Introduction to Leadership Studies

Jonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship & Public Service Tufts University, Department of Political Science

Spring 2014

Description This course serves as the introduction to the Leadership Studies Minor. The lectures are designed to equip students with multidisciplinary tools for their future studies. The course accordingly combines theoretical, historical, and applied perspectives on leadership, and covers canonical texts, case studies, and critical discussions about why and how leaders fail or succeed. After taking this course, students will have the foundations to pursue the Leadership Studies Minor with specialized courses in Political Science, Political Theory, History, Literature, Organizational Psychology, and Behavioral Economics.

The course has a tripartite structure. Between an introductory and concluding class, 24 classes are divided into eight classes that survey historical forms and approaches to leadership; an eight-class overview of current theories and debates; and eight classes dedicated to studying, analyzing and comparing leaders who illustrate and test the weaknesses and strengths of past and present experiences and theories of leadership.

Requirements In addition to class participation and readings, there are three further requirements for this course.

- a five-minute presentation in each of the first two blocks, on past and current theories of leadership - independent case research on a leader or leaders in the final block, presented to the class and preceded by a two-page, pre-circulated case analysis, - a final paper (max. 5,000 words) on a topic chosen by the student, in consultation with the instructor.

Readings All readings are available as scans, except for the three books we will cover in full:

Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince (1513), tr. and ed. William J. Connell (Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2005) John W. Gardner, On Leadership (The Free Press, 1990) Nannerl Keohane, Thinking about Leadership (Princeton, 2010)

1 Jan. 16. Lecture 1. Introduction: definition, methods, course overview

BLOCK 1: A HISTORY OF LEADERSHIP

Jan. 21. Lecture 2. Ancient theories of leadership

Readings (102 pp.)

Plato, The Republic (4th cent. BC), tr. and intr. by Desmond Lee, 2nd ed. (Penguin, 1974), 369a-379a, 389b-d, 412b-421c, 484a-489c, 503a-d, 514a-521c Aristotle, The Politics (4th cent. BC), tr. Ernest Baker, rev. and intr. R.F. Stalley (Oxford, 1995), III.iv, vi, xiv-xvii Cicero, On Duties (44 BC), tr. Walter Miller (Loeb, 1913, repr. 1997), I.28, I.74-80, II.ii- iii; II.21-24; II.32-34, III.66-68 Seneca the Younger, On Clemency (55-6 AD) in ed. J.F. Procopé, tr. J.M. Cooper, Moral and Political Essays (Cambridge, 1995), 143-155 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations (c. 167 AD), tr. A.S.L. Farquharson, with Selection from the Letters of Marcus and Fronto, tr. R.B. Rutherford (Oxford, 1989), II.1-2, III.4-11, VI.48, VII.27-30, 55, VIII.1-3, XI.19, 21.

Jan. 23. Lecture 3. The medieval experience

Readings (85 pp.)

R.A. Markus, “The Latin Fathers,” in ed. J.H. Burns, The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c. 350 – c. 1450 (Cambridge, 1988), 92-122. Read 92-99, 103-8, 114-20. D.E. Luscombe, “Introduction: The Formation of Political Thought in the West,” in ed. J.H. Burns, The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c. 350 – c. 1450 (Cambridge, 1988), 157-73. Read 159-69. Nizam al-Mulk (11th cent.), The Book of Government, or Rules for Kings, tr. Hubert Darke (Yale, 1960), 14, 23-4, 44-5, 66-7, 95-6, 250-1 John of Salisbury, Policraticus: On the Frivolities of Courtiers and the Footprints of Philosophers (c. 1159), ed. and tr. Cary J. Nederman (Cambridge, 1990), xvi-xvii, xxii-xxiii, xxv, IV.1-3, 28-32 A. Brett, “Introduction,” in Marsilius of Padua, The Defender of the Peace (Cambridge, 2005), xii-xvi Marsilius of Padua, Defensor Pacis (1324), tr. Alan Gewirth (Columbia, 1956) I.14 Thomas Aquinas, On Kingship, To the King of Cyprus (1267), in eds. W.P. Baumgarth and R.J. Regan, S.J., On Law, Morality, and Politics (Hackett, 1988), 263-70 M. Ratson, “Political Leadership and the Law in Maimonides’ Thought: Flexibility and Rigidity,” Hebraic Political Studies 2:4 (2007), 375-423. Read 384-6, 393-9.

2 Al-Farabi, The Political Writings (10th cent.), tr. Charles E. Butterworth (Cornell, 2001), ix-xi, 103-6.

Jan. 28. Lecture 4. The Renaissance

Readings (101 pp.)

Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince (1513), tr. and ed. William J. Connell (Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2005) Desiderius Erasmus, The Education of a Christian Prince (1516), ed. Lisa Jardine, tr. N.M. Cheshire and M.J. Heath (Cambridge, 1997), 5, 10, 13-5, 21, 38, 43-4, 66-72, 90-1.

Jan. 30. Lecture 5. Early modern theories and experiences of leadership

Readings (95 pp.)

Jean Bodin, The Six Bookes of a Common-Weale (1576), tr. R. Knolles (London, 1606). Johannes Althusius, Politica (1614 rev. ed.), ed. and tr. F.S. Carney (Liberty, 1995), 20-6, 70-3, 93-4, 99-100, 106-7, 116-7 James VI and I, “The Trew Law of Free Monarchies” (1598) in ed. J.P. Sommerville, Political Writings (Cambridge, 1995), 62-84 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), ed. Richard Tuck (rev. ed. Cambridge, 1996) chapters 16-19 John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government (1689), ed. Mark Goldie (London, 1993), 87-90, 159-168, 202 Gerhard Oestreich, Neostoicism and the Early Modern State (Cambridge, 2008), 166-71, 265-8.

Feb. 4. Lecture 6. The Enlightenment

Readings (72 pp.)

Pierre Bayle, Historical and Critical Dictionary: Selections (1697), eds. R.H. Popkin and Craig Brush (Hackett, 1991), 52-3, 62-3 Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, The Idea of a Patriot King (1749), 48-9, 82-5 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762), ed. Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge, 1997), I.6, II.3, 7, III.2, 6, 14 Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, The Federalist (1787-8), eds. G.W. Carey and J. McClellan (Liberty, 2001), 51, 63, 68. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man I (1791), ed. M. Philp (Oxford, 1995), 131-5 Nicolas de Condorcet, Selected Writings (ed. K.M. Baker, Bobbs-Merrill, 1976), 210-7, 279-80

3 The Early Political Writings of the German Romantics, ed. and intr. F.C. Beiser (Cambridge, 1996), xiv-xvii, xxvi-xxix, 41, 43, 71, 83, 97-9, 103, 144-6, 166-7.

Feb. 6. Lecture 7. The nineteenth century

Readings (84 pp.)

Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and The Heroic in History (London, 1840), 3, 10-14 John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (1859), ed. John Gray (Oxford, 1991), chapters 3, 4 Ralph Waldo Emerson, Representative Men (Boston, 1850), 28-38 Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Man the Reformer” (1841) in Selected Essays, ed. L. Ziff (Penguin, 1982), 141-3 Henry David Thoreau, Civil Disobedience (1849), in Walden and Civil Disobedience (Penguin, 1986).

Feb. 11. Lecture 8. A history of leadership: summary and revision

Readings (50 pp.)

Peter Garnsey, “Introduction: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods,” in eds. Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), 401-414. Read 405-11. David Hahm, “Kings and Constitutions: Hellenistic Theories,” in eds. Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), 457-76. Read 461-3. P.D. King, “The Barbarian Kingdoms,” in ed. J.H. Burns, The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c. 350 – c. 1450 (Cambridge, 1988), 123-54. Read 124-5. Jean Dunbabin, “Government,” in ed. J.H. Burns, The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c. 350 – c. 1450 (Cambridge, 1988), 477-519. Read 482-3, 516-9 Nicolai Rubinstein, “Italian Political Thought, 1450-1530,” in ed. J.H. Burns, with Mark Goldie, The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700 (Cambridge, 1991), 30-65. Read 37, 44-5. Robert M. Kingdon, “Calvinism and Resistance Theory, 1550-1580,” in ed. J.H. Burns, with Mark Goldie, The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700 (Cambridge, 1991), 193-218. Read 213-4. H.A. Lloyd, “Constitutionalism,” in ed. J.H. Burns, with Mark Goldie, The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700 (Cambridge, 1991), 254-97. Read 258-62, 277-9. J.P. Sommerville, “Absolutism and Royalism,” in ed. J.H. Burns, with Mark Goldie, The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700 (Cambridge, 1991), 345-73. Read 348-51, 354-5.

4 Patrick Riley, “Social Contract Theory and Its Critics,” in eds. Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler, The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), 347-76. Read 347-50, 362, 367-8 Derek Beales, “Philosophical Kingship and Enlightened Despotism,” in eds. Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler, The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), 495-524. Read 497-501. Ross Harrison, “John Stuart Mill, Mid-Victorian,” in eds. G.S. Jones and Gregory Claeys, The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2011), 295-318. Read 305-6, 309-10. John W. Toews, “Church and State: The Problem of Authority,” in eds. G.S. Jones and Gregory Claeys, The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2011), 603-48. Read 605-8.

BLOCK 2: THEORY AND REALITY OF CONTEMPORARY LEADERSHIP

Feb. 13. Lecture 9.

Readings (86 pp.)

Max Weber. “The Profession and Vocation of Politics” (1919) in eds. Peter Lassman and Ronald Speirs, Political Writings (Cambridge, 1994), 309-69 C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (1956), (Oxford, 2000), ch. 1.

Feb. 18. Lecture 10.

Readings (120 pp.)

James MacGregor Burns, Leadership (1978), (HarperCollins, 2010), 1-5, 9-11, 18-22, 29- 30, 36-41, 52-3, 105-16, 132-5, 141-5, 153-6, 163-70, 243-8, 252-4, 260-77, 287-302, 311-6, 352-5, 369-79, 387-93, 408-12

Feb. 20. Lecture 11.

Readings (100 pp.)

John W. Gardner, On Leadership (The Free Press, 1990), chapters 1-9

5 Feb. 25 Lecture 12.

Readings (100 pp.)

Gardner, On Leadership, chapters 10-17

Feb. 27. Lecture 13.

Readings (82 pp.)

Nannerl Keohane, Thinking about Leadership (Princeton, 2010), chapters 1-2

March 4. Lecture 14.

Readings (110 pp.)

Keohane, Thinking about Leadership, chapters 3-5

March 6. Lecture 15.

Readings (105 pp.)

Keohane, Thinking about Leadership, chapter 6, Conclusion Warren Bennis, On Becoming a Leader (1989, rev. ed. 2003), (Basic Books, 2009), xiii- xxviii, 5-36, 52-66, 76-78

March 11. Lecture 16.

Readings (95 pp.)

Bennis, On Becoming a Leader, 85-91, 102-5, 112, 132-3, 138, 147-59, 183-4, 186, 225 Peter G. Northouse et al., Leadership: Theory and Practice (6th ed., SAGE, 2013), chapters 14, 15.

March 13. Lecture 17.

Readings (118 pp.)

Dan Lovallo and Daniel Kahneman (August 2003), “Delusions of Success: How Optimism Undermines Executives’ Decisions,” Harvard Business Review

6 Nassim N. Taleb, et al. (Oct. 2009), “The Six Mistakes Executives Make in Risk Management,” Harvard Business Review R.H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (rev. ed., Penguin, 2009), 1-8, 255 Nassim N. Taleb, Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder (Random House, 2012), 36-7, 41-2, 45, 93, 102-3, 151-3 Dan Ariely, The (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone – Especially Ourselves (HarperCollins, 2012), 101-3, 204-10, 214-5

BLOCK 3: CASE STUDIES

In this block, case research and presentations are organized in small teams, with a view to practicing both leadership and teamwork skills. Complete short readings, suitable for a case study, are available for the following cases:

Akhenaton Rama Cyrus Odysseus Alexander the Great Gracchi Julius Caesar Confucius Mahmud II Charles I Lincoln Ataturk Mao Gandhi Winston Churchill Martin Luther King Nelson Mandela Steve Jobs

You are also free to prepare your case study (presentation and pre-circulated note) on another leader or comparison of leaders.