydrocarbon Deposits from the Autochthonous Miocene Formation (Eastern Carpathian Foredeep, Poland) for Geothermal Purposes Anna Chmielowska * , Anna Sowizd˙ zał˙ and Barbara Tomaszewska Department of Fossil Fuels, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Avenue, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (B.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: There are many oil and gas fields around the world where the vast number of wells have been abandoned or suspended, mainly due to the depletion of reserves. Those abandoned oil and gas wells (AOGWs) are often located in areas with a prospective geothermal potential and might be retrofitted to a geothermal system without high-cost drilling. In Poland, there are thousands of wells, either operating, abandoned or negative, that might be used for different geothermal applications. Thus, the aim of this paper is not only to review geothermal and petroleum facts about the Eastern Carpathian Foredeep, but also to find out the areas, geological structures or just AOGWs, which are the most prospective in case of geothermal utilization. Due to the inseparability of geological settings with both oil and gas, as well as geothermal conditionings, firstly, the geological background of the analyzed region was performed, considering mainly the autochthonous Miocene formation. Then, Citation: Chmielowska, A.; geothermal and petroleum detailed characteristics were made. In the case of geothermal parameters, Sowizd˙ zał,˙ A.; Tomaszewska, B. such as formation’s thickness, temperatures, water-bearing horizons, wells’ capacities, mineralization Prospects of Using Hydrocarbon and others were extensively examined.
    [Show full text]
  • Birch-Bark Hats and Elite Status in Iron Age Europe Cara Melissa Reeves University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations December 2015 Head and Shoulders Above the Rest: Birch-Bark Hats and Elite Status in Iron Age Europe Cara Melissa Reeves University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Reeves, Cara Melissa, "Head and Shoulders Above the Rest: Birch-Bark Hats and Elite Status in Iron Age Europe" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1036. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1036 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HEAD AND SHOULDERS ABOVE THE REST: BIRCH-BARK HATS AND ELITE STATUS IN IRON AGE EUROPE by Cara Reeves A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee December 2015 ABSTRACT HEAD AND SHOULDERS ABOVE THE REST: BIRCH-BARK HATS AND ELITE STATUS IN IRON AGE EUROPE by Cara Reeves The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2015 Under the Supervision of Professor Bettina Arnold As competition between Celtic elites increased in Iron Age continental Europe (c. 800- 25/15 BC), ornamentation of the head figured prominently in status displays across the Celtic world. Mortuary and iconographic contexts reveal that headgear made of both metal and organic materials marked elite status, but materials varied regionally by gender and age throughout the Iron Age.
    [Show full text]
  • Nasza Odra, Przewodnik Turystyczno
    Nasza Odra Naše Odra Our Odra River Unsere Odra Przewodnik turystyczno- przyrodniczy po granicznych meandrach Odry Turistický průvodce přírodou hraničních meandrů Odry Odra River Border Meanders Travel and Nature Guide Reise- und Naturführer für die Grenzmäander der Oder Nasza Odra Przewodnik turystyczno-przyrodniczy po granicznych meandrach Odry Naše Odra Turistický průvodce přírodou hraničních meandrů Odry Our Odra River Odra River Border Meanders Travel and Nature Guide Unsere Odra Reise- und Naturführer für die Grenzmäander der Oder Autorzy/ Autoři/ Autoren/ Authors: Vladislava Hamplová, Dariusz Urbaniak, Karolina Żurowska Redakcja/ Redakce/ Redaktion/ Edition: Piotr Nieznański Spis treści: Obsah: Korekta/ Korekce/ Korrektur/ Proof – reading: Magda Dul, Katarzyna Głowacka, Anna Piekut, Peter Torkler, Lidia Urbaniak Wstęp 5 Úvod Miejscowe unikaty 7 Místní unikáty Wydawca/ Vydavatel/ Herausgeber/ Publisher: WWF Polska, Urząd Gminy Krzyżanowice Ważne informacje 9 Důležité informace Fotografie, ilustracje/ Snímky, ilustrace/ Bilder, Illustration/ Photographs, Illustrations: Historia obszaru 13 Dějiny oblasti Grzegorz Bobrowicz, Městský úřad Bohumín, Piotr Nieznański, Libuše Schmidt, Jiří Spáčil, Położenie i klimat obszaru 19 Poloha a klima oblasti Ladislav Pekárek, Dorota Serwecińska, Urząd Gminy Krzyżanowice Walory przyrodnicze 24 Přírodní hodnoty Konsultacje/ Konzultace/ Consultation/ Konsultierung Leonard Fulneczek, Wolfgang Kroczek, Naturalne procesy 25 Přírodní procesy Marian Studnic, Anna Tarkowska Fauna 26 Fauna Flora 36 Flóra © WWF Polska, 2006 Wspólnie chronimy Společně chraňme 42 przyrodę nad Odrą přírodu kolem Odry Druk/ Tisk/ Druck/ Print: Przestrzeń dla rzeki 48 Prostor pro řeku www.ad.com.pl Trasy rowerowe i zabytki 51 Cyklostezky a památky ISBN: 83-923590-7-0 Informacje praktyczne 74 Praktické informace Publikacja współfinansowana ze środków Europejskiego Wyżywienie 74 Stravování Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego w ramach Programu Zakwaterowanie 76 Ubytování INTERREG III A Czechy-Polska oraz z budżetu państwa.
    [Show full text]