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Heavy Metals and Nitrogen in Mosses: Spatial Patterns in 2010/2011 and Long-Term Temporal Trends in Europe Lead 2010

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Heavy Metals and Nitrogen in Mosses: Spatial Patterns in 2010/2011 and Long-Term Temporal Trends in Europe Lead 2010 Centre for Lead Ecology & Hydrology 1990 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL Heavy metals and nitrogen in mosses: spatial patterns in 2010/2011 and long-term temporal trends in Europe Lead 2010 Nitrogen 2010 Harry Harmens, David Norris, Gina Mills and the participants of the moss survey ICP Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre Heavy metals and nitrogen in mosses: spatial patterns in 2010/2011 and long-term temporal trends in Europe Harry Harmens, David Norris, Gina Mills and the participants of the moss survey ICP Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Environment Centre Wales Deiniol Road, Bangor Gwynedd, LL57 2UW United Kingdom Tel: + 44 (0) 1248 374500 Fax: + 44 (0) 1248 362133 Email: [email protected] http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk March 2013 Acknowledgements We wish to thank the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra, contract AQ0816), the UNECE (Trust Fund) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for funding the collation and dissemination of data for the 2010/11 European moss survey. We thank all participants and their national funding bodies for their contribution to this European moss survey. Details of the main person(s) providing data for each country for the 2010/11 survey can be found in Annex 1. This report should be quoted as: Harmens, H., Norris, D., Mills, G., and the participants of the moss survey (2013). Heavy metals and nitrogen in mosses: spatial patterns in 2010/2011 and long-term temporal trends in Europe. ICP Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK, 63 pp. Please note that the designations employed and the presentation of material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Photographs on the front cover are the courtesy of Norbert Schnyder (FUB – Research Group for Environmental Monitoring, Rapperswil, Switzerland). Photographs on the back cover are the courtesy of Chris Evans (CEH Bangor), Lukas Kleppin (University of Vechta) and Shutterstock (UK). Maps were produced by David Norris (CEH Bangor). ___________________________________________________________________________ This report is the Copyright of Defra and has been prepared by CEH under contract to Defra (AQ0816). The contents of this report may not be reproduced in whole or in part, nor passed to any organisation or person without the specific prior written permission of Defra. CEH accepts no liability whatsoever to any third party for any loss or damage arising from any interpretation or use of the information contained in this report, or reliance on any views expressed therein. The NERC and CEH trademarks and logos (‘the Trademarks’) are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. 2 Contents Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. 4 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Background ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric deposition ............................................................................................ 8 Sources and effects of heavy metals and nitrogen ............................................................................................ 9 Aims and structure of this report ...................................................................................................................... 10 2 Methodology for the 2010/11 survey ............................................................................................. 11 Moss species ................................................................................................................................................... 11 Field sampling ................................................................................................................................................. 11 Chemical analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Quality control ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Mapping ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 3 Spatial patterns and temporal trends in Europe .......................................................................... 13 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 Arsenic ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 Cadmium ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 Chromium ........................................................................................................................................................ 16 Copper ............................................................................................................................................................. 17 Iron .................................................................................................................................................................. 18 Lead ................................................................................................................................................................ 19 Mercury ........................................................................................................................................................... 20 Nickel ............................................................................................................................................................... 21 Vanadium ........................................................................................................................................................ 23 Zinc .................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Aluminium ........................................................................................................................................................ 25 Antimony ......................................................................................................................................................... 26 Nitrogen ........................................................................................................................................................... 26 4 Discussion, conclusions and recommendations ........................................................................ 28 References ........................................................................................................................................... 31 Annex 1. Participants in the 2010/11 survey .................................................................................... 33 Annex 2. Analytical techniques used in 2010/11 ............................................................................. 34 Annex 3. Metal (mg kg-1) and nitrogen concentrations (mass %) in mosses in 2010/11 ............. 35 Annex 4. Country reports ................................................................................................................... 38 Albania…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...38 Austria………………………………………………………………………………………………………...................40 Bulgaria……………………………………………………………………………………………………....................42 Croatia………………………………………………………………………………………………….........................44 Czech Republic…………………………………………………………………………………………………............46 Finland………………………………………………………………………………………………….........................48 Macedonia……………………………………………………………………………………………….......................50 Norway………………………………………………………………………………………………….........................52 Poland…………………………………………………………………………………………………..........................54 Slovakia…………………………………………………………………………………………………........................56 Spain…………………………………………………………………………………………………............................58 Sweden…………………………………………………………………………………………………........................60 Switzerland……………………………………………………………………………………………..........................62 3 Executive summary Background The heavy metals in mosses biomonitoring network was originally established in 1980 as a Swedish initiative and has since then been repeated at five-yearly intervals. The first moss survey at the European scale was conducted in 1990 and since then the number of participating countries has greatly expanded. Twenty five European countries and over 4,500 sites were involved in the 2010/11 survey. In 2005, nitrogen was included for the first time, and 15 countries reported on nitrogen concentrations
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