DOCSLIB.ORG

A Phenomenological Study of Female Gender Inequality in the Defense Industry Erica Helaine Woods Walden University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Phenomenological Study of Female Gender Inequality in the Defense Industry Erica Helaine Woods Walden University Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2015 A Phenomenological Study of Female Gender Inequality in the Defense Industry Erica Helaine Woods Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Women's Studies Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Management and Technology This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Erica Woods has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Joseph Barbeau, Committee Chairperson, Management Faculty Dr. Marcia Steinhauer, Committee Member, Management Faculty Dr. David Bouvin, University Reviewer, Management Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2015 Abstract A Phenomenological Study of Female Gender Inequality in the Defense Industry by Erica Helaine Woods MBA, Davenport University, 2004 BA, Michigan State University, 2002 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Applied Management and Decision Sciences Walden University March 2015 Abstract Despite advances made during the women's movement, gender inequality is a problem for women seeking leadership opportunities within the U.S. Defense Industry today. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the perceptions of civilian females who had experienced gender inequality obstacles in their professional advancement opportunities within the U.S. Defense Industry. The mommy track framework, defined as the family/work imbalance; the gatekeeper framework; and the institutional sexism framework were used to guide this study. The research questions focused on how these women perceived both internal and external barriers to their professional advancement in the U.S. Defense Industry. A criterion sample of 18 civilian females who worked within the defense industry was interviewed. Data analysis included coding, categorizing, and analyzing themes. The resulting 5 themes were worker bee, traditional mentality/transitional workforce, education/training/network, traditional organizational culture, and fighting back. The findings also identified that gender inequality is apparent, women limit their potential growth, Queen Bees sting Wanna- Bees, and traditional organizational cultures maintain the status quo as the norm and enforce gendered stereotypes. The study leads to positive social change by raising awareness to policy-makers, educators, and women that can help set an agenda to overcome gender inequality. A Phenomenological Study of Female Gender Inequality in the Defense Industry by Erica Helaine Woods MBA, Davenport University, 2004 BA, Michigan State University, 2002 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Applied Management and Decision Sciences Walden University March 2015 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ....................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 Background ....................................................................................................................1 Problem Statement .........................................................................................................5 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................6 Nature of Study ..............................................................................................................7 Research Questions ......................................................................................................10 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................10 Operational Definitions ................................................................................................18 Assumptions, Limitations, and Delimitations ..............................................................25 Assumptions .......................................................................................................... 25 Limitations ............................................................................................................ 25 Scope and Delimitations ....................................................................................... 26 Significance of Study ...................................................................................................27 Implications for Social Change ....................................................................................28 Summary ......................................................................................................................32 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................35 Introduction ..................................................................................................................35 Strategy for Searching the Literature ...........................................................................36 Female Barriers in Career Advancement .....................................................................36 Human Development from Adolescent to Womanhood ..............................................38 i Biological Differences .......................................................................................... 38 Family-Work Imbalance ....................................................................................... 39 The Development of Social Structures ........................................................................42 Self-Stereotypes of Gender Roles ......................................................................... 42 Stereotypes in the Workplace ............................................................................... 45 Occupational Segregation ..................................................................................... 47 The Gendered Nature of Leadership ............................................................................52 Gendered Organizational Structures ..................................................................... 52 Institutional Sexism .............................................................................................. 56 Glass Cliff ............................................................................................................. 60 Lack of Access to Networks and Mentors ............................................................ 61 Methods........................................................................................................................72 Exploring Methods................................................................................................ 72 Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research ............................................................ 73 Research Designs .................................................................................................. 79 Exploring Outcomes ............................................................................................. 88 Exploring Different Designs and Methods ........................................................... 89 Exploring Different Groups .................................................................................. 91 Summary ......................................................................................................................92 Chapter 3: Research Method ..............................................................................................95 Introduction ..................................................................................................................95 A Phenomenological Study of Qualitative Research ...................................................95 ii Methods of Data Collection and Analysis ...................................................................96 Setting and Sampling ............................................................................................ 97 Access and Rapport............................................................................................... 99 Pilot Test ............................................................................................................. 100 Data Collection ................................................................................................... 100 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................105 Issues of Trustworthiness ...........................................................................................108 Validity ............................................................................................................... 108 Reliability ............................................................................................................ 110 Ethics ........................................................................................................................111
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gender Inequality and Restrictive Gender Norms: Framing the Challenges to Health
    Series Gender Equality, Norms, and Health 1 Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health Lori Heise*, Margaret E Greene*, Neisha Opper, Maria Stavropoulou, Caroline Harper, Marcos Nascimento, Debrework Zewdie, on behalf of the Gender Equality, Norms, and Health Steering Committee† Lancet 2019; 393: 2440–54 Gender is not accurately captured by the traditional male and female dichotomy of sex. Instead, it is a complex social Published Online system that structures the life experience of all human beings. This paper, the first in a Series of five papers, investigates May 30, 2019 the relationships between gender inequality, restrictive gender norms, and health and wellbeing. Building upon past http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ work, we offer a consolidated conceptual framework that shows how individuals born biologically male or female S0140-6736(19)30652-X develop into gendered beings, and how sexism and patriarchy intersect with other forms of discrimination, such as See Comment pages 2367, 2369, 2371, 2373, and 2374 racism, classism, and homophobia, to structure pathways to poor health. We discuss the ample evidence showing the This is the first in a Series of far-reaching consequences of these pathways, including how gender inequality and restrictive gender norms impact five papers about gender health through differential exposures, health-related behaviours and access to care, as well as how gender-biased health equality, norms, and health research and health-care systems reinforce and reproduce gender inequalities, with serious implications for health. *Joint first authors The cumulative consequences of structured disadvantage, mediated through discriminatory laws, policies, and †Members of the Steering institutions, as well as diet, stress, substance use, and environmental toxins, have triggered important discussions Committee are listed at the end about the role of social injustice in the creation and maintenance of health inequities, especially along racial and of this Series paper socioeconomic lines.
    [Show full text]
  • The Variety of Feminisms and Their Contribution to Gender Equality
    JUDITH LORBER The Variety of Feminisms and their Contribution to Gender Equality Introduction My focus is the continuities and discontinuities in recent feminist ideas and perspectives. I am going to discuss the development of feminist theories as to the sources of gender inequality and its pervasiveness, and the different feminist political solutions and remedies based on these theories. I will be combining ideas from different feminist writers, and usually will not be talking about any specific writers. A list of readings can be found at the end. Each perspective has made important contributions to improving women's status, but each also has limitations. Feminist ideas of the past 35 years changed as the limitations of one set of ideas were critiqued and addressed by what was felt to be a better set of ideas about why women and men were so unequal. It has not been a clear progression by any means, because many of the debates went on at the same time. As a matter of fact, they are still going on. And because all of the feminist perspectives have insight into the problems of gender inequality, and all have come up with good strategies for remedying these problems, all the feminisms are still very much with us. Thus, there are continuities and convergences, as well as sharp debates, among the different feminisms. Any one feminist may incorporate ideas from several perspec- tives, and many feminists have shifted their perspectives over the years. I myself was originally a liberal feminist, then a so- 8 JUDITH LORBER cialist feminist, and now consider myself to be primarily a so- cial construction feminist, with overtones of postmodernism and queer theory.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ex Post Facto Study of the Glass Cliff Phenomenon in Higher
    AN EX POST FACTO STUDY OF THE GLASS CLIFF PHENOMENON IN HIGHER EDUCATION PRESIDENCIES by Michelle Louise Samuel Liberty University A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Liberty University 2021 2 AN EX POST FACTO STUDY OF THE GLASS CLIFF PHENOMENON IN HIGHER EDUCATION PRESIDENCIES by Michelle Louise Samuel A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 2021 APPROVED BY: Jillian L. Wendt, Ed.D., Committee Chair Eric G. Lovik, Ph.D., Committee Member 3 ABSTRACT This study reviews if the glass cliff phenomenon is occurring in U.S. higher education presidential hires. This topic is essential to review as U.S. higher education institutions are primarily presided over by male presidents. Female presidents do exist, but more often at more risky institutions. One reason for the lack of equity may be the glass cliff phenomenon, which asserts that women are more likely to be hired into leadership roles at riskier institutions. This inequity in hiring practices places women in leadership positions at considerable career risk. This study is a nonexperimental study using an ex post facto, causal-comparative design using publicly available data. The methods review data on female presidents of private and for-profit U.S. institutions from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. Purposive sampling matched female presidents with male presidents at similar institutions. Data from the financial responsibility composite score database from the U.S. Department of Education (2020) are used to look for patterns in financial responsibility composite scores (FRCS) before and after presidential hires.
    [Show full text]
  • Workplace Conflict and How Businesses Can Harness It to Thrive
    JULY 2008 JULY WORKPLACE CONFLICT AND HOW BUSINESSES CAN Maximizing People Performance HARNESS IT TO THRIVE United States Asia Pacific CPP, Inc. CPP Asia Pacific (CPP-AP) 369 Royal Parade Fl 7 Corporate Headquarters P.O. Box 810 1055 Joaquin Rd Fl 2 Parkville, Victoria 3052 Mountain View, CA , 94043 Tel: 650.969.8901 Australia Fax: 650.969.8608 Tel: 61.3.9342.1300 REPORT HUMAN CAPITAL Website: www.cpp.com Email: [email protected] DC Office Beijing 1660 L St NW Suite 601 Tel: 86.10.6463.0800 Washington DC 20036 Email: [email protected] Tel: 202.887.8420 Fax: 202.8878433 Hong Kong Website: www.cpp.com Tel: 852.2817.6807 Email: [email protected] Research Division 4801 Highway 61 Suite 206 India White Bear Lake, MN 55110 Tel: 91.44.4201.9547 Email: [email protected] Customer Service Product orders, inquiries, and support Malaysia Toll free: 800.624.1765 Tel: 65.6333.8481 CPP GLOBAL Tel: 650.969.8901 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Shanghai Professional Services Tel: 86.21.5386.5508 Consulting services and inquiries Email: [email protected] Toll free: 800.624.1765 Tel: 650.969.8901 Singapore Website: www.cpp.com/contactps Tel: 65.6333.8481 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Mexico CPP, Inc Toll free: 800.624.1765 ext 296 Email: [email protected] Maximizing People Performance WORKPLACE CONFLICT AND HOW BUSINESSES CAN HARNESS IT TO THRIVE by Jeff Hayes, CEO, CPP, Inc. FOREWORD OPP® is one of Europe’s leading business psychology firms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Gender on Women Leaders in Public Relations Elizabeth Krugler Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2017 Women in public relations: The influence of gender on women leaders in public relations Elizabeth Krugler Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Journalism Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Krugler, Elizabeth, "Women in public relations: The influence of gender on women leaders in public relations" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15555. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15555 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Women in public relations: The influence of gender on women leaders in public relations by Elizabeth Krugler A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Journalism and Mass Communication Program of Study Committee: Tracy Lucht, Major Professor Ann Oberhauser Kelly Winfrey The student author and the program of study committee are solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2017 Copyright © Elizabeth Krugler, 2017. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT………………………………. .............................................................. v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • In the Face of Legal Typecasting Finding
    Finding Equality and Balance in the Face of Legal Typecasting By K Royal and Tracy Stanton CHEAT SHEET ■■ Mentorship help. The comparative lack of senior women in law means fewer female mentors. ■■ A force for inclusion. Initiatives such as ACC’s “Women In The House” seek to close the professional development gap in law. ■■ End of the mommy track. With technology enabling attorneys to do their work from anywhere, at any time, the mommy track career is fading. ■■ Flexible arrangements take hold. The rise of telework is facilitating a more inclusive workforce, enabling those with disabilities or children to work full time. The greatest disparities in the legal profession are found in the upper levels of legal executives, such as general counsel or managing partners. A recent study published by the American Bar Association revealed that, of women in private practice, only four percent were managing partners, 17 percent were equity partners, and 20.2 percent were partners, while 44.8 percent were associates and 45 percent were summer associates. This same disparity was found in an evaluation of general counsel in both Fortune 500 and 500-1000 companies. Twenty-one percent of Fortune 500 general counsel were women, while Fortune 500- 1000 companies were at an even lower 16.8 percent. Furthermore, this study revealed that, while the gap is slowly closing, there is still a significant disparity in income between men and women in the legal field. Women still make roughly about 80 percent compared to their male counterparts. Specifically, in equalized dollars, 69 percent of women in-house attorneys globally make less than US$200,000 compared to 56 percent of men.1 As the salaries rise, the percentage of women in that bracket decreases.
    [Show full text]
  • Trans* Politics and the Feminist Project: Revisiting the Politics of Recognition to Resolve Impasses
    Politics and Governance (ISSN: 2183–2463) 2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages 312–320 DOI: 10.17645/pag.v8i3.2825 Article Trans* Politics and the Feminist Project: Revisiting the Politics of Recognition to Resolve Impasses Zara Saeidzadeh * and Sofia Strid Department of Gender Studies, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; E-Mails: [email protected] (Z.S.), [email protected] (S.S.) * Corresponding author Submitted: 24 January 2020 | Accepted: 7 August 2020 | Published: 18 September 2020 Abstract The debates on, in, and between feminist and trans* movements have been politically intense at best and aggressively hostile at worst. The key contestations have revolved around three issues: First, the question of who constitutes a woman; second, what constitute feminist interests; and third, how trans* politics intersects with feminist politics. Despite decades of debates and scholarship, these impasses remain unbroken. In this article, our aim is to work out a way through these impasses. We argue that all three types of contestations are deeply invested in notions of identity, and therefore dealt with in an identitarian way. This has not been constructive in resolving the antagonistic relationship between the trans* movement and feminism. We aim to disentangle the antagonism within anti-trans* feminist politics on the one hand, and trans* politics’ responses to that antagonism on the other. In so doing, we argue for a politics of status-based recognition (drawing on Fraser, 2000a, 2000b) instead of identity-based recognition, highlighting individuals’ specific needs in soci- ety rather than women’s common interests (drawing on Jónasdóttir, 1991), and conceptualising the intersections of the trans* movement and feminism as mutually shaping rather than as trans* as additive to the feminist project (drawing on Walby, 2007, and Walby, Armstrong, and Strid, 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Managing the Distribution of Employee Workload of the Hospital Staff
    IJRDO-Journal of Business Management ISSN: 2455-6661 Managing the Distribution of Employee Workload of the Hospital Staff A. Sravani Associate Professor, Department of Business Management, Sarojini Naidu Vanita Maha Vidyalaya, Exhibition Grounds, Nampally, Hyderabad – 01, Telangana State, India Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Attracting, recruiting, motivating and retaining the workforce is the main course of action for any organisations and also the success of any organization is highly dependent on how they maintain these practices. All this happens when the organisation will be providing fruitful Compensation Packages and the most important is the way the workload is distributed. Distribution of workload cannot be burdened or overburdened to any employee associated with the organisation. More over in today's world the organizations need to be more elastic so that they are set to build up their personnel to be fit for the present competition. Therefore, organizations are required to adopt a strategy to better manage the ‘Workload of the Employees’ to satisfy the both organizational objectives in developing and employee needs of satisfaction. Volume-4 | Issue-1 | January,2018 40 IJRDO-Journal of Business Management ISSN: 2455-6661 In the total Work environment the term ‘employee workload’ refers to the managing of the workload management. Financially assisted programs are another way wherein organisation recognizes their responsibility to enlarge jobs and working conditions, including welfare programs that are admirable for the employees as well as for profitable growth of the organization. Employee workload program elements are such as – Recognition, Goodwill, Allowances, Perks, increments in the salary, Reward systems, a concern for employee job security and Job satisfying, career growth and employee participation in decision making process and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • OSHA WHISTLEBLOWER STAKEHOLDER MEETING October 13, 2020 Minutes
    OSHA WHISTLEBLOWER STAKEHOLDER MEETING October 13, 2020 Minutes The OSHA Whistleblower Stakeholder Meeting was called to order by Rob Swick at 1:00 pm ET on Tuesday, October 13, 2020. The meeting was held via teleconference. The following members of the public were present: NAME TITLE & ORGANIZATION Adele Abrams President, Law Office of Adele L. Abrams PC Julie Alexander Director of General Industry, Indiana Department of Labor Jesse Ashley Sr. Manager, EHS, SFC GSC Danielle Avtan Compliance Officer, PCIHIPAA Daniell Barcena N/A Kurt Barry N/A Kimberly Barsa Branch Chief, IRS Office of Chief Counsel Henry Borja Machine Union (IAM) Stores Safety Coordinator, United Airlines Skyler Bouwkamp Supervisor for Whistleblowers/Intake, IOSHA Richard Bozek Director, Environmental and Health & Safety Policy, Edison Electric Institute Michael Brannon Senior Counsel- Health, Safety and Environmental, Quanta Services, Inc. Ariel Braunstein Attorney, Morgan, Lewis & Brockius LLP Deitra Brown Assistant Clinical Director, Texas Children's Hospital Valerie Butera N/A Scott Clausen Associate, Morgan Lewis Kevin Collins Partner, Bracewell LLP Trent Cotney CEO, Cotney Construction Law, LLP Javier Diaz Assistant Attorney General, State of Alaska Department of Law April Dickerson Manager of Quality Assurance & Safety Compliance, RadNet Management, Inc. Jasmin Eapen Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, MD Anderson Cancer Center Justin Edwards Compliance and Career Development Manager, HVO Karen Engle Whistleblower and CSHO, Indiana Department of Labor Robert
    [Show full text]
  • Doherty, Rosalie (2019) the Broken Triangle: Women's Gender Based Oppression, Community Development and the Promotion of Women
    Doherty, Rosalie (2019) The broken triangle: women’s gender based oppression, community development and the promotion of women’s health and wellbeing in Ireland. Ed.D thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/75192/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The broken triangle: women’s gender based oppression, community development and the promotion of women’s health and wellbeing in Ireland. Rosalie Doherty M.A. Ed. University of Southampton Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education School of Education, College of Social Sciences University of Glasgow August 2018 1 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ......................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter ........................................................ 11 1.1 Rationale and Research questions ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: a META-ANALYSIS of the GLASS CLIFF PHENOMENON 1 the Who, When, and Why of the Glass Cliff Phenomenon: a Meta-Analy
    Running head: A META-ANALYSIS OF THE GLASS CLIFF PHENOMENON 1 The Who, When, and Why of the Glass Cliff Phenomenon: A Meta-Analysis of Appointments to Precarious Leadership Positions Thekla Morgenroth a1, Teri A. Kirby a1, Michelle K. Ryan a,b, Antonia Sudkämper a a. Psychology, University of Exeter, UK b. Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, The Netherlands © 2020, American Psychological Association. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the final, authoritative version of the article. Please do not copy or cite without authors' permission. The final article will be available, upon publication, via its DOI: 10.1037/bul0000234 Author note The authors would like to thank Alex Haslam for his helpful feedback on this manuscript, Leire Gartzia, Helix Grosse-Stolentenberg, Max Montgomery, and Paweena Orapin for their help with the coding of reports in languages other than English, and Clara Tucker for her help with the reference list. We would also like to thank all authors who shared their unpublished data with us or provided additional information about their studies. 1 The first two authors contributed equally to the paper and should be considered joint first authors A META-ANALYSIS OF THE GLASS CLIFF PHENOMENON 2 Thekla Morgenroth and Teri Kirby contributed equally to the paper and are joint first authors. Thekla Morgenroth uses they/them/their pronouns, and Teri Kirby, Michelle Ryan, and Antonia Sudkämper, use she/her/hers pronouns. This work was supported by a European Commission Grant (725128) awarded to Michelle Ryan and a New Investigator Grant awarded to Teri Kirby by the Economic and Social Research Council [grant number ES/S00274X/1].
    [Show full text]
  • The Motherhood Pay Gap: a Review of the Issues, Theory and International Evidence
    Working Paper No. 1 / 2015 The motherhood pay gap: A review of the issues, theory and international evidence Damian Grimshaw and Jill Rubery Gender, Equality and Diversity Branch Working Paper No. 1/2015 Gender, Equality and Diversity Branch The motherhood pay gap A review of the issues, theory and international evidence By Damian Grimshaw and Jill Rubery INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE - GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2015 First published 2015 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data Grimshaw, Damian; Rubery, Jill The motherhood pay gap: a review of the issues, theory and international evidence / Damian Grimshaw and Jill Rubery ; International Labour Office - Geneva: ILO, 2015 ISBN: 9789221292678; 9789221292685 (web pdf) International Labour Office wage differential / working mother / maternity / men workers / wage determination / wage structure / family responsibilities 13.07 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]