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Table of Contents Introduction Volume LXIII, Number 4 Merrell, Easton Treaty Texts William and Mary Quarterly Easton Treaty Texts July and November 1756 Edited by James H� Merrell Table of Contents Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 Sources ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 Sources included APS American Philosophical Society �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 BF Benjamin Franklin ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 CW Conrad Weiser ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 FAH Friendly Association, Haverford �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 FAM Friendly Association Minutes ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 HSPRM Historical Society of Pennsylvania, “Rough Minutes” ��������������������������������������������������������������������4 HSPT Historical Society of Pennsylvania, “Tatteweskund” ����������������������������������������������������������������������5 JH John Hughes ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 MA Moravian Archives ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 RPC Records of the Provincial Council ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Sources not included APS American Philosophical Society ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 FAH Friendly Association, Haverford �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 HEYE Heye Foundation ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 HSP Historical Society of Pennsylvania �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 MPCP Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania ������������������������������������������������������������������������7 PMIA Pennsylvania Manuscripts, Indian Affairs �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 PPR Pennsylvania Provincial Records �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 PRO Public Record Office �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 Editorial Methods ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 Transcripts �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 July 28, 1756 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 July 29, 1756 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 July 30, 1756 �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 November 8, 1756 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35 November 9, 1756 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������41 November 13, 1756 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������47 November 16, 1756 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72 Conclusion �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������90 Notes �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������91 © 2006 by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Volume LXIII, Number 4 Merrell, Easton Treaty Texts William and Mary Quarterly Introduction n tracking down what colonial penmen produced, I have not tried to follow the trail of every copy of every version that, after the treaties, scattered to the four winds before coming to rest in various places� My concern has been with variation among texts made as close as possible to the councils, not with the ability of this or that clerk later on to copy verbatim Iwhat sat before him� The accounts included merit attention because they usually originated at or near the treaty ground and because they contain variations that probably were not the result of clerical error or a slip of the pen, but rather stemmed from scribal or editorial decisions� That said, I should also repeat what I wrote in the essay that appears in the William and Mary Quarterly: the texts included were not all independently produced; each one does not represent a separate line of transcription� Some scribes copied from others or polished rough notes that are also included here; hence, some of the resemblance is not because different scriveners jotted down precisely the same thing during a council session but because one secretary either copied his own notes or shared his notes with someone else� Though these factors make it challenging to follow the chain of communication from Indian to colonist to paper to us, here is a tentative trace of the transmission lines: 1� At councils in native towns on the Susquehanna River, the Delaware and perhaps other groups (such as the Iroquois) settle what Teedyuscung is to say to colonists at Easton and lodge this rendition in his memory� 2� At Easton before the treaty commences, Teedyuscung’s memory is refreshed by others in the delegation� 3� Teedyuscung delivers a speech� 4� John Pumpshire translates the words from Delaware to English� 5. Various scribes write down what they can of Pumpshire’s English. These include official secretaries (Richard Peters; his fellow member of the provincial council, Benjamin Chew; unnamed clerks; and, on November 13 and 16, Charles Thomson, master of the Friends’ Latin School and scribe for Quakers in November), various Quakers, and a Moravian� 6. Editing of rough minutes proceeds in two main directions that have surfaced: officials (by Peters), and Quakers. 7. Benjamin Franklin publishes the official version, which includes some additional editing and a statement from the Pennsylvania assembly questioning the accuracy of some parts of the minutes�1 2 © 2006 by the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Volume LXIII, Number 4 Merrell, Easton Treaty Texts William and Mary Quarterly Sources With the abbreviations used to identify them, the texts are as follows� Sources included: APS American Philosophical Society [Typed Card:] Film 1409� 970�4 M415� [John F� Freeman, comp�, A Guide to the Manuscripts Relating to the American Indian in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia, 1966), manuscript no� 118�] “Material Pertaining to Pennsylvania Indian Affairs [1755–1758]� Reports of meetings with the Indians 1755–57, at Philadelphia and Easton; journal of Christian Frederick Post, 1757, and Charles Thomson’s enquiry, 1758�” [Next page, by hand:] “Collection of Treaties between the Government of Pennsylvania, and the Indian Nations Deposited by Joseph Parker Norris�” This bound volume contains a variety of treaty documents from 1756 and other years� The Easton November 1756 minutes follow directly from the July minutes, but are in a different hand� The two treaty texts included are listed in the volume’s handwritten table of content as: “VII At Easton Govr Morris wth Teedyuscung July 1756” and “VIII At Easton Govr Denny wth Teedyuscung Novr 1756 C Thompsons Minutes�” (Possibly in the hand of Charles Thomson�) At the end of the document, in another hand, is the notation: “Copy Feby 1757.” I have worked from a microfilm copy supplied by the American Philosophical Society� The text can also be found in Francis Jennings et al�, eds�, Iroquois Indians: A Documentary History of the Diplomacy of the Six Nations and Their League (Woodbridge, Conn�, 1984), reel 17, Aug� 7, 1755, to Dec� 3, 1792� Permission to post a transcript of portions of these documents is courtesy of the Library, American Philosophical Society� Permission to publish required� BF Benjamin Franklin Franklin, Minutes of Conferences, Held with the Indians, at Easton, In the Months of July and November, 1756 � � � (Philadelphia, 1757)� Repr� as a facsimile in Julian P� Boyd, ed�, Indian Treaties Printed by Benjamin Franklin, 1736– 1762 (Philadelphia, 1938)� I have consulted the Boyd
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