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International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil , ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-4, Issue-4, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GODAVARI AT BASARA REGION

1BHUKYA RAMAKRISHNA, 2BALLA RANJITH KUMAR, 3KATTA THUKARAM

1 Assistant Professor, 2,3Student, Civil Engineering Department, RGUKT Basara, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected]

Abstract - The River Godavari, a holy river known since ancient time, is the second largest river in . Apart from and , Godavari also holds the special religious importance in India. Spatial variation of the water quality of these holy is difficult to interpret; a monitoring program is often necessary which has responsibility to provide representative and reliable estimation of the river water quality.So systematic study has been carried out to assess the water quality of at Basara. Water samples from seven sampling stations were collected and physical and chemical parameters were analyzed by the standard methods. In this study Water Quality was determined on the basis of twelve parameters like PH, Electrical Conductivity, Alkalinity, Hardness, TDS, TSS, TS, DO, BOD, COD, Fluorides, Nitrates. The pollution level over a period of time is increasing on the river water mainly due to industrial and other waste waters are directly discharge in the river. Hence the present study is aimed to examine the water quality of the Godavari River and to evaluate the impact of such contaminated water.

Keywords - Water quality index, Godavari River, Basara, Physical and Chemical parameters.

I. INTRODUCTION The other sources of pollutants include effluents from pioneer distilleries of Dharmabad which is in Water is an important natural resource and precious district of state. The long-term national assets. It forms the chief constituent of management of river requires basic understanding of ecological system. Everyone knows that water is chemical, biological and hydrological characteristics. essential to continue normal life. We depend on water Since, spatial variation of the water quality is difficult for more than just for drinking, cooking and personal to interpret; a monitoring program is often necessary usage. Big amount of water is often required for which has responsibility to provide representative and industrial and commercial uses such as fisheries, reliable estimation of the river water quality. hydropower generation. In some parts of the country, large quantities of water for irrigation are necessary We know single number cannot represent the whole to support agriculture. Water sources may be mainly story of water quality of Particular River. There are in the form of rivers, lakes, ground water etc. The many other water quality parameters that are not availability and quality of water either surface or included in finding the index, however, a water ground, is getting deteriorated due to some important quality index based on some very important factors like increasing human activities at the water parameters can provide an indicator of water quality. bodies, sewage discharge, Agricultural effluents, It is even important that the findings from various industrialization, urbanization etc.Surface water tests should be easily communicable to users and pollution with chemical, physical and biological policy makers. Water quality index is well-known contaminants by anthropogenic activities is of great method as well as one of the most effective tools to environmental attention all over the world. Rivers expressing water quality that offers a simple, stable, play an important role in carrying off municipal and reproducible unit of measure. It, thus, becomes an industrial wastewater and run-off from agricultural important parameter for the assessment and land. Rivers are one of the most susceptible water management of surfacewater. The general WQI was bodies to pollutants. Rivers are the main water developed by Brownet al. (1970) and improved by sources for domestic, industrial and agricultural Deininger for the Scottish Development Department irrigation purposes in a region. River water quality is (1975). Horton (1965) suggested that the various one of important factors directly concerning water quality data could be aggregated into an overall withhealth of human and living beings. Therefore, it index. is important to have reliable information on characteristics of waterquality for effectivepollution There are various Methods to find water Quality control and water resource management. Index such as

Industrial effluents those have been continuously 1. National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) WQI thrown into the river is very visible at all major . 2. Canadian Council of Ministers of the This site is located at Basara Gnana Saraswati temple Environment (CCME) WQI so water is mainly polluted by the activities of the 3. Weight Arithmetic WQI pilgrims and their bathing, other devotional activities.

Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region

50 International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-4, Issue-4, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in In this project we have adopted Weighted Arithmetic temperature of 0oC-1oC till the further Analysis has method to evaluate WQI considering its flexibility taken place. As soon as the samples were brought to and simplicity. the laboratory, samples were tested for PH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved solids, DO content II. STUDY AREA using water analyzer. BOD (by incubating diluted samples at 25º C for 5 days), COD (by dichromate The Godavari originates 80 km (50 mi) from the reflux method using a ferroin indicator), Alkalinity in the Western of central India (Titration), Hardness (EDTA Method), TDS near Nasik in Maharashtra. It flows for 1,465 km (Evaporation method), TSS(filtration through (910 mi), first eastwards across the Watman no. 44 filter paper),fluorides(Spands then turns southeast, entering the West Godavari Spectrophotometric method), district and East Godavari district of , Nitrates(Spectrophotometric method) tests were until it splits into two watercourses that widen into a performed. large river delta and flow into the . 3.3 Calculation of Weighted Arithmetic WQI Weighted arithmetic water quality index method In our project we have chosen Basara as the reference classified the water quality according to the degree of point along with another six purity by using the most commonly measured water points upstream of Godavari River near Basara quality variables. The method has been widely used temple. We mainly focused on the Saraswati temple by the various scientistsand the calculation of WQI at Basara because it is the most visiting place by the was made using the following equation pilgrims and also it was polluted by the various ∑ = materials which are thrown into the river. At Basara ∑ Ghats’s daily about 1000 pilgrims dip in the river, this count may be goes up to 25000 on some special The quality rating scale (Qi) for each parameter is occasions like Vasanthapanchami. calculated by using this expression − = Sample Sample Latitude Longitude − Code Location Where, S1 Triveni 77.868 18.814 th Vi = Estimated concentration of i parameter in the Sangamam analyzed water. S2 Kandakurthi 77.888 18.811 Vo= Ideal value of this parameter in pure water. S3 Tadbiloli 77.948 18.797 H Vo= 0 (except P = 7 and DO=14.6 mg/l) S4 Khosli 76.485 18.396 th S5 Basara bridge 77.957 18.863 Si=Recommended standard value for i Parameter. S6 Basara Ghats 77.961 18.867 S7 Binola 77.953 18.880 The unit weight (Wi) for each water quality parameter Table 1: Sampling Location Co-ordinates is calculated by using the following formula = Five Samples were completed upstream of Basara Temple location in order to pollutants mixing pattern K= Proportionality constant and can also be before reaching temple area. One sample was calculated by using the following equation. collected at downstream of temple location to know = isthere any self-purification process taking place or ∑( ) not. Water Quality Rating according to Weighted

Arithmetic method is given in Table 2. III. EXPERMINTAL DETAILS WQI Status Possible Usages

Drinking, 3.1 Sample Collection 0-25 Excellent Irrigation, The water samples were collected from seven sites Industrial along the river as given in Table 1. Water samples Domestic, from the sampling stations were collected in two 25-50 Good Irrigation, phases, first time samples were collected in the month Industrial Irrigation, of Feb 2017 and second phase collection was carried 51-75 Fair out in March 2017, by grab sampling method. Industrial Parameters were analyzed by the standard 76-100 Poor Irrigation Restricted use for methods.The samples were taken in plastic canes and 101-150 Very Poor brought to the laboratory with necessary precautions. Irrigation Proper treatment 3.2 Physico-Chemical analysis Unfit for Above 150 required before Drinking All the samples collected were brought to usage. Environmental Engineering laboratory at RGUKT Table 2:Water Quality Rating as per Weight Arithmetic Water Basara. They were kept in deep fridge at the Quality Index Method

Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region

51 International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-4, Issue-4, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in Water Quality Standard Unit 3 2 2 3 6 7 5 S.No. Parameter values weight Alkalini 285 235 163 156 168 174 160 1 PH 8.5 0.0910 ty Hardne 170 223 236 189 239 210 298 2 Alkalinity 120 0.0064 ss 3 Hardness 300 0.0026 TDS 368 220 315 180 320 265 200 123 108 137 129 TSS 970 746 673 4 TDS 500 0.0016 0 9 6 8 145 167 108 137 129 5 TSS 500 0.0016 TS 746 673 6 8 9 6 8 6 TS 500 0.0016 EC 297 329 304 257 432 453 203 7.6 6.5 7.9 8.6 8.2 8.6 7.8 7 EC 300 0.0026 DO 7 4 8 7 3 5 9 8 DO 5 0.1550 5.7 8.3 BOD 4.2 6.0 7.8 5.6 3.5 9 BOD 6 0.1290 1 1 23. 25. 26. 30. COD 5.7 23 26 10 COD 10 0.0773 5 7 5 5 3.7 0.9 0.2 1.0 0.1 11 Nitrates 45 0.0172 Nitrates 1.2 1.1 6 1 5 8 9 12 Fluorides 1.5 0.5150 Fluorid 0.3 1.1 1.4 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.9 es 4 2 5 7 7 9 9 44. 94. 104 70. 84. 95. 83. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION WQI 82 03 .3 33 92 65 06 Table 4: The values of the various parameters for samples Having successfully collected the samples and collected in March 2017 performed the physical chemical analysis and values of Water quality index were found, here presenting the results in the form of tables(refer Table 4,5).

Water Quality S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 Parame ter 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.1 7.5 8.1 PH 8.0 3 3 8 2 8 3 Alkalini 274 156 164 148 140 164 156 ty Hardne 240 170 220 160 275 200 300 H ss Figure 1:P Variation along the river length

TDS 360 210 215 213 208 246 193 104 120 108 TSS 780 280 640 460 0 6 0 115 128 142 135 TS 510 860 663 0 0 6 4 EC 729 418 451 438 396 491 386 8.8 7.4 8.3 8.5 8.1 DO 8.9 8.2 9 3 2 3 8 BOD 2.0 5.7 4.3 4.7 5.6 8.0 2.6 27. 29. COD 2.4 16 12 24 24 2 2 Figure 2:AlkalinityVariation along the river length 1.9 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.1 Nitrates 0.9 3 5 3 7 9 3 Fluorid 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.4 1.2 1.6 es 5 6 3 8 5 28. 86. 91. 72. 59. 89. 58. WQI 60 35 39 32 74 54 60 Table 4: The values of the various parameters for samples collected in Feb 2017

Water Quality S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 Parame ter PH 7.9 8.5 8.1 8.2 8.5 7.7 8.4 Figure 3:HardnessVariation along the river length

Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region

52 International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-4, Issue-4, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in

Figure 4:TDSVariation along the river length Figure 9:BODVariation along the river length

Figure 5:TSSVariation along the river length Figure 10:COD Variation along the river length

Figure 6:TSVariation along the river length Figure 11:NitratesVariation along the river length

Figure 7:ECVariation along the river length

Figure 12:Fluorides Variation along the river length

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The results obtained from analysis of water samples of river Godavari are shown in table 4 and table 5. The reported values of water samples collected in two phases at different areas along the stretch of Godavari river. The results indicate that the quality of water varies considerably from location to location. A

Figure 8:DOVariation along the river length summary of the findings is given below.

Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region

53 International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-4, Issue-4, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in Major portion of water samples showed slight basic REFERENCES nature with in the permissible limits of drinking water standards except samples S1 and S5 collected in [1] V.Bawa kalpana and V.B. Gaikawad, “Water Quality Assessment of Godavari river at Nasik,india: Impact of phase-2. The conductivity of water is affected by the sewage and industrial wastewater”.Universal Journal of suspended impurities and also depends upon the Environmental Research and Technology 2013 Volume 3, amount of ions in the water. The highest conductivity Issue 4: 452- 457 729 µsiemen/cm of the Godavari water was observed [2] C.R. Ramakrishnaiah, C.Sadashivaiah ,G.Rajanna, “Assessment of water Quality Index for groundwater in at Trivenisangamam (S1) during phase-1 collection. Tumkur Taluk, ”, ISSN: 0973-4945 E-Journal of Minimum conductivity 209 µsiemen/cm was Chemistry 2009, 6(2), 523-530.. observed at Binola (S7). Total solids may affect water [3] Dhirendra, M.J., Alok Kumar, and Namita .(2009). quality. Water with high total solids generally is of “Studies on Physicochemical parameters to assess the Water Quality of river Ganga for drinking purpose in inferior pot ability. Total dissolved solids were district”, Rasayan J. Chem. 2: 195-203. observed maximum 368 mg/l and minimum 180 mg/l [4] Khan, A.M., V. Srinivasarao, Y.L.N. Murthy, et al, 2008, in. Total suspended solids were recorded maximum “Assessment of water quality of Godavari River at Nanded, 1376 mg/l in sample S5. The sample from S5 and S6 Maharashtra and Rajamundry, Andhra Pradesh”,Journal ofChemistry and Environment 12(1):65-68. showed nearly [5] Manjusha Bohr et al. “Water Quality Assessment of the River same values but the samples from Basara Bridge (S5) Godavari, At Ramkund,, (Maharashtra), India”. showed light high concentrations of TSS compared International Journal Of Engineering And Science. Issn: samples from Basara Ghats (S6) area. Godavari water 2278-4721, Vol. 2, Issue 2 (January 2013), Pp 64-68 [6] Ruby Pandey et al. “Assessment of Physico-Chemical contained high dissolved oxygen during Phase-1, Parameters of River Ganga atAllahabad With Respect To followed by a gradual decrease to its lowest values WQI”, International Journal of Innovative Research in during Phase-2. The higher concentrations of Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2319-8753, vol dissolved oxygen during Phase-1 were probably due 3,Issue 9, September 2014. [7] Pushpa Rani et al., “Studies in determination of some to low water temperature, relatively low solids parameters of ‘Ganga river water, Kanwar Mela 2013, concentration. The maximum 8.9 mg/l oxygen Haridwar”, Journal of innovative biology,ISSN: 2348- content of water was recorded at (S4) and 6473,June 2014 Vol. 1, Issue 2, P. 122-125. minimum 6.54 mg/l in Kondakurti sample (S2). BOD [8] Water Quality Status of Water Bodies of Maharashtra with Recourse to Analytical/Statistical Tools(2007-2011), has ranged from 2 mg/l to 8.31mg/l. Highest BOD Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), 4-23 to 4-31. concentration is observed at Basara Ghats region this [9] Comprehensive Study of Polluted River Stretches and is probably due to leaving the biodegradable Preparation of Action Plan of River Godavari from Nasik D/S materials from temple such as flowers, leaves and to Paithan, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), [10] APHA, AWWA, WPCF (1989): Standard Methods for the bathing. Nitrates content was found with in the examination of water and Waste Water, 17th Ed (Clescerina, permissible limits. At some locations Fluoride L.S. Eds., Trussell, R.R., Greenberg, A.E.), APHA, content is was much less than permissible limit and at Washington D.C. U.S.A. Tadibiloli (S3) it is slightly higher than standard [11] Thesis submitted by Prakash, “Water Quality Study on Rivers in SARAWAK”. University of Malaysia Sarawak 2005 value. [12] Singh, V.K., Singh, K.P. and Mohan, D. “Status of heavy metals in water and bed The WQI value for present samples range from 28.60 Sediments of river Gomati – A of the Ganga river”, to 104.3. Major portion of the sample are showing India, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 105: 43- 67. water quality in the range of poor to very poor. Only [13] Raut, K.S., Shinde, S.E., Pathan, T.S. and Sonawane, D.C. one sample exceeded the standard for drinking water ”Seasonal Variation in physico -chemical characteristics of remaining all are suitable for drinking water if proper Ravi rivar” , ISSN 2224-3577 International Journal of treatment is given. Science and Technology, Volume 2 No.5 May 2012 [14] Kumar, Rita. N., RajalSolanki and Nirmal Kumar J.I. “An Assessment of Seasonal Variation and Water Quality Index ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of and Kharicut Canal at Ahmedabad, Gujarat”, Electronic Journal of Environment, Agriculture and We would like to express our sincere thanks to Mrs. Food Chemistry10 (8), 2771-278 [15] BIS (1991): Bureau of Indian Standards, Indian Standard Shanti Jagadeeshwari, Head of the Department, Specification for Drinking water IS10500: 2-4 Civil Engineering, RGUKT Basara for giving us [16] W.H.O., 1984. WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water, permission to use Environmental Laboratory. Geneva, Switzerland. Vol.1

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Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region

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