International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-4, Issue-4, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF GODAVARI RIVER AT BASARA REGION 1BHUKYA RAMAKRISHNA, 2BALLA RANJITH KUMAR, 3KATTA THUKARAM 1 Assistant Professor, 2,3Student, Civil Engineering Department, RGUKT Basara, Telangana E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] Abstract - The River Godavari, a holy river known since ancient time, is the second largest river in India. Apart from Ganga and Yamuna, Godavari also holds the special religious importance in India. Spatial variation of the water quality of these holy rivers is difficult to interpret; a monitoring program is often necessary which has responsibility to provide representative and reliable estimation of the river water quality.So systematic study has been carried out to assess the water quality of Godavari River at Basara. Water samples from seven sampling stations were collected and physical and chemical parameters were analyzed by the standard methods. In this study Water Quality was determined on the basis of twelve parameters like PH, Electrical Conductivity, Alkalinity, Hardness, TDS, TSS, TS, DO, BOD, COD, Fluorides, Nitrates. The pollution level over a period of time is increasing on the river water mainly due to industrial and other waste waters are directly discharge in the river. Hence the present study is aimed to examine the water quality of the Godavari River and to evaluate the impact of such contaminated water. Keywords - Water quality index, Godavari River, Basara, Physical and Chemical parameters. I. INTRODUCTION The other sources of pollutants include effluents from pioneer distilleries of Dharmabad which is in Nanded Water is an important natural resource and precious district of Maharashtra state. The long-term national assets. It forms the chief constituent of management of river requires basic understanding of ecological system. Everyone knows that water is chemical, biological and hydrological characteristics. essential to continue normal life. We depend on water Since, spatial variation of the water quality is difficult for more than just for drinking, cooking and personal to interpret; a monitoring program is often necessary usage. Big amount of water is often required for which has responsibility to provide representative and industrial and commercial uses such as fisheries, reliable estimation of the river water quality. hydropower generation. In some parts of the country, large quantities of water for irrigation are necessary We know single number cannot represent the whole to support agriculture. Water sources may be mainly story of water quality of Particular River. There are in the form of rivers, lakes, ground water etc. The many other water quality parameters that are not availability and quality of water either surface or included in finding the index, however, a water ground, is getting deteriorated due to some important quality index based on some very important factors like increasing human activities at the water parameters can provide an indicator of water quality. bodies, sewage discharge, Agricultural effluents, It is even important that the findings from various industrialization, urbanization etc.Surface water tests should be easily communicable to users and pollution with chemical, physical and biological policy makers. Water quality index is well-known contaminants by anthropogenic activities is of great method as well as one of the most effective tools to environmental attention all over the world. Rivers expressing water quality that offers a simple, stable, play an important role in carrying off municipal and reproducible unit of measure. It, thus, becomes an industrial wastewater and run-off from agricultural important parameter for the assessment and land. Rivers are one of the most susceptible water management of surfacewater. The general WQI was bodies to pollutants. Rivers are the main water developed by Brownet al. (1970) and improved by sources for domestic, industrial and agricultural Deininger for the Scottish Development Department irrigation purposes in a region. River water quality is (1975). Horton (1965) suggested that the various one of important factors directly concerning water quality data could be aggregated into an overall withhealth of human and living beings. Therefore, it index. is important to have reliable information on characteristics of waterquality for effectivepollution There are various Methods to find water Quality control and water resource management. Index such as Industrial effluents those have been continuously 1. National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) WQI thrown into the river is very visible at all major cities. 2. Canadian Council of Ministers of the This site is located at Basara Gnana Saraswati temple Environment (CCME) WQI so water is mainly polluted by the activities of the 3. Weight Arithmetic WQI pilgrims and their bathing, other devotional activities. Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region 50 International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-4, Issue-4, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in In this project we have adopted Weighted Arithmetic temperature of 0oC-1oC till the further Analysis has method to evaluate WQI considering its flexibility taken place. As soon as the samples were brought to and simplicity. the laboratory, samples were tested for PH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved solids, DO content II. STUDY AREA using water analyzer. BOD (by incubating diluted samples at 25º C for 5 days), COD (by dichromate The Godavari originates 80 km (50 mi) from the reflux method using a ferroin indicator), Alkalinity Arabian Sea in the Western Ghats of central India (Titration), Hardness (EDTA Method), TDS near Nasik in Maharashtra. It flows for 1,465 km (Evaporation method), TSS(filtration through (910 mi), first eastwards across the Deccan Plateau Watman no. 44 filter paper),fluorides(Spands then turns southeast, entering the West Godavari Spectrophotometric method), district and East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, Nitrates(Spectrophotometric method) tests were until it splits into two watercourses that widen into a performed. large river delta and flow into the Bay of Bengal. 3.3 Calculation of Weighted Arithmetic WQI Weighted arithmetic water quality index method In our project we have chosen Basara as the reference classified the water quality according to the degree of point along with another six purity by using the most commonly measured water points upstream of Godavari River near Basara quality variables. The method has been widely used temple. We mainly focused on the Saraswati temple by the various scientistsand the calculation of WQI at Basara because it is the most visiting place by the was made using the following equation pilgrims and also it was polluted by the various ∑ = materials which are thrown into the river. At Basara ∑ Ghats’s daily about 1000 pilgrims dip in the river, this count may be goes up to 25000 on some special The quality rating scale (Qi) for each parameter is occasions like Vasanthapanchami. calculated by using this expression − = Sample Sample Latitude Longitude − Code Location Where, S1 Triveni 77.868 18.814 th Vi = Estimated concentration of i parameter in the Sangamam analyzed water. S2 Kandakurthi 77.888 18.811 Vo= Ideal value of this parameter in pure water. S3 Tadbiloli 77.948 18.797 H Vo= 0 (except P = 7 and DO=14.6 mg/l) S4 Khosli 76.485 18.396 th S5 Basara bridge 77.957 18.863 Si=Recommended standard value for i Parameter. S6 Basara Ghats 77.961 18.867 S7 Binola 77.953 18.880 The unit weight (Wi) for each water quality parameter Table 1: Sampling Location Co-ordinates is calculated by using the following formula = Five Samples were completed upstream of Basara Temple location in order to pollutants mixing pattern K= Proportionality constant and can also be before reaching temple area. One sample was calculated by using the following equation. collected at downstream of temple location to know = isthere any self-purification process taking place or ∑( ) not. Water Quality Rating according to Weighted Arithmetic method is given in Table 2. III. EXPERMINTAL DETAILS WQI Status Possible Usages Drinking, 3.1 Sample Collection 0-25 Excellent Irrigation, The water samples were collected from seven sites Industrial along the river as given in Table 1. Water samples Domestic, from the sampling stations were collected in two 25-50 Good Irrigation, phases, first time samples were collected in the month Industrial Irrigation, of Feb 2017 and second phase collection was carried 51-75 Fair out in March 2017, by grab sampling method. Industrial Parameters were analyzed by the standard 76-100 Poor Irrigation Restricted use for methods.The samples were taken in plastic canes and 101-150 Very Poor brought to the laboratory with necessary precautions. Irrigation Proper treatment 3.2 Physico-Chemical analysis Unfit for Above 150 required before Drinking All the samples collected were brought to usage. Environmental Engineering laboratory at RGUKT Table 2:Water Quality Rating as per Weight Arithmetic Water Basara. They were kept in deep fridge at the Quality Index Method Water Quality Assessment of Godavari River at Basara Region 51 International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2394-2827 Volume-4, Issue-4, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in Water Quality Standard Unit 3 2 2 3 6 7 5 S.No. Parameter values weight Alkalini 285 235 163 156 168 174 160 1 PH 8.5 0.0910 ty Hardne 170 223 236 189 239 210 298 2 Alkalinity 120 0.0064 ss 3 Hardness 300 0.0026 TDS 368 220 315 180 320 265 200 123 108 137 129 TSS 970 746 673 4 TDS 500 0.0016 0 9 6 8 145 167 108 137 129 5 TSS 500 0.0016 TS 746 673 6 8 9 6 8 6 TS 500 0.0016 EC 297 329 304 257 432 453 203 7.6 6.5 7.9 8.6 8.2 8.6 7.8 7 EC 300 0.0026 DO 7 4 8 7 3 5 9 8 DO 5 0.1550 5.7 8.3 BOD 4.2 6.0 7.8 5.6 3.5 9 BOD 6 0.1290 1 1 23.