Languages from Old Testament
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												  Cultural and Stylistic Traits in the Language of Two Hebrew Versions of the New TestamentCultural and Stylistic Traits In the Language Of Two Hebrew Versions Of the New Testament Herti Dixon 550207-2944 Uppsala University Department of Linguistics and Philology Spring Semester 2018 Supervisor: Mats Eskhult CONTENT Abbreviations, and Names 3 ABSTRACT 4 1 INTRODUCTION 5 2 METHODS 9 3 SALKINSON VERSUS DELITZSCH 11 4 A CONTROVERSIAL GOSPEL 13 Comparisons and Word Studies 5 DUST 18 6 THE WORD 20 7 KNOWING 24 8 THINKING BY HEART 28 9 FROM THE HEAD 31 10 NOMEN EST OMEN 34 11 TIME AND AGAIN 37 12 TIME WITHOUT VERBS 41 13 FROM THE CONCRETE TO THE ABSTRACT 44 RÉSUMÉ AND CONCLUSION 48 Bibliography 51 2 Abbreviations, and Names Targum The translation into Modern Hebrew Salkinson The translation into Biblical Hebrew ModH Modern Hebrew BH Biblical Hebrew NT The New Testament Tanakh The Old Testament Besorâ Here: the Besorâ Al-Pi Yoḥanan, the Gospel of John All biblical names… … will be given in Hebrew – Jesus as Yeshua, John as Yoḥanan, Peter as Kepha, Mary as Miriam etcetera 3 ABSTRACT This study presents a comparison of the language features of two different Hebrew translations of the New Testament. The focus lies primarily on the cultural concepts communicated by the wordings and the stylistics employed, and secondarily on their interpretation by investigating parallel applications in the Tanakhic writings. By discussing parallels in the language cultures of the Tanakh and the New Testament translations the thesis aims at shedding light on the cultural affinity between the Tanakh and the New Testament. The question this thesis will try to assess is if Hebrew versions of the New Testament, despite being mere translations, demonstrate language characteristics verifying such an affinity.
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												  Classical and Modern Standard Arabic Marijn Van Putten University of LeidenChapter 3 Classical and Modern Standard Arabic Marijn van Putten University of Leiden The highly archaic Classical Arabic language and its modern iteration Modern Standard Arabic must to a large extent be seen as highly artificial archaizing reg- isters that are the High variety of a diglossic situation. The contact phenomena found in Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic are therefore often the re- sult of imposition. Cases of borrowing are significantly rarer, and mainly found in the lexical sphere of the language. 1 Current state and historical development Classical Arabic (CA) is the highly archaic variety of Arabic that, after its cod- ification by the Arab Grammarians around the beginning of the ninth century, becomes the most dominant written register of Arabic. While forms of Middle Arabic, a style somewhat intermediate between CA and spoken dialects, gain some traction in the Middle Ages, CA remains the most important written regis- ter for official, religious and scientific purposes. From the moment of CA’s rise to dominance as a written language, the whole of the Arabic-speaking world can be thought of as having transitioned into a state of diglossia (Ferguson 1959; 1996), where CA takes up the High register and the spoken dialects the Low register.1 Representation in writing of these spoken dia- lects is (almost) completely absent in the written record for much of the Middle Ages. Eventually, CA came to be largely replaced for administrative purposes by Ottoman Turkish, and at the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was function- ally limited to religious domains (Glaß 2011: 836).
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												  A Comparative Study of Jewish Commentaries and Patristic Literature on the Book of RuthA COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JEWISH COMMENTARIES AND PATRISTIC LITERATURE ON THE BOOK OF RUTH by CHAN MAN KI A Dissertation submitted to the University of Pretoria for the degree of PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR Department of Old Testament Studies Faculty of Theology University of Pretoria South Africa Promoter: PIETER M. VENTER JANUARY, 2010 © University of Pretoria Summary Title : A comparative study of Jewish Commentaries and Patristic Literature on the Book of Ruth Researcher : Chan Man Ki Promoter : Pieter M. Venter, D.D. Department : Old Testament Studies Degree :Doctor of Philosophy This dissertation deals with two exegetical traditions, that of the early Jewish and the patristic schools. The research work for this project urges the need to analyze both Jewish and Patristic literature in which specific types of hermeneutics are found. The title of the thesis (“compared study of patristic and Jewish exegesis”) indicates the goal and the scope of this study. These two different hermeneutical approaches from a specific period of time will be compared with each other illustrated by their interpretation of the book of Ruth. The thesis discusses how the process of interpretation was affected by the interpreters’ society in which they lived. This work in turn shows the relationship between the cultural variants of the exegetes and the biblical interpretation. Both methodologies represented by Jewish and patristic exegesis were applicable and social relevant. They maintained the interest of community and fulfilled the need of their generation. Referring to early Jewish exegesis, the interpretations upheld the position of Ruth as a heir of the Davidic dynasty. They advocated the importance of Boaz’s and Ruth’s virtue as a good illustration of morality in Judaism.
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												  Persian, Farsi, Dari, Tajiki: Language Names and Language PoliciesUniversity of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of Anthropology Papers Department of Anthropology 2012 Persian, Farsi, Dari, Tajiki: Language Names and Language Policies Brian Spooner University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_papers Part of the Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics Commons, and the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation (OVERRIDE) Spooner, B. (2012). Persian, Farsi, Dari, Tajiki: Language Names and Language Policies. In H. Schiffman (Ed.), Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice (pp. 89-117). Leiden, Boston: Brill. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/anthro_papers/91 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Persian, Farsi, Dari, Tajiki: Language Names and Language Policies Abstract Persian is an important language today in a number of countries of west, south and central Asia. But its status in each is different. In Iran its unique status as the only official or national language continueso t be jealously guarded, even though half—probably more—of the population use a different language (mainly Azari/Azeri Turkish) at home, and on the streets, though not in formal public situations, and not in writing. Attempts to broach this exclusive status of Persian in Iran have increased in recent decades, but are still relatively minor. Persian (called tajiki) is also the official language ofajikistan, T but here it shares that status informally with Russian, while in the west of the country Uzbek is also widely used and in the more isolated eastern part of the country other local Iranian languages are now dominant.
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												  BIBLICAL STUDIES – MINOR CollegeBIBLICAL LITERATURE College ............................ Ministry Academic Award ............ Bachelor of Arts Credits Required ............ 125 semester credits Coordinator ..................... Kari Brodin The Biblical Literature major has at its center the belief that the Bible is the inspired word of God, the only foundation for our faith and practice. The major is therefore designed to lead the student into the proper understanding and exposition of the Bible. The major seeks to do this by giving the student a broad knowledge of the background, content, and meaning of the Bible, and by helping the student develop exegetical skills for continuing study and communication of the Bible. This major is designed for those preparing for vocational demonstrate knowledge of the content and background Christian ministry as well as other vocations, enabling of the Bible appropriate to the Bachelor’s degree; them to proclaim the gospel effectively in the church and apply appropriate methodologies for Bible study; in the world. It also provides a good foundation for those who are planning to pursue graduate studies. Students may interpret the Bible in accordance with generally develop their vocational interests by selection of a minor accepted hermeneutical principles; or electives of their choosing. discriminate between competing interpretations of In addition to achieving the general goals of the University Scripture; and and of the College of Ministry, completing this major understand and express sound biblical theology. results in the
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												  Modern and Classical Language Studies (MCLS) 1 2 Kent State University Catalog 2020-2021Kent State University Catalog 2021-2022 1 MCLS 20091 VARIABLE CONTENT SEMINAR IN GLOBAL LITERACY: MODERN AND CLASSICAL CASE STUDIES 3 Credit Hours (Repeatable for credit) In-depth study of the interaction between two or LANGUAGE STUDIES (MCLS) more cultures of the world, focusing on the impact of linguistic and other cultural differences. Topics will vary. MCLS 10001 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR Prerequisite: None. LANGUAGE STUDENTS 3 Credit Hours Schedule Type: Seminar Prepares students for successful study of a foreign language; includes Contact Hours: 3 lecture introduction to basic grammatical concepts such as use of verb tenses, Grade Mode: Standard Letter personal pronouns, etc., as well as strategies for learning a foreign MCLS 21417 MULTICULTURALISM IN TODAY'S GERMANY (DIVG) 3 language efficiently. Credit Hours Prerequisite: None. This course examines how issues of diversity have shaped German Schedule Type: Lecture culture and traces the country's transformation into a postnational, Contact Hours: 3 lecture multicultural society. Taught in English; knowledge of German not Grade Mode: Standard Letter necessary. MCLS 10095 SPECIAL TOPICS IN ELEMENTARY FOREIGN LANGUAGE Prerequisite: None. STUDY 1-3 Credit Hours Schedule Type: Lecture (Repeatable for credit) Study of a foreign language at the elementary Contact Hours: 3 lecture level (Elementary I or II) or intermediate level (Intermediate I or II) as Grade Mode: Standard Letter determined appropriate by the department. No proficiency needed for Attributes: Diversity Global work at the Elementary I level; proficiency equivalent of Elementary I for MCLS 21420 WOMEN OF ARAB SOCIETIES 3 Credit Hours work at the Elementary II level, at Elementary II for the Intermediate I This course will consider questions and lead to fruitful discussions about level, and at Intermediate I for the Intermediate II level.
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												  Concentration in Biblical LanguagesBiblical and Theological Studies – Concentration in Biblical Languages Bachelor of Arts DEGREE PLAN Common Core for Biblical and Theological Studies Core 51 Hours Biblical and Theological Studies 39 Hours BIBLICAL AND THEOLGICAL STUDIES COURSES* 27 BIBLICAL LITERACY — SELECT TWO COURSES 6 BIBL 2113 Introduction to Biblical Studies 3 REL 1013 Old Testament History and Literature 3 BIBL 2123 Biblical Hermeneutics 3 REL 1023 New Testament History and Literature 3 HTHE 2613 History and Doctrine 1 3 HTHE 3613 Baptist History and Theology 3 WRITING AND LITERATURE 6 HTHE 3623 History and Doctrine 2 3 ENGL 1153 English Composition: Exposition and Argument 3 HTHE 3673 Moral Theology 3 ENGL 1163 English: Composition and Classical Literature 3 SELECT ONE PAIR 6 SCIENTIFIC LITERACY 4 BIBL 2213 Biblical Hebrew 1 3 — Laboratory Science Course 4 and BIBL 3213 Biblical Hebrew 2 3 BIBL 2313 Elementary Greek 1 3 WELLNESS AND LIFELONG FITNESS 2 and BIBL 3313 Elementary Greek 2 3 PHED Activity Course 1 PHED 1001 The Wellness Lifestyle (Concepts in Fitness) 1 SELECT ONE COURSE CCCM 2183 Introduction to Evangelism 3 HISTORY AND LITERATURE — SELECT TWO PAIR 12 CCCM 3153 Supervised Field Education: Local Church ENGL 2013 European Civilization: Literature 3 and HIST 2013 European Civilization: History 3 BIBLICAL LANGUAGES CONCENTRATION* 24 ENGL 2023 Modern West: Literature 3 BIBL 3323 Intermediate Greek I 3 and HIST 2023 Modern West: History 3 BIBL 4313 Intermediate Greek 2 3 BIBL 3223 Readings in Biblical Hebrew 3 ENGL 2033 World Civilizations: Literature 3 or
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												  The Lyricism of Kalidasa and the Classical Sanskrit DramaThe Lyricism of Kalidasa and the Classical Sanskrit Drama The World’s Classics lecture series The topics about which I shall speak today… • What is Classical Sanskrit literature? • Who is Kalidasa? Why should we be interested in him? • The lyric drama of Kalidasa, Recognition of Shakuntala • What we can gain from studying Kalidasa’s works. India and the Classics Modern Indian Languages: 1652; 129 languages spoken by more than a million people Official Indian Classical Languages: Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada What makes a language classical? a. “High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years; b. A body of ancient literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers; c. The literary tradition it original and not borrowed from another speech community” Two Distinct but Interrelated Classical Traditions • 1. Dravidian South : Tamil, Kannada, Telugu Indo-European North • Sanskrit and its ancient sisters • These will become Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali etc. Why do we read the classical literature of India? • It has shaped the culture of a major civilization of the world. • It helps us to understand the mind-set of a major portion of the world’s population. • It is full of excellent works that speak to all of us. Classical India: AD 400-1000 • In itself an historical concept = India of the Gupta Emperors • The area covered is huge. • Many different cultures and languages. • Sankrit provides a lingua franca among the educated. The Physical Reality of India of the 1st Millennium of our Era Classical India • The literary legacy of Sanskrit Literature • The Classical Language as standardized by Panini • The literature produced in Classical Sanskrit includes works by Dravidian, Nepali and Sinhalese as well as Indian authors.
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												  Ancient Manuscripts and Biblical ExpositionTMSJ 9/1 (Spring 1998) 25-38 ANCIENT MANUSCRIPTS AND BIBLICAL EXPOSITION William D. Barrick Associate Professor of Old Testament Ancient manuscripts have been the subject of many books, journal articles, and essays, but few have dealt with their relationship to biblical exposition. Yet the expositor has a vital role in preserving what those ancient manuscripts of the Bible contribute to an accurate knowledge of Old and New Testaments. Few works on systematic theology deal with the important doctrine of preservation, yet Scripture itself deals extensively with that doctrine. To do his part in implementing that doctrine, the expositor must examine his text in the original languages, identify the text’s original statement, and expound that original text. He must practice the doctrine of preservation by participating in that preservation. * * * * * Nineteen ninety-seven marked the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The impact of these scrolls on Bible translations, textual criticism, and biblical exposition is still being assessed. The scrolls are part of a larger body of ancient manuscripts that the footnotes and margins of a number of current Bible translations cite in support of their renderings of the OT. The ancient versions to which those footnotes refer include the Samaritan Pentateuch (4th century B.C.1), the biblical manuscripts from Qumran (3rd century B.C.–1st century A.D.), the Greek Septuagint (3rd–2nd centuries B.C.), the Aramaic Targums (1st–4th centuries A.D.2), the Syriac Peshitta (1st–2nd centuries A.D.), and the Latin Vulgate (ca. A.D. 400). Those manuscripts have been subjects of many books, journal articles, and essays.
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												  ACL Standards for Classical Language LearningTABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 2 NAVIGATING THE STANDARDS .......................................................................................................... 3 COMMUNICATION GOAL ...................................................................................................................... 6 INTERPRETIVE MODE ........................................................................................................................ 8 Interpretive Reading .......................................................................................................................... 10 Interpretive Listening ........................................................................................................................ 12 INTERPERSONAL MODE .................................................................................................................. 15 PRESENTATIONAL MODE ............................................................................................................... 20 Presentational Writing ....................................................................................................................... 22 Presentational Speaking ...................................................................................................................
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												  Egyptology and Assyriology 1Egyptology and Assyriology 1 Ancient Scholarship in Western Asia: 1 1 Egyptology and ASYR 1600 Astronomy Before the Telescope ASYR 1650 Time in the Ancient World (WRIT) ASYR 1700 Astronomy, Divination and Politics in the Assyriology Ancient World (WRIT) ASYR 1750 Divination in Ancient Mesopotamia (WRIT) Chair ASYR 2310A Ancient Scientific Texts: Akkadian 1 Matthew T. Rutz Archaeology of Ancient Western Asia: 1 The Department of Egyptology and Assyriology is designed to explore the ARCH 1200F City and the Festival: Cult Practices and histories, languages, cultures and sciences of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia Architectural Production in the Ancient and their neighbors. These regions, sometimes known collectively as the Near East (WRIT) Ancient Near East, have a long history stretching back to the formation ARCH 1200I Material Worlds: Art and Agency in the of the first complex societies and the invention of writing. As a field of Near East and Africa higher learning, Egyptology and Assyriology are represented at most of ARCH 1810 Under the Tower of Babel: Archaeology, the world’s great universities. Their establishment at Brown, beginning Politics, and Identity in the Modern Middle the 2005-06 academic year, is a product of Brown’s Plan for Academic East (WRIT) Enrichment, a commitment to higher learning in the humanities and the ARCH 2010C Architecture, Body and Performance in the sciences. Ancient Near Eastern World (WRIT) Faculty in the department teach undergraduate and graduate courses in ARCH 2300 The Rise of the State in the Near East Egyptology, Assyriology and the History of Ancient Science. Depth Requirement: At least two additional courses offered 2 For additional information, please visit the department's website: http:// in ASYR or ARCH dealing with ancient Western Asia.
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												  THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY of AMERICA Targum Song of SongsTHE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Targum Song of Songs: Language and Lexicon A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Literatures School of Arts and Sciences Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Andrew W. Litke Washington, D.C. 2016 Targum Song of Songs: Language and Lexicon Andrew W. Litke, Ph.D. Director: Edward M. Cook, Ph.D. Targum Song of Songs (TgSong) contains linguistic features from “literary” Aramaic as found in Targum Onqelos and Targum Jonathan, western Aramaic, eastern Aramaic, Biblical Aramaic, and Syriac. A similar mixing of linguistic features is evident in other targumim, and their language is collectively termed Late Jewish Literary Aramaic (LJLA). Though several of these LJLA texts have been linguistically analyzed, one text that has not received such an analysis is TgSong. Since TgSong expands well beyond the underlying Hebrew, it provides an excellent example from which to analyze distinct linguistic features. This dissertation approaches TgSong in two ways. First, it is a descriptive grammar and includes standard grammatical categories: phonology and orthography, morphology, syntax, and lexical stock. Second, in order to determine how the language is mixed and where the language of TgSong fits into the spectrum of Aramaic dialects, each grammatical feature and lexical item is compared to the other pre-modern Aramaic dialects. This dissertation shows first, that the mixing of linguistic features in TgSong is not haphazard. Individual linguistic features are largely consistent in the text, regardless of their dialectal classification.