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The State Historical Society of Missouri

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE 0. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia

COVER DESCRIPTION: This World War I poster, designed by Chicago-born artist Sidney Riesen- berg, was one of a series issued by the United States government in 1918 to promote the purchase of Liberty bonds. For more information about Missourians' responses to the war see "Popular Reaction to World War I in Missouri." The poster is from the Frederick B. Mumford Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

ANN L. ROGERS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright © 1992 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by The State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., except legal holidays. Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed Saturday during VOLUME LXXXVI the Labor Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's weekends. NUMBER 4 On the day of the annual meeting, October 17, 1992, the Society libraries will not be available for research. JULY, 1992 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1989-1992 ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia, President Avis TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Kansas City, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G.J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1992 MRS. SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall ROBERT WOLPERS, Poplar Bluff W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville DALTON C. WRIGHT, Lebanon

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1993 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Webster Groves LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1994 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis

BOARD OF TRUSTEES The Board of Trustees consists of one Trustee from each Congressional District of the State and fourteen Trustees elected at large. In addition to the elected Trustees, the President of the Society, the Vice Presidents of the Society, all former Presidents of the Society, and the ex officio members of the Society constitute the Board of Trustees. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight Trustees elected by the Board of Trustees together with the President of the Society constitute the Executive Committee. The Executive Director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Avis TUCKER, Warrensburg JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West. Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manu­ scripts on PC/DOS, 360K floppy disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably the WordPerfect 5.1 or Display- write 3 or 4 programs. Otherwise, it must be in ASCII format. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accepted. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication be­ come the property of The State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors. Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly and The Journal of Ameri­ can History. Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor Missouri Historical Review The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

PHILIPPINE DUCHESNE: A MODEL OF ACTION. By Barbara O. Korner 341

BOOK COLLECTING IN MISSOURI: THREE "CUSTODIANS OF CULTURE." By Robert Alan Shaddy 363

POPULAR REACTION TO WORLD WAR I IN MISSOURI. By Lawrence O. Christensen 386

A POLITICAL BOSS AT BAY: THOMAS J. PENDERGAST IN FEDERAL PRISON, 1939-1940. By Lawrence H. Larsen 396

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Bock Appointed to National Trail of Tears Council 418

News in Brief 419

Local Historical Societies 422

Gifts 430

Missouri History in Newspapers 435

Missouri History in Magazines 443

In Memoriam 449

BOOK REVIEWS 450

BOOK NOTES 453

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXVI 457

NATIONAL REGISTER SITES: JOHN FORBES BENJAMIN HOUSE Inside Back Cover State Historical Society of Missouri

Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action BY BARBARA O. KORNER* February 1, 1818. Paris, France Dear Sister: For a long time a very strong and definite attraction has drawn me to the teaching of the infidels. I even thought of going to China, but that is not practicable, as women cannot appear in public there. God has listened to my prayers and has let me find nearer home and at less financial cost the happiness for which I prayed. In Paris I met the Bishop of Louisiana, and it is in his diocese that I shall work to instruct the savages and found a house of the Society. I wish you

•Barbara O. Korner is associate professor of theatre and dean of the School of Fine and Performing Arts at Seattle Pacific University. She holds the B.A. and M.A. degrees from Bob Jones University, Greenville, South Carolina, and a Ph.D. in comparative arts from Ohio University, Athens.

341 342 Missouri Historical Review

would send me a supply of seed of all the kinds you have, labeled and marked with the time for sowing. The land is so fertile in the area where we shall live that the cattle are entirely hidden in the prairie grass.1 With these optimistic words, Mother Rose Philippine Duchesne, at the age of forty-eight, announced to her family her plans to leave for America and found a house of the Society of the Sacred Heart, the order she had served so diligently in post-revolutionary France. Duchesne, who was canonized Ste. Philippine in July 1988, represents the important role played by immigrant nuns in establishing the Roman Catholic church in nineteenth-century America. The vast majority of the over one hundred communities of sisters instituted in America during the nineteenth century had European or Canadian origins. Duchesne's life and activities, like those of other nuns, were circum­ scribed by the male-dominated Roman Catholic church, by the class- conscious European culture in which she grew up, by anti-Catholic feelings predominant among United States territories heavily influenced by Protestantism and by nineteenth-century attitudes that viewed the domestic and private roles as the most appropriate spheres of action for women. Yet, as a major figure in the development of American Catholicism and as a pioneer woman on the American frontier, Ste. Philippine Duchesne exemplifies the nineteenth-century woman who endured many hardships to make a difference in her world. Church historian Mary Ewens notes: "If adequate means could be found to measure the relative importance of personal influences, it might be shown that sisters' efforts were far more effective than those of bishops or priests in the Church's attempts to meet [its] challenges" of preserving and fostering the faith and of "establishing credibility in an alien and often hostile society."2 Three central points in Duchesne's life add to an understanding of her influence on the survival of Roman Catholicism on the American frontier: her dedication to education for women and the poorer classes; her practical bent, which encouraged her active participation in adminis­ trative matters of her order; and her benign attitude toward Native Americans and Afro-Americans. Duchesne exhibited her social awareness and her determination to sustain her faith and to spread Christianity while still living in France.

1 Philippine Duchesne to Amelie Duchesne, in Louise Callan, Philippine Duchesne (Westminster, Md.: The Newman Press, 1957), 206-207. 2 Mary Ewens, "The Leadership of Nuns in Immigrant Catholicism," in Women and Religion in America, vol. 1, The Nineteenth Century, ed. Rosemary Radford Ruether and Rosemary Skinner Keller (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1981), 101. Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action 343

Born in 1769 in Grenoble, France, she grew up in an upper-class bourgeois family, who accumulated wealth as textile manufacturers and businessmen. Her father was a lawyer and, along with many other relatives on both sides of the family, was heavily involved in politics as France moved toward reform and revolution. Duchesne attended board­ ing school at the convent of Sainte Marie d'en Haut, where two of her aunts were nuns. There she met a Jesuit missionary who had served in Louisiana and Illinois. In later years she recalled the impact of this meeting. My first enthusiasm for missionary life was roused by the tales of a good Jesuit Father who had been on the missions in Louisiana and who told us stories about the Indians. I was just eight or ten years old, but already I considered it a great privilege to be a missionary. I envied their labors without being frightened by the dangers to which they were exposed, for I was at this time reading stories of the martyrs. . . . The same good Jesuit was extraordinary confessor at the convent in which I became a pupil. I went to confession to him several times, and I loved his simple, informal manner of speaking, a manner he had used with the savages. From that time the words "Propagation of the Faith" and "Foreign Missions" and the names of priests destined for them and of religious in far-away lands made my heart thrill.3 The curriculum at Ste. Marie included the usual subjects studied by young ladies in late eighteenth-century France: writing; religion; needlework and other domestic, feminine skills; and a smattering of arithmetic, history, geography and French literary classics. This was the age of the Enlightenment, which encouraged the education of women and in which women played a role in the intellectual life through hosting the fashionable salons.4 Jean-Jacques Rousseau's novel Emile, written in 1762, influenced the educational theory of the period. While supporting education for women, Rousseau assumed major differences between the nature of the sexes and thus called for dissimilar education for young men and women. Rousseau wrote that "the whole education of women ought to relate to men. To please men, to be useful to them, to make herself loved and honored by them, to raise them when young, to care for them when grown, to counsel them, to console them, to

3 Memoire of Philippine Duchesne to St. Madeleine Sophie, Paris, 1818, in Callan, Duchesne, 23. 4 In Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988), 22-31, Joan Landes makes the point that women in the salons played not only a unique and important cultural role that bridged gender gaps, but also bridged cultural gaps, preparing entree to the aristocracy for the bourgeois gentilhomme. Once the Old Regime fell, this important public role closed to women. 344 Missouri Historical Review

make their lives agreeable and sweet—these are the duties of women at all times, and they ought to be taught from childhood." This assumption led him to stress the need for practicality and usefulness in a girl's education—needlework, cyphering, music, dancing, singing, drawing, painting and moral teaching, but not philosophy or theology. Rousseau stated that the "quest for abstract and speculative truths, principles, and axioms in the sciences, for everything that tends to generalize ideas is not within the competence of women. All their studies ought to be related to practice. ... All the reflections of women [which are not immediately connected with their duties] ought to be directed to the study of men or to the pleasing kinds of knowledge that have only taste as their aim; for as regards the works of genius, they are out of the reach of women."5 Philippine Duchesne's most recent biographer, Catharine Mooney, places Duchesne's life in perspective within the context of women's history and church structures. Mooney's objectivity heightens the sig­ nificance of Duchesne's life as an emigrant nun in the nineteenth

5 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile or On Education, trans. Allan Bloom (New York: Basic Books, 1979), 365, 386.

State Historical Society of Missouri Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action 345 century and the relevance of her life to issues in the twentieth century. The book represents a major contribution to scholarship on Duchesne, while providing clear and understandable explanations of the back­ ground of Roman Catholic structures and processes to the lay reader. Mooney suggests other influences of the Enlightenment on Duchesne's life. The writers and thinkers of the Enlightenment "criticized the Catholic Church because it upheld belief in miracles, the sacraments and other mysteries. Duchesne's father was sympathetic to these En­ lightenment ideas." When the French Revolution reached full swing, those who resented the power of the church capitalized on the anti- Catholic sentiments fed by the philosophical criticism, and they closed convents and churches, expelling and killing many clergy. This happened as Duchesne began her life as a religious.6 The Revolution, however, was not the first event that thwarted her efforts at a religious life. After entering the boarding school at Ste. Marie, Duchesne resolved to become a nun. In 1783 her father, concerned about this decision, removed her from the convent school. Though temporarily interrupting her plans, this respite from the typical girl's education provided a broader-based curriculum unique for the time, but one that would prepare her to assist her mother superior in developing an educational program for young women. At home, Duchesne studied alongside her male cousins in a curriculum that included mathematics, Latin, St. Augustine, Dante and Scripture. Duchesne's close confidant, spiritual mother and religious superior of later years, Madelaine Sophie Barat, who founded the Society of the Sacred Heart, experienced a similar curriculum under the tutelage of her brother.7 Their unique educational experiences prepared Barat and Duchesne to work in an order that "taught young women subjects traditionally considered suitable only to young men."8 In this regard, Barat and Duchesne may be counted among the educational reformers who responded to eighteenth-century theories that denounced the de­ ficiencies of conventual education for girls.9 In 1788, in spite of her parents' skepticism and disapproval,

6 Catharine M. Mooney, Philippine Duchesne: A Woman with the Poor (New York: Paulist Press, 1990), 35. 7 Callan, Duchesne, 23-26; Louise Callan, The Society of the Sacred Heart in North America (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1937), 9, 21. 8 Mooney, Philippine Duchesne, 36. Mooney attributes the advanced curriculum of the society to the indirect influence of the Enlightenment, which placed confidence in the belief that "the human race could improve almost infinitely with proper education." 9 See Samia I. Spencer, "Women and Education," in Samia I. Spencer, ed., French Women and the Age of Enlightenment (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), 83-96. 346 Missouri Historical Review

Duchesne became a postulant of the Order of the Visitation in Ste. Marie in Grenoble. In her Memoire she noted that she chose this community in part because of its work in educating children. She found her spiritual devotion animated by the spirit of the Jesuits and their call for missionaries. Her religious profession was diverted by the Revolu­ tion in 1792, when all religious orders were banned and the convent at Ste. Marie became a prison for former priests. Her religious devotion and activism sustained her during the forced separation from the cloistered existence of which she had dreamed. She spent some time at her family's country home, but she frequently came back to work among the poor, the imprisoned and the sick in Grenoble between 1793 and 1801. At great personal risk, Duchesne founded an organization called the Ladies of Mercy, primarily to help imprisoned priests or those who had gone into hiding. While noting that "Duchesne was part of a large, spontaneous movement of women's charitable activity in revolutionary France," Mooney also points out that Du­ chesne's attitude toward the poor stood in contrast to the mainstream middle-class context that blamed the poor for their plight and believed the poor were lazy. Duchesne's attitudes differed from the conventional in three ways: as a woman she was more personally involved in meeting the needs of the poor; as a religious she recognized their inherent human dignity by "discovering] Christ in them"; as a well-to-do lady she did not consider charity as an "ornament" to her life, rather it became her "life's calling."10 As the political situation calmed near the turn of the century, Duchesne determined to reestablish Ste. Marie as a religious educational center. Her account of these early days in her Story of Sainte Marie reveals her persistence with male confessors and spiritual leaders. She rallied the political influence of her prestigious family and overcame the objections of her religious superiors and gained their support. By the end of 1801 she had leased the old convent and overseen the extensive repairs needed to have the nuns return and start a school. Her dream to reestablish the Visitandine order there did not materialize. Lacking the support of the former nuns, Duchesne welcomed nuns from other orders and kept a boarding school going at Ste. Marie. The Story of Sainte Marie indicates that many of the Visitandine nuns felt that Duchesne insisted on dictating the rules for the reinstated order without proper consultation with others and that the sisters were not willing to

10 Mooney, Philippine Duchesne, 63, 68-76. On the range of women's organizations and activities during the Revolution see Landes, Women and the Public Sphere, especially chap. 4. Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action 347 return to the regulated cloistered life, to give up all possessions and to follow other strict regulations after nine years away from the convent.11 Meanwhile, during the early years of the nineteenth century, Mother Sophie Barat was founding the Society of the Sacred Heart. Sophie Barat, ten years Duchesne's junior, had been educated by her brother Louis. Like Duchesne, Barat's education exceeded the normal subjects taught to girls. She studied ancient history, mathematics, French classics, Spanish, Italian, Latin, theology and biblical studies.12 Sophie Barat planned to become a cloistered Carmelite nun, but her brother Louis and Father Joseph Varin encouraged her to organize "an apostolic women's order" that would share the active goals of the suppressed Jesuits and be "imbued with devotion to the Sacred Heart and dedicated to the education of young women."13 There was one small community of nuns under Barat's leadership in 1804 when Father Varin visited Ste. Marie and encouraged Philippine Duchesne in her desire to join this new order. He urged Mother Barat to travel to Grenoble, where "you will find someone in this house . . . were she alone and at the remotest corner of the world, you should go after her."14 In 1804 Barat came to Grenoble, where Duchesne and the nuns at Ste. Marie were admitted to the fledgling order whose members wanted to "consecrate themselves to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, to endeavor to enkindle once more the love of Jesus in souls and to shed the light of His teaching in their minds." In the words of Louise Callan, a Duchesne biographer and translator, the constitutions of the society that Duchesne and Mother Barat worked to establish combined the "apostolic ardor of Ignatius with the contemplative spirit of Teresa."15 The active nature of the new order appeared in the changes at Ste. Marie. Cloister grilles were removed. Public areas became less austere. Many formalities of the daily regimen changed. Duchesne became a support, a friend and a "right arm" to Barat in the early years of the society. When Barat left Ste. Marie in 1805 to attend to business elsewhere for the society, Duchesne performed administrative tasks as head of the boarding school (with over sixty

11 See Callan, Duchesne, 61-86; Mooney, Philippine Duchesne, 77-84. 12 Callan, Sacred Heart, 9; Mooney, Philippine Duchesne, 86. 13 Mooney, Philippine Duchesne, 87. 14 Jeanne de Charry, Historie des Constitutions de la Societe du Sacre-Coeur (Rome: Typis Pontificiae Universitatis Gregorianae, 1975-79), pt. I, vol. 2: 67, in Mooney, Philippine Duchesne, 83. 15 Agnes de Beaulieu, Leonor de Tournely et Son Oeuvre (Vienna, 1886), 105, in Callan, Duchesne, 87. Before his death in 1797, Tournely had envisioned a contem­ plative order for women as a counterpart to the Fathers of the Faith established in lieu of the banned Society of Jesus. Callan, Duchesne, 166. 348 Missouri Historical Review

Women traditionally pro­ vided practical and moral instruction for their children at home.

State Historical Society of Missouri pupils), in addition to her teaching duties. In 1815 Duchesne attended the Second General Council in Paris, which approved the constitutions of the society. Respect for the nun stemmed not only from her handling of the practical details at Ste. Marie, but also for her consistent prayer life. Her habit of spending all night in prayer in the midst of hectic schedules called forth frequent reproofs from her mother superior.16 Duchesne remained in Paris as secretary general of the new order, overseeing the chapter house there, taking care of finances for the society and assisting Mother Barat. The society's constitutions of 1815 reflect the mixed blessing of the ideal of "republican motherhood" prevalent in contemporary culture. In Emile, Rousseau lays the responsibility for early moral education at a mother's feet. Women should be educated, but the success of the 16 Physical suffering as a means of penance, along with mystical visions, were a part of the religious experience for many eighteenth-century French nuns. The Visitandines, Duchesne's original order, numbered among those reporting such practices. See Ruth Graham, "Women versus Clergy, Women pro Clergy," in Spencer, French Women 128-140. Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action 349 republic depends on their staying at home, being obedient to their husbands and assuming the early moral education of their children. From their efforts to please their husbands and their devotion to maintaining their private domestic spheres, women establish an environ­ ment in which virtuous citizens can grow to productive manhood. If mothers will "deign to nurse their children, morals will reform them­ selves, nature's sentiments will be awakened in every heart, the state will be repeopled. . . . This point alone will bring everything back together." In France, as in England and America, the importance of women's roles at home increased the need for women's education and encouraged the establishment of female academies. Yet, confining women's role to the private sphere placed restrictions on the boundaries of acceptable subjects for female education in the Sacred Heart academia, as in others.17 The 1815 constitutions reflect the expectation that women would "in the ordinary course of Providence" become wives and mothers. In these roles, women should assume responsibility for the spiritual well- being of the family. A virtuous woman could even draw her husband away from evil and win him back to virtue. The earliest education of the children depended "principally upon the mother of the family, and . . . through her . . . knowledge, love and practice of religion are transmitted to the next generation."18 In Paris, Duchesne again came into contact with missionaries, and her old dream was rekindled. After much persuasion, Mother Barat finally gave her permission to go to America. By the time Duchesne left, she was forty-eight years old. Designated as the mother superior for the American houses, Duchesne joined the ranks of nuns who realized a degree of autonomy unknown to other women in most segments of nineteenth-century society. Her authority included the power to dispose of funds, to acquire property, to found convents and to grant dispensation from the cloister to teach in free schools. A look at Duchesne's life supports historian Jill Conway's conclusion that "religious culture provided the most striking opportunities for new roles and new authority for women of talent" in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.19 Upon her arrival in New Orleans in 1818, Duchesne learned that 17 Rousseau, Emile, 45. See Landes, Women and the Public Sphere, 78-89 and chap. 6, and Sara Evans, Born For Liberty: A History of Women in America (New York: The Free Press, 1989), chap. 3. 18 "Constitutions of 1815," nos. 171-173, in Mooney, Philippine Duchesne, 91. 19 Jill Conway, The Female Experience in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century America: A Guide to the History of American Women (New York: Garland Publishing, 1982), 49. 350 Missouri Historical Review

Bishop Louis William Valentine Du Bourg had changed his mind and that she and the five other sisters from France would not be staying in St. Louis. Such a drastic change in plans unnerved her after the long journey; she questioned the wisdom of locating the school in a remote area rather than in the well-populated and thriving urban location as originally planned. Nevertheless, the incident exemplifies her determina­ tion to achieve goals while remaining submissive to the hierarchy of the church. She kept her doubts about the bishop's decision to herself as she wrote to Mother Barat: "[Bishop Du Bourg] was not able to rent a house for us anywhere except in St. Charles, a village twelve leagues from here. ... I refused to open our school at Florissant. ... St. Louis seems out of the question, for it has grown so quickly in the last 2 years that a piece of land now sells for five times what it did before."20 Mother Duchesne rallied support from a local St. Louisan to establish the convent in the city and to continue with her original plan for mission work among the Indians. But Bishop Du Bourg prevailed, and on September 14, 1818, the French nuns opened the first free school for American and Creole girls west of the Mississippi in St. Charles. The curriculum included religious instruction, reading in French and English, grammar, geography, arithmetic and sewing—a typically innocuous education for a young lady. Nevertheless, Duchesne's recog­ nition of the need to provide an adequate education for girls drove her in America as it had both her and Barat in France. She recognized the need for education on the frontier when she wrote back to France a year after her arrival:

20 Duchesne to Mother Barat, 31 August 1818, in Callan, Duchesne, 261.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Bishop Louis William Valentine Du Bourg Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action 351

Some children came for three months, and they could not read when they first came. The mistresses have simply exhausted themselves teaching them the catechism and other elementary things and have made little progress. Some read English, but not French; others have a knowledge of the two languages; still others know only French. The same is true for the grammar, geography, and arithmetic classes. Many cannot afford to buy books, pens, paper, or sewing materials; they lack scissors, needles, thread, etc. As an excuse they say, "Mother has none at home," and they get none for school.21 Her letters reveal not only her own determination, but also the sorry state of education in America. By 1828 she oversaw six academies attended by more than 350 students—three in the St. Louis area and three in lower Louisiana near New Orleans. After traveling to Opelousas in 1822, she wrote: On this trip I have seen so much ignorance in the many little villages that have sprung up in the last four years along the neck of the river, that I am more than ever convinced of the great need there is for teachers who could be placed gradually in the larger towns where there are priests—towns like New Madrid, where there are 60 or 80 Catholic families. ... I wish you would approve of our training some of the girls in the parish school for this work. Later on they could become members of non-cloistered Sisterhoods if they were not suited to our own order.22 This letter also echoes the concern of many European nuns who found it difficult to maintain the strict cloister of their order in the midst of the freedom and hardship that dictated a very different lifestyle on the American frontier. Mother Duchesne wrote from St. Charles in 1818: "As to cloister, in the whole country for 500 leagues around us there is not a single wall around property. They put up wooden fences that keep out animals better than human beings. Our cloister consists in remaining at home." There were many other adjustments to make. Their dress had to be more practical. European nuns, many of whom like Duchesne came from the upper classes, learned that their class consciousness presented problems in America. For instance, Duchesne wrote to Mother Barat, "We must be careful not to call this a 'poor school,' for that hurts the feelings of the parents and keeps the children away." Nuns' letters often complained about the lack of servants because, on the frontier, Americans did not like to work for others as

21 Duchesne to Mother Barat, 28 August 1819, in ibid., 303. 22 Duchesne to Mother Barat, 1 December 1822, in ibid., 371. Although Duchesne later discarded the idea, similar educational missions were started by Sisters of Loretto of Kentucky. 352 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri This 1860 view of St. Charles features the Academy of the Religious of the Sacred Heart. Mother Philippine Duchesne founded the convent and a school here in 1818. The buildings include, left to right, the convent—its central portion built in 1835—the Jesuit Church of St. Charles of Borromeo, the Chapel of Our Lady where Ste. Philippine's body was interred in 1855, and the parish school. servants. Duchesne wrote her cousin Josephine in 1820 regarding the dilemma in the newly constituted state of Missouri: The most disputed point and the one that has caused the greatest conflict concerns the admission of slavery. It seems that all those who now own slaves will be allowed to keep them and that the children of their slaves will belong to them, but there can be no more African slave trade. We do not want slaves and we have no money to buy them yet we scarcely know how to get along without them, especially as we are cloistered and do not go about. No one wants to hire out as a domestic servant; all want to be on the same social level.23 This meant that many nuns had to do all the work of keeping the convent, as well as performing their teaching duties and spiritual devotion. As with many other pioneer women, nuns often did not survive the physical and emotional trials. Due to the scarcity of books, Duchesne made outlines and transla­ tions for the novices to copy and study. In one letter she noted that the students studied among other things, "the Catechism of Perseverance." 23 Duchesne to Mother Barat, 15 February 1819, Duchesne to Mother Barat, November 1818, Duchesne to Josephine Perier, 29 August 1820, in Callan, Duchesne, 289,281,327. Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action 353

But the letter sounds as though she set the example in perseverance as she translated, summarized and made copies of books on ancient, Roman and American history; a French grammar; and arithmetic and geography books.24 While she juggled with financial difficulties, her letters and journals and the advertisements of the schools reveal that Ste. Philippine worked hard to keep the prices down so even the poorest could take advantage of the education that the society offered. Mooney assesses the balance Duchesne tried to strike between her "financial realism" and her inclination to found convents in schools in places where the "Society could be with and serve the poor." Quite often, "her usual hard-headed calculation . . . took second place where the poor and dispossessed were concerned."25 In many of her letters to Mother Barat, she argued for continuing or starting new schools for the poor, especially among Indian and mestizo children. Duchesne's dedication to education is inseparable from her role as an administrator, an unusual role for a woman in the nineteenth century. Along with many women religious, Mother Duchesne enjoyed some measure of equality with her male counterparts in conducting the necessary business for the operation of the chapter houses. Faced with continuing financial difficulties in St. Charles, where there were not enough boarding students to support the nuns and the free school, Bishop Du Bourg insisted that the nuns move the school to St. Ferdinand's in Florissant. Though she had foreseen the financial diffi­ culties of St. Charles, Duchesne remained reluctant to leave because the sisters enjoyed a warm rapport with the townspeople and many de­ pended on the free school for their children's education. Duchesne also was aware of the deeper financial straits that a move to Florissant would create. In America she did not have access to the family fortunes, as she had in France, and little additional support came from the mother house in France. To complicate matters, Du Bourg held several thousand francs of the nuns' money in his possession, which cast his "advice" about the move to Florissant in a different light. Duchesne's business acumen emerges as she surveys the plans for Florissant. When I saw the contractor's plans and estimates for a convent there, I realized it was simply extortion—excessive expenditures that would bring ruin on us. I wrote to the Bishop refusing the services of the contractor and telling him that we had no other funds than those we had placed in his keeping. He replied that he had weighed the matter well and, being unable to assist us, he thought it best to drop the undertaking at Florissant.

24 Duchesne to Mother Barat, August 1821, in ibid., 348. 25 Mooney, Philippine Duchesne, 147. 354 Missouri Historical Review

The bishop later changed his mind, and Duchesne's letter reveals one of the many occasions when her own administrative sense bowed to the male church hierarchy. The bishop came to make his retreat at Father Richard's house. He spent one whole day upsetting all our plans, as well as the desires of Fathers Richard and Acquaroni, who have simply exhausted them­ selves in their efforts to get us firmly established here at St. Charles. The bishop has in his keeping the sum of two thousand dollars, which was sent to him from France by Mother Barat for us at the time of our departure for America. He declares he will use it only at St. Ferdinand's [in Florissant] and that he will borrow the rest of the money needed for the erection of the new building. The society finally moved to Florissant in the fall of 1819, one year after arriving in St. Charles. Mother Duchesne recorded in her journal that Bishop Du Bourg "required [me] to write a letter to Mr. [John] Mullanphy [a wealthy Irish merchant who lived in Florissant], asking the loan of $2000" to finish their building.26 Several years later, when Duchesne was considering establishing a city house in St. Louis and Bishop Du Bourg had been replaced by Bishop Joseph Rosati, she once again turned to Mullanphy for help. Her account of the transaction again reveals how her activism, evident in her early practicality in obtaining Ste. Marie in France, compelled her throughout her life to take hold of business details—even though her letters reveal a deep insecurity about her ability to be mother superior in America. She approached Mullanphy and drove with him over some property that he offered to donate to the order on the condition that the new convent agree to keep and support twenty orphans. Her letters requesting advice from Mother Barat in France and Bishop Rosati traveling in Louisiana went unanswered as the time came for a decision. Operating on the authority given to her by the mother general in France, Duchesne accepted the offer and took on the burden of a great deal of property in order to open a boarding school and a free school in the city. Her spunk and diplomacy stand out in one of the few letters she wrote in English—to the mayor of St. Louis when day pupils walking to school there faced an unseemly distraction. I have recourse to your authority for the redress of an abuse which I look upon as very much against the welfare of our establishment. You know, Sir, that our young ladies, day schollars [sic], . . . have to

26 Duchesne to Father Louis Barat, 15 March 1819, in Callan, Duchesne, 296; Duchesne Journal in ibid., 298; Journal, 27 September 1819, in ibid., 312. Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action 355

John Mullanphy, an Irish immigrant, provided land and funds for several Catholic institutions in the St. Louis area.

State Historical Society of Missouri

pass the creek that runs all around our house. The warm weather invites a number of men and boys to swimming in the creek, and every day our young ladies meet with that disagreeable sight, both coming [to] and leaving the house; and as I understand that some regulation of court forbids swimming in public places, I suppose that it is merely by some negligence of the sheriffs in discharge of their duty that it takes place. As you are Sir, the father of an amiable family I need not say how much that rudeness is against the delicacy of sentiments we strive to endow our young ladies with, and I am convinced that you will be so good as to use your power to remove that obstacle.27 Several of Duchesne's letters and journal entries reveal her under­ standing of financial arrangements, rates of interest, exchange rates, etc. Throughout her life in America, overseeing six schools and houses separated by hundreds of miles, she exhibited constant concern for the financial stability of the order. She continually consolidated where she could, encouraged those who could pay to do so and borrowed money when'necessary. Though her schools never achieved a solid financial footing, she found ways to help them provide education for as many children as they could reach. Mary Ewens speaks of the mutual respect often shared between women religious and their male counterparts.28 Mother Duchesne en- 21 Spring 1828, in ibid., 475. 28 Ewens, "Immigrant Nuns," 107. 356 Missouri Historical Review joyed such respect from Bishop Rosati. For years she pleaded to be relieved as superior. In 1832 the mother general in France received letters of complaint about Mother Duchesne's administration from nuns who had recently arrived in America. They found the austerity of the St. Louis house unattractive to potential boarding students. Du­ chesne's insistence on strict discipline appeared out of step with the changing times in a thriving urban area. Her generosity to the bishop and the priests further depleted the convent's meager funds. Finally, Mother Barat relented and released Duchesne as superior. But Bishop Rosati wrote a letter to Mother Barat that caused her to overturn her decision. His letter exemplifies not only the mutual respect between the administrators, but the differences that many European orders found so hard to adjust to when they came to America. "There are few persons whom I venerate more than this holy religious. She has the true spirit of her vocation and on many occasions, known only to me, has given most striking proofs of this." He addresses the complaints, which he calls "misrepresentations." The house may not be elegant, as "are your European convents, but it is suitable for this country." As for the complaint that the order does not earn much from the produce on the land—"in America, where land is cheap and labor expensive, a religious community cannot obtain profits from its farm produce, for this must be sold at a very low price." With regard to the religious sent from France "whom Mother Duchesne has not kept here [in St. Louis]—this action was not prompted by the fact that she did not need them, but rather by her desire to work for the general good of all of your convents." In short, Bishop Rosati concludes, "No religious whom you may designate to fill the position now held by Mother Duchesne could really replace her." His plea proved successful, and Duchesne continued to carry the burden of administration for several more years.29 In the midst of everyday survival for her order and for the schools on the frontier, Duchesne's dream of ministering to and educating the Indians remained ever-present. Her observations regarding the plight of Native Americans and others suggest a social sensitivity, though her activism remained limited to her missionary vision of sharing the gospel with "the savages." For instance, soon after her arrival in New Orleans, she wrote to the children of the boarding schools in Paris and Grenoble, sending them moccasins and baskets made by Indians. "The skill with which they make these baskets and the shrewdness with which they do their trading prove that they are quite intelligent and so they are able some day to attain to a knowledge of God, if only they are brought to 29 Father Rosati to Mother Barat, 1832, in Callan, Duchesne, 527-528. Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action 357

State Historical Society of Missouri Bishop Joseph Rosati civilization and are thus enabled to become Christians."™ Though the term "savages" carried less of a negative connotation in the nineteenth century than today, Duchesne agreed with the widely held assumption that the European civilization was superior to the Indian culture. Her description of the division of labor among the Native Ameri­ cans reveals a commonly held prejudice influenced by European tradi­ tions of woman as the weaker sex: because the Indian women worked hard, they were treated as drudges by the men and not elevated in status as were middle-class white women. "The Indian women are really slaves: when the tribe moves, a woman may have to carry three children on her back, while the man goes off freely, carrying only his weapons. If he kills a bear or deer, he leaves it where it falls, though he may cut a very heavy animal into sections. Then he goes to get his wife, tells her where the beast is, and she has no rest until she has brought it all in, carrying all on foot, even until ten o'clock at night."31

30 Duchesne to Children of the Boarding Schools in Paris and Grenoble, 3 June 1818, in ibid., 733. Emphasis added. 31 Duchesne to Religious and Children of the Sacred Heart in France, 20 November 1818, in ibid., 739. For more on the balance of power among Native American sexes, see Evans, Born for Liberty, 7-19, and Walter O'Meara, "American Indian Women," in The Woman Question in American History, ed. Barbara Welter (Hinsdale, 111.: The Dryden Press, 1973), 11-21. 358 Missouri Historical Review

Duchesne's letters through the years track the westward movement of the Indians as they are driven out by the Americans. She illustrated the Indians' perceptions, while exhibiting a bit of nationalistic pride, in one story she wrote to Mother d'Olivier in July 1822. The savages in this region like the French and what they bring them better than the Americans, as they call the people of the United States. [The Americans] tell a story of an Indian who said to one of them: "They told us the great father of Spain had given the land to the great father of France; then the forest trees fell in a great heap and there was a great fire and dancing around it. But then they told us the great father of France had given the land to you, the Americans; then no trees fell and there was no fire and no dancing, but only the ashes of great grief." In 1825 Duchesne asked Mother Barat to send money to help the Jesuits reach the Indians, lamenting the policy of the United States to "drive all the Indians out of the settled states. Agents buy their lands and push them into uninhabited regions. The chiefs say: You are stronger, we must give way to you—and they withdraw, but not without great suffering, for they have not enough room for hunting."32 After she arrived in America, Duchesne's burning desire to reach the Indians was tempered by realism. She realized that the situation had changed from that encountered by the early Jesuits, whose biographies had inspired her. The repression of the Jesuits in France starting in the 1760s resulted in the interruption of their work in the New World. Now the Indians had spread further west; many were embittered and less receptive to any white missionary; and missionaries were fewer in number. Above all, Duchesne's financial realism recognized the impossi­ bility of starting all the works she would have liked without adequate support. She had learned another administrative lesson that tempered, but did not squelch, her missionary zeal. Duchesne recognized the role of government help in the work of the Jesuits during the eighteenth century, and she turned to that source for assistance in her own era. In 1824 the Jesuit community near Duchesne began bringing Indian boys into school and obtained a promise of government support. She and the Jesuit father gained the support of the congressional agent for Indians in the region to lobby the secretary of war to provide money for nuns to teach the Indian girls, an unprecedented favor at this time. Although the plan did not work out, Mother Duchesne opened a Female Indian Seminary in Florissant in April 1825. Again, she wrote the secretary of war for 32 Duchesne to d'Olivier, July 1822, to Mother Barat, 27 December 1825, in Callan, Duchesne, 744, 429. Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action 359 financial assistance, but was denied; the school for Indian girls eventu­ ally failed. In 1841, at the age of seventy-two, she realized her dream and traveled with other nuns and a Jesuit priest to the Potawatomi Indians in Sugar Creek, Kansas, where the sisters established a school for Indian girls. Mother Duchesne's health permitted her to stay only one year, and she was not able to teach during that time. But she became a source of encouragement among the Indians, who named her Quah-kah-ka-hum-ad—Woman-who-prays-always. The campaign for federal support finally paid off, and the mission school for Indian girls among the Potawatomi won some attention from the federal government. Duchesne received news in 1843 that the Indian agent had visited there and been pleased with the school; he ordered the needed school supplies and promised to recommend the school to Congress. Subsequently, the Sugar Creek school received government funding.33 The work among the Potawatomi tribe remained uppermost in Duchesne's mind for the rest of her life. In 1852, when she was nearly eighty-three years old, she wrote to Mother Barat about the success of the school and of the need for more teachers. She noted, "The Govern- 33 Philippine Duchesne to Euphrosine Duchesne, 5 May 1843, in ibid., 666; James Hennesey, American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 131.

In 1824 the Jesuits-established the first Catholic school for Indian boys in the U.S. at Florissant. State Historical Society of Missouri 360 Missouri Historical Review

ment pays for the upkeep of all who are needed at the mission, both priests and religious, and of a certain number of pupils, both boys and girls."34 Duchesne's calling to minority cultures also emerges in her response to Afro-Americans. Upon her arrival in New Orleans, she wrote back to France, telling the schoolchildren something of the black slaves. Her letter castigates the slaveowners for their lack of concern for the souls of the blacks. "I would much rather teach a little savage and eat the same kind of food she does than see myself in such great abundance and with the responsibility of so many persons, for whose salvation many masters are so indifferent, they leave them without instruction and without any practice of religion."35 In a letter written a few days later, Duchesne shows her willingness to confront prevailing social arrangements when she recounts an incidence of prejudice by one of the society's religious sisters who had traveled with her from France. The Ursulines were hosting them in New Orleans until they received specific instructions about their final destination from Bishop Du Bourg. Duchesne assigned Sister Catharine Lamarre to assist the Ursulines' African maids with the wash. Lamarre quarreled with the maids and told Duchesne she did not want to work with them, that in New Orleans the whites did not mix with the Africans. "I answered her that they have the same soul as she; that they have been redeemed by the same blood and received into the same Church; and in view of the fact that she and we had come for the Blacks, that if she did not want to keep company with them, it would be well to avail herself of the ships about to return."36 Throughout her years in America, Duchesne's letters to Mother Barat and later to Bishop Rosati indicate her desire to found a "third order" of nuns that would be open to blacks. But a European racial superiority shows through even in her benign attitude. In a letter dated October 8, 1818, she complains about the lack of little Indian girls available for the school, then continues: Against this race there is not the same prejudice as there is against Negroes and mulattoes. Monseigneur Du Bourg has said positively that we may not admit them to either of our schools, and he has appointed one day a week for the instruction of the colored people; otherwise, he says, we should not hold the white children in school. He told us of an experience he had in the college in Baltimore, which

34 Duchesne to Mother Barat, 22 April 1852, in Callan, Duchesne, 714. 35 Duchesne to Children of the Boarding Schools in Paris and Grenoble, 3 June 1818, in Callan, Duchesne, 734. 36 7 June 1818, in Mooney, Philippine Duchesne, 128. Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action 361

The Potawatomi Indians named Ste. Philippine Quah-kah-ka- hum-ad, Woman-who-prays-al- ways.

State Historical Society of Missouri shows how difficult it is to overcome race-prejudice in this country. He consulted the Archbishop of Baltimore on the matter and was told that this attitude would have to be maintained as the last safeguard of morality and manners in this country.37 A decade ago, historian Elizabeth Kollmer asked if the nineteenth- or early twentieth-century nun identified "with the problems of women outside the cloister, or with secular women's movements of the time?" She suggested that their sequestered existence made an affirmative answer unlikely.38 Further, the prominent role played by many Protes­ tant women in temperance and suffrage overshadows the work of the nuns as a religious group. Nevertheless, some of the major issues reflected in Catholic nuns' lives and records illuminate the contribution they made to the progress of women in their time, whether they consciously planned to break ground or not. Their contributions remain significant today. Philippine Duchesne provides one example of a woman who made a difference while working diligently within a

37 Callan, Duchesne, 277. Mooney, Philippine Duchesne, 129, interprets this letter as revealing Duchesne's ambiguous attitude toward racial prejudice and acceptance of the conventions of the time. 38 Elizabeth Kollmer, "Catholic Women Religious and Women's History: A Survey of the Literature," Women in American Religion, ed. Janet Wilson James (n.p.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1980), 130. 362 Missouri Historical Review religious movement. Mooney captures the essence of Duchesne's sig­ nificance to the modern reader: "She was a woman in a world and a Church run largely by men. Her life and choices reflect her reality as a nineteenth-century woman. ... As a woman on the frontier, she has something to say to women today who find themselves on frontiers of another sort. . . . Her own struggles to reach beyond the boundaries and biases of her own culture and class can give courage to people today engaged in the works of charity and justice."39 A letter written by Duchesne two decades before her death reveals the attitude that sparked her to her own form of activism in a specific cause. She declined an invitation to return to Sainte Marie in France and rest. "I prefer to die at my work and, as they say, 'in the fight.'. . . It has always been my ambition to die among the Indians, and in my youthful enthusiasm I thought this an easy thing to attain. But at close range one sees that one cannot hope for that, and where there seemed to be reality, one finds only a beautiful dream. . . . [Instead], we find closer at hand a kind of white savage, who lives without faith or in deadly indifference to religion."40 Philippine Duchesne's concern for education for women, for Indians and for the poor led her to assume responsibilities she had never dreamed of as she struggled to provide opportunities leading to a more meaningful life for them on the frontier. On the one hand, her foundations in the St. Louis area were never free from financial difficulties during her administration. On the other, the Society of the Sacred Heart was the only one of the six European orders that came to America prior to 1830 that survived.41 The seed that she planted grew into nineteen schools and four colleges scattered throughout the United States. One of the academies that Duchesne started still trains young children in St. Charles today. Mother Duchesne opened doors for herself and for others, enjoying a respect among her male peers and working hand in hand with them to spread and strengthen her religion and faith throughout America.

39 Mooney, Philippine Duchesne, 30-31. 40 Duchesne to Josephine Perier, 23 June 1832, in Callan, Duchesne, 543. 41 Mary Ewens, The Role of the Nun in Nineteenth-century America (New York: Arno, 1979), 32.

Cause for Thanks, They Say Kansas City Times, December 1, 1896. From the Columbia Herald. Thanksgiving comes appropriately at the close of the fight-ball season. State Historical Society of Missouri Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" BY ROBERT ALAN SHADDY* During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the United States, middle- and upper-class businessmen and professionals, along with a number of multi-millionaires, collected rare books, manu­ scripts, archival materials and art works on such a scale that those looking back upon the period characterized and cherished it as a "Golden Age" of collecting in America. Americans (on the whole, men) who possessed the leisure, the funds and the will had long collected books and manuscripts. Among them were William Byrd, Thomas Jefferson, John Jacob Astor, George Ticknor, James Lenox and John Carter Brown. During the "Golden Age" of collecting, however, col­ lectors amassed private libraries that dwarfed the previous collections. These great collectors included multi-millionaires J. Pierpont Morgan, Henry Clay Folger and Henry E. Huntington, who often purchased en masse, acquiring with a single purchase whole libraries from fellow collectors. Huntington's private library, for example, has been described as a "collection of collections."1 *Robert A. Shaddy is director of the Ward M. Canaday Center for Special Collections at the William S. Carlson Library, University of Toledo, Ohio. He received the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Missouri-Columbia. 1 See Carl L. Cannon, American Book Collectors and Collecting: From Colonial Times to the Present (New York: H. W. Wilson, 1941), 142-156; and Ronald C. Dickinson, Dictionary of American Book Collectors (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 3-7.

363 364 Missouri Historical Review

Fortunately, by the 1930s, many of the treasures held by these private collectors had been institutionalized and entrusted to public and private libraries. Professional librarians maintained these rare books, manuscripts and archival materials under conditions that guaranteed their long-term preservation and availability to future scholars and researchers. Due to the collectors' generous beneficence, scholars gained access to previously unavailable materials. The sentiments of Louis B. Wright, historian and librarian of the Huntington and Folger libraries, are typical of virtually all who have acknowledged the efforts of the private collector. In 1954 he wrote that the United States owed a vast debt to book collectors. They assisted the nation in overcoming its lack of first-rate research libraries, which, according to Wright, had incon­ venienced scholars for over a hundred years. He believed that "the devoted book collectors of our country have contributed enormously to the cultural development of the nation and they have made possible scholarship and learning which we could not have had without their libraries. They deserve to rank with the founders of colleges and universities as public benefactors."2 Missourians also collected rare books and manuscripts and played an important part in conserving the history and the literature of the state, the nation and the world. They too served as "custodians of culture," and while they may have been recognized individually, their contributions to the scholarly resources of Missouri's public and private institutions have never been illuminated collectively. As in other states, collectors from Missouri have been enhancing and enriching the state's libraries, historical societies and other educational facilities since the turn of the century. William Keeney Bixby (1857-1931) of St. Louis, Thomas Moore Johnson (1851-1919) of Osceola and Francis Asbury Sampson (1842-1918) of Sedalia and Columbia number among those Missourians who energetically assembled collections that were ulti­ mately institutionalized and made available to generations of scholars and buffs.3

2 Louis B. Wright, "American Book Collectors," in Book Collecting and Scholar­ ship (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1954), 51, 67. For additional sentiments on the contribution that book collectors have made to scholarship see Alan G. Thomas, Great Books and Book Collectors (New York: Putnam's Sons, 1975), 271; Hellmut Lehmann-Haupt, The Book in America: a History of the Making, the Selling and the Collecting of Books in the United States (New York: Bowker, 1939), 295; Book Collecting and Scholarship, 8; Salvatore J. Iacone, The Pleasures of Book Collecting (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 9. 3 Other Missourians who participated in the "book collecting game" during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries included William Clark Breckenridge of St. Louis, Hamline E. Robinson of Maryville, Purd B. Wright of Kansas City and John Bothwell of Sedalia. For information on these collectors see Walter Williams and Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri, Mother of the West, 5 vols. (Chicago: American Historical Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" 365

William Keeney Bixby's preference for collecting literary and his­ torical manuscripts and first editions of English and American authors and his passion for art (including exotic Oriental pieces) earned him national acclaim and recognition from other collectors such as Henry E. Huntington and A. S. W. Rosenbach. Thomas Moore Johnson, the "Sage of the Osage," built a remarkable private library of Platonic philosophy that he used to support his scholarly interests in Neo- Platonism, which included translating primary works into English and disseminating them through a journal and other publications issued from his hometown's press. Unlike Bixby, who reveled in the aesthetic, artistic and literary pleasures of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Johnson was blatantly disenchanted with and alienated from a society that he viewed as corrupt, materialistic and sensual. The study of Platonism reinforced his belief in the desirability of a more intel­ lectual and spiritual way of life. Francis Asbury Sampson assembled the finest collection of Mis- souriana ever put together. His collecting efforts preserved valuable Society, 1930), 4: 99; Missouri Historical Review 22 (April 1928): 393; James M. Breckenridge, William Clark Breckenridge (St. Louis: James Mascolm Breckenridge, 1932); Floyd C. Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri: a Semicentennial History, 1898-1948 (Columbia: The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1948), 8, 89, 97-98, 148; The United States Biographical Dictionary and Portrait Gallery of Eminent and Self-Made Men, Missouri Volume (New York: United States Biographical Publish­ ing Company, 1878), 347; A Biographical History of Nodaway and Atchison Counties, Missouri (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1901), 586-587; letter to author from Bonnie Stepenoff, Missouri Division of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation, 4 August 1988, and "Bothwell State Park Library of John H. Bothwell, Shelf Index, Partial Inventory," n.d. State Historical Society of Missouri

William Keeney Bixby assembled collections of manuscripts, books and art. 366 Missouri Historical Review

documents relating to the early history of Missouri (some of which had been discarded by the state government), and his collection became the core of the newly formed State Historical Society of Missouri's reference library in 1901. At the same time, Sampson became secretary, librarian and bibliographer for the Society. He continued collecting (for the institution rather than for himself), wrote bibliographies on a number of Missouri-related topics and edited the Society's Missouri Historical Review from 1906 to 1915. Of all the Missouri collectors, William Keeney Bixby was perhaps most well known outside the state. Whereas other collectors such as Sampson and Hamline E. Robinson maintained a primarily local orientation, Bixby participated in the national and international collect­ ing scene. His friends included millionaire-collector Henry E. Hunting­ ton, renowned book dealer A. S. W. Rosenbach and Mitchell Kennedy of the Anderson Galleries, the site of spectacular book auctions in the 1910s and the 1920s. A member of the prestigious and exclusive Grolier Club of New York City, which included the most noted book collectors and bibliophiles of the time, Bixby also worked closely with the Bibliophile Society of Boston. A dedicated and enthusiastic bibliophile, he collected art works too. Ultimately, his holdings were institution­ alized in libraries in Missouri and throughout the nation. Bixby recog­ nized the uplifting nature of the materials he collected and sought to make them available to all who might appreciate them. He therefore worked to enhance the educational and cultural resources of his home city, St. Louis, and participated in numerous philanthropic endeavors there during his life. Bixby was born in Adrian, Michigan, on January 2, 1857. His father, Alonzo Bixby, a native of New York, once lived in Texas. A member of the Texas Rangers, he fought with them at Reseca de la Palma, Monterrey and Buena Vista during the Mexican War. Alonzo Bixby became devoted to the Southern cause and was considered a "copperhead" during the Civil War. Emma Louisa Bixby, William's mother, studied and taught art and served as the first president of the Ladies' Library Association of Adrian.4 In 1873, after graduating from high school, Bixby—infatuated with the Lone Star State—went to Texas armed with a letter from Jefferson Davis to the governor, Edmund J. Davis. The sixteen-year-old received a job as a night watchman and baggageman for the International and Great Northern Railroad at Palestine, Texas. Bixby's life began to 4 Grolier 75: A Biographical Retrospective . . . (New York: Grolier Club, 1959), 82; Men Who Make St. Louis the City of Opportunity (St. Louis: Walter P. Tracy, 1927), 73; Walter B. Stevens, Centennial History of Missouri, 8 vols. (St. Louis: S. J. Clarke, 1921), 3: 14. Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" 367 resemble a Horatio Alger story when a roughly dressed old man visited him at night and asked apparently idle questions about railroading. As "Ragged Dick" also might have experienced it, Bixby's courteousness and intelligence impressed the old-timer, who, after a year, revealed himself to be H. M. Hoxie, the president of the railroad. Hoxie promoted Bixby to the post of general baggage agent in San Antonio, where in 1881 he married Lillian Tuttle.5 Hoxie continued to influence Bixby's career. After Hoxie became president of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, he took the Bixbys with him to St. Louis in 1881; Bixby became printing and stationery buyer for the Jay Gould lines. After a few years in St. Louis, Bixby accepted a position with the Missouri Car and Foundry Company. Within a year, company officials bungled a contract for the purchase of pig iron. Bixby stepped forward, and by his "direct honesty," renegotiated the contract and saved the company from financial disaster. In 1888, as a result of this, he became vice president and general manager of the company. When the president, William McMillan, retired, Bixby moved up again.6

5 Grolier 75, 82; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 October 1931; Dickinson, Dictionary of American Book Collectors, 43-44; M. L. Van Nada, ed., The Book of Missourians (Chicago: T. J. Steele, 1906), 172-173. 6 Grolier 75, 82-83; Raymond F. Pisney, "Leadership and Service: The Presidents of The Missouri Historical Society, 1866-1983," Gateway Heritage 4 (Fall 1983): 42; hereafter cited as Pisney, "Bixby"; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 October 1931; Men Who Make St. Louis, 73.

State Historical Society of Missouri

H. M. Hoxie advanced Bixby's ca­ reer with the railroad. 368 Missouri Historical Review

Bixby's company soon became so large that it merged with other firms such as the Peninsular Car Company. Eventually, the American Car and Foundry Company was formed, with Bixby as president. He was subsequently elected chairman of the board. The mergers that created the company caused its stock to skyrocket, and in 1905, at the age of forty-eight, Bixby retired as a wealthy man. Though his active business days ended with his retirement, he maintained a downtown office, pursued property investments and sat on the boards of directors of companies such as the Laclede Gas Light Company, the Missouri Pacific Railroad, the St. Louis Trust Company, the First National Bank, the Boatmen's Bank, the State Savings Bank in Detroit and others.7 Freed from business concerns, Bixby spent the rest of his life quietly supporting public institutions related to the arts and education. In 1904 he served as a director of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and chaired the Committee on Fine Arts, which supervised construction of the Art Building, the main section of which became the St. Louis City Art Museum. Bixby donated liberally to the museum as well as to the St. Louis Artists' Guild. As president of the Missouri Historical Society, 1907-1913 and 1925-1930, he helped secure permanent quarters for the society and administered its expansion. Bixby also was a member of the St. Louis Public Library Board and the St. Louis Academy of Science. He served as president of the Washington Univer­ sity Corporation and later became director of the university's Museum of Fine Arts. He also held memberships in several organizations and social clubs such as the Masons; the Franklin Club; the Noonday, Round Table and Contemporary clubs; the New England Society of St. Louis and the St. Louis Country and Bogey clubs.8 Despite this active retirement, Bixby devoted a great deal of time, energy and money to collecting books and art objects. The St. Louis collector specialized in acquiring manuscripts and inscribed copies of books that revealed the inner thoughts of well-known literary and historical figures. His collection eventually included a large number of English and American manuscripts and autograph letters. Bixby be­ lieved in disseminating the items he collected, and he or the Bibliophile Society of Boston privately published much of the material. The 7 John W. Leonard, The Book of St. Louisans (St. Louis: The St. Louis Republic, 1906), 57; Marshall S. Snow, ed., History of the Development of Missouri and Particularly of St. Louis (St. Louis: National Press Bureau, 1908), 134; Stevens, Centennial History of Missouri, 3: 14. 8 Samuel T. Larkin, ed., Who's Who in St. Louis (St. Louis: Civic Union of St. Louis, 1928), 16; Pisney, "Bixby," 42; Leonard, Book of St. Louisans, 57; Missouri Historical Review 26 (January 1932): 211. Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" 369

Franklin Club of St. Louis also published materials that Bixby had generously made available. At Christmas he usually distributed fac­ similes of manuscripts in his collection to his friends. Several con­ temporaries praised the quality of Bixby's "sparkling and universally envied" collection.9 In 1905 Bixby bought the manuscript journals of Major John Andre (the British officer involved in the Benedict Arnold affair), and they were published by the Bibliophile Society. Other manuscripts he acquired and had printed included Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Notebooks" (edited by noted collector Harry Buxton Forman), the Charles Dickens- Maria Beadnell "Private Correspondence" (edited by George Pierce Baker) and Nathaniel Hawthorne's letters to his fiancee, Sophia Pea- body. From 1910 to 1920, Bixby made important purchases from Philadelphia book dealer and collector A. S. W. Rosenbach. Some of these were "gems" from the "Sentimental Library" of Harry B. Smith: Shelley's "Queen Mab," inscribed to Mary Godwin, "You see, Mary, I have not forgotten you"; the manuscripts of Robert Burns's "To Mary in Heaven"; and Rudyard Kipling's "Recessional."10 In 1912 Bixby acquired an impressive collection of Thomas Jeffer­ son's papers and letters, most of which he later gave to the Missouri Historical Society and Washington University. He purchased other rarities, such as Henry David Thoreau's Walden, Aaron Burr's Journal, Charles Reade's The Cloister and the Hearth and John Ruskin's Seven Lamps of Architecture. The collector also obtained Robert Browning's copy of Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron, a first edition of Izaak Walton's Compleat Angler, Albertus Magnum (printed in Ulm in 1488), Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (printed by Aldus Manutius in 1499), Robinson Crusoe, the works of Vitruvius on architecture (1567) and poems by John Milton. His autograph collection included letters from Abraham Lincoln (to Ulysses S. Grant), Napoleon, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and John Brown. Bixby later donated these materials, along with the scrapbooks and diary of Eugene Field, to the Missouri Historical Society and Washington University.11 The 1912 catalog published by the Franklin Club, An Exhibition of Books, Prints, Drawings, Manuscripts and Letters Commemorative of the Centenary of Charles Dickens, gives an impression of the quality of other notable items in Bixby's collection. The St. Louis exhibition purposed to illustrate and reveal Dickens's writings in their original 9 Cannon, American Book Collectors, 310; Grolier 75, 83; Lehmann-Haupt, The Book in America, 334. 10 Dickinson, Dictionary of American Book Collectors, 43-44; Grolier 75, 83. 11 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 October 1931; Grolier 75, 83. 370 Missouri Historical Review

Bixby's collection included many items associated with English novelist Charles Dickens.

State Historical Society of Missouri form. Bixby's collection constituted a vital component of the exhibit. Items numbered 177 and 179-374 in the catalog represent materials from Bixby's collection and make apparent that the collector favored works (in this instance, by Dickens and others) that revealed the inner feelings of their authors. Exhibit numbers 177 and 179-181b are books from Dickens's library and first editions of his novels in original parts as issued with green wrappers (unbound). This section comprises seven novels, play­ bills and broadsides. Numbers 182-192 are presentation copies of novels and short stories inscribed by Dickens and presented to Maria Beadnell Winter, and numbers 193-199 are presentation copies of Dickens's Christmas books. Numbers 200 and 201 include letters from Dickens to Maria Beadnell Winter. Numbers 202-207 are original Dickens manu­ scripts, including the 1831 "Bill of Fare," the earliest known manuscript by Dickens. Original illustrations by "Phiz" and drawings and portraits of Dickens constitute numbers 208-233. Items 234-374 comprise auto­ graph letters and correspondence of Dickens with friends and other writers.12 In 1916 the Franklin Club published Grant in St. Louis by Walter B. Stevens. The work used letters from Bixby's manuscript collection, and these personal letters, Stevens stated, "give the nearest vision and most satisfying appreciation of Grant the man." Ulysses S. Grant's correspondent was Elihu B. Washburne, a congressman from Illinois

12 An Exhibition of Books, Prints, Drawings, Manuscripts and Letters Commemora­ tive of the Centenary of Charles Dickens (St. Louis: Franklin Club, 1912). Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" 371 who had faith in Grant and remained a close friend. In 1869 Grant appointed Washburne as minister to France, and Grant's letters to him, according to Stevens, "gain much interest and significance when their relationship, in point of time, with the Whiskey Ring is recalled."13 By the time of publication, and even though Bixby's collection was quite impressive, the collector was moving to dissolve it. At the time of his death in 1931, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported: "The Bixby collection frequently underwent changes by sale or exchange as well as by new accretions. Mr. Bixby, unlike some collectors, did not cling to a treasure forever, but would relinquish it after awhile, to replace it with one in which his interest was fresher."14 In order to dispose of duplicates and to free space for newer interests, Bixby sold several of his books and manuscripts by auction at the Anderson Galleries with Henry E. Huntington in 1916 and 1917. In 1917 he began to sell large portions of his collection directly to Huntington. Huntington's agent, George D. Smith, bought several choice items, for example, the "Orderly Book" account of Benedict Arnold's treachery and Andre's trial ($1,052); the "Elephant Folio" of John James Audubon's Birds of America', Jefferson's household account books ($1,025); thirty-four drawings by William Makepeace Thackeray ($1,150); and Thoreau's manuscripts of "A Yankee in Canada" ($725) and "Sir Walter Raleigh" ($750). The books and manuscripts acquired by Huntington were eventually placed in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery in San Marino, California, one of America's premier research facilities.15 After the 1916 and 1917 sales, Bixby assembled another collection. With Rosenbach's aid, the second Bixby collection was much like the first; it too contained notable literary and historical manuscripts and first editions. Bixby also developed a fine collection of art works, including a Rembrandt; several paintings by French landscape painter Camille Corot; a work by Franz Hals, a Dutch portraitist; Gilbert Stuart's portrait of George Washington; and J. M. W. Turner's Bay of Naples. The collector spent most of 1919 in the Orient, where he purchased art objects for the St. Louis Art Museum ($45,000 worth) and bought Chinese and Japanese pieces for his own collection, which eventually

13 Walter B. Stevens, ed., Grant in St. Louis (St. Louis: Franklin Club, 1916), ix, xii, 149-172. 14 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 October 1931. 15 Matthew J. Bruccoli, The Fortunes of Mitchell Kennedy, Bookman (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986), 106; Dickinson, Dictionary of American Book Collectors, 44; Lehmann-Haupt, The Book in America, 334. 372 Missouri Historical Review went to public institutions. Bixby spent time in 1922 in British East Africa, traveling and hunting. A newspaper account reported that he had shot two lions and a leopard.16 In 1929, after suffering a stroke, the collector's health failed rapidly, and he began disposing of his collection. Since Bixby's children had no interest in his treasures, he donated items to St. Louis institu­ tions with which he was associated, along with the Bibliophile Society of Boston. A. S. W. Rosenbach bought a portion of the collection for $55,000, and soon thereafter, Bixby complained that the sum he had received was too low. When William Keeney Bixby died in 1931, two months after the death of his wife, the St. Louis institutions that he had assisted through the years closed in recognition of his contributions. In 1934 the American Art Association of New York sold the remainder of the Bixby collection.17 Another Missouri collector, Thomas Moore Johnson, led a life quite different from that of Bixby's. A booklover too, Johnson's interest in philosophy took him down another path. Johnson was born in Osceola, Missouri, on March 31, 1851. His father, Waldo P. Johnson, came to Missouri from Virginia. Like Bixby's father, the senior Johnson supported the Confederacy. Waldo P. Johnson served in the U.S. Senate from 1861 until his expulsion for

16 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 October 1931; Grolier 75, 83. 17 Grolier 75, 83; Edwin Wolf and John F. Fleming, Rosenbach: a Biography (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1960), 319.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Thomas Moore Johnson devoted his life to the study of philosophy. Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" 373

Confederate loyalties in 1862. He then joined the Fourth Missouri Regiment as a lieutenant colonel and was subsequently wounded at the Battle of Pea Ridge in the fall of 1862. A year later, Johnson received an appointment to the Confederate Senate, where he ardently supported and advised Jefferson Davis. After the war, Waldo P. Johnson con­ tinued his involvement in Missouri politics; in 1875 he presided over the Missouri State Constitutional Convention. Living in Clarksburg, Virginia, when the Civil War began, Mrs. Johnson and the family remained there until the war ended. The Johnsons then fled to Hamilton, Ontario, where they lived for two or three years. Around 1870 the family returned to Osceola. This once- thriving commercial center, located on the banks of the Osage River, had been practically destroyed by Jim Lane's Kansas raiders during the war. The Johnson home also was demolished. Osceola never recovered its prewar position. But because of the presence of Thomas Moore Johnson, it became, according to scholar of philosophy Paul R. Ander­ son, "one of the centers of Platonic philosophy and scholarship in America, quite out of proportion to the energy, the education and the culture of the majority of its residents."18 As Anderson has noted in his Platonism in the Midwest, an interest in Platonic philosophy developed in the Midwest during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Within this movement, Thomas Moore Johnson was recognized as one of its greatest scholars and bibliophiles, although he remained relatively obscure outside its circles. Johnson wrote several books and articles on aspects of Platonism or Neo-Platonism, translated works of the Neo-Platonists and published two journals on Platonism. To support his scholarship, he collected an impressive library of works on Platonic philosophy. Johnson did not move within the circles of society as did William Keeney Bixby. Rather, contemporary society and culture became so repugnant to him that he increasingly retreated to the works of Plato and the philosopher's disciples for succor. Johnson attended Notre Dame, but he did not convert to Catholi­ cism. He received his degree in 1871, returned to Osceola and studied law under his father's guidance. Although Johnson was admitted to the bar in 1872, the law never appealed to him; it served as a livelihood and little else. He served two terms as prosecuting attorney of St. Clair

18 Paul R. Anderson, Platonism in the Midwest (New York: Temple University Press, 1963), 152; Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, 6 vols. (New York: Southern History Company, 1901), 3: 452-453; Osceola St. Clair County Democrat, 6 March 1919. On Waldo P. Johnson, see Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977), 257-258. 374 Missouri Historical Review

County (1874-1876 and 1898-1900) but refused to run for re-election after each term. He spent a year in Nevada, Missouri, and two years in Clayton, where he edited newspapers. Even though Johnson was char­ acterized as misanthropic, he served as Osceola's mayor for ten years and sat on the town's board of education for twenty-five years—part of the time as president. Interested in education of a traditional stripe, he insisted that Latin be taught in the public schools and offered an annual prize for achievement in the language as an incentive for its study. Besides the law, his only other connection to business was as a stockholder and director of the town's Johnson-Lucas Banking Com­ pany. In 1881 Johnson married Alice Barr, and they had four children.19 Johnson's law practice and other activities were of secondary importance to him. He worked only to earn the money needed to acquire books on philosophy. The study of philosophy, especially Platonism, became his great passion. As a result of his interests, most of Osceola's residents viewed Johnson as eccentric and snobbish. His poor eyesight and hearing—which worsened as he aged—may have contributed to this; he appeared to ignore people as he passed them. Johnson spent most of his life in Osceola, although he did take a six- week trip in 1876 to the East, where he met and established lifelong ties with others interested in philosophy and Platonism. These individuals included W. T. Harris, H. K. Jones, A. Bronson Alcott and Thomas Davidson. Johnson once said that he "always liked to be places but didn't like to go places." Correspondence kept him in touch with those who shared his interests.20 An avid reader, Johnson became interested in philosophy while at Notre Dame. His first acquaintance with philosophy occurred in the spring of 1870, when he came upon several volumes of the Classical Journal dated from 1810 to 1829. Within the pages of the journal, he noticed the writings of Thomas Taylor, styled "The Platonist" because of his preeminence as an English classical scholar and translator. Taylor's "Chaldean Chronicles" argued that the Chaldean teachings were, on important points, identical with the Platonic. Other essays by Taylor introduced Johnson to Neo-Platonism, and, as he wrote, "through them I discovered the existence of the mighty thinkers, the genuine disciples of Plato."21 19 Thomas Moore Johnson Collection: Presented to the University of Missouri Library . . . (Columbia: University of Missouri, 1949), 4; Missouri Historical Review 13 (April 1919): 315; Conard, Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, 3: 452. 20 Thomas Moore Johnson Collection, 4; Anderson, Platonism in the Midwest, 153- 154; Osceola St. Clair County Democrat, 6 March 1919. 21 Thomas Moore Johnson, trans., Proclus' Metaphysical Elements (Osceola, Mo.: Press of Republican Osceola Missouri, 1910), xiii-xvi. Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" 375

He learned to read Greek so that he would not have to rely upon translations. In May 1871 Johnson began a notebook, and according to his record, he eagerly read Porphyry, Proclus, Plotinus, Plato and Taylor as well as Iamblichus, Ficinus, Pletho and other Neo-Platonists. The young enthusiast referred to Plato as "the greatest philosopher that ever lived" and the source of all philosophic wisdom. Johnson, however, believed that Plato had to be viewed through his Neo-Platonic in­ terpreters; thus, he translated and wrote about Plato's "students" rather than Plato himself.22 In effect, Johnson rejected the Catholicism and Protestantism of his time and embraced Neo-Platonism as a comforting, satisfying "religion." In 1909 he wrote: "The Platonic are the only writings to which I can return in health or in sickness, without satiety, fatigue or dissatisfaction. It matters not how often I open these golden books, I find thoughts and ideas which lift me above the sordid and material cares of life, and which are a perennial consolation and a refuge."23 From 1880 to 1890, Johnson attempted to establish a journal of Platonic philosophy. He published the first volume of The Platonist (February 1881-January 1882) in St. Louis. Numbers 1 through 7 (January-July 1884) of the second volume were printed in Orange, New Jersey; numbers 8 to 12 (August-December 1885) and the last two volumes were published and printed in Osceola. Volume three dated from January to December 1887, and the six issues of volume four appeared between January and June 1888. From July 1889 to December 1890, Johnson edited and published four issues of Bibliotheca Platonica, which included writings on Platonism and other philosophies. These journals, all edited by Johnson, proved only partly successful. They contained fine scholarly writings and translations (many of them done by Johnson), and subscriptions came from Europe and India. Some issues required a second printing. On the whole, though, Johnson was "probably disappointed with the undertaking."24 He often had to use his own money to publish the issues, served as the only staff member, and constantly had to dun subscribers for their dues. Since Johnson's interpretation of Platonism included a rejection of modern materialism, this continual concern with money must have irked him. Johnson stated his ideology and his justification for re­ ligiously embracing the philosophy of Plato in the first issue of The Platonist: In this degenerated age, when the senses are apotheosized, ma­ terialism absurdly considered philosophy, folly and ignorance popu-

22 Anderson, Platonism in the Midwest, 156. 23 Johnson, Proclus' Metaphysical Elements, xvi. 24 Thomas Moore Johnson Collection, 5. 376 Missouri Historical Review

mzM mrmtmM-mcBMBBM, isoo. wo. 4. BlBLIOTHEGA PLATONICA

An Expoosat;af the-Platonie Philosophy,

^JDJTJ&DBY* THOS.M, JOHNSON.

Ex hoe igiiur Pkitonis quad qa&tam wneto augustogue fonte, nmstra omnis mamihii emtio.—-Cicero* Pluto ami Greek Thought—F. W. Bussell - ' - 240 Key to the Republic of Plato—Dr. H. K. Jones 255 •A Study of Hie Phaedo—Di% Alexander Wiltlm* 274 On the Name of Plato~-~Pi*of, i*gwi»s Campbell 284 The Plato Club of Jacksonville, Ills.—Mrs. M. D. Wolcott 287 Poem: For the Birthday of Plato— L. J. Block 802 The Platonic Celebration -..«... Plott 11 us: Oit the Beau Ufa), translated—Thomas DRY id sou mm OSCEOLA, MO., U. S, A.

State Historical Society of Missouri Johnson published Bibliotheca Platonica 1/2 Osceola in 1889 and 1890. Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" 311

larized, and the dictum, "get money, eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die," exemplified in the actions of the millions of mankind there certainly is a necessity for a journal which shall be a candid, bold, and fearless exponent of the Platonic Philosophy—a philosophy totally subversive of sensualism, materialism, folly, and ignorance. This philosophy recognizes the essential immortality and divinity of the human soul, and posits its highest happiness as an approximation to, and union with, the Absolute One. Its mission is to relieve the soul from the bonds of Matter, to lead it to the vision of true being—from images to reality,—and in short, to elevate it from a sensible to an intellectual life.25 The back cover of the final issue of the second volume of The Platonist contained the editor's declaration: "The Platonist is not a popular periodical, and cannot hope to expect any aid from the multitude. ... It depends for its support on the lovers of Wisdom alone."26 Unfortunately, support did not materialize. Johnson's attempts to broaden the appeal of the enterprise by including works related to other philosophies (especially Oriental) in Bibliotheca Platonica failed, and in late 1890 he ceased publishing a journal. Johnson viewed Platonism as a fountain of truth that streamed from earlier religions to Plato (who best expressed it) and on to the Neo-Platonists. He believed Platonism to be the essence of universal philosophy and religion. In effect, with Plato as "Prophet" and the Neo-Platonists as "high priests," Platonism was the ultimate cult.27 This lack of objectivity stymied Johnson's search for an academic position in philosophy in the 1890s. He thought that his impeccable language skills might qualify him for a position as a Greek or Latin professor. But he was thwarted because his publications had not been distributed in academic institutions. He remained unknown in higher education, and he lacked graduate training and teaching experience. He became, in effect, a casualty of the professionalization of colleges and universities occurring in the late nineteenth century. According to his biographer, "Johnson's unsuccessful attempt to secure an academic position is important because it explains to a considerable extent his increasing misanthropy, his pride in having his work printed locally, and his bibliomania."28 By the end of the nineteenth century, Johnson appeared practically isolated in Osceola, having only his library, his correspondence and his

25 The Platonist 1 (February 1881): 1. 26 The Platonist 2 (December 1885): back cover. 27 Anderson, Platonism in the Midwest, 178. 28 Ibid., 159. 378 Missouri Historical Review

Platonic research, writing and translating. His library, which he had started forming at the age of nineteen, became the focus of every cent he could spare. The collector had contacts with European and American booksellers, and books came to Osceola from such places as Florence, France, England and Germany. In 1898 Johnson built a separate structure, which he called his "book house," and it became the re­ pository for his collection. The library contained shelving, a furnace and comfortable furniture. It became the center of his life, and his wife saw little of him for days at a time. He even had his meals brought to the "book house" as his retreat from the modernizing world of the early twentieth century became increasingly complete.29 The St. Clair County Democrat reported in 1919: The Sage of the Osage literally lived with his books, he slept with them and ate in their company. He would spend, so it is stated, about an hour each day with his wife, descending to pots and pans, and furniture, newspapers and the like, and perhaps a change of linen. Two little trips he would make each day to the express office—one in the morning, one in the afternoon—to get books for which he had no shelves in the library. Perhaps he would deposit the books under the table or bed and forget where he had put them.30

29 Ibid., 160-161; Thomas Moore Johnson Collection, 6. 30 Osceola St. Clair County Democrat, 6 March 1919. Thomas Moore Johnson's Book House State Historical Society of Missouri Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" 379

Although estimates on the size of the collection vary, it probably contained about 8,000 volumes. Johnson reportedly had no interest in rare books as such, but he possessed several works that qualify. For example, he owned a copy of Ficinus's edition of Plotinus printed in 1492 and several hundred volumes printed in the sixteenth and seven­ teenth centuries. The collection, most of which Johnson's son, Franklin Plotinus, donated to the University of Missouri library in 1947, appeared strongest in works on Platonism, from Plato to Thomas Taylor. Johnson's holdings included eight hundred to one thousand volumes by or about Plato in Greek, Latin, German, French and English, and a nearly complete set of Taylor's works (about eighty volumes). Many of the other volumes were by or about the Neo-Platonists, Plotinus, Porphyry, Prochus, the Cambridge Platonists and other classical philos­ ophers such as Aristotle, the Stoics and the Epicureans. The Johnson collection, however, was not a complete philosophical library; it in­ cluded nothing by Galileo or Thomas Hobbes and only some of John Locke's writings.31 A working collection, Johnson's library allowed him to translate and publish the works of the Neo-Platonists without leaving Osceola. In 1880 he published Three Treatises of Plotinus. In this volume the alienated Johnson declared: "In this materialistic age, especially, his [Plotinus's] works ought to be known, read and pondered. The tendency of this age is to grovel—to deify matter. The investigation of material causes and facts is absurdly denominated 'science!'"32 In 1907 Johnson published his translation of Iamblichus's Exhorta­ tion and included excerpts of Proclus's commentary on the Chaldean Chronicles, Plotinus's Diverse Cogitations and The Golden Verses of Pythagoras. In this volume Johnson provided illuminating information about his ideology of translating. In 1908 he published his translation of Opuscula Platonica and works by Hermeias, Taylor and Boethius. His final publication, in 1909, was his translation of Proclus' Meta­ physical Elements. Thomas Moore Johnson died on March 2, 1919, of arteriosclerosis. He had spent much of his life combating the modernizing world and the "human earth-worms" around him. He channeled his energies into philosophical scholarship and book collecting. Indeed, his library be­ came a cosmic refuge for him in his later years. Johnson's belief in Platonism led him to state that people "have seen bodies die, but no

31 Thomas Moore Johnson Collection, 1-16, contains a listing of the works donated to the University of Missouri in 1947; Anderson, Platonism in the Midwest, 160-163. 32 Thomas Moore Johnson, trans., Three Treatises of Plotinus (Osceola, Mo.: The Sun Book and Job Printing Company, 1880), ii. 380 Missouri Historical Review one yet has seen a soul or a mind die."33 His son, Ralph Proclus, said his father had told him "that his work after death was planned and that the moment life left his body his spirit would start on its mission which had been planned a thousand years ahead."34 Francis Asbury Sampson, like William Keeney Bixby and Thomas Moore Johnson, can be characterized as a Missourian concerned with the preservation and dissemination of literary and historical documents and books. As an amateur paleontologist, he also accumulated a valuable collection of specimens from throughout Europe, America and, especially, Missouri. His energetic collecting of books, pamphlets and other documents related to the history, the literature and the culture of Missouri ensured that later scholars would have the necessary tools to treat Missouri in their research endeavors. He was, however, no passive "custodian of culture." Like Johnson, Sampson used his collec­ tions for his own writing and research, and he issued several fine bibliographies and research articles related to Missouri. When he donated his collection to the new State Historical Society of Missouri in 1901 and became its secretary and librarian, he practically guaranteed the Society's success. He continued his collecting activities on behalf of the Society, and by the time he relinquished his position to Floyd C. Shoemaker in 1915, the library that he had virtually created by himself was considered one of the finest of its kind in the nation. Shoemaker provided an appropriate depiction of Sampson as a knowledgeable bookman and dedicated bibliophile: Over in the corner at his roll-top desk sat Mr. Sampson, his graying hair covered by a black skull cap. He could sit for hours and answer questions about the material in the library without ever consulting a book. His remarkable memory made it possible for him to reach out and touch any document in the library and tell what it contained. He, but he alone, had little need of a modern catalog.35 Francis A. Sampson was born in Harrison County, Ohio, on February 6, 1842. His father, Francis Sampson, a native of Ireland, came to the United States in 1823; he died in 1867. His mother was Welsh. Sampson attended the College of the City of New York and graduated with the A.B. degree in 1865. Three years later he received the master of arts degree. Before attending college, Sampson had taught school in Ohio, and he taught night school while attending City

33 Osceola St. Clair County Democrat, 6 March 1919. 34 "Missouri, St. Clair County, The Johnson Library at Osceola" and "St. Clair County, History," folder 18133, U.S. Work Projects Administration—Historic Records Survey, 1935-1942, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Columbia, Missouri. 35 Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri, 52. Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" 381

Ohio-born Francis Asbury Sampson be­ came a leading collector of Missouriana in the latter part of the nineteenth cen­ tury.

State Historical Society of Missouri College. After reading law for two years in Cadiz, Ohio, Sampson was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1867. The following year he attended the University of New York Law School, from which he graduated in 1868 as valedictorian of his class. During that year he taught in the evening school of the Cooper Union Institute. In 1869 he married Harriet T. Lacey of Cincinnati, and the Sampsons had three children.36 After graduating from the University of New York, Sampson was admitted to the New York bar. In September 1868 he moved to Sedalia, Missouri, where he joined his brother's law practice. Sedalia and Missouri remained his home until his death in 1918. He slowly built up his law practice and became involved in local business, civic and cultural institutions. These included the Missouri Trust Company, the Arkansas Finance Company, the Sedalia Commercial Club, Sedalia's Board of Trade, the Sedalia Times, the Sedalia Board of Education, the

36 The Bench and Bar of St. Louis, Kansas City, Jefferson City and Other Missouri Cities: Biographical Sketches, With Steel Engraved Portraits (St. Louis: American Biographical Publishing Company, 1884), 326-327; Walter Williams, ed., A History of Northeast Missouri, 3 vols. (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1913), 2: 792-793. 382 Missouri Historical Review public library, the Nehemgar Club, the Miner Institute of Sedalia, George R. Smith College and the Sedalia Natural History Society.37 Sampson held a lifelong interest in geology and conchology, and he collected specimens in Missouri and throughout America and Europe. He acquired sixty original-type specimens of fossils and shells in Missouri, with at least twenty-four being named for him. Sampson's collection of shells now lies in the University of Chicago's Walker Museum.38 Sampson was not only interested in collecting and preserv­ ing; he also strongly believed in related educational and research possibilities. He advocated establishing a Society of Natural History for central Missouri. Sampson's numerous writings on conchology and paleontology helped disseminate information about Missouri's natural history. He 37 Portrait and Biographical Record of Johnson and Pettis Counties, Missouri (Chicago: Chapman Publishing Company, 1895), 425-426; Columbia University Mis­ sourian, 5 March 1912; Floyd C. Shoemaker, "In Memoriam Francis Asbury Sampson, 1842-1918," Missouri Historical Review 12 (April 1918): 129-130; hereafter cited as Shoemaker, "Sampson." 38 Darling K. Greger, "Francis Asbury Sampson," Nautilus 31 (1918): 1-3; Fossils and Shells Named for F. A. Sampson (Columbia, Mo., 1911); Shoemaker, "Sampson," 130-131.

F. A. Sampson in State Historical Society Quarters in Jesse Hall State Historical Society of Missouri Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" 383 published articles in the Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, The History of Pettis County, Missouri, the Bulletin of the Sedalia Natural History Society, The American Naturalist, the New York Academy of Sciences, The Nautilus, the Annual Report of the Geo­ logical Survey of Arkansas and Transactions, Academy of Science?9 Sampson also performed great labors in the field of Missouri history. For over thirty years, from 1868 to 1901, he assembled a large private library, conceded to be the most complete in all topics pertaining to the state. It included all the works that he could obtain referring to the state, written by Missouri authors or published in Missouri. Span­ ning from the earliest period of Missouri history through the beginning of the 1900s, it included official publications, legislative reports, laws, reports of state officials and private educational institutions, proceed­ ings of religious and professional bodies and fraternal societies, reports of boards of trade of various cities and miscellaneous pamphlets. The collection, which contained 1,866 rare books and 14,280 pamphlets, became the foundation of the State Historical Society's reference library.40 Sampson's collecting meshed nicely with his legal practice, which required him to travel extensively throughout the state. Taking ad­ vantage of opportunities to visit courthouses and other public places, he acquired materials for his collection and took them back to Sedalia. He often rescued publications from trash heaps. The collection soon became known to students of Missouri history, and Sampson generously opened it to them for use in his home. Henry O. Severance, secretary of the American Bibliographical Society and librarian of the University of Missouri, described Sampson's collecting: "I have never seen him happier than when he had secured a rare railroad report which was not in the possession of any other library, or when he was able to pick up an old report of a Missouri religious or fraternal organization which would complete a file for binding or some early newspaper published in Missouri at an early date which was not in the files of any other library."41 As with his conchology collection, Sampson issued a number of

39 Greger, "Sampson," 2-3. 40 Shoemaker, "Sampson," 131-132; Shoemaker, The State Historical Society of Missouri, 35-36. See also Richard S. Brownlee, James W. Goodrich and Mary K. Dains, "The State Historical Society of Missouri, 1898-1973: A Brief History," Missouri Historical Review 68 (October 1973): 1-27. 41 Quoted in Shoemaker, "Sampson," 132. On Sampson's collecting methods see also, "Reprint of the Governors' Messages," Missouri Historical Review 8 (July 1914): 233; and Francis A. Sampson, "State Publication of Archives," Missouri Historical Review 1 (October 1912): 39-40. 384 Missouri Historical Review writings using his collection and the holdings of other libraries (for example, the St. Louis Mercantile Library). Mainly bibliographical in nature, his publications related to Missouri authors, slavery and the Civil War in the state, official Missouri publications, Missouri geological and horticultural publications, newspapers, early travelers in Missouri, the state's railroads, Missouri imprints before 1850 and religious and fraternal organizations' publications. Sampson's interest in bibliography guided his collecting; he tried to attain materials for his collection that were listed on the bibliographies he compiled. Henry O. Severance recognized this and wrote: He was an expert collector. He was persistent in his search for material. He compiled for his own use bibliographies. . . . These check-lists were kept in small books which he carried with him on his collecting trips, and in which he indicated the items secured. Bibliog­ raphy and collecting were therefore mutually dependent. His bib­ liographies were a means to an end—a list of material is necessary before collecting can be done intelligently and successfully.42 Sampson's collecting continued after 1901, and the State Historical Society's biennial reports illustrate his success in enhancing library resources and increasing membership. Professor A. B. Hart of Harvard University remarked that the library was "a rare collection . . . filled with documents, the value of which cannot be estimated. No such collection could ever be gotten together again by any amount of money or effort."43 In the 1910s Sampson advocated erecting a fireproof library building for the State Historical Society and the University of Missouri, and his efforts proved successful in 1915.44 Rounding out his responsibilities, Sampson edited the Missouri Historical Review and served as the first president of the Mississippi Valley Historical Society. In December 1917 Francis Asbury Sampson developed pneumonia and, despite an apparent recovery, died on February 4, 1918. Sampson's old friend, William Clark Breckenridge (also a collector of Missouriana), wrote from St. Louis in May 1918: "To the very last he took a vital interest in the things he loved, and had planned for many years of work ahead. I shall miss the informing talks I had with him, and Missouri will miss a genuine booster which she needs to have many more of."45 42 Shoemaker, "Sampson," 132-133. 43 State Historical Society of Missouri, Sixth Biennial Report of the Executive Committee (Columbia, Mo.: E. W. Stephens, 1913), 8. 44 Francis A. Sampson, "The State Historical Society of Missouri—Why the State Should Give it a Fire-Proof Building . . . ," Missouri Historical Review 1 (January 1913): 60-61. 45 Shoemaker, "Sampson," 134; Columbia Evening Missourian, 4 February 1918; Sedalia Democrat, 5 February 1918; William Clark Breckenridge to Darling K. Greger, 23 May 1918, William Clark Breckenridge Papers, folder 42, Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia. Book Collecting in Missouri: Three "Custodians of Culture" 385

State Historical Society of Missouri The Society gained much-needed space when it moved to the new university library building in 1915.

By the end of the first third of the twentieth century, William Keeney Bixby, Thomas Moore Johnson, Francis Asbury Sampson and other Missouri "custodians of culture" had passed from the collecting scene. With the stock market crash of 1929 and the beginning of the Great Depression, most collectors believed that the "Golden Age" of collecting had ended. In Missouri, and throughout the rest of the country, collectors of rare books and manuscripts had made immense contributions to the preservation and dissemination of great literary, historical and cultural treasures. The State Historical Society of Mis­ souri, the University of Missouri's library, the Missouri Historical Society, Washington University and other institutions throughout the state were virtually guaranteed their current reputations for possessing fine scholarly resources during this age of the "great collectors." One researcher wondered "what might have been the fate of the Gutenberg Bibles or the folios of Shakespeare, or the now classic poetry and fiction of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, had the instinct to collect and preserve them not prompted collectors to gather them up before they disappeared from sight?" Thanks to Bixby, Johnson, Samp­ son and other Missourians, "treasures" of the past that help us to understand our cultural heritage have been saved and remain available.46

46 Iacone, The Pleasures of Book Collecting, 9. On collecting after the stock market crash in 1929, see Cannon, American Book Collectors, 359-365; Dickinson, Dictionary of American Book Collectors, 5-7; John Carter, ed., New Paths in Book Collecting: Essays by Various Hands (New York: Scribner's, 1934); Maurice Dunbar, Books and Collecting (Los Altos, CaL: The Book Nest, 1980). State Historical Society of Missouri On April 13, 1917, residents of Boonville and the surrounding area re­ sponded to the declaration of war against Germany with a parade and rally.

Popular Reaction to World War I in Missouri BY LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN* In his recent book, The Great Silent Majority: Missouri's Resistance to World War I, Christopher C. Gibbs maintained that "the majority of Missourians continued to oppose American participation in the war all the way to the Armistice. Furthermore, they resisted involvement to the extent of refusing to participate in the major mobilization drives organized to enlist them in the war effort."1 Gibbs also suggested that, forty years earlier, another student of Missouri's reaction to the war, John C. Crighton, had found little enthusiasm for it.2 Crighton's words offer a different interpretation. After studying many of the state's newspapers, Crighton concluded his study by writing: "It has been shown that at the time of the first World War isolationism was distinctly a minority expression in Missouri. The greater part of its newspapers and of its people had a clear knowledge of world affairs

*Lawrence O. Christensen is a professor of history at the University of Missouri- Rolla. He has the Ph.D. degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia.

1 Christopher C. Gibbs, The Great Silent Majority: Missouri's Resistance to World War /(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988), vii. 2 John C. Crighton, Missouri and the World War, 1914-1917: A Study in Public Opinion (Columbia: University of Missouri Studies, 1947).

386 Popular Reaction to World War I in Missouri 387 and a strong determination to uphold the rights and defend the interests of the United States. When war seemed unavoidable in April, 1917, there was no serious division of opinion."3 To test both Crighton and Gibbs, weekly newspapers from five Missouri towns were read. Crighton failed to include these papers in his survey. The five newspapers chosen for investigation represented rural Missouri—according to Gibbs, the area most likely to resist the war because farmers adhered to traditional values more closely than did urban residents. The papers studied came from the northeast (the Edina Knox County Democrat), the northwest (the Bethany Republican), the central (the Boonville Weekly Advertiser), the southeast (the Kennett Dunklin Democrat) and the southwest (the Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain) regions of Missouri. Thus, they represented the various sections of this diverse state. Each paper was read for the period of January 1917 through December 1918. The populations of the towns ranged from about 5,000 in Boonville and Kennett, to 1,500 in Bethany and Edina, to just over 1,000 in Mt. Vernon. All of the towns depended on serving agricultural interests for the major part of their economic activity, and all were county seat towns.4 Even before a break in diplomatic relations, the Boonville Weekly Advertiser editor advocated action by the United States. He called for President Woodrow Wilson to "bring the crazy Europeans to their senses [by placing] an embargo on all American food stuffs."5 In early February 1917, the editor urged political unity in the country. He wrote: "The lines in America are obliterated now. We are all Democrats, all Republicans, all Americans. Let us stand shoulder to shoulder in defense of our country. If there are any traitors among us weed them out and send them where they belong."6 The populace of Boonville and the surrounding area responded to the declaration of war with a celebration of patriotism. An estimated seven thousand people took part in the rally. The parade included schoolchildren, fifty automobiles and four bands; businesses closed from two until four. Despite the outpouring of support, the editor predicted difficult times ahead.7 In a May 18 editorial, he warned that the war would last a year or more and wished that Wilson's preparedness program had been adopted in full. He called for unstinting support of the president.8

3 Ibid., 187. 4 Henry J. Burt, The Population of Missouri: A General Survey of Its Sources, Changes, and Present Composition, Research Bulletin 188, College of Agriculture (Columbia: University of Missouri, 1933), 68-71. 5 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 5 January 1917. 6 Ibid., 9 February 1917. 7 Ibid., 20 April 1917. 8 Ibid., 18 May 1917. 388 Missouri Historical Review

Mt. Vernon's Lawrence Chieftain left little doubt where it stood when war erupted. "Unadulterated loyalty to the Stars and Stripes should now be displayed by every person in the United States today. No patience should be shown toward any person who is lukewarm in his allegiance to this government. No such thing as compromise should be permitted. However, the American-born American should not go out of his way to taunt any foreign-born American who is loyal to this government." The Chieftain editor expressed understanding for Ger­ man-born citizens, "who would not be human if . . . [they] did not feel saddened at the prospect of bloody strife between the citizens of this country and . . . [their] blood brethern [sic] across the great waters." In a corner of the front page of the Chieftain, with a picture of the American flag, appeared the words, "My Country! in her intercourse with other nations may she always be in the right: but right or wrong, My Country."9 The Chieftain reported the response to the declaration of war in the little community of Malta Bend in Saline County. There, residents

Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 12 April 1917.

State Historical Society of Missouri

MY COUNTRY ! IX HEH LNTIRCOUR8!^ WITH OTHBSft NATIONS yijkir SMIC ALWAYS mm IN Turn RIGHTJ BUT RIGHT Of* WRONG, MY COUNTRY Popular Reaction to World War I in Missouri 389 bought a huge flag, erected a seventy-foot flagpole on the most prominent street corner and, at 3:00 P.M., with great enthusiasm, raised the flag. Business houses, automobiles and coat lapels all bore American flags.10 In Kennett some six thousand people assembled to express loyalty to the country.11 The Knox County Democrat made its position on the war quite clear. Germany had thrust the war on the United States by ignoring the latter's rights on land and sea. Americans must rise up to protect themselves. "This is no time for arguments or criticism. The time is ripe for decisive, forceful, concerted action."12 In Harrison County, across the state, the Bethany Republican noted "little foreign sentiment in this section of the country, and our patriotism don't [sic] need much boosting."13 The paper urged farmers to produce larger crops for the war effort, warned German aliens to obey the law and keep their mouths shut and approvingly reported that the Methodist aid society had pledged to abandon serving refreshments during the war. "Each member . . . [pledged to] patriotically put into . . . [the] treasury such amounts as she would use in entertaining, and this fund will be used as war conditions demand."14 From the reports in the press, the people of the state overwhelm­ ingly supported the war. When President Wilson appealed to farmers to produce more food, the Kennett Commercial Club advertised in the Dunklin Democrat, echoing his sentiment and reinforcing his appeal. A few days later, the paper reported that representatives from the Univer­ sity of Missouri College of Agriculture had set up meetings with farmers from throughout the county to spur production, arrange for seed distribution and outline procedures to ensure a bountiful harvest. The State Normal School at Cape Girardeau joined the farmers by allowing students to work on farms without losing credit for their courses. Nine men and one woman had accepted the terms by May ll.15 County agent F. E. Longmire presided over a similar meeting of farmers in Knox County. Securing bean seeds concerned the group, and they passed a resolution asking the federal government to prohibit the use of all food grains in the manufacture of spirituous liquors for the duration of the war. The group pledged to increase production, but also wanted the government to establish a minimum price for foodstuffs.16

10 Ibid. 11 Kennett Dunklin Democrat, 20 April 1917. 12 Edina Knox County Democrat, 24 April 1917. 13 Bethany Republican, 28 March 1917. 14 Ibid., 11, 18 April 1917. 15 Kennett Dunklin Democrat, 27 April, 4, 11 May 1917. 16 Edina Knox County Democrat, 4 May 1917. 390 Missouri Historical Review

In Lawrence County, the Banker's Association committed its sup­ port to farmers. It stood ready to buy seed, fertilizer, livestock and feed in order to help farmers produce more for the war effort. In addition, the Federated Farm Clubs and the Aurora Federal Farm Loan Associa­ tion jointly called for the creation of farm clubs in every school district in the county. The Chieftain editorialized, "Do you know that the young man on the farm, who uses his full energies to raise a big crop of food is doing just as much for his country as the town boy who takes his gun and goes to the front?" Boys from the high school, with the blessing of the local school district, went to work on farms, receiving school credit for their efforts. The State Board of Education endorsed what the local districts had begun and made it applicable to girls as well. Reportedly, by the first part of May, "about 92 percent of the seventh and eighth grade pupils . . . [were] helping in the production of food supplies."17 Few organizations elicited as much enthusiastic support during World War I as did the Red Cross. On his lovely estate some miles from Boonville, Nelson Leonard hosted between 2,000 and 2,500 Cooper Countians at a benefit for the Red Cross on July 4, 1917. Hundreds of automobiles from Cooper and surrounding counties brought the party- goers. The Missouri State and Prairie Home bands furnished music. The fireworks display could be seen for miles. Revelers ate ice cream and cake and contributed more than $1,000 to the Red Cross.18 Not far away, in Jefferson City, an estimated 10,000 people held a picnic on the same day to benefit the Red Cross. The women of the city donated more than a thousand pies and several hundred cakes for the dinner; the men barbecued tons of meat for the occasion. The entire proceeds from the event went to the Red Cross.19 Knox County organized a chapter of the Red Cross in June 1917. About one hundred people signed the charter. Merchants Sandknop and Grantges, "Knox County's Exclusive Ready-to-Wear House for Women," advertised a donation sale benefit for the Red Cross. Ten percent of the June 26 sales receipts would be contributed to the chapter. Members of the Browning Club, the P.E.O. and the Culture Club in Edina aided the Red Cross by knitting sweaters for soldiers.20 Citizens of Bethany and Harrison County started with a goal of enrolling 3,300 members in the Red Cross, and by January 1918 they had surpassed their goal by almost 1,000. In nearby Gentry County two 17 Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 19, 26 April 1917. 18 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 6 July 1917. 19 Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 12 July 1917. 20 Edina Knox County Democrat, 8, 26 June 1917, 21 February 1918. Popular Reaction to World War I in Missouri 391

| DO YOUR BIT j DO YOUR BIT DONATION SALE DAY BENEFIT RED CROSS One Bay Only TUESDAY, JUNE JS<3th One Pay Only

!0 p i < >-nt <>i dav'1- sale donated to Kt'd Cross I hapter of km>\ < . inf\ Sale will be man­ aged and - tics ladies appointed by Kvd Cross eommittee All t> i h tadi^e marked in plain huuiv-•> as <.ur usual custom REMEMBER. c\crv dollar \ou sp i , for el» ction uom. Don't Fo get the Date Don't Forget the Place Don't Forget to Come SANDKNOP & GRANTGES Knox County's Exclusive Ready-to-Wear House for Women Edina Missouri

State Historical Society of Missouri King City workers solicited Red Cross memberships and prepared to meet all sorts of responses. "In their whole drive, however, they did not get beyond their first question: 'Are you a member of the Red Cross?' for the usual answer was 'No, but here's a dollar.'" In Nodaway County, also in northwest Missouri, more than 7,500 women engaged in Red Cross work; the only paid official was a stenographer. That county's women used $1,500 worth of raw material a week in their effort for soldier's relief.21 In Carroll County, the Red Cross chapter had nearly twelve hundred members and occupied an eight-room house as their knitting center.22 Cooper County's Red Cross membership numbered more than three thousand, with eighty-four of them having been recruited by two black ministers. In its 1918 drive the county exceeded its quota by more than $15,000—raising $32,000.23 Dunklin County farmers contributed agricultural products, which were auctioned off with the proceeds going to the Red Cross.24 According to Gibbs, Missourians resisted the war by refusing to participate in the various Liberty Loan drives.25 Dunklin County citizens

21 Bethany Republican, 2, 23 January 1918. 22 Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 27 September 1917. 23 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 4 January, 31 May 1918. 24 Kennett Dunklin Democrat, 8 March 1918. 25 Gibbs, The Great Silent Majority, 88. 392 Missouri Historical Review did fail to meet their quota in the third bond drive, despite county bankers agreeing to subscribe for as much in Liberty bonds as six percent of their resources. The bankers then sold the bonds to citizens in easily purchased denominations. The banks did not make a cent on the transactions. In Kennett volunteers encouraged children to save their money and support the war by buying thrift stamps, which sold for twenty-five cents apiece. They accrued interest and could be re­ deemed for five dollars after five years. Schoolchildren held competi­ tions to see which group could sell the most stamps, with prizes going to the winners. Despite the effort, only 534 subscribers purchased $118,550 in Liberty bonds; the quota stood at $225,000.26 Nevertheless, the Dunklin Democrat editor praised county residents for their patriotism. "Hardly a day passes but that reports come from some section of the county; a town, school district, voting precinct, which has just held a fine patriotic rally in which the whole community turned out in a body and discussed the war and our duty as American citizens in this terrible crisis." The meetings "invariably end by taking up a subscription of those present for the purchase of so many dollar's worth of government securities; Liberty Bonds, War Savings Certificates or Thrift Stamps."27 Still, the Dunklin County response seems to support Gibbs's thesis. Knox County also lends his view some support. It failed to meet its quota in the second bond drive, falling $100,000 short. In the third bond drive, the county went over its quota by more than $112,000, but it fell short again in the fourth bond drive by more than$100,000.28 Not so in Lawrence County. There the first bond drive exceeded the $271,000 quota; residents raised more than $320,000.29 In the third Liberty bond drive in Cooper County, 2,898 subscribers topped the quota by almost $200,000. According to the Boonville Weekly Adver­ tiser, Boonville led all the districts in the Eighth Federal Reserve District in percentage of subscriptions, and "Missouri. . . made the best record of any state in the Union as to the per capita distributions."30 In the first bond drive, the Bethany Republican reported an over-subscrip­ tion of more than $25,000 by county residents.31 Based upon the evidence in these five counties, it is impossible to conclude that a majority of Missourians opposed the war by not buying Liberty bonds.

26 Kennett Dunklin Democrat, 26 October, 30 November 1917, 1, 8 March, 5 April 1918. 27 Ibid., 15 March 1918. 28 Edina Knox County Democrat, 4 April, 9 May, 3 October 1918. 29 Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 1 November 1917. 30 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 3, 10 May 1918. 31 Bethany Republican, 31 October 1917. Popular Reaction to World War I in Missouri 393

State Historical Society of Missouri 394 Missouri Historical Review

Many, including Gibbs, have commented upon the atmosphere of repression that existed in the country during World War I. Certainly, these five newspapers supported the war and voiced little sympathy for those who opposed it. The Knox County Democrat made its position clear, announcing in bold type that it had "enlisted with the government in the cause of America for the period of the war."32 Concern about what others might think appeared in a letter from W. Lloyd Diehl, of King City, to the Bethany Republican. Diehl offered a $100 reward "for information that will lead to the arrest and conviction of the party or parties who are responsible for the lie to the effect that I disrespectfully burned or destroyed an American Flag, and also for the statement that I have been arrested and in jail in Albany for this offense . . . and for the statement that I am siding with Germany." Diehl thought his accusers meant to damage his business.33 The Republican encouraged intolerance: "[T]his is no time to publicly express a thought that will in anyway hamper the progress of the government." The paper urged friends of the war effort who heard opposition to the cause to take matters into their hands. In particular, the paper feared the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), a "hellish organization" that tried to stir up racial hatred between blacks and whites. "Loyal and true American citizenship should be entertained by a few well organized hanging bees, as a sort of hint to others who may aspire to incite colored people to violence," the paper suggested.34 Yet these newspapers reported only seven cases of individuals being accused of disloyal statements or behavior. Two of the incidents took place in the St. Louis area; one occurred in St. Joseph; and one happened in Columbia. The latter concerned University of Missouri physics instructor G. E. M. Jauncey, who, when accused by the U.S. Department of Justice of disloyalty, resigned his position.35 Surprisingly, the newspapers cited only three instances of draft resistance. Two socialists received indictments in Dunklin County for speaking against conscription, but they were released on bond. The incident occurred in July 1917, and they remained in the county, unharmed, in October. Ira B. Adair, from near Monett, failed to report for duty when drafted, and the paper laconically noted that he was in Picher, Oklahoma. Finally, Caleb Lipscomb, a grain dealer, provided space for a meeting of an

32 Edina Knox County Democrat, 20 June 1918. 33 Bethany Republican, 18 April 1917. 34 Ibid., 30 May, 29 August 1917, 16 January 1918. 35 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 19 April 1918; Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 19, 26 April, 27 September, 13, 20 December 1917. Popular Reaction to World War I in Missouri 395 antidraft group; the Springfield meeting took place without incident.36 Thus, the evidence from these five places, as recorded in these public forums of opinion, indicates that most Missourians supported the war effort. And while dissent surely was not encouraged in the areas, few incidents of persecution took place.

36 Kennett Dunklin Democrat, 26 October 1917; Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 30 August, 11 October 1917.

Not This Time Weekly Clarion, Missouri Department of Penal Institutions, May 16, 1925. The Accused: There's the lawyer we stuck up. It's all up with us. He's goin' to testify against us. His Accomplice: Not this time, he won't. I've hired him to defend us.

A Fresh Idea Linn Creek The Reveille, November 20, 1902. An exchange tells how two girls cornered the egg market of three towns by marketing eggs carefully washed and assorted in nice clean cartons containing one dozen each. Their plan took so well that they were enabled to pay cash, at a cent or two over the market price, and are doing a big business.

Struck Them in the Risibles Linn Creek The Reveille, November 20, 1902. Kate Carew, the world-famous woman artist, has this year struck the public right in the risibles with her funny stories told entirely in colored pictures in that greatest of all Sunday newspapers, the Sunday St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

Musical Birdmen Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian, October 25, 1918. . . . According to a story from London, an American has discovered that the planes of the Allies hum in the key of G-minor, while the Hun machines are in B-flat and some of them sing slightly off the key. State Historical Society of Missouri Daniel R. Fitzpatrick depicted Thomas Pendergast's indict­ ment for income tax evasion in this April 8, 1939, cartoon, "Struck Home."

A Political Boss at Bay: Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 BY LAWRENCE H. LARSEN* The Thomas J. Pendergast "Notorious Offender Case Files," com­ piled by U.S. Bureau of Prisons officials, contain insightful information on the jail experiences and psychological attributes of a somewhat mysterious and sinister twentieth-century American urban political boss.1 The records also indicate the problems encountered by authorities •Lawrence H. Larsen is a professor of history at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. He received the B.S. degree from Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is the historian of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri. 1 Thomas J. Pendergast File, Notorious Offender Case Files, Record Group 102, Records of the Bureau of Prisons, Electrostatic, Paper to Paper, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. Hereafter cited as Pendergast File. The

396 Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 397 in dealing with such an important convict. Pendergast, for many years before and during the Great Depression, ran Kansas City as if it were his own business. In addition, he exercised statewide influence in Missouri and held high positions of trust inside the national Democratic party. He directly controlled over 100,000 votes. In Kansas City his henchmen routinely accepted bribes, stuffed ballot boxes and intimi­ dated honest citizens. Political murder became an accepted part of life in "Tom's Town."2 In a 1934 election, machine thugs killed four voters and beat or intimidated several hundred others. Even while Kansas City experienced a "reign of terror" and after investigations revealed over 60,000 non-existent "ghost voters" out of 280,000 voter registrants in the city of 400,000, few residents openly blamed Pendergast. Many people apparently considered him to be a resourceful leader victimized by the excesses of overly zealous subordinates.3 Yet, at the height of his seemingly unassailable position of power, he fell from grace with startling suddenness, going within days from one of the most influential men in America to a convicted felon serving time in prison. At 9:00 A.M. on May 22, 1939, in a dramatic, nationally reported front-page legal proceeding before Judge Merrill E. Otis of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri, Pendergast, indicted for income tax evasion, changed his plea from innocent to guilty.4 The indictment had charged that Pendergast had hidden $1.2 million in author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the Historical Society of the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri, especially that of U.S. Judges Howard F. Sachs, Scott O. Wright and William H. Becker (deceased), and of the society's president, F. Russell Millin. A different version of this paper was read at the Northern Great Plains History Conference, Grand Forks, North Dakota, October 1990. 2 See Lyle W. Dorsett, The Pendergast Machine (1968; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980); Maurice M. Milligan, Missouri Waltz: The Inside Story of the Pendergast Machine by the Man Who Smashed It (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948); William M. Reddig, Tom's Town: Kansas City and the Pendergast Legend (1947; Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1986). A 1925 change in the Kansas City municipal charter worked to the advantage of the Pendergast machine, crushing a Republican-dominated "reform" movement. The defeat of the reformers is the subject of Marjorie Beach, The Mayor's Wife: Crusade in Kansas City (New York: Vantage Press, 1953). 3 The Pendergast machine is considered within the larger framework of Kansas City's development in Henry C. Haskell, Jr., and Richard B. Fowler, City of the Future: A Narrative History of Kansas City, 1850-1950 (Kansas City: Frank Glenn Publishing Co., 1950); Lyle W. Dorsett and A. Theodore Brown, K.C.: A History of Kansas City, Missouri (Boulder: Pruett Publishing Co., 1978); Fredrick M. Spletstoser and Lawrence H. Larsen, Kansas City: 100 Years of Business (Kansas City: Kansas City Business Journal, 1988). A parole report on Pendergast noted: "Friends are fanatical in their devotion and enemies are equally fanatical in their prejudices. It is a subject on which it is almost impossible for people to be open minded." Glenn E. Campbell, "Washington Folder," 28 June 1939, Pendergast File. 4 Kansas City Star, 22 May 1939. 398 Missouri Historical Review

income during a ten-year period—over $315,000 received in bribes for his role in negotiating a settlement between the state of Missouri and several large fire insurance companies in a complex and lengthy rate increase case. In a packed courtroom, as a grim-faced Pendergast looked on, U.S. Attorney Maurice Milligan restated the charges.5 After Milligan finished, Pendergast's lead counsel, John D. Madden, said: "Stripped of all its drama, ignoring all things extrinsic to the case, the issue is simple. The charge is tax evasion; the plea is guilty." Madden, chairman of the Jackson County Democratic Committee, a Pendergast machine political body, admitted that his client had gambled heavily on the horses and that wagering had become a "mania with him."6 Seeking leniency, Madden called Pendergast's physician, Abraham Sophian, M.D., to the stand. The prominent Kansas City practitioner, speaking from notes, detailed a litany of heart and intestinal ailments that had beset Pendergast over the previous ten years. He had ex­ perienced a coronary thrombosis attack in 1936 and since then had required as many as half a dozen doses of nitroglycerin daily. Intestinal obstructions had necessitated the surgical opening of an artificial ab­ dominal passage on his left side. Dr. Sophian stressed that nervous strain could bring about new heart trouble at any time. Judge Otis, after reading a short statement recognizing the serious­ ness of Pendergast's health problems and his status as a first offender, sentenced him to Leavenworth penitentiary for fifteen months and imposed a $10,000 fine and five years probation. With that, the judge pronounced "finis" on Pendergast's rule of Kansas City, and the trial ended. "Faintly through a partly open courtroom door could be heard the milling of spectators, the clatter of telegraph instruments and the voices of radio commentators telling the world of the dramatic toppling of the political boss," a reporter wrote. "Pendergast himself said nothing and made no move indicative of any mental stress."7 Even though Otis had imposed a prison sentence, his decision caused a fire storm of criticism. Under prevailing federal rules, Pender­ gast could apply for parole after serving only five months. A lead editorial in the anti-Pendergast Kansas City Times entitled "Inequality Before the Law!" stated: "There is profound amazement and disappoint­ ment in the light sentence. . . . Pendergast was not an underling acting 5 "State of facts to the Court," United States v. Thomas J. Pendergast, No. 14567, Criminal Cases, 1879-1964, Western Division, Kansas City, U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri, Record Group 21, U.S. District Courts, National Archives- Central Plains Region, Kansas City. Hereafter cited as U.S. v. T. J. Pendergast. See Milligan, Missouri Waltz, 167-213. 6 Kansas City Star, 22 May 1939. 7 Ibid.; "Sentence," U.S. v. T J. Pendergast. Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 399

Judge Merrill E. Otis, a native of Nodaway County, received sharp criticism for his lenient sentencing of Pendergast.

Kansas City Star on orders from someone higher up of whom he stood in fear. He himself was the man higher up, setting the amount of the loot from the insurance companies, supervising its distribution and evading the reve­ nue act."8 The editorial noted that Judge Otis had meted out harsher sentences to many Pendergast associates in several recent, highly pub­ licized vote fraud cases. The St. Louis Globe-Democrat, under the heading "Pendergast's Inadequate Sentence," said, "The enormity of Pendergast's crime is such it merited a far heavier sentence."9 A sarcastic commentary in the St. Louis Star-Times noted: "Fifteen months, and the man will be eligible to apply for parole in five. . . . Fifteen months, under circumstances that make it highly probable that good old Boss Tom will be back in Kansas City in time to give the boys a little advice before the August, 1940, primary. Judge Merrill E. Otis merits no vote of thanks from the people of Missouri."10 In central Missouri, the Columbia Daily Tribune editorialized: "It will be difficult for the people of Kansas City, of Missouri, and even of the nation to understand by what psychology Judge Otis arrived at his conclusion in the Pendergast case when the federal court at Kansas City had sentenced insignificant election clerks and judges to more years of servitude than he did the founder of the corrupt political empire whose

8 Kansas City Times, 23 May 1939. 9 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 23 May 1939. 10 St. Louis Star-Times, 23 May 1939. 400 Missouri Historical Review orders they merely followed."11 The St. Joseph Gazette, published in Otis's official place of residence, while acknowledging the apparent death of the Pendergast machine, contended: "Pendergast has been let off lightly. Fifteen months seems a small requital for the stripped and shivering figure that only a little while ago was a state above the state."12 The harsh and uniform criticism of the sentence elicited a response from Judge Otis in a lengthy post-sentence memorandum that appeared in the Federal Supplement.13 Otis, speaking of Pendergast and the earlier vote fraud grand jury investigations, stressed, "There was no evidence and the federal grand juries would not indict a man against whom they could find no evidence." Otis also attempted to mollify Kansas City political reformers with highly quotable statements about Pendergast that they could and did use in ensuing election campaigns. "It was believed that the tentacles of his octopus-like power reached into every nook and cranny of the city and into almost every enterprise, legitimate and illegitimate, good and evil," Otis observed. "Over and over again for a score of years, it was whispered that he must be particeps criminis in a hundred different offenses against the law of state and nation. It was whispered but never proved."14 Otis's memorandum lay ahead when Lewis J. Grout, chief U.S. probation officer of the Western District of Missouri, forwarded a number of editorials about the sentence to Myre E. Alexander, acting parole executive of the Bureau of Prisons in Washington, with the cryptic comment, "This is for the information of the Board in deter­ mining the community attitude when parole consideration is given to this case."15 Obviously, Pendergast was not an ordinary prisoner in the eyes of the authorities, the public and, especially, the media. On May 24, 1939, five days before Pendergast's scheduled entry into prison, James B. Bennett, director of the Bureau of Prisons, sent an important policy letter to Robert H. Hudspeth, warden at Leaven­ worth. Bennett wrote: You will be bombarded with requests for statements as to Pendergast and what you intend to do with him, particularly from the Kansas

11 Columbia Daily Tribune, 23 May 1939. 12 St. Joseph Gazette, 23 May 1939. 13 United States v. Pendergast, 28 F. Supp. 601 (W.D. Mo. 1939). Otis, a Calvin Coolidge appointee, was well known for his opposition to the New Deal, his probusiness decisions and his after-dinner speeches. Kansas City Star, 23 December 1944. See Merrill E. Otis, In the Day's Work of a Federal Judge, ed. Alexander M. Meyer (Kansas City: Brown-White Co., 1937). u "Division of Press Intelligence," St. Joseph News Press, 20 August 1939, Pen­ dergast File. 15 Lewis J. Grout to Myre E. Alexander, 24 May 1939, ibid. Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 401

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Fitzpatrick portrayed Pender­ gast's vast political power in this 1936 cartoon.

State Historical Society of Missouri

City papers. ... I think that when anyone calls you to ask about Pendergast, simply state that he will be considered the same as any other prisoner and will be put through the usual routine. . . . After Pendergast has been there a short time, please write me a note as to his condition and how he is getting along, and I shall be glad to give you any advice you may need. He is, of course, to be put through the usual routine and treated just like any other prisoner. It goes without saying that there will be no reprisal or special privileges granted him. ... If you can, get the idea across to your officers in the service that they are to take special care not to give any information about him. Of course, there is a general rule to this effect, but they have not been subjected to the temptations they will be confronted with when Pendergast is committed.16 On May 26 Bennett followed up his letter with a long-distance telephone call to Hudspeth. According to a memorandum: "Mr. Bennett suggested that the Chief Medical Officer examine Pendergast and send in his report at once but that Pendergast should not be committed to the prison hospital unless absolutely necessary. He was not to be given the impression that he was being persecuted, neither was he to be given any privileges which would not be given to any other prisoner in his condition."17 With considerable reason and foresight, Bennett recog-

16 James B. Bennett to Robert H. Hudspeth, 24 May 1939, ibid. 17 I. Smyth, "Memorandum for the Files," 1 June 1939, ibid. 402 Missouri Historical Review nized the difficulties of having Thomas J. Pendergast in the federal prison system. After all, Pendergast had been called "King of Kansas City, Emperor of Missouri."18 Even Pendergast's manner of arriving in prison proved contro­ versial. On May 29 he did not follow correct bureaucratic procedures and report to U.S. Marshal Henry L. Dillingham for the forty-mile trip from Kansas City to Leavenworth. Rather, Pendergast acted with typical cunning in order to avoid a public extravaganza. Early in the morning, he left his mansion at 5650 Ward Parkway and drove to 1908 Main. From there, he left unnoticed by the rear alley door, and his son, Thomas J. Pendergast, Jr., drove him to Leavenworth. Pendergast, who had until 2:00 P.M. to report to the marshal's office, presented himself to Leavenworth authorities at 8:45 A.M. Avoiding the reporters and photographers already waiting at the prison's front entrance, he entered through a side gate. Inside the penitentiary walls, Pendergast joined twenty-one of his former vote-fixing henchmen.19 Pendergast's mode of arrival proved embarrassing to Bennett, who admitted: "The whole matter was a bad mix-up, and the arrangements were apparently made by the Marshal without consulting this department. Before we

18 Anonymous, Ghosts in the Heart of America: Daylight Ghosts in Kansas City (Kansas City: n.p., 1938), 5. 19 "Division of Press Intelligence," "Pendergast Drives to Federal Penitentiary in his own Auto," unidentified source; St. Louis Star-Times, 29 May 1939, Pendergast File. Authorities filed a document noting Pendergast's arrival. H. L. Dillingham, U.S. Marshal, and Roy H. Well, Deputy, "Return," 29 May 1939, Pendergast File.

State Historical Society of Missouri

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>f* «p^i? igg&f * * On May 29, 1939, Tom :• .- f Pendergast entered the fed­ s-~ ' s'l eral prison at Leavenworth, kt ',.*" Kansas. Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 403 found out about it, it was too late to back down, and there was nothing we could do but go through with it with as little difficulty as possible."20 Behind the bars of Leavenworth penitentiary, Pendergast, desig­ nated Convict 55295, had his admission photographs and fingerprints taken. In an unprecedented move, U.S. Attorney General Frank Murphy authorized their release to the press.21 Murphy volunteered no reason for his action, but it may have been intended to satisfy the Kansas City newspapers, especially the anti-Pendergast machine Star. More importantly, a medical examination confirmed the precarious state of Pendergast's health. If anything, Dr. Sophian's testimony before Judge Otis had painted a rosy picture. Pendergast's dying while in prison appeared a real possibility.22 On June 2 Bennett sent an urgent memo to Murphy stating that Pendergast suffered from "a chronic disease of the heart muscle" and that his heart "might stop at almost anytime." Medical data supported the prognosis. "The reports, as you will see, indicate that Pendergast is in very bad physical condition," Bennett wrote. "Ordinarily under such circumstances he would be committed to the hospital where it would be more convenient to treat his physical disabilities and supply him with the special diet his physical condition requires. However, he is being retained in a cell in one of the main cell blocks set aside for new men. I understand that yesterday he nearly collapsed when being taken from the cell block to the hospital."23 Bennett's warning proved more than justified. On the same day, Pendergast experienced what prison medical officers diagnosed as a severe coronary occlusion. At 8:30 P.M. prison officers found Pendergast extremely pale; cyanotic, especially around the lips; and complaining of severe chest pains radiating to a shoulder and arm. His pulse appeared weak, rapid and irregular. Administering nitroglycerin "somewhat relieved" him, but at 9:30 P.M. guards rushed him on a stretcher to the prison hospital, 20 Bennett to A. D. Fairbanks, 19 June 1939, ibid. Fairbanks, a U.S. Marshal, had complained to the attorney general. Fairbanks to Frank Murphy, 13 June 1939, ibid. 21 Record Form No. 7, Photographs and Fingerprints of Thomas J. Pendergast, n.d., ibid. Gordon Dean, executive assistant to the attorney general, to Ed Meisberger, state editor, Kansas City Journal, 2 June 1939, ibid. Maurice Milligan noted: "His [Pendergast's] prison photographs, released to the public, and thereby setting a precedent, revealed a face lined with tragedy. The publication of these pictures, a most unusual departure from established custom, was the most humiliating experience connected with his long career." Milligan, Missouri Waltz, 203. 22 The U.S. Bureau of Prisons medical director wrote of Pendergast: "He has attacks of severe pain in the region of the heart. A heart such as this is a very serious thing indeed. It is difficult, if not impossible, to give any opinion as to when such a heart may stop working; it may go on for years or it may stop at almost any time." Justin K. Fuller, M.D., Memorandum, 1 June 1939, Pendergast File. 23 Bennett to Murphy, Memorandum, 2 June 1939, ibid. 404 Missouri Historical Review

where he received further medication. He spent a restless and sleepless night, and at 9:15 A.M. the next day, his blood pressure stood at 102/76, as compared to 116/76 when he had entered prison. Leavenworth's chief medical officer, C. H. Waring, examined Pendergast and reported, "Our opinion is that the patient is having an acute coronary occlusion[,] which is a possible recurrence of previous attacksf,] and in our opinion is considered to be in serious condition." In addition to other treatment, he recommended, "Absolute rest in bed."24 Dr. Sophian and the prison's consulting physician, Lawrence P. Engel, of Kansas City, examined Pendergast and confirmed the diagnosis.25 On June 5 prison officials waived visiting restrictions on new prisoners and allowed Pendergast's wife, Caroline, to see him.26 On the same day, the Bureau of Prisons issued a terse "official news bulletin" announcing that Pendergast had suffered a "rather severe heart attack" and was "not yet out of danger."27 Over the next several weeks, Bennett received regular reports on Pendergast's condition, detailing his blood pressure, pulse rate, ankle swelling, lung congestion, coughing spells, sleeping habits and bowel movements.28 Except for a persistent swelling of the ankles, Pendergast's physical condition improved to the point that prison social workers could interview and test him and, thus, complete processing his personal records. The "Admission Summary," compiled in late June at the end of Pendergast's standard one-month quarantine period, provides, when complemented with other data, an unusual glimpse of his own percep­ tions of his upbringing and general background. According to Pender­ gast, his childhood had been normal and uneventful. One of nine children, he had been born on July 22, 1872, into an Irish immigrant working-class family in St. Joseph, who lived in marginal to moderately comfortable circumstances. His father, a teamster, drank moderately and, on a modest income, provided adequately for the family. Pender­ gast's mother never worked outside the house. His parents, both born in Ireland, were American citizens with eighth-grade educations. They

24 C. H. Waring, M.D., to Fuller, 3 June 1939, ibid. See also "Clinical Record," 2, 3 June 1939, ibid. 25 Lawrence P. Engel, M.D., to Waring, "Re: History of heart attack, T. J. Pendergast," 7 June 1939, in Hudspeth to Bennett, 7 June 1939; Bennett to Murphy, 2 June 1939, ibid. 26 "Record of Interviews and Visits," Thomas J. Pendergast, ibid. 27 Department of Justice Press Release, 5 June 1939, ibid. 28 D. J. Daley, M.D., assistant surgeon, to C. H. Waring, 8-10, 12-17, 19-24, 26-27, 30 June, 10 July 1939; Waring to Hudspeth, 11 June 1939; Hudspeth to Bennett, 8-10, 12-17, 19-27 June 1939; Acting Warden C. J. Shuttleworth to Bennett, 1, 11 July 1939, ibid. Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 405

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U.S. Attorney General Frank Murphy authorized the release of Pendergast's admission photographs to the press.

Mr.iWfcia State Historical Society of Missouri enjoyed good health, displayed no marital discord, regularly attended a Roman Catholic church and showed an interest in their children's welfare. They sent their offspring to church and exercised normal discipline. The family home, in a middle-class section of St. Joseph, had satisfactory furnishings, carpet and curtains. Pendergast had attended a Catholic school, making normal progress while occasionally playing hooky; he had shown little interest in organized outside activities. By his own account, he had completed four years of high school and two years of college.29 After his father died when Pendergast was nineteen, he quit school and went to Kansas City, where his brother, James Pendergast, was starting the Pendergast machine.30 During his early days in Kansas City, Tom Pendergast lived in moderately priced rooming houses and, supposedly, never engaged in illegal activities. He first worked as a "number catcher" in the railroad yards, counting freight cars. Subse­ quently, he was employed as a bookkeeper and a general clerk, elected 29 "Admission Summary, Pendergast, Thomas J.," 28 June 1939, ibid. See also "Parole Progress Report," Thomas J. Pendergast, 18 September 1939; "Preliminary Social Abstract," 2 June 1939, ibid. 30 "Parole Progress Report," ibid. 406 Missouri Historical Review county marshal and appointed superintendent of streets. Following his takeover of the machine at the time of his brother's death in 1911, he owned various businesses, including, before prohibition, the Jefferson Hotel, a noted entertainment and prostitution center.31 Pendergast married Caroline Dunn in 1907. They had three chil­ dren—two daughters and a son. Until his heart attack and stomach trouble in the mid-1930s, Pendergast had been generally healthy, except for extensive treatment for syphilis after 1916. He had defective vision, corrected by glasses, and partial deafness in his right ear.32 When he went to jail, Pendergast estimated his net worth at $500,000, mainly in the Ready-Mix Concrete Company, the T. J. Pendergast Wholesale Liquor Company and a small Kansas City hotel.33 Many people believed that he had managed to hide the bulk of his assets through front men and other means. A prison evaluator, summing up Pendergast's style of living, wrote: "Enjoys normal recreational activities. Member of Elk, Eagle, and Moose lodges; occasional attendant of Catholic church; non-drinker, non-user of drugs; associated with persons of sporting and questionable reputation."34 A neuropsychological profile provided additional data about Pen­ dergast and confirmed many public perceptions. He did quite well on the intelligence tests he took on June 1 (within forty-eight hours of his admission and a day before his heart attack), surpassing 75 percent of the Leavenworth inmate population. He scored 107 on one intelligence test, within normal range, but that seemed low given his past accom­ plishments. He became confused on a subtest designed to evaluate abstract reasoning, admitting that he could not "seem to get the idea." The test scorer observed: On this and other tests he showed evidence of emotional upset, and it is probable that his test performance was lowered on this account. He was slow in his reactions, probably in part because of his physical

31 According to Milligan, "Pendergast sold this night spot in 1919 for around $80,000. ... He had no desire to run a 'speakeasy' or have his name connected with such a place. . . . Tom knew what he was doing. He wanted to keep government agents off his trail." Milligan, Missouri Waltz, 83-84. See also Rudolph N. Hartmann to Chief, Intelligence Unit, Bureau of Internal Revenue, 6 June 1939, Pendergast File. 32 Although prison authorities did not ask Pendergast about any nicotine habits, he smoked. According to his physician, "We have restricted the use of ordinary cigarettes since the last three years, as one of the important measures of treatment; we have permitted the use of denicotinized cigarettes in moderation." A. Sophian to Bennett, 24 May 1939, Pendergast File. 33 Throughout his career, Pendergast considered himself to be as much a successful businessman as a political leader. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Thomas Joseph Pendergast." 34 "Leisure Time Activities," Parole Progress Report, Pendergast File. Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 407

condition, and this also tended to lower his score. Performance on several of the subtests was excellent, however, cooperation was very good. There is little doubt that the subject has been a person of superior intelligence. Although there has probably been some slowing up of his mental abilities there is no evidence of any significant mental deterioration.35 Apparently, Pendergast made no effort to mask his intellectual skills. His state of mind and deteriorating health simply prevented his doing as well as possible on the test. Pendergast's psychiatric condition had concerned prison authorities, who feared he might have trouble adjusting to penitentiary life. During Pendergast's heart attack recovery period, the associate warden noted, "He seems to have become the victim of his own methods and may be properly classified as a victim of temptation and also of the fact that he was somewhat over-confident as to his own personal immunity where prosecution for violation of the law was concerned." The associate warden predicted that, while Pendergast would "make no complaint during confinement," it would "undoubtedly be difficult for him to reconcile himself to the circumstances of confinement in this institution or elsewhere."36

35 "Psychological," Admission Summary, ibid. 36 "Associate Warden's Report: Summary of Impressions," Admission Summary, ibid State Historical Society of Missouri

Fitzpatrick showed Pender­ gast's dominance in this car­ toon he entitled "The Plight of Kansas City." 408 Missouri Historical Review

In actuality, Pendergast seemed to react as well as could have been expected for a man of previous great power who had never before been in jail or asked to answer sensitive psychiatric questions. A prison interviewer found him very normal. PSYCHIATRIC: Very pleasant, courteous, cooperative old man, whose physical condition suggests that he may be approaching his dotage, although he is more alert mentally than would be expected from his apparent poor physical health. His apparent cheerfulness and carefree attitude undoubtedly represent a special effort on his part to conceal deep-seated feelings of depression and despair. He is perfectly aware of his extensive publicity, but volunteers nothing of a personal nature. It is not considered necessary from a psychiatric or psychological viewpoint to question him about well-known facts of his case. His memory is good for remote and recent events. He is readily accessible on all topics of the day. His thought processes are quite within the normal sphere, disclosing no delusional trends, hallucinatory experience or special preoccupations. He gives all the impression of having been a dynamic, extroverted personality, with a corresponding motor output. There is nothing in the interview that would indicate that his attitude is hostile, or that he holds any grudge against the law, society or his present environment. There are no symptoms of any mental disorder.37 The examiner concluded that Pendergast needed no psychiatric treat­ ment, that his disciplinary prognosis appeared good, that he required a single cell if not hospitalized and that his work assignment should take physical factors into account.38 Even though Pendergast's health gradually improved, he remained in the prison hospital, supposedly requiring continuous observation and treatment for his heart and colostomy. An official "Parole Progress Report," reiterating other evaluations, noted: "He is pleasant and cooperative but impresses one as being somewhat depressed in finding himself in this present situation. He has at no time disclosed any evidence of mental disorder."39 There seemed to be an almost inordinate interest in Pendergast's mental state; perhaps the officials expected a notorious urban political boss to display elements of madness. During his time behind bars, Pendergast opened a banking account for $100, but participated in no educational programs and took no books out of the prison library.40 When able, he worked as a clerk in

37 "Psychiatric," ibid. 38 Ibid. 39 "Gen. Mental Condt.," Parole Progress Report, ibid. 40 "Summary of Account," 17 July 1939; "Educational Department Report," n.d. ibid. Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 409

the hospital, transcribing X-ray results, patient records and medical reports. A confidential work report rated him a "good" worker, calling him "trustworthy," "friendly" and "pleasant." A prison official re­ marked, "Conduct excellent to date."41 Even so, Pendergast's health remained a problem. In October he suffered what Warden Hudspeth described as a "mild" heart attack.42 While Pendergast required in­ creased medication, his condition soon stabilized and improved.43 On November 3 Director of Prisons Bennett sent a personal memo to the new attorney general, Robert Jackson, informing him about Pendergast's recurrent heart troubles.44 By then, Pendergast's condition had improved to the extent that he could appear on the following day before a Board of Parole hearing in the prison hospital.45 He had applied for parole on June 28, hoping to get out after serving the mandatory one-third of his sentence.46 Both U.S. Attorney Milligan and Judge Otis wrote letters stating that Pendergast should serve his full term.47 Judge Otis tried to fend off further criticism of the sentence, in the event of an early release, by claiming that prison had already destroyed Pendergast, whom he compared to Samson. "So did the eyeless and broken Samson, chained, a prisoner, toil in Gaza at the mill of the slaves," Judge Otis intoned. "Verily this man has been broken upon the wheel."48 Pendergast was one of the 371 federal prisoners who requested to see the parole board at its regularly scheduled fall meeting in Leaven­ worth.49 Under the rules of procedure, Pendergast, without counsel,

41 "Confidential Work Report to the United States Board of Parole," 18 August 1939, ibid. 42 Hudspeth to Bennett, 10 October 1939, with enclosures; Leo D. O'Kane, assistant surgeon, to Hudspeth, 9, 10 October 1939, ibid. 43 As at the time of Pendergast's June heart attack, prison physicians informed Warden Hudspeth, who then passed on the reports to Bennett. O'Kane to Hudspeth, 11, 12 October 1939; Hudspeth to Bennett, 11, 13, 30 October 1939, ibid. Milligan devoted only one line to Pendergast's health problems, "He was a sick man for a greater part of the time, and he had lost the old arrogance that comes with unchallenged leadership." Milligan, Missouri Waltz, 203. 44 Bennett to Robert Jackson, 3 November 1939, Pendergast File. 45 Pendergast, however, could not climb stairs. Waring to N. R. Timmons, parole officer, 30 October 1939, ibid. 46 "Application for Parole," signed Thomas J. Pendergast, 28 June 1939; Arthur D. Wood, "Memorandum for Mr. Mulcahey: Re: Thomas J. Pendergast, Reg. No. 55295- L," ibid. 47 Otis and Milligan, "Report on Convicted Prisoner by United States Attorney," Record Office Stamp, 22 June 1939, ibid. Milligan later provided the parole board with a statement of facts in the case. Milligan to Alexander, 23 September 1939, ibid. 48 Quoted in St. Joseph News Press, 20 August 1939. 49 Kansas City Star, 28 October 1939. 410 Missouri Historical Review

U.S. Attorney Maurice Milligan be­ lieved Pendergast should serve his entire prison sentence.

HMJk Kansas City Star appeared alone for observation and interrogation by one member of the board—in this case, the chairman, U.S. Circuit Judge Arthur D. Wood. Pendergast, very contrite, politely answered all questions, emphasizing that he had pled guilty, that he was in poor health and that he wanted to go home to his family. Judge Wood asked, "Well, how did you happen to go wrong this time?" Pendergast, after calling the jurist by the wrong last name, replied, "Oh, pardon me, Mr. Wood, I don't know, I evaded the income tax as I am charged with and I am guilty and that is about all I can say about it. How I come to do wrong I don't know, I have lived 66 years out there and didn't go wrong, at least I don't think I did, and I couldn't tell you how I happened to go wrong. There are a lot of other things about it."50 Asked by Judge Wood if he had anything further to say, Pender­ gast replied, "I would like to say that I would like to get out of here if I could on a parole, but how to say it or how to do it, I don't know, except for my own condition, Mr. Wood, and that is about all I can say to you, that I would like to be home with my family." He continued, "Well, I don't know any other thing that I could say that would be of any benefit to me except my health and my condition, and I suppose

50 U.S. Board of Parole, "Transcript of Minutes," 4 November 1939, Pendergast File. Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 411 you have some record of that there. I don't know anything else to say except that I would like to be home with my wife and children." Judge Wood replied, "Well, that is true with every other married man in the institution." Pendergast agreed. "It certainly is," he answered. "I don't know what I could tell you, I could tell you a lot of things I suppose, but I don't know whether they would have much bearing on the case, they would be personal. There are a lot of things I could say but they wouldn't have any particular bearing; my health is the biggest thing and wanting to get home to my family; I have had several attacks in here and I suppose those are recorded, some record made of them, and I am liable to have an attack at anytime."51 Judge Wood, aware that Pendergast was under indictment by a state court in St. Louis and of the adverse publicity accorded Judge Otis's sentence, recommended the denial of parole, a decision accepted on November 21 by the full board in a Washington meeting.52 Wood backed his decision by quoting from a June 6, 1939, report by Special Agent Rudolph H. Hartmann of the Internal Revenue Service:

51 Ibid. 52 "Division of Press Intelligence," "Detainer Jolts Pendergast's Hope for Parole," Kansas City Journal, n.d., ibid.; Kansas City Star, 31 October 1939; U.S. Board of Parole, "Order of Denial," 21 November 1939, Pendergast File.

Pendergast ran his political machine from this building at 1908 Main Street, Kansas City. St. Louis Post-Dispatch 412 Missouri Historical Review

Although known locally and nationally as the leader of a political machine, where henchmen committed many crimes, including vote fraud and were even at times suspected of murder, nevertheless the personal integrity and honesty of Mr. Pendergast were never directly questioned. . . . Following his plea of guilty, the greed of Mr. Pendergast for money became apparent. This greed for money was induced to satisfy his inveterate desire to wager on horse races, a desire which his attorneys characterized as a mania. He lost large sums of money on these horse races, it being alleged that in one year alone, he lost approximately $600,000 and to offset these losses it was necessary for him to obtain money from any source possible.53 An official news release by the parole board called clemency for Pendergast "unjustifiable and incompatible with the public interest."54 As expected, the national press applauded the decision, which in practical terms meant Pendergast would serve almost his full sentence.55 Pendergast, still in poor health, remained in the hospital and followed a settled prison routine. On January 7, 1940, the Kansas City Star published a front-page feature story purported to illustrate his new life. It depicted him as rising from a spring bed, rather than the prison- issued ones with steel slats used by the other three thousand inmates, and claimed he was washed and dressed before 6 A.M. He then waited in his tiny, isolated ground-floor room for the morning edition of the Star, which reached him uncensored, as it did other prisoner subscribers. Pendergast ate breakfast sparingly off a tin tray, while carefully reading virtually all of the newspaper. Aside from the morning and afternoon editions of the Star, he read little except the Reader's Digest. At work in the hospital, he took dictation from physicians in "firm, clear, rather rotund handwriting."56 According to the Star article, "He has had no other setbacks, contrary to rumors, but his condition, both as a result of his heart ailment and an intestinal disorder, has demanded constant residence in the hospital." True or not, here was the image of a "Boss at Bay" presented to the public not as a sick old man, but rather as a cunning dethroned leader managing to keep abreast with the flow of events from his cramped prison quarters. Matt Devoe, a Pendergast machine functionary serving time in Leavenworth for vote fraud, talked to Pendergast from time-to-time in the dispensary. "He was doing all right," Devoe recalled. "But he had a

53 Hartmann to Chief, Intelligence Unit, 6 June 1939, Pendergast File. 54 Department of Justice, "In re: Thomas J. Pendergast, Reg. No. 55295-L," ibid. 55 The "Division of Press Intelligence" provided a wide cross section of press commentary to the Bureau of Prisons, all in ibid. 56 Kansas City Star, 1 January 1940, quoted in Milligan, Missouri Waltz, 203-206. Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 413 family and it was embarrassing. He looked in good spirits, but he didn't laugh about it."57 Devoe, along with others convicted in the vote fraud cases, received expense money to support their families through the Pendergast organization while serving time in Leavenworth.58 Inevitably, rumors circulated that Pendergast, in violation of his sentence, surreptitiously continued to carry on political business. Judge Otis had ordered that Pendergast, starting with his entry into prison, could in no way participate in Kansas City politics or governance. Any violation would invite grave consequences. On January 9, 1940, during a private meeting at the Governor's Mansion in Jefferson City, anti- Pendergast Democrat Governor Lloyd C. Stark informed Internal Revenue Service Special Agent W. Harold Lane that he had informa­ tion that Pendergast might still be involved in Kansas City political manipulations. This confirmed Lane's own suspicions. Lane told Stark that a U.S. Treasury agent had overheard a conversation between Pendergast machine functionaries at a funeral, in which they talked about getting the organization out of state politics and concentrating on Kansas City and Jackson County.59 Lane had the impression that Caroline Pendergast had passed on a message from her husband detailing the strategy. Governor Stark used Lane's comment as the basis for a major speech, claiming that federal authorities suspected Pendergast of conducting political business from behind bars.60 Because Stark had a reputation for carefully checking information before going public, his comments received considerable publicity.61 In this instance, he may have acted prematurely. Lane, after carefully rechecking sources, decided that the rumors about Pendergast were unsubstantiated. Independently, Lane and Stark had received the same information from Elmer L. Isey, chief of the Intelligence Unit of the Internal Revenue Service. Lane determined the funeral comments to be unfounded and, after checking with Warden Hudspeth, decided that nothing was amiss at the penitentiary. Lane wrote:

57 Art Brisbane, "Old Times are Not Forgotten," quoted in Kansas City Star, 30 January 1991. 58 Reddig, Tom's Town, 294. 59 W. Harold Lane, "In re: Conference with Governor Lloyd C. Stark, Jefferson City," 17 January 1940, Pendergast File. 60 Mentioned in Hudspeth to Bennett, 22 January 1940, ibid. 61 Meeting between the author and Senior U.S. District Judge William H. Becker, 27 September 1988, Kansas City, Missouri. Judge Becker served as Stark's lawyer and his go-between with federal authorities, including Milligan, in the period leading up to Pendergast's indictment. Judge Becker said it would have been uncharacteristic for Stark to speak out in public on such an important issue if he was unsure of his information. 414 Missouri Historical Review

Warden Hudspeth informed me that the only visitors had been attorneys for Mr. Pendergast and members of his immediate family; that on each occasion the warden's office was informed in advance of the purpose of the visit; and that a guard was present during the interview with the prisoner to ascertain that the conversation with Mr. Pendergast did not pertain to subjects other than those of which the warden had been advised. Warden Hudspeth indicated that he had taken unusual precautions to prevent unwarranted information being obtained from Mr. Pendergast.62 Pendergast's presence in prison continued to vex authorities. Hudspeth, writing Director Bennett, called the rumor about Pendergast continuing to play politics "ridiculous." According to Hudspeth, Pen­ dergast's only visitors had been authorized family members and legal advisors. Hudspeth, however, admitted that Pendergast had talked about business with his lawyers. "Although the attorneys have the power to act for him when necessary," Hudspeth explained, "the record indicates that it was characteristic of Pendergast to conduct much of his business dealings without the formality of a bookkeeping system, which is evidently one of the reasons why the number of interviews with his attorneys has been required."63 Hudspeth did not mention that the Pendergast machine had been a family operation for half a century and that Pendergast's lawyers were his political associates. Some things were best left unsaid. Governor Stark decided to drop the matter, unless more conclusive evidence developed.64 The affair ended, but not before it had demonstrated how information someone thought they overheard could have repercussions in high places—at least when it involved Tom Pendergast. Curiously, Pendergast may have had the means to circumvent prison security measures. On June 13, 1940, Federal Bureau of Investi­ gation Director J. Edgar Hoover furnished information suggesting that Pendergast had wired what a bureau informer called "considerable money" out of Leavenworth to "big Jersey horse books." By that time, however, Pendergast had received his release, and the Bureau of Prisons made no effort to follow up on Hoover's information.65 62 Lane to Special Agent in Charge, 17 January 1940; Charles O'Berry, special agent in charge, to W. H. Woolf, acting chief, Intelligence Unit, Bureau of Internal Revenue, 17 January 1940, Pendergast File. 63 Hudspeth to Bennett, 19 January 1940, ibid. 64 Lane, on instructions from his superiors, called Stark to advise him that the rumors appeared unfounded. Bennett to Hudspeth, 25 January 1940, ibid. 65 J. Edgar Hoover, "Memorandum for the Assistant to the Attorney General, Mr. Matthew F. McGuire," 13 June 1940, ibid. The Department of Justice forwarded Hoover's memo to Bennett, who wrote across the bottom, "Released May 30—as widely published in news. No action," ibid. Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 415

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Pendergast's term in prison and deteriorating health un­ dermined his control of the Jackson County Democratic political machine.

State Historical Society of Missouri The process that led to Pendergast's leaving Leavenworth began in the spring of 1940. A "Medical Release Report" emphasized his poor physical condition during the "entire period of incarceration," indicating that he could not climb stairs, but had shown "no evidence of psychosis, depression or maladjustment at any time during his confinement." In a blunt statement, the report observed, "We still consider him to be a gravely ill patient as he has a coronary disease and is likely to have a fatal attack at any time."66 Against this grim assessment, Pendergast spent his last days behind bars. He paid his $10,000 fine, closed out his prison accounts, presented proof that he had a $2,500-a-month position waiting at the Ready-Mix Concrete Company and promised to fulfill the terms of his parole.67 At 9:00 A.M. on May 30, 1940, Memorial Day, Parole Officer Grout

66 "Medical Release Report," Thomas J. Pendergast, 15 April 1940, ibid. See also "Medical Certificate of Departing Prisoners," Thomas J. Pendergast, 27 May 1940, ibid. 67 Copy of Certificate of Payment of Fine, U.S. v. T J. Pendergast, 29 April 1940; Hudspeth to A. L. Arnold, 30 April 1940, ibid. An attorney said Pendergast had paid $140,000 of the $350,000 owed to the treasury by April 15, 1941, as a tax compromise. Kansas City Star, 10 April 1940. "Personal Ledger," Thomas J. Pendergast, Pendergast File. A form filed the previous year indicated that a job would be open "at any time." Vice President, Ready-Mix Concrete Company, to U.S. Board of Parole, 2 July 1939, ibid. Thomas J. Pendergast, "Conditions under which this Certificate of Conditional Release is Issued," 27 March 1940, ibid. 416 Missouri Historical Review took Pendergast into his custody and drove him to the U.S. Courthouse in Kansas City.68 There Pendergast received a memorandum setting out the provisions of his probation—notably that he could not take part in politics, go to 1908 Main Street, associate with undesirable people or leave Kansas City except for medical reasons.69 Next, Pendergast, accompanied by family members, went home to his Ward Parkway mansion.70 Further legal troubles lay ahead for Pendergast, but he never returned to jail. Even as he filled out his monthly parole reports, persons in high places remained interested in him. On June 15, 1944, Matthew Connolly, secretary to Senator Harry S. Truman, called the Board of Parole to inquire about Pendergast's status. A parole official provided minimal information, noting such things as Pendergast's conditional release date and official discharge on August 20, 1940.71 Many rumors, none verified, circulated around Kansas City that Pen­ dergast continued to engage in behind-the-scenes political machinations.

68 Discharge Order from the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri, Thomas J. Pendergast, 3 May 1940, ibid. Pendergast received ninety days off his sentence for "good conduct." "Certificate of Conditional Release," U.S. Board of Parole, 26 March 1940, ibid. 69 "Arrival Notice-Conditional Release," signed Pendergast and Grout, 30 May 1940, ibid. 70 Kansas City Times, 30 May 1940; Kansas City Star, 30 May 1940. 71 U.S. Board of Parole, "Record of Personal Contact by Telephone: In re: T. J. Pendergast," Matthew Connolly, 15 June 1944, Pendergast File.

After his release from prison, Pendergast returned to his home at 5650 Ward Parkway. St. Louis Post-Dispatch Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939-1940 417

In any event, Pendergast remained on probation until his death from heart disease on January 26, 1945. Pendergast required extraordinary treatment throughout his con­ finement. This would have been the case even if he had been in excellent health. Authorities recognized, even before they knew how ill he was, that he needed isolation from the general prison population, if only because of the possible demands on his time that he would have experienced in the form of requests for favors. His physical condition appeared so grave—a situation not entirely told to the public—that he probably should never have been in prison in the first place. Ironically, the medical evidence seems to indicate that Judge Otis, far from being too lenient, actually handed out too severe a sentence. Once Pendergast entered Leavenworth, parole after only five months was out of the question for political reasons. Judge Wood and the rest of the parole board followed an easy and popular course. The board would have been excoriated if Pendergast had been let out. Many people would not have believed that he was seriously ill, instead seeing an early release as another wealthy criminal pulling strings and using the excuse of poor health to get out of jail. Pendergast admitted his guilt; he served time in prison; and he died while on parole, a "Notorious Offender." Doubtlessly, his imprison­ ment had a fundamental impact on Kansas City and Missouri, leading directly to the destruction of the Pendergast machine and subsequent changes in the nature of Kansas City politics. Whether or not Pender­ gast, given his physical condition, should have been or then remained in jail involves legal and political considerations that will long interest students of the history of Missouri.

A Lasting Souvenir Proceedings at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Missouri State Funeral Directors' Association, St. Joseph, May 15, 16 and 17, 1894. . . . Met at Medical College . . . and adjourned to the Commercial Club room, where an elegant banquet was tendered. . . . The arrangements were most complete. . . . At each plate was laid a miniature wooden coffin lid. ... On turning the coffin lid over there was found printed on it the following menu: BANQUET . . . Bouillon, Utopia Flavored. Wafers, a la Jackson. Olives, Preserved. Radishes, with Ornaments. Sliced Tomatoes, with Thumb Screws. Cold Ham, Satin Puffed. Tongue, Embalmed by Heaton. Champagne Punch, Ozoline Flavor. Sweet­ breads in (Burial) Cases, with French Peas, a la Hax. Mayonnaise of Lettuce, with Hardening Compound. Cafe au Noir. Milk. Tea. Strawberries, with Coffin Trimmings. (Frank) Lemon Ice Cream. Assorted Cake, with Extension Handles. Bon-Bons on Name Plates. Coffin Nail Cigars. 418 Missouri Historical Review

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Cartersville (GA) Daily Tribune News Society Trustee H. Riley Bock Appointed to National Trail of Tears Advisory Council On March 13, 1992, Manuel Lujan, Jr., U.S. Secretary of the Interior, appointed H. Riley Bock, New Madrid County prosecuting attorney and a member of the State Historical Society's executive committee, to the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail Advisory Council. As a member of the council, Bock will consult with the interior secretary on development of a comprehensive plan and other matters relating to the trail, including the selection of rights-of-way, standards for erecting markers and the administration of the trail. Bock (second from right in the above photo) attended a reception honoring the council in Cartersville, Georgia, on April 8. Others attending the event, sponsored by Georgia's Etowah Valley Historical Society, included (from left) Jimmie Davis, hostess; Duane King, assistant director of the National Museum of the American Indian; Ken Eastin, trails coordinator for Arkansas Parks and Tourism; Dianne Tate, Etowah Valley Historical Society; and Eddie L. Tullis, chairman and chief executive officer of the Poarch Creek Indians. Historical Notes and Comments 419

NEWS IN BRIEF The National Archives—Central Plains The Daniel Boone Regional Library spon­ Region has announced new extended hours sored a public forum on "Clues to Your for its facility at 2312 East Bannister Road, Past" on April 5 at the Columbia Public Kansas City, Missouri. The center will be Library. Five panelists provided an over­ open on Mondays and Thursdays, 8 A.M. view of resources available in Columbia. to 8 P.M., and Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Laurel Boeckman, of the Society's Refer­ Fridays, 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. Volunteers will be ence Library, gave a presentation on "Using on duty to assist researchers. the State Historical Society of Missouri for Genealogical Research."

On February 19 the Sterling Price Camp #145, Sons of Confederate Veterans, St. Louis, met at the Midway Motor Lodge. The Moberly Area Community College Guest speaker Alexander C. Niven, of St. has formed the Jack Conroy Memorial Louis University, lectured on the "Euro­ Literary Society to support the Jack Con­ pean View of the American Civil War." roy Collection. The Conroy family donated Commander Patrick Hardy and members the Missouri author's collection of rare finalized plans for the April 11 Missouri books, which includes several thousand Division convention at Oakland House, volumes of American history, literature St. Louis. For further information contact and folklore, to the college. The collection Gene Dressel, Adjutant, 5291 Ville Rosa, will be placed in a special room in the Hazelwood, MO 63042. college's Kate Stamper Wilhite Library. Annual membership in the society is $25.00. Interested individuals should write Forty persons attended the March 3 Jack Conroy Memorial Literary Society, meeting of the Genealogical Society of Moberly Area Community College Founda­ Central Missouri in the Walters-Boone tion, College Avenue and Rollins Street, County Historical Museum, Columbia. Moberly, MO 65270, or call (816) 263- State Historical Society staff members 4110ext. 44. Elizabeth Bailey and Mark Thomas pro­ vided the program. Thomas spoke on news­ papers and census records while Bailey The Missouri Conference on History held related information on the Reference Li­ its 34th annual conference at the University brary and other collections. The program of Missouri-Columbia on April 10-11. also included a survey about the State Robert W. Richmond, past president of Historical Society, a display of Society the American Association for State and publications and handouts. Local History, and Don W. Wilson, archiv­ ist of the United States, were the featured speakers. Richmond spoke on "The State of the (Historical) Union" at the conference On April 4, Leona S. Morris, research luncheon. Wilson provided the keynote assistant for the Missouri Historical Re­ address, "Teaching for the Future by Reach­ view, gave a slide presentation on historical ing Into the Past." In keeping with the photography for an archives class in the conference's theme of state and local his­ School of Library and Informational Sci­ tory, several sessions explored facets of ence, Stewart Hall, University of Missouri- Missouri history: "Civil War and Recon­ Columbia. struction in Missouri and Kansas," "Mis- 420 Missouri Historical Review souri History in Local Records Collec­ Hall, 625 New Smizer Mill Road, Fenton, tions," "Race in Missouri," "The Great MO 63026, or call (314) 343-2080. Depression in Missouri" and "School De­ segregation in Missouri." James W. Goodrich, executive director of the Society, serves as a member of the The James J. Hill Reference Library conference's Steering Committee and will award a number of grants of up to chaired this year's Book Prize Committee. $2,000 to support research in the James J. At the meeting, he introduced the luncheon Hill and Louis W. Hill papers. The dead­ speaker and, at the evening banquet, pre­ line for applications is October 1, 1992; sented this year's Missouri Book on History awards will be announced in early 1993. Award to Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., pro­ For more information, contact W. Thomas fessor of history at the University of Mis­ White, James J. Hill Reference Library, souri-Columbia, for his Popular Images of 80 West Fourth Street, St. Paul, MN the Presidency: From Washington to Lin­ 55102. coln, published by the University of Mis­ souri Press. Patrick J. Huber, a graduate student at MU, received the annual Article on Missouri History Award for "The Lynch­ Paula L. McNeill, State Historical Soci­ ing of James T. Scott: The Underside of a ety manuscript specialist, presented two College Town," which appeared in Gateway papers at the National Art Education Heritage, Summer 1991. Lynn Wolf Gentz­ Association annual meeting, May 1-5, in ler, the Society's associate director, chaired Phoenix, Arizona. The papers were titled a session on "The History of the American. "The Evolution of Weaving as a Course of West." Study in Higher Education" and "Art in Laboratory Schools: the University of Mis­ souri Elementary School, 1912-1924."

The University of Kentucky announced that the second $500 Martin Luther King, The Museum of Ozarks' History, Spring­ Jr., Prize for Research in African-American field, has changed its name to "The History History will be awarded in February 1993. Museum of Springfield-Greene County at Submissions and nominations of scholarly the Bentley House." The new name better articles in the field of African-American reflects the museum's dedication to Spring­ history published in the calendar years field and the Greene County area. Museum 1991 and 1992 are invited. The deadline is hours are Tuesdays to Saturdays, 11:30 December 31, 1992. Send submissions to A.M. to 4:30 P.M. Martin Luther King, Jr., Prize Committee, Department of History, University of Ken­ tucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0027. On April 10 Kay Pettit and Mark Thomas of the Society's Newspaper Library staff traveled to Holden and Houstonia The City of Fenton has formed a com­ and borrowed over thirty years of news­ mittee to compile a town history suitable papers for microfilming purposes. F. Kirk for publication. Anyone with pictures Powell provided unfilmed back files of the and/or information relevant to prehistoric Holden Republican, Advance and Enter­ or historic people in the Fenton area should prise. Wilma J. McFail gave assistance in contact the committee. The address is Fen­ arranging for filming of the Houstonian, ton Historical Committee, Fenton City 1906-1913. Historical Notes and Comments 421

Pettit, Thomas and Donnell Ruthen­ trustees Vera H. Burk, Dr. James C. berg, Missouri Newspaper Project staff mem­ Olson, Dr. Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., ber, attended this year's meeting of the and John K. Hulston serve on the Friends U.S. Newspaper Project, held in Austin, council. Texas, April 29-May 1. The annual gather­ ing occurred in conjunction with the John Henry Faulk Conference on the First Amendment at the Center for American In May, four Campbell House Museum History, University of Texas Libraries. representatives—Mrs. Arthur R. Lindburg, On May 12-13, Pettit and Thomas re­ Donald H. Bergmann, Mrs. Earl C. Lind­ turned to Topeka, Kansas, and picked up burg and Willie J. Meadows—traveled to the remaining volumes of unfilmed Mis­ England and Northern Ireland. On May souri newspapers from the collection of 14 they represented Col. Robert Campbell's the Kansas State Historical Society. This New World home at the dedication of group includes over fifty years of titles "Aghalane," the rescued, reconstructed from around the state, including long runs house where Campbell was born in 1804. of the Kansas City Mirror of Progress and The structure now stands on the grounds the St. Joseph Journal. of the Ulster-American Folk Park in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. Dr. William J. Murtagh, former keeper of the National Register of Historic Places, The Friends of the University of Mis­ commented that the two Campbell houses souri-Columbia Libraries and the State exemplify one of the few cases where a Historical Society of Missouri Library held historic house museum in America has a their annual luncheon and meeting on counterpart in Europe and the two homes April 25 in the Donald W. Reynolds Alum­ have extensive contacts. ni Center on the University of Missouri- Columbia campus. Clay S. Jenkinson, a noted Thomas Jefferson impersonator, pro­ vided the luncheon address. Dr. Virginia A major television drama dealing with G. Young, a Society trustee and chair of the greatest of American frontiersmen, the Friends Recognition Committee, pre­ Daniel Boone, is now available on video­ sented Distinguished Friend Awards to Wil­ tape. The thirty-minute color production, liam H. "Bert" Bates, Dr. Haskell Monroe three years in the making, features an and the Kansas City Chapter of the MU original musical score, complete with the Alumni Association. Dr. James W. Good­ rousing "Ballad of Daniel Boone." To rich, the Society's executive director, and order the video (any format) for $59.50, Dr. Young and Francis M. Barnes III, write to Dr. James E. Paulding, Division Society trustees, are members of the of Fine Arts, Northeast Missouri State Friends executive committee. Society University, Kirksville, MO 63501.

Some American Language Hannibal Tri-Weekly Messenger, July 22, 1852. A writer in the N. Y. Evening Post says that Caucus is a pure Americanism, no synonym to it being found in any language. The thing it represents is also a piece of indigenous political machinery. The word is supposed to be corrupted from "Caulkers," from meetings held in Boston by Samuel Adams's father and twenty others, some of whom from the North End were caulkers by trade. 422 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Adair County Historical Society Blue Springs Historical Society New officers, serving until 1994, are At the March 3 meeting in the museum, Dennis Daniels, president; Mattie Swisher members heard Mary Martin review Grey Conlee, vice president; Odessa Ofstad, sec­ Ghosts of the Confederacy by Richard S. retary; and Emil Green, treasurer. The Brownlee. Elaine Meadows, a teacher at new museum is located in the Sojourners Thomas-Ultican School, and her students Building, 311 South Elson Street, in Kirks­ presented "Great Moments in History" at ville. the April 7 meeting. Affton Historical Society Bollinger County Historical Society The Reverend W. B. Faherty discussed The Society's Massey Log House in Mar­ his book, St. Louis: A Concise History, at ble Hill is open Saturdays, 9 A.M. to 4 P.M., the Society's quarterly meeting, January and Sundays, 1 to 4 P.M., May through 23, in the Affton Presbyterian Church. At October, and by appointment. the April 23 meeting, George Wunderlich Boone County Historical Society presented the "History of the St. Louis The Society met in its museum in Colum­ Militia." Officers for 1992 include Paul bia on February 16. Walter E. Allen, of Strippgen, president; Lorraine Bakersmith, Brookfield, discussed "George Caleb Bing­ vice president; Joan Remelius, treasurer; ham, The Artist—An Amateur's View­ and Helen May and Sharon Gralike, secre­ point," and Robert Smith, president of the taries. State Historical Society of Missouri, ex­ Barnard Community Historical Society plained the work of the Society. George The Society meets the third Thursday of Kennedy, managing editor of the Columbia each month, March through October, at 7 Missourian, presented the history of the P.M. at the Depot Museum in Barnard. University of Missouri School of Journalism The museum is open the last Sunday of at the April 26 meeting. Officers for 1992 each month from 2 to 5 P.M., or by appoint­ include Harold C. "Bo" Edwards, presi­ ment. dent; Don Sanders and Helen Judah, vice presidents; Dorothy Rankin, secretary; Barton County Historical Society Nelda McCrory, treasurer; and Liz Ken­ John Wagaman, Jr., vice president of nedy, historian. the Barton County State Bank, discussed the history of Barton County banks at the Boone-Duden Historical Society April 12 meeting in the Lamar Methodist On February 24 Booker Rucker, of the Church. Department of Natural Resources, gave a slide presentation about historic sites in Bates County Historical Society state parks to members gathered at the The Society held an oratorical contest August A. Busch Wildlife Area. Society for seventh and eighth graders on April 8 members met in the U.C.C. Church Hall, in the Presbyterian Church in Butler. The Femme Osage, on April 27 and heard theme was "The Forgotten Civil War Sol­ Willard Mounts discuss "The Pioneer and dier." Meetings are held the second Thurs­ The Prairie Lawyer—Boone and Lincoln day of each month at 7:30 P.M. in the Family Heritage." Officers for 1992 are Stagecoach Depot in Butler. Arthur Giuliani, president; Mary Peters, vice president; Billie Walls, treasurer; and Belton Historical Society Kate Giuliani, secretary. Paul Wyatt presented a program on the Carnegie Farm at the April 26 meeting in Boonslick Historical Society the Old City Hall. Leona S. Morris, research assistant for Historical Notes and Comments 423 the Missouri Historical Review, gave a Civil War Round Table of St. Louis slide presentation on the history of pho­ The Round Table met February 26 in tography at the March 27 meeting, held at Garavelli's Restaurant. Mark E. Neely, di­ Central Methodist College in Fayette. Soci­ rector of the Louis A. Warren Lincoln ety members brought family and historical Library and Museum in Fort Wayne, In­ photos for discussion. diana, presented "Mine Eyes Have Seen The Glory," about the high art of the Civil Cass County Historical Society War. Robert Johannsen, history professor The Society met on February 23 in Pear­ at the University of Illinois at Urbana- son Hall, Harrisonville. Members brought Champaign, discussed "Stephen Douglas items for display and discussion. At the and the Coming of the Civil War" at the April 26 meeting, C. Wayne Reid, Cass March 25 meeting. Larry J. Daniel, author County judge, spoke about "Railroads in of Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee, Cass County." spoke on his book's topic at the April 22 meeting. Cedar County Historical Society Jean Swaim presented a program about Clinton County Historical Society Missouri's folk music to members gathered At the January 11 meeting in the Clinton in the museum building in Stockton on County Courthouse, Plattsburg, Mark January 27. At the February 24 meeting, Carr discussed his collection of autographs held in the Community Building in Jerico of famous aviators. Chris Goldberg gave Springs, Roland Swaim gave a history of an overview of Civil War reenactment ac­ the Lions Club. A. E. Woodington, from tivities in Missouri at the March 14 meet­ Virgil City, discussed Indian culture at the ing. March 30 meeting in the Community Build­ ing in El Dorado Springs. Cole County Historical Society From February through June, the Soci­ Chariton County Historical Society ety's museum in Jefferson City featured an At the April 26 meeting, held at the exhibit on Lincoln University's 125-year museum in Salisbury, Lynn Wolf Gentzler, history. associate director of the State Historical Concordia Historical Institute Society of Missouri, discussed the facilities The Institute recently opened an exhibit and programs of the State Historical Soci­ marking the 80th anniversary of the Luth­ ety. The museum is open Saturdays and eran Church—Missouri Synod in China, Sundays from 2 to 4 P.M., June through featuring the diaries of Edward L. Arndt, October. photographs and Chinese artifacts. The Civil War Round Table of Kansas City exhibit is open 8:30 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., Mon­ Members gathered in the Homestead day through Friday. Concordia Historical Institute is located at 801 De Mun Avenue, Country Club, Prairie Village, Kansas, on Clayton. February 25 and heard Arnold Scholfield, historian at the Fort Scott National His­ Cooper County Historical Society toric Site, present "Ebony Warriors March The Society met February 10 in the to Glory," about black soldiers in Kansas. Otterville Presbyterian Church. Patricia Richard Skidmore, from Greencastle, In­ Luebbert, of the Missouri State Archives, diana, discussed "A Little Beyond April 9, spoke about land records and the conserva­ 1865" at the March 24 meeting. Haskell tion of documents. At the March 9 meeting Monroe, former chancellor of the Univer­ in the First Presbyterian Church, Boonville, sity of Missouri-Columbia, spoke about Betty Bowen discussed the history of the "The Odyssey of Rose O'Neal Greenhow" church, and Allison Yeager, local historian, at the April 30 meeting. presented a slide program on log buildings. 424 Missouri Historical Review

Robert Koffman, a Pettis County judge Friends of Historic Boonville and a Civil War reenactor, discussed some On May 16 the Friends sponsored the effects of the Civil War at the April 13 first annual "Big Muddy Folk Festival" in meeting in the Pleasant Green Methodist historic Thespian Hall. Cathy Barton Para, Church near Pilot Grove. Dave Para, Bob Dyer, Judy Domeny, Blue- stem and Sweeney's Dream were featured Dallas County Historical Society performers. Meetings are held in the Dallas County Museum at 7 P.M. on the third Thursday of Friends of Jefferson Barracks each month. At the February 20 meeting, The Friends met on April 8 in the Visi­ Monty Viets discussed "Old Time Medi­ tor's Center of Jefferson Barracks in St. cines and Funerals." Wayne Jones showed Louis. Kevin G. Abney, executive director a video, Civil War Re-Enactment—Wil­ of the National Association of the Civilian son's Battle Field, at the March 19 meet­ Conservation Corps, discussed the history ing. Under the sponsorship of the Missouri of the CCC and the national museum at Humanities Council, Ellen Gray Massey, Jefferson Barracks. of Drury College, presented "Use It Up, Wear It Out, Make It Do, or Do Without" Friends of Keytesville at the April 16 meeting. The Museum, The Sterling Price Museum in Keytes­ Crescent School and Eberhart Log Cabin, ville is open weekday afternoons, May all located in Buffalo Prairie Historical through September. Park, Buffalo, are open Sundays from 1 to Friends of Missouri Town-1855 5 P.M., May 31 through September 6. Toni Watson spoke about "The Joy of Florissant Valley Historical Society Herbs" at the April 5 meeting, held in The Society held its annual homes tour Woods Chapel, Blue Springs. Officers for on April 26. Featured homes included the 1992 are Mary Childers, president; Bette log houses at 1065 Washington Street and Broughton, vice president; Gwen Prince, 13360 Old Halls Ferry Road, the Gitte- secretary; and Norma Bowers, treasurer. meier House and houses at 55 Cheval Gasconade County Historical Society Court, 21 Talisman Way and 155 Benedic­ Erin Renn, site administrator at the tine. Deutschheim Museum in Hermann, dis­ Franklin County Historical Society cussed German settlers in Gasconade Coun­ Joe Harl, professor of archaeology at ty between 1830 and 1840 at the February the University of Missouri-St. Louis, dis­ 2 meeting in the Gasconade County Court­ cussed Native American history in the coun­ house, Hermann. At the April 26 meeting, ty and the excavations near Pacific at the held in the Masonic Hall, Owensville, April 26 meeting in the First Nationwide James Denny presented "The Secession Bank, Union. Crisis in Missouri: The 'Damned Dutch,' the Enigmatic Lyon and the Politics of Friedenberg Lutheran Historical Society Ambivalence." Officers for 1992 include The Society held its annual business Edwin Langenberg, president; Rueben meeting on March 21 in the Ladies Aid Brehe, vice president; Lois Hoerstkamp, Hall, Friedenberg. treasurer; and Sophia Rodenberg and Friends of Arrow Rock Norma West, secretaries. The Friends held their annual meeting, May 3, in the Arrow Rock State Historic Golden Eagle River Museum Site Visitor Center. Richard Forry, site Friends of the Museum celebrated the administrator, presented "An Overview of 50th anniversary of the Golden Eagle Club, the Permanent Exhibits Being Installed in February 2, with a dinner at Noah's Ark the Visitor Center." Restaurant in St. Charles. River films were Historical Notes and Comments 425 shown, and descendants of river families Teague, author of Searching for 66, spoke gave talks. A model of and relics from the about Route 66 at the Foundation's annual former Admiral are on display at the Mu­ meeting in the historic Webster School seum, May through October. The Museum, Building on May 5. located in the Nims Mansion in Bee Tree Park in South St. Louis County, is open Historical Association of Wednesdays through Sundays, 1 to 5 P.M. Greater Cape Girardeau This year marks the 25th anniversary of Grain Valley Historical Society the Association. At the March 9 meeting, The Society meets at 7:15 P.M. on the held in the Chateau Girardeau, Frank fourth Thursday of each month at 513 A Nickell, of Southeast Missouri State Uni­ Gregg Street, Grain Valley. Erma Baum- versity, discussed "Regional History, Re- gartner Doty spoke about the Stony Point gionalisms and the Mississippi River Valley area, south of Grain Valley, at the Febru­ Scenic Drive." ary 27 meeting. At the March 26 meeting, Barbara Overall Washburn presented in­ Historical Society of Maries County formation about the Pink Hill area in Members gathered at the courthouse in Jackson County. Byrl Webb discussed Vienna on April 23 and heard Elaine James Webb family history at the April 23 meet­ discuss pottery. ing. Historical Society of Polk County Granby Historical Society Robert Kifer spoke about his family's The Society meets the first Tuesday of chicken hatchery, Kifer Leghorn Farm, at each month, at 7:30 P.M., in the Miners the January 23 meeting in the North Ward Museum, 213 North Main Street, Granby. Museum, Bolivar. At the March 26 meet­ ing, David Reed, son of the late Arthur C. Grandview Historical Society Reed, a noted linguistics professor, dis­ The Society's museum is open Fridays, cussed "Ozark Dialects." 1 to 4 P.M., and Saturdays, 10 A.M. to 4 P.M., through December. At the April 6 Iron County Historical Society meeting, held in the museum, Pauline The Society met on April 20 in the First Simms presented a slide program about Baptist Church, Ironton, and Randall Cox early Grandview Labor Day celebrations. presented "Businesses in the Arcadia Valley in the 20th Century." Phoebe Apperson Hearst Historical Society, Inc. Jackson County Historical Society Members gathered in Phoebe Apperson In conjunction with Diessl Jewelers, the Hearst Friendship Park near St. Clair on Society sponsored an estate jewelry sale at April 12 to observe Arbor Day. the Wornall House in Kansas City in March. On April 28 the Society sponsored Henry County Historical Society the forum, "An 1856 Time Capsule: The The Society met on March 19 in the Arabia," in the Arthur Mag Center at the museum in Clinton, and Claude E. Nor- Midwest Research Institute. Officers for cross, of Drexel, discussed the early history 1992 are Jane Flynn, president; Daneen of Henry County. On April 4, the museum Barbour, vice president; Sarajane Aber, opened an exhibit of paintings of rural secretary; and James Nicol and Robert scenes by E. M. "Ike" Parker and Woodrow Hershey, treasurers. Parker. Jasper County Historical Society Historic Kansas City Foundation Society officers for 1992 include Steve Gary Fuenfhausen recently joined the Cottrell, president; Dan Crutcher and Steve Foundation as its new administrator. Tom Weldon, vice presidents; Doris Wardlow, 426 Missouri Historical Review secretary; and Nadine Crocket and Alice vice president; Marian Phelps, secretary; Lynn Ladd, treasurers. During the March and Susan Irwin, treasurer. 22 meeting, members toured the Gene Tay­ lor Museum in Sarcoxie. Lafayette County Historical Society Bill Rumsey and other Civil War reenac­ Joplin Historical Society tors presented the program at the April 25 On March 22 the Society celebrated Jop­ meeting, held in the depot at Higginsville. lin's 119th birthday at the Dorothea B. Hoover Museum. To order the Bonanza II Landmarks Association of Greater cookbook, on sale for $10.00, contact the St. Louis Society at P.O. Box 555, Joplin, Missouri The Association sponsored exhibits, lec­ 64802. tures and tours of local historic sites during Historic Preservation Week, May 9-17. Kansas City Fire Brigade The Brigade hosted its second annual Lawrence County Historical Society Fire Picnic and Games Day, April 25, on The Society met on January 19 in Jones the museum grounds in Kansas City. Com­ Memorial Chapel, Mount Vernon, and petitions and displays of antique fire Lynn McFarland, of Wilson's Creek Battle­ trucks, the LifeFlight helicopter and the field, examined the issues of the 1860 elec­ MAST ambulance highlighted the event. tion. At the March 15 meeting, Harlan Stark discussed mining in Aurora and Kansas City Westerners Lawrence County. The Westerners met February 11 in the Hereford House. Robert Knecht, of To- Meramec Station Historical Society peka, Kansas, presented "Trees to Treason, Meetings are held the second Tuesday the Slicker War in McDonald County, of each month at 7 P.M. in City Hall, Missouri." At the March 10 meeting, mem­ Valley Park. The Society sponsored a dis­ bers heard Ronald Miriani, professor of play, "Past, Present and Future," com­ history at Park College, Parkville, discuss memorating the 75th anniversary of the "Daniel Boone, the First Westerner." Con­ incorporation of Valley Park. ger Beasely recounted the massacre at Wounded Knee at the April 14 meeting. Miller County Historical Society Patricia Luebbert, senior archivist with Kimmswick Historical Society the Missouri State Archives, discussed the Members gathered on February 3 in preservation of documents and photo­ Kimmswick Hall and heard Mayor Martha graphs at the April 12 meeting, held in the Patterson and Police Chief William Laub museum in Tuscumbia. Officers for 1992 discuss the future of Kimmswick and the are Dan Gier, president; John Dowler, Society's role. On April 12 several members vice president; Peggy Hake, secretary; and participated in the 75th birthday celebra­ Helen Gibson, treasurer. tion of the state park system, held at Mas­ todon Park, Imperial. Missouri Historical Society On March 19-22 the Society and Wash­ Kirkwood Historical Society ington University cosponsored the second On March 10 the Society held its quar­ Black Heartland Conference, which focused terly meeting in the Grace Episcopal on music and migration. To accompany Church. The program included a slide show its exhibit, "St. Louis on the Home Front," about Mudd's Grove, a local pre-Civil War the Society presented the play Operation landmark, and a presentation of restoration Home Front in the Jefferson Memorial ideas for the house by interior design stu­ Building on March 27-29. The Missouri dents from Maryville College. Officers for Heritage Fair, sponsored by the Society, 1992 are Joe Godi, president; de Davison, took place on May 2-3 on the grounds of Historical Notes and Comments 427 the Jefferson Memorial Building in Forest frontier life in 1837, the year of the Platte Park. Purchase. Moniteau County Historical Society Old Trails Historical Society Mary Beck, with the Missouri State Members gathered in the Bacon Log Archives, discussed "Beginning Genealogy" Cabin in Manchester on March 18 and at the March 9 meeting in City Hall, Cali­ heard Bill Belpulsi discuss his collections fornia. The Genealogy Room at the Soci­ of glass bottles and arrowheads. At the ety's Newton House, California, is now April 22 meeting in the Springs Restau­ open Thursdays and Saturdays, 2 to 5 rant, Manchester, Jim Merkle, curator of P.M., and Fridays, 7 to 9 P.M. The Society the Museum of Transportation, gave a has a new publication, A Pinch of This slide presentation, "Trains and Transpor­ and a Dash of That, compiled by Mildred tation." Officers for 1992 are Susan Simons, Snead. It sells for $3.75 postpaid; contact president; Janice Digirolamo and Trudy the Society at P.O. Box 263, California, Trautmann, vice presidents; Til Keil, sec­ Missouri 65018. retary; and Sandy Ennis, treasurer. Monroe County Historical Society Osage County Historical Society The Society observed its 25th anniversary The Society met February 24 in the on April 27 in the Monroe County Court­ Sacred Heart Parish Hall in Rich Fountain. house, Paris. John Crall, one of the organ­ Pam Miner, from the Missouri State Ar­ izers of the Society, gave the keynote ad­ chives, discussed the local records survey dress. in Osage County. John G. Neihardt Corral of the Westerners Ozark County Genealogical The Westerners met on February 13 in and Historical Society the Days Inn, Columbia, and heard mem­ New officers include Eloise Sletten, presi­ ber Knox McCrory present "Stories and dent; Ruby Robins, vice president; and Songs of the Cattle Drives." At the March Lyndell Strong, secretary-treasurer. 12 meeting, member Gene Ruhr examined Perry County Historical Society "Where the Buffalo Roamed." Nancy Rus­ The Society held its annual meeting on sell discussed "A Day in the Life of a April 25 in Twin Halls, Perryville, and Colonial Family" at the April 9 meeting. Clare Condon provided a musical program. Newton County Historical Society New officers are Olene Heflin, president; Andrew and Mary Jean Barker gave a David Toney and Robert Difani, vice pres­ program about black history at the Febru­ idents; Marge Mills and Barbara Sparkman, ary 20 meeting in the Bank of Neosho. At secretaries; and Carleen Jung, treasurer. the March 29 meeting, Basil and Flora Perry County Lutheran Historical Society Cogbill discussed building traditional musi­ Members gathered in the Trinity Luth­ cal instruments and playing traditional eran School, Altenburg, on March 15 and music. Harlan Stark presented a program heard Mrs. Luther Hermann, of Frohna, a about the Newton County strawberry in­ native of Brazil, discuss the work of the dustry at the turn of the century at the church in that country. April 16 meeting. On April 12, the museum sponsored a youth art show and competi­ Pike County Historical Society tion to celebrate Thomas Hart Benton's On April 14 the Society held its quarterly birthday. meeting in the Bowling Green Presbyterian Church. The Reverend M. Anderson Sale, Nodaway County Historical Society executive presbyter of the Missouri Union During April and May, the museum in Presbytery, discussed the beginning of the Maryville featured an exhibit reflecting Presbyterian church in Missouri. 428 Missouri Historical Review

Platte County Historical Society and heard Jo Ann Brown discuss "St. At the April 26 meeting, members toured Charles Borromeo, 200 Years of Faith." the Arabia Steamboat Museum in Kansas St. Francois County Historical Society City. The Society met on January 24 in the Pony Express Historical Association Ozarks Federal Savings and Loan Building Craig Pierce, of the Missouri 8th Volun­ in Farmington, and Pam Hunt discussed teer Infantry reenactors, presented "North­ beginning genealogy. At the March 25 west Missouri During the Civil War" at meeting, James Kelly, probate judge in St. the February 9 meeting in the Patee House Francois County, explained the procedures Museum, St. Joseph. At the April 12 meet­ of the probate office. Bill Bennett shared ing, Nancy Davis discussed "Missouri His­ his experiences working in the lead mines tory Through Story and Song" and played at the April 22 meeting. the dulcimer. St. Joseph Historical Society Ralls County Historical Society The Society held its quarterly meeting Members gathered in the VFW Auxiliary on April 12 in the Robidoux Row Museum. Building on February 17 and participated Dale Nimz, associate planner for historic in a family history/memorabilia program. preservation, spoke about "The Value of History in St. Joseph's Future." Ray County Historical Society The Society held its annual meeting, Saline County Historical Society January 16, in the museum in Richmond. Gary R. Kremer, professor of history at Steve Hitchcock presented a slide program William Woods College, Fulton, presented about the Santa Fe Trail. At the April 9 "Missouri Mirror: Changing Images of the meeting in the Eagleton Center, Richmond, Show-Me State" at the April 26 meeting, Milford Wyss, past president of the Society, held in the Buckner House, Marshall. discussed "Historical and Significant Wom­ Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray en of Ray County." New officers are At the February 16 meeting, held in the Harold Barchers, president; Miller Van- American Bank in Maryville, past president Pelt, vice president; Betty Hill Gundy, sec­ George Hinshaw discussed the life and retary; and Wilma Witte, treasurer. writings of Union soldier Ambrose Bierce. Raytown Historical Society President William Mauzey presented the On March 21 the Society held its ninth videotape, Bloody Shenandoah, at the annual Spaghetti Day at the Knights of March 15 meeting. At the April 19 meet­ Columbus Hall. Proceeds help maintain ing, James Curram showed a videotape of Birth of a Nation. the Society's museum at 9705 East 63rd Street. It is open from 10 A.M. to 4 P.M., South East Missouri Civil War Wednesdays through Saturdays, and 1 to Round Table 4 P.M., Sundays. Velma Parker, of Arcadia, discussed "Fort Sumter—Murphy's Law in Action" Ripley County Historical Society at the April 2 meeting of the Round Table Kevin Monroe, history professor at in the Ozark Regional Library, Ironton. Three Rivers Community College, Poplar Bluff, discussed the 1st Missouri Infantry Stoddard County Historical Society Regiment, C.S.A., at the April 13 meeting The Society met on March 23 in the in the museum in Doniphan. Three Brothers Restaurant, Bloomfield. Jim Mayo related the history of The Stars and St. Charles County Historical Society Stripes, a military newspaper, and noted Members gathered in the Bogey Hills that the first issue was published in Bloom­ Country Club in St. Charles on April 25 field, November 9, 1861. Historical Notes and Comments 429

Stone County Historical Society Wentzville Community Historical Society Dick Mitchell, retired Stone County con­ On March 18 the Society met in the servation agent, discussed the flora, fauna Green Lantern Senior Center, and mem­ and topography of the county at the April bers toured the Society's museum, located 5 meeting in the Law Enforcement Center, in the Center. The Society's new secretary Galena. Carl Logan and Elba Johnson is Bruce P. Mueller. were reelected as president and secretary, respectively, for 1992. Westphalian Heritage Society The Society recently organized and held Sullivan County Historical Society its first meeting on October 27, 1991, in At the April 6 meeting, held in the the Westphalia Museum in Westphalia. Its museum in Milan, the Society announced goal is to perpetuate the international heri­ that their museum building has been listed tage of Westphalians through the promo­ in the National Register of Historic Places. tion of cultural, historical, genealogical and educational exchanges. Officers are Leroy Texas County Missouri Genealogical and F. Ortmeyer, president; Leroy E. Engel- Historical Society brecht, vice president; Patricia F. Hilke- At the February 24 meeting in the meyer, secretary; Mary Ann Klebba, trea­ Stained Glass Theater, Houston, Ellen surer; and Adolf E. Schroeder, executive Gray Massey, of Drury College, presented director. "Use it Up, Wear it Out, Make it Do, or Do Without." Patricia Luebbert and Mary Westport Historical Society Beck, from the Missouri State Archives, On February 21 members met in the discussed "Restoration and Preservation Woodside Racquet Club, Westwood, and of Old Photos, Newspapers and Letters" heard a program of Civil War music by at the March 23 meeting. Chris Edwards, of Columbia. The Society held a chili supper fund-raiser on March 7 Union Cemetery Historical Society at the Harris-Kearney House in Westport. Members met in the Sexton's Cottage in the Union Cemetery, Kansas City, on Feb­ White River Valley Historical Society ruary 29. John Yacos, of Crown Center R. Layne Morrill, of Kimberling City, Development Corporation, presented plans presented a program about the town of for developing the area around the ceme­ "Notch and Stone County" to members tery. At the March 28 meeting, Robert gathered in the Friendship House, College Frye, of Union Hill Acquisitions, Inc., of the Ozarks, Point Lookout, on March discussed future plans for Union Hill.

Met His Fate Not His Glory Linn Unterrijied Democrat, August 30, 1900. Ed Lockwood may deny being in the pork packing business, but strong evidence almost convicts him nevertheless. When Mrs. Lockwood arose Tuesday morning she was startled to discover the hind legs of a hog protruding out of a barrel that stood near the house. Upon examination she learned that Mr. hog [sic] came to his untimely end by a premeditated trespass. He got into the yard and then ascended the steps of a back porch where he proceeded to eat swill out of a barrel that stood conveniently near. While helping himself he evidently lost his balance, and into the well-filled barrel he plunged, head forward. Not-withstanding the fact that he was a large hog he could not extricate himself, and he met his fate where he thought was his glory. The remains were claimed by Bill Kleoppel. 430 Missouri Historical Review

GIFTS Ben W. Alexander, Columbia, donor: Postcards of Missouri buildings and scenes, (E); programs and publications relating to agriculture and colleges in Missouri. (R)* B-26 Marauder Historical Society, donor, through George Parker, Columbia: "The Martin B-26 Marauder: A Bibliography," by John O. Moench and Esther M. Oyster. (R) Estate of Hampton Ball, donor, through First National Bank and Trust Company, Columbia: Seventeen volumes for the Reference Library. (R) Wilma Barber, Brazeau, donor: "A History of the Brazeau Presbyterian Church, Brazeau, Missouri, 1819-1970." (R) Robert A. Baumann, St. Louis, donor: Several issues of St. Louis Dining and Missouri Wine Country Journal. (R) Carolyn Berry, Monterey, California, donor: Material on the Berry family. (R) Trenton Boyd, Columbia, donor: Telephone books for St. Louis, Brazito, Centertown and Callaway County. (R) Tom B. Brown, Edina, donor: Civil War Document, 1862. (M) Mrs. Huston Caldwell, Kansas City, donor: Missouri, Blackburn, Tax Book, 1883-1886. (M) Capper Press, Topeka, Kansas, donor: The Missouri Quick-Fact Book. (R) Chariton County Historical Society, donor, through Martha Fellows, Salisbury: The Salisbury Story: Yesteryear to This Year, 1867-1967. (R) Chelsea House Publishers, New York, New York, donor: Daniel Boone - Taming the Wilds, by Katharine E. Wilkie. (RFC) Lucille Cobb, Columbia, donor: Stout and Allied Families, by Herald F. Stout. (R) Bess Copeland, Bismarck, donor: "The Vance Family in America . . . ," includes four Missouri counties, by donor. (R) Patsy Ponder Dalton, Columbia, donor: "Report of the Boone County Government Review Team." (R) Daniel Boone Regional Library, donor, through LaDonna Justice, Fulton: Eleven telephone directories for Missouri communities and regions. (R)

•These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (R) refers to Reference Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (N), Newspaper Library; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Room. Historical Notes and Comments 431

Everett A. Dietle, Columbia, donor: University of Missouri-Columbia, "Mystical Seven Alumni Directory," 1987. (R) Damian L. Dietlein, St. Meinrad, Indiana, donor: Five family tree updates for branches of the Heembrock family, by donor. (R) Lewella May Yates Dobronte, Lakeland, Florida, donor: Typescripts of "Diary of Trip to Pike's Peak in 1859," by William Yates, and "Diary of Wheeling Tour, Summer 1896," by Benjamin Martin Yates. (R) Mrs. George M. Ewing, Norman, Oklahoma, donor: "An Outline of My Life and Heritage," by George McNaught Ewing. (R) First Christian Church, Jefferson City, donor, through Jewel Quinn: First Christian Church publications for 1991. (R) Skip Gatermann, St. Louis, donor: Color postcard of St. Louis Public Service Car #60, (E); items relating to St. Louis and Missouri. (R) Genealogical Society of Central Missouri, donor, through Max Miller, Columbia: An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Boone County, Missouri (1875), reprint, 1991, with index by donor. (R) Vernon M. Gibbs, Palestine, Texas, donor: Material on the Gibbs family. (R) George W. Giles, Troy, donor: "Montgomery County, Missouri Marriages, 1864-1873 Indexed," edited by donor, and "Lincoln County Missouri Index ... to Bicentennial and Centennial Publications," compiled by donor. (R) Charlotte Griffith, donor, through Drew Griffith, Clarksville: "The Griffiths from Culpepper to Bourbon to Pike," by donor. (R) J. Hurley and Roberta Hagood, Hannibal, donors: Telephone directories and publications relating to Hannibal. (R) Jean Tyree Hamilton, Marshall, donor: Newspapers and other items relating to Saline County. (N) & (R) Ira Ann Hawkins, Ironton, donor: The Story of the Baptist Home, Ironton, Missouri, by donor. (R) Ralph and Marian Hayden, Bowling Green, donors: Material on the Hayden and related families and some Frankford, Missouri, and regional history, by donor. (R) James Medley Hill, donor, through Terry Hill, New Boston: "A History of Lile School," Macon County, by donor. (R) Gregory Holland, Southfield, Michigan, donor: "Palmyra: A Play in Three Acts," by donor. (R) Patricia Hood, Norman, Oklahoma, donor: Three photographs and one postcard relating to Sellers family and Bolivar, Mis­ souri. (E) 432 Missouri Historical Review

Helen K. Howie, Sikeston, donor: "World War II: Sikeston, MO and what we did to help," compiled by Lois R. Murback. (R) Lyndon N. Irwin, Bois D'Arc, donor: Darrtown to Fairfield and Beyond: The Descendants of John and Mary Welsh Irwin, by donor. (R) Elisabeth Jackson, Wichita, Kansas, donor: Postcards of Baltimore Hotel and the Institutional Church, Kansas City, and Snapp's Hotel, Excelsior Springs. (E) Larry A. James, Neosho, donor: ". . . 1890 Special Census of Newton County. Volume II," by donor, (N); over 200 color slides of Missouri sites, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s. (E) Johnson County Museum System, Shawnee, Kansas, donor, through Anne Chiarelli Jones: Printed speech of Honorable Thomas L. Anderson, of Missouri, to voters, 1858. (R) Lena Newmyer Jones, Macon, donor, through Barbara Jones Brown: "Memoirs of Elmer Van Pelt of Macon County, Missouri." (R) Ara Kaye, Columbia, donor: Program, volunteer recognition banquet, Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital. (R) Kershner Family Association, Charlotte, North Carolina, donor: Kershner Kinfolk, Volume 10 (1991). (R) Allan C. Knapp, League City, Texas, donor: Sepia, panoramic photograph of buildings and columns on the University of Missouri quadrangle, Columbia, 1915. (E) Dorothy L. Kruger, Blackwater, donor: Benjamin A. Cooper (1753-1840), Collection. (M) Patricia (Stefani) Lane, Des Moines, Iowa, donor: "Iowa Obituaries: Des Moines Register, September 1988-December 1990, People Who Died in Iowa, But Have Missouri Roots," compiled by donor. (R) Lathrop High School, donor, through Brenda Parker, Lathrop: Yearbook, Selum, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1987, 1989-1991. (R) Lerner Publications Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota, donor: Textbook for grades 3 through 6, Missouri. (RFC) Rutti M. (Mayhugh) Light, Madison, donor: The Mayhugh Family Genealogy with Allied Families and Some May hew and Mayhue Lines, by Geraldine Hemp Mayhugh and Ruth Margaret Mayhugh Burnett. (R) Lorene McCleary, Adrian, donor: Twentieth Century Agriculture in Bates County, Missouri, by Lorene and Norman McCleary, (R); eight postcards of agricultural scenes. (E) Historical Notes and Comments 433

John McClendon, Black Culture Center, Columbia, donor: "Perspectives: The Contributions of Black Missourians to African American His­ tory," by donor. (R) Robert J. Maurer, Columbia, donor: Photocopy of General JO Shelby letter to Colonel Snead, 1866. (R) Metropolitan Publishing Corporation, Springfield, donor: Callaway County, Columbia, Lake of the Ozarks and Rolla area telephone direc­ tories. (R) Missouri East Annual Conference, United Methodist Church, donor, through Robert Gail Woods, St. Louis: Miscellaneous publications, brochures and directories of churches in the conference. (R) Moniteau County Historical Society, donor, through Richard A. Schroeder, California: Publications relating to the Moniteau County Fair, 1966 and 1991. (R) Siegmar Muehl, Iowa City, Iowa, donor: "Hermann, Missouri: History Sources in German-American Newspapers, 1840- 1854," translated by donor. (N) Anna Louise Sanford Myers, Mendocino, California, donor: Anna Louise Myers, Papers. (M) Northwest Missouri Genealogical Society, donor, through Kenneth D. Cox, St. Joseph: "DeKalb County Missouri Deaths from Area Newspapers, 1907-1910," by Kenneth D. Cox and Doris E. Lett. (N) Cheryl Oberhaus, Columbia, donor: Audrain County Missouri Plat Book, 1964 and 1978, loaned for copying. (R) Charles O'Dell, Columbia, donor: Miscellaneous items on Missourians and Missouri history, (R); "Monroe County, Missouri 1931-1932: A Genealogical and Historical Examination, Based on Material From ..." newspapers, by donor. (N) Gloria O. Palmer, Santa Ana, California, donor: "Elsberry Family Records: A Compilation" and "Family Lines," both compiled by donor. (R) Beverly H. and Walter L. Pfeffer II, Columbia, donors: Miscellaneous newsletters, programs, invitations and brochures from a variety of business, educational, civic, conservation, cultural, charitable and political organizations and associations. (R) Phelps County Genealogical Society, donor, through Western Historical Manuscript Collection, Rolla: Over sixty-five Missouri city and area directories. (R) Peggy Platner, Columbia, donor: Forty-five art prints by Missouri and western artists. (A) R. L. Polk & Co., Kansas City, donor: City directories for Lebanon and Rolla, 1990, and Trenton, 1991. (R) 434 Missouri Historical Review

Henry Polowy, New Bloomfield, donor: Education in the United States: A Proposal for an Entirely New Approach, as Proposed by a . . . Task Force of Missouri Citizens, edited by donor. (R) Mary H. Ray, Columbia, donor: Index to Worth County portion of Gentry and Worth County history, 1882. (R) Judith Redfield, Columbia, donor: Photograph of interior of the Conley-Myers Bank, Columbia, (E); 115 highway county maps in Missouri, after 1940 survey. (R) Alice E. Richardson, Kansas City, Kansas, donor: "Morris-Baker-Saunders," by donor. (R) St. Louis Genealogical Society, St. Louis, donor: "A Guide to Genealogical Research in St. Louis," by Edward E. Steele. (R) Robert C. Smith, Columbia, donor: Three black and white photographs of Haden Opera House and Boone County Trust Company buildings, Columbia, (E); exhibition catalog, "The Columbus of the Woods: Daniel Boone . . . ," by J. Gray Sweeney. (R) Scott Standifer, Columbia, donor: Videotape, Missouri Flashback II: Missouri Environmental History, produced by donor. (E) Tom Stevens, Columbia, donor: The Conger Family of America, Volume II, compiled by Helen Maxine Crowell Leonard. (R) Today's Farmer Magazine, donor, through Mark Johnson, MFA Inc., Columbia: 1991 bound volume of Today's Farmer. (R)

University of Missouri School of Law, Columbia, donor, through Patricia H. Epps: Several issues of the Law School Transcript. (R) Edward Wade, Nyssa, Oregon, donor: Three 8x10 color photographs of mules, 1942. (M) Rex M. Whitton, Jr., Kansas City, donor: Rex M. Whitton Papers. (M)

Kathleen Wilham, Shelby ville, donor: Salem Baptist Church, Monroe County, Missouri, Records, 1857-1916. (M) Sonja Wood, Lawrence, Kansas, donor: Fort Osage High School, calendar, 1985-86. (R) Robert G. and Margie McDaniel Woods, St. Louis, donors: Genealogical material and programs and brochures for St. Louis area churches and organizations. (R) Larry Young, Columbia, donor: Bronze sculpture, Genesis, by donor. (A) Historical Notes and Comments 435

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Boonville Record March 24, April 28, 1992—"Historical Footnotes," a series by the Friends of Historic Boonville, featured respectively: Roslyn Heights, the Speed Stephens house and the A. H. Stephens house, and the first air mail service to Boonville, May 19, 1938. Bourbon Beacon February 20, 1992—"Skirmish at White Oak Farm," 1862, by Harry H. Missey and James King. March 12—"Some [Protestant] Missouri immigrants wore orange on St. Pat's Day." Branson Beacon February 15, March 21, April 18, 1992—"Vintage Views," a series, featured respectively: Dr. Thomas Jefferson and Nannie Carr McCord; the Branson Hotel, around 1905; and ferries across the White River, about 1907. March 25—"Jim Owen promoted area to nationwide audience," by Jodie Davidson. March 25—"Truman Powell served as publisher, teacher, official," by Robert Kornfield. March 25—"People and Places" section featured information about the history of area towns. Braymer Bee February 6, 1992—"Past Peeks: Cowgill School—1940." February 13—An article about Tobbin Valley School, by Anne Chadwick. Brunswick Brunsmcker February 6, 1992—"Little remains of Village of Newhall." February 27—"Local boys fought in 1837 Seminole War." This and the article above by Blake Sasse. March 26, April 2, 9, 16—A series of articles about Fort Orleans, by Tom Kenny. April 9, 16—"The History of Hamden," by Blake Sasse. Butler news-Xpress February 7, 1992—An article about Walton's Opera House, Butler. March 13—Mr. Slater "Takes last chaw as he's executed." This and the article above by Pat McGuire. March 27—"Bates County brutalized during border wars," by Sonny Wells. California Democrat April 29, 1992—A special section, "A Guide to Moniteau County: People Working Toward Progress," featured many historical articles. Canton Press-News Journal February 6, 13, March 5, 12, April 16, 23, 1992—"Yesteryear's Pictures," a series, featured respectively: a view of Lewistown around 1915; Bert Butler's mules; the Central Community Club around 1940; the Hotel Welch; Monticello in the 1920s; and the Poultry House, LaGrange. *Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian January 15, 22, 29, February 5, 12, 19, 26, March 4, 11, 18, 25, 1992—"The River City of Cape Girardeau and its environs," a series by K. J. H. Cochran. •Indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. 436 Missouri Historical Review

February 16—An article about the 25th anniversary of the Historical Association of Greater Cape Girardeau, by Peggy Scott. February 18—An article about Helen Carter, the first black graduate of Southeast Missouri State University in Cape Girardeau. March 22—"JCPenney [sic] observes 90th year; has had Cape store since 1924," by B. Ray Owen. Carrollton Daily Democrat April 17, 1992—Information about the Carroll County courthouse. Chaffee North Scott County News February 20, 1992—"Eisleben [Lutheran] church is rich in history." April 2—"Ministry of [First] Christian Church spans 85 years in Chaffee." * Clayton West End Word March 19, 1992—"Stockton house" on Samuel Shepard Drive, by Ann Brennan. Clinton Daily Democrat April 9, 1992—Photographs of the construction of the road between Deep water and Clinton, 1921. Columbia Daily Tribune February 9, 1992—"Scraps & Pieces," a series by Francis Pike, featured the mill and distillery at Rock Bridge. Columbia Missourian February 2, 1992—"Academic Hall." February 9—"Columbia Public Library." February 14—"The ghost of [Jackson] Scholz runs in M.U. history," by Amy Ryan. February 16—"Boone County Courthouse." February 23—"Greenwood Heights." March 1—"The Hickman House," near New Franklin. March 16—An article about Jack Matthews, dean of students at the University of Missouri-Columbia, 1950-1970, by Melissa Nelson. April 12—"Old M-K-T Railroad Station." April 19—"Missouri State Teachers Association." April 26—"Gordon Manor and Cabin." Concordia Concordian February 12, 1992—St. Paul's "Lutheran school dedicated 70 year [sic] ago," by Nora Hartwig. Crane Chronicle/Stone County Republican February 13, 1992—"Crane School—1915." Cuba Free Press February 20, 1992—Ed Crist, "Looking back over a half-century in banking." Doniphan Prospect News February 19, 1992—"Memories of Union School And 'Miss Bess,'" by Geri Kernodle. Edina Sentinal April 22, 1992—"'And the Walls Came Tumbling Down,' as Knox City School Building Is Demolished," by Hazel Bledsoe Smith. Historical Notes and Comments 437

*E1 Dorado Springs Star April 30, 1992—An article about "Historical Hysteria Day" included information about the history of El Dorado Springs. Eldon Advertiser April 9, 1992—"Window to the Past," a series by Peggy Smith Hake, featured the Red or Baumhoer School, near St. Elizabeth. Ellington Reynolds County Courier February 20, 1992—"Simpson Lee Sanders—Spanish-American War Veteran," by Gerald Angel. March 19, April 16—"Historical Reynolds County," a series, featured respectively: the Frost Mill explosion, 1913, and the county highway department's new tractor, 1917. April 9—"Bethlehem Church and School," by Gerald Angel. April 16—"The Dr. John Benjamin Gordon Story." Farmington Press-Advertiser March 10, 1992—Information about the Iron Mountain Hotel in Iron Mountain. March 17—"Carleton College." March 24—"Farmington In The '40's." March 31—"St. Francois County Courthouse." This and the article below by Laura Barton. April 14—"Farmington—The Early Days." Fayette Advertiser March 4, 1992—An article about the architectural styles of Fayette buildings, by Mary Ellen McVicker and Sharon Korte. Flat River Daily Journal April 24, 1992—"The hanging day, Charles H. Hardin went to his death with religious speech, not confession." Forsyth Taney County Republican April 11, 1992—Information about Truman Hayes, superintendent of Forsyth schools, 1916. Gainesville Ozark County Times February 19, 1992—"How St. Louis Survived the Panic of [18]'73." Glasgow Missourian March 5, 1992—"Cemetery is all that remains of Aholt," by Blake Sasse. Greenfield Vedette March 26, 1992—"The Fate Of The Washington Hotel - Part 2," by Sarah Barham. Hannibal Courier-Post February 22, 1992—"Street cleaning routine project during 1950s." April 25—"An area bursting with history, Cardiff Hill," by J. Hurley and Roberta Hagood. Higginsville Advance April 24, 1992—Information about Nic Hug's first park in Higginsville. Ironton Mountain Echo April 29, 1992—Fort Davidson State Historic "Site is reminder of battle" of Pilot Knob. 438 Missouri Historical Review

April 29—Missouri Home for Aged Baptists in Ironton, "80 years old and still going strong." Jackson Cash-Book Journal April 29, 1992—Emanuel United Church of Christ celebrates 125th anniversary. Jamesport Tri-County Weekly March 5, 1992—Information about the Jamesport Mineral Springs and Bath. Kansas City Star February 8, 1992—An article about jazz in Kansas City, by Robert Trussell. King City Tri-County News April 10, 17, 24, 1992—"A Postcard from the Prairie," a three-part series about tornadoes in the King City area, by Gordon Howitt. Kirksville Daily Express & News February 25, 1992—A photograph of A. T. Still Surgical Sanitarium. Lamar Democrat April 15, 1992—"The day they cut off the lights," by Dale Wootton. Lancaster Excelsior February 19, 1992—"1930 History of Queen City," by J. W. Miller. La Plata Home Press February 19, 1992—"La Plata in the 30s & 40s," by Bill Bullock. February 26—"La Plata Man [Calvin Round] Recounted Fierce Civil War Battle At Centralia," reprinted. Marshall Democrat-News February 27, 1992—An article about George Washington Hart and Margaret Eleanor Strain Hart. March 26—Information about Good Hope Church. Marshfield Mail March 5, 1992—Information about the Klondike School. Maryville Daily Forum February 6, 1992—"Veterans CCC Camp ravaged by a tornado in 1934," by Martha Cooper. Mexico Ledger February 1, 29, March 7, 14, April 25, 1992—"Yesterday in Mexico," a series, featured respectively: a Mexico, Santa Fe and Perry Traction Company streetcar, around 1910; a school bus of the Jeffries Taxi Company, about 1932; the Sweetheart Bakeries; the groundbreaking ceremonies for the Mexico, Santa Fe and Perry Traction Company's power house; and the 1922 groundbreaking ceremonies for Richardson Hall, Hardin College. Milan Standard January 30, 1992—"History of Milan opera house," by Joe McCarty. April 16—Sullivan County "Historical] Sfociety] Museum into National Register of Historic Places." Historical Notes and Comments 439

Mound City News-Independent March 19, 1992—St. Oswald's-in-the-Fields Episcopal "Church named to National Register," by Linda Boultinghouse. Mount Vernon Lawrence County Record April 30, 1992—"Before the Calico Corner," an article about downtown Mount Vernon. Mountain View Standard News February 26, 1992—Darkas and John Goldsberry cemetery "Marker found by volunteers," by Barbara Crouch. New Haven Leader February 26, 1992—An article about the granary of John D. Meyer. This and the articles below by LeRoy Danz. March 25, April 1, 29—"Franklin County . . . the early days," a series, featured respectively: the Huellinghoff log house; Shotwell, Missouri; and information about early Native Americans in the Pacific area. New London Ralls County Herald Enterprise February 12, 1992—"Ralls County had sizable slave population," by Oliver and Goldena Howard. New Madrid Weekly Record March 6, 1992—Information about the Parker House Hotel. Oak Grove Banner February 27, 1992—An article about 1218 Broadway, Oak Grove. Oregon Times Observer April 2, 1992—An article about St. Peter's Church in Holt County. Perryville Monitor April 2, 1992—"Perry County Album," a series, featured Schumer Springs Hotel. Perryville Perry County Republic March 31, 1992—"Perry County Album," a series, featured Ben's Place, Belgique. Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner February 13, 20, March 12, April 9, 16, 23, 1992—"Historical Wayne County," a series, featured respectively: a baptizing in the Black River in the 1940s; the Estes home near Old Taskee; Reverend William H. Hale; the 1916 Greenville flood; the Turk Theater, Alcorn Feed and Flour Company and Turk's Hotel, in Williamsville about 1925; and the old Greenville Barber Shop, 1929. February 20, 27, March 5—"The Picture Show in Piedmont," a three-part series by Maude and Robert Jefferis, featured respectively: the new Piedmont Theatre, the Jefferis Theatre and the Pine Hill Drive-In Theatre. Pineville McDonald County News March 18, 1992—An article about the Eliff family's centennial reunion. Platte City Platte County Citizen April 22, 1992—"Platte Methodist Church to mark 150th birthday," by Ron Goodman. 440 Missouri Historical Review

Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic February 25, 1992—A special section, "Poplar Bluff High School, 100 Years of Education," featured many historical articles. April 30—A special section, "Poplar Bluff, A Celebration of Our History." Potosi Independent-Journal February 20, 1992—"Historic Hearse Hauled Horse Lover [Elmer R. Holmes] On His Last Mile." Puxico Press February 19, 1992—"Joke Caused Shooting Episode" in 1876, by Cletis Ray Ellinghouse. Richmond Daily News February 6, 1992—"In 1913 Ray County moved its courthouse," by Lee Meador. St. Joseph News-Press/Gazette February 5, 1992—Charles A. "Lindbergh visited just months after flight," by Allen Seifert. February 28, March 27, April 24—A special section, "Young at Heart," featured many historical articles. March 29—Information about the 150th anniversary of Heaton-Bowman-Smith & Sidenfaden Chapel funeral home. April 26—"The flood of [19]'52," by Preston Filbert. *St Louis Business Journal March 8, 30, 1992—"Looking Back," a series, featured a horse-drawn wagon used during the trolley strike in 1900 and the end of meat rationing in St. Louis in May 1946. St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 26, 1992—"Remember When," a series, featured the Continental Life Building, in 1931. March 16—"On the Move: [Kirkwood] Historical Society Votes to Buy 'Mudd's Grove,'" by Marianna Riley. April 5—"Luke Easter: The First Black Major Leaguer From St. Louis," by Daniel J. Cattau. April 30—"75th Anniversary" of Valley Park, by Pamela Selbert. St. Louis Review February 28, 1992—"St. Christopher [Parish in Florissant] Noting 25 Years." March 13—An article about St. Jerome Parish in North St. Louis County. Salem News February 20, 1992—"McMurtrey Cemetery history lies atop steep hill near Stone Hill area of [Dent] county." April 16—"Stagner Cemetery has graves of families with rich history." Salisbury Press-Spectator February 13, 1992—An article about the Salisbury Lumber Company. February 20—An article about Winkelmeyer Furniture. February 20—"Namrash was Chariton County's only black community," by Blake Sasse. February 27—An article about the Herman and Glassen McCormick Harvester dealership and hotel. Historical Notes and Comments 441

March 5—Information about the Lusher Grocery. March 12—"Mike: The snipe capitol of the world,'" by Blake Sasse. April 16—"The good old muddy days" in Salisbury. Sedalia Central Missouri News February 12, 19, March 4, 11, April 15, 22, 1992—"Missouri Heritage," a series by Lyn Allison Yeager, featured respectively: the Baer log home in Moniteau County; the West Boonville Evangelical Church; New Haven; Clarksburg; and Pleasant Green. Sikeston Standard-Democrat February 24, 1992—An article about Virginia Carlson and the history of the New Madrid Historical Museum. Slater News-Rustler April 16, 1992—"Concerned citizens form 'Friends of Miami.'" Smithville Lake Democrat-Herald February 12, 1992—First "Christian Church Celebrates 65 years at present site," by Marilyn Wimp. February 19—"History of the Smithville FFA Chapter." April 15—"History of local funeral services," by Gayla and Larry Berger. *Springfield Daily Events April 23, 28, 1992—"Tales of History," a series by Tom Ladwig. Springfield News-Leader February 14, 1992—An article about V. Homer Wilson, lone survivor of the Last Man's Club from World War I in Springfield, by Christopher Clark. Stockton Cedar County Republican March 11, 1992—Information about the family of Allen R. and Mary C. Adams West. Tipton Times February 20, 1992—"History of Lone Elm School," by Mary Fassler, reprinted. Troy Free Press February 26, 1992—An article about early mail service in Troy, by Charles R. Williams. March 18—"Lincoln County Recollections," a series by Charles R. Williams, featured the Bonfils family. Tuscumbia Miller County Autogram February 6, 20, 27, 1992—"Window to the Past," a series by Peggy Smith Hake, featured respectively: Green Lee Wright; George and Jemima Gosvenor/Grosevenor; and Isaac M. Goodrich. Warrensburg Daily Star-Journal Advertiser April 8, 1992—A special section featured numerous historical articles about the depot in Warrensburg, upon its rededication. Warrenton Banner March 13, 1992—Pitts, "Town disappears into pit of oblivion," by Dorris Keeven. 442 Missouri Historical Review

Washington Missourian February 23, March 11, 1992—Articles about John Colter, Charrette Village and St. Johns Settlement, by Ralph Gregory. March 4, 11, April 29—"Tidbits of History," a series, featured respectively: Farmers & Merchants Bank; William Casey's Wheelhouse Store; and the Hibbard Hotel, all in St. Clair. April 4—"Washington Easter Monday Fish Club." This and the article below by Suzanne Hill. April 15—"JCPenney [sic] in Washington Since 1929." Webb City Sentinel February 14, 21, March 6, 13, 20, 1992—"Ancestors, Legends & Time," a series by Jeanne Newby, featured respectively: the Civic Drive-In and Theater; the Fox Theatre; the Orin R. Ward family; the Blake Theatre; and Robert Moore. Weston Chronicle February 26, 1992—"Old Weston: Rural schools, 1850-1937," by Sandra Miller.

A Pointer for Prattlers Carrollton Journal, November 16, 1877. The ancients believed that wild geese in passing over countries where there were [sic] danger of being caught by eagles, were accustomed to take small stones in their mouths to prevent their chattering and thus attracting the attention of the eagles. This might be imitated, with profit, by human prattlers. When they get into dangerous company let them remember to put a weight on their tongues.

What a Squall! Fayette Missouri Democrat, September 3, 1845. According to the census of 1840, there were, in Missouri, at that time, the astounding number of sixty seven thousand one hundred and ninety seven babies, or young specimens of humanity under the age of five years! Should this tremendous army of 'brats' all squall at once the noise would . . . make every old bachelor in creation think the day of judgement had arrived. Oh! what a riprorious squall that would be! . . . —Mo. Statesman.

Some Sailing Afoot Brownsville Herald, September 15, 1882. "Yes, sir," says the oldest resident, "the first trip I made from Lowell to Boston was over the old canal, and I worked my passage on the canal-boat." "Worked your passage? How?" inquired his audience. "I led the horse," solemnly remarked the ancient mariner. Historical Notes and Comments 443

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES All Aboard, Frisco Railroad Museum February-March, 1992: "The Frisco Station School," Springfield, reprinted. April-May, 1992: "Buy War Bonds: Frisco's Fleet of Soldier Diners." American History Illustrated May/June, 1992: James family and "The Pinkerton Bomb," by Harry A. Soltysiak. Boone-Duden Historical Review February, 1992: "A Fact or Two on Early Missouri History." April, 1992: "A Fact or Two on Early Missouri History"; "Gustave Eulenstein: Including Related Early History In The Femme Osage Area," by Garry and Carol Cundiff. Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society Newsletter February 1, 1992: "Chariot 'Our' Civil War Battle," by Patrick Brophy; "The Durham Family in Vernon County, Missouri," by J. A. Hurzeler. Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter April, 1992: "Chariton County in the 1837 Seminole War," by Blake Sasse. Christian County Historian Spring, 1992: "Grandma Forgey's Story about the Slaves (She Never Owned One)," by Bonnie Agnes Gardner; "Highlandville Area," by Orus White. Collage Of Cape County March, 1992: "Martin and McCarty" families, by Lee J. Corkill, Jr. DeKalb County Heritage January, 1992: "DeKalb County Observance of 50th Anniversary of attack on Pearl Harbor"; "World War II Era Gold Star Boys With Ties to DeKalb County." The Egregious Steamboat Journal January/February, 1992: "Golden Eagle Club's 50th Anniversary." Fence Painter, Bulletin of The Mark Twain Boyhood Home Associates Winter, 1991-1992: Mark Twain and "Typewriter Myth Exposed," by Charles A. Norton. Florissant Valley Quarterly January, 1992: "Weidinger's Saloon," Florissant. Gasconade County Historical Society Newsletter Spring, 1992: "Clay mining an early county industry," by Arthur AufderHeide. Gateway Heritage, The Missouri Historical Society Winter, 1992: "Yankee Colonizers and the Making of Antebellum St. Louis," by Jeffrey S. Adler; "A Missouri Democrat in Revolutionary Russia: Ambassador David R. Francis and the American Confrontation with Russian Radicalism, 1917," by David S. Foglesong; "Philip Jordan: A Black American Observer of the Russian Revolutions," by David S. Foglesong; "The Boss Who Never Was: Colonel Ed Butler and the Limits of Practical Politics in St. Louis, 1875-1904," by Edward C. Raferty. 444 Missouri Historical Review

Glendale Historical Society Bulletin March, 1992: "Reminiscences of Glendale: 1905-1920," by Elliott Jones. The Happenings, St. Joseph and Pony Express Museums March, 1992: "Horse Barns of the Past," by Russ Mooney. Historic Kansas City Foundation Gazette Spring, 1992: "Remembering the Elms Hotel," in Excelsior Springs, by Joseph Romano; "Old Webster School Building has new Life as Residence and Fine Art Gallery." Historic Preservation March/April, 1992: "A Perfect Fit: The Missouri Historical Society finds new space in the vacant United Hebrew Temple," by Laura C. Smith. History News March/April, 1992: "Beyond the Box Score: The Kansas City Monarchs," by Janet Bruce Campbell. Journal, The Jackson County Historical Society Spring, 1992: "Drumm: Haven for boys since 1929," by Judy McKim. Kansas City Genealogist Winter, 1991: "Gone But Not Forgotten: John Hall," by Fred L. Lee; "Pioneer William H. Lewis," by Joanne Chiles Eakin; "John Houston Family of Illinois, Iowa & Missouri," by R. G. Aldrich. Kirkwood Historical Review December, 1991: "Owen Collins," by Margaret Kelly Gantner and R. T. Bamber. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin April, 1992: "Some Marionville History"; "Spencer Smith, II," information sub­ mitted by Sue Compton; "Genealogical Studies," article on the Garrison family; "Barry County: Capps Creek Township," information submitted by Mrs. F. P. Peterson. Mid-Missouri Magazine March/April, 1992: "What Started It All: Bagnell Dam," by Kathryn Sergeant; mural, "The [Thomas Hart] Benton Legacy," by Mary K. Dains. The Midwest Motorist March/April, 1992: "Meet Missouri's pink pachyderms at Elephant Rocks Park," by D. Jeanene Tiner; "Romantic [Mississippi] river towns," by Sherry Freese. May/June, 1992: "Following the old Trail of Tears to a new understanding," by Pamela Selbert. Missouri Archaeological Society Quarterly October-December, 1991: "A Brief History of the Marion-Ralls Archaeological Society," by J. Hurley Hagood; "Some Views on Southwest Missouri Historical Rock Features," by Frances Wyman. Missouri Folklore Society Journal Volumes XI-XII, 1989-1990: "My Papa Said: R.O.T.C. at Early Missouri Univer­ sity; The White Pillars," by Rosemary Gabbert Musil; "The Brookshire House: De­ velopment of a Young Legend" in Boone County, by Barry Kirk; "Steamin' Up the Missouri River," by Carol P. Crabb; "New Homes in the West as Described in the Historical Notes and Comments 445

Letters of Two German-Americans," by Charles van Ravenswaay; "German in the Warrensburg Schools, 1871-1875: A Short-Lived Attempt at Cultural Preservation," by Susan Lee Pentlin; "Pennytown: A Freedmen's Hamlet, 1871-1945," by Gary Kremer and Lynn Morrow; "Hungarians in Missouri: Preserving Old Traditions," by Leslie Konnyu; "Ward Dorrance: in the Shadow of Vance Randolph?" by Michael Patrick; "The World of Townsend Godsey," by Kathy Love; "The Peter Tamony Collection," by Randy E. Roberts. Missouri Municipal Review April, 1992: "Lamar, Missouri: Harry [Truman]'s Birthplace is Doing Just Great," by Edison Kaderly. Missouri Press News February, 1992: "125th Volume for Paris Weekly," the Monroe County Appeal. Missouri State Genealogical Association Journal Winter, 1992: "Theodore Lacaff-Immigrant Patriot," by Virginia Harner Scheerer; "The Appleberry/Applebury Family," by F. Gene Garr; "Veterans CCC Camp, Mary­ ville, Missouri, Ravaged by a Tornado in 1934," by Martha Cooper. Muleskinner, Central Missouri State University February 20, 1992: The "Dockery [building] withstands the tests of time," by Laura J. Walsh and Julie Stockwood. February 27, 1992: "Education building named after 'colorful' president," Warren C. Lovinger, by Julie Stockwood. March 5, 1992: Allen Torrence, "KC woman was first black student," by Cheryl Parrish; "No signs needed here!" article on Ward Edwards Library, by Julie Stock- wood; "Women's History Month Winning essay: The dedication, service and leadership of Pauline Annette Humphreys," by Kristen VonHolten. March 19, 1992: "Ghosts of newspapers past . . . Central's first newspaper, The Normal Courier, cost a dime," by Gregory D. Bontz. March 26, 1992: "Ghosts of newspapers past . . . Newspapers at Central came and went quickly," by Gregory D. Bontz; "From the ashes came Humphreys," article on Pauline Annette Humphreys building, by Eric Haar. April 2, 1992: "Ghosts of newspapers past . . . Change rocks Journalism Depart­ ment at Central," by Gregory D. Bontz; "Science building named after influential [Dr. Wilson C] Morris," by Julie Stockwood. Newsletter, Iron County Historical Society April 20, 1992: "Dorothy Reese ... A Tribute, Part Three," by Randall Cox. Newsletter, Osage County Historical Society February, 1992: "Dr. G. W. Tainter . . . Dentist," material submitted by Mae Bacon Leach. March, 1992: "Camm and A. J. Seay: Distinguished Father and Son." April, 1992: "Col. Lebbeus Zevely and His Role in the Civil War," by Mary Lou Schulte. Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society April, 1992: "Special Issue: 'Bushwhacker' Bill Wilson and 'Secesh' Sympathizers During the Civil War," compiled by John F. Bradbury, Jr. Newsletter, Webster Groves Historical Society April, 1992: "Our Little History Lesson," article on Girls Service Organization during World War II in Webster Groves. 446 Missouri Historical Review

Newton County Saga Spring, 1992: "History of Neosho Floral," reprinted. Northwest Missouri Genealogical Society Journal April, 1992: "Ray Family of Northwest Missouri." Our Clay Heritage, Clay County Museum & Historical Society Second Quarter, 1992: "Towns and Villages in Clay County: Kearney, MO." Overland Journal Winter, 1991: "Whatever Happened to Fitzhugh's Mill?" by Ronald Becher; "The Civil War in the West: The 1864 Trail Season," by Irving Merrill. Ozar'kin, Ozarks Genealogical Society Spring, 1992: "White Oak Grove or Swan School, Taney County, Missouri"; "Grandma [Sarah Louisa Moreland] Dooley, Missouri Pioneer," by Loretta Keltner Widdows. Ozarks Mountaineer April, 1992: "The Ozarks, Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Heaven and Hell in the Ozarks, Part One," by Phyllis Rossiter; "Times May Have Changed, But This Country Store Hasn't," by Marti Attoun; "Burning the Ozarks," by Phyllis Rossiter; "Bonniebrook Reborn," by Kathleen Van Buskirk; "Lordy, Lordy! Look Who's 40!" article on the Ozarks Mountaineer. Perry County Heritage Volume 9, No. 3: "Yount Community"; "World War II Home Front Doctor Oscar A. Carron"; "Around the Square," Perryville. Volume 9, No. 4: "Anchorage Points: Their Relation to the Development of Stable Personalities," by Thomas J. Caruthers, reprinted; "Bank of Perryville: 1891-1991." Pioneer Times, Mid-Missouri Genealogical Society October, 1991: "History of the Twelfth Regiment Cavalry, Missouri Volunteers in the Civil War and Post War Indian Campaign," reprinted. Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin January, February, March, 1992: "Steamboats on the Missouri," compiled by La Verne Taulbee; ferry, "The 'Annie Cade': 1879-1912." Pop Flies, St. Louis Browns Fan Club March, 1992: Don Gutteridge, "Phone Talk with Erv," by Erv Fischer; "Clint Courtney: March 16, 1927 to June 16, 1975," by Bob Giovanni; "Pete Gray and The City Series," by Frank (Bud) Kane. Ray County Reflections March, 1992: "History's Pageant on the Old State Road," by Sue Alexander; Sarah H. Owens, "Aunt Sarah's Curdling Tale of Outlaws," interview by Dorothy Pike. Reporter Quarterly, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri Winter, 1991: "Pension Application of Clabourn Johnson, Revolutionary Soldier," transcribed by Mary Cross Cole and submitted by Joanne Johnson Jones; "Early Settler of Central Missouri: James King," by June Stubbs. Rural Missouri April, 1992: "Still at Work," article on August "Gose" Zuccarini, by Jeff Joiner. Historical Notes and Comments 447

St. Charles Heritage April, 1992: "Die Deutsche Schulen," by Angie Burke, Daphne White and Tiffany Oeschlaeger; "The Evolution of Immanuel Lutheran School: From German School to Blue Ribbon Excellence," by Tiffany Oeschlaeger; "Daily Life at St. Charles Military College," by Darin Reiling and Jody Williamson; "County Teachers: A Heritage of Professionalism," by Gary McKiddy; "The One Room School in St. Charles County," by Jennifer Basler and Pat McCune; "Gridiron Exploits of the Blue and White" at St. Charles Military College, by Annie Foncannon, Doug Graham and Pat McCune; "From Howell Institute to Francis Howell School District," by Julia Helling and Krista Holeman. STL March, 1992: "On the Edge," on Webster Groves's Edgewood Children's Center, by Terri Gates. St. Louis May, 1992: "Jazz Makes a Majestic Return," by Jeannette Batz; "James 'Cool Papa' Bell," by Jefferey Smith. St Louis Bar Journal Spring, 1992: "Sir Charles Gibson, from Missouri Log Cabin to Imperial Counsel," by Marshall D. Hier. St. Louis Commerce February, 1992: "History of the Urban League." St. Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly Winter, 1991: "Beyond the Orphanage," by Peggy Thomson Greenwood. Small Farm Today April, 1992: "Historical Background Sets Stage for Bed and Breakfast Inn," on Cedarcroft farm near Warrensburg, by Kristin Heinbaugh. Springfield! Magazine March, 1992: "Alice Pittman Started Recruiting Parents As Teachers in 1953," by Bob Glazier; "Early TV Show Outlined History of R. R. Robertson's Kilties"; "Excur­ sion: Historic Arrow Rock Offers Much Diversity," by Susan Atteberry Smith; "Caval­ cade of Homes, Part XXXV—The King-Brown House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "A Former Student Remembers: The Late Great Winston E. Lynes," by Don Burns; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga, Part XII," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Bobby Dean Wood: Close Encounters With Death," by Jim Thompson. April, 1992: "Springfield's Vanishing Farm Scene," by Jean Gaffga Rayl and Mabel Carver Taylor; "Springfield's Gospel Singing Bacon Family," by Elizabeth Stanfill; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga, Part XIII," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Cavalcade of Homes, Part XXXVI—Deckard-Beerline House," by Mabel Carver Taylor. United Methodist Reporter, Mid-Missouri Advocate Edition February 21, 1992: "A History of Tebbetts United Methodist Church," in Callaway County. Waterways Journal March 16, 1992: "River Accident Foretold by a Horseshoe," by James V. Swift. April 6, 1992: Pike, "First Steamer to St. Louis Sketched," by James V. Swift. 448 Missouri Historical Review

The Western Historical Quarterly February, 1992: "Jazz in the West: Cultural Frontier and Region During the Swing Era," by David W. Stowe. The Westporter, Westport Historical Society January-February, 1992: "First Mayor of Westport," Thomas J. Goforth. Whistle Stop, Harry S. Truman Library Institute Newsletter Volume 20, Number 1, 1992: "'Wisdom to Serve the People Acceptably,' Part II," by Alonzo Hamby. White River Valley Historical Quarterly Winter, 1992: "Keith McCanse: Missouri's first professional conservationist," by Lynn Morrow; "A Sketch of the Many Ups and Downs in Life of Ben T. Stults, As a Boy to a Man, As a Hunter (Part VI)," edited by Lynn Morrow and Linda Myers- Phinney; "Dug Spring, August 2, 1861: A Family Remembrance," by Dewey Short, reprinted.

About Female Longevity Clinton Daily Republican, March 31, 1913. Women are living longer than they did twenty-five years ago, but the doctors aren't agreed on the reason. Though all admit it isn't due to the spread of the suffrage movement, they are widely divided in their opinions about it. Statistics compiled in England show that the expectation of life of a woman of fifty is a year greater than it was in 1875, while that of a man is only a few months greater. One school of doctors, who believe that death is due entirely to a wearing out of brain tissues, says the greater longevity of women is due to the fact that they don't use their brains as much as men. On the other side of the scientific fence is a group of doctors who insist that woman lives longer now because she is more sheltered . . . doesn't have to face the wearing competition of business . . . and . . . spends most of her time at home, which is more airy and healthful than the offices where men work.

Did You Ever Wonder Why? Fayette Missouri Intelligencer, January 29, 1826. The reason why lovers are never weary of one another is this, they are always talking of themselves.

Some Pretty Advice Chillicothe Spectator, March 8, 1866. You need not make mouths at the public because it has not accepted you at your own fancied valuation. Do the prettiest things you can and wait your time. Historical Notes and Comments 449

IN MEM0RIAM

BRICKEN, RICHARD WOODSON, Waverly: MARTIN, EDWIN W., JR., Chicago, Illi­ June 6, 1906-December 3, 1991. nois: July 3, 1924-November 28, 1991.

BUSH, MABEL C, Fulton: MILLER, HELEN, West Lafayette, Indi­ December 20, 1894-February 24, 1992. ana: Died, April 16, 1992.

FLOOD, REV. JOHN P., Jonesburg: NIEMANN, RALPH H., High Ridge: November 3, 1905-October 5, 1991. September 28, 1902-December 16, 1991.

HOWARD, OLIVER N., New London: POWELL, RAYMOND, Springfield: January 6, 1915-February 14, 1992. July 8, 1904-September4, 1991. President of the Ralls County Historical PROFFITT, WILLIAM E., Roeland Park, Society. Kansas: May 6, 1916-September 13, 1991.

LEAVENWORTH, WALLACE, Columbia: SCHOLL, ELDON, Florissant: October 15, 1900-January 18, 1992. August 3, 1918-December20, 1991. 450 Missouri Historical Review BOOK REVIEWS The Californios versus Jedediah Smith 1826-1827: A New Cache of Documents. By David J. Weber (Spokane, Wash.: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1990). 82 pp. Notes. Map. Appendixes. Index. $35.00. This slim volume, number 22 of the Arthur H. Clark Company's Western Frontiersman Series, concerns one of America's important and colorful early nineteenth-century explorers and fur traders—Jedediah Smith. Smith's feats in the American West have been recorded in numerous writings, including Dale Morgan's fine biography, Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West. David J. Weber's monograph centers on Smith's activities in California during 1826-1827. Not until the author became aware of two documents located in Mexico's Archivo General de la Nation, have certain questions been answerable about the California period of Smith's explorations; in particular, how did some Mexican authorities view Smith's comings and goings and did Smith deliberately disobey the Mexican authorities? The author's narrative, his explanatory footnotes, the documents themselves and judiciously selected appendixes provide Weber the wherewithal to convincingly answer these questions. Yes, Smith did rankle the Mexican authorities; and yes, he knew that he was "overstepping the boundaries." Weber's research proves once again that the continual pursuit of primary source materials can shed light on shadowy subjects that have been addressed unsuccessfully in the past by conscientious scholars. State Historical Society of Missouri James W. Goodrich

I'm glad I'm not young anymore. By Clarissa Start (St. Louis: The Patrice Press, 1990). 385 pp. Illustrations. $9.95, paper. Near the end of this memoir, former St. Louis Post-Dispatch writer Clarissa Start observes: "No one can control the calamities and catastrophes that can come but we can control much of our happiness." Start's life has not been without calamity, but in reviewing it, she finds herself content with the past and looking forward to the future. Start's reminiscences begin with her childhood and chronicle her family's many moves. Apparently, changing schools did not hinder Start's academic achievement; she entered high school at eleven and the University of Missouri at fifteen. Although the depression of the 1930s interrupted Start's university years, she graduated with a degree in journalism in 1936. Her anecdotes from these years depict straitened financial circumstances and chronicle Historical Notes and Comments 451 the numerous jobs and loans that she used to complete her education. Start began work as an advertising copywriter in the spring of 1937, and later that year she sold her first stories to the Post-Dispatch. Early in 1938 the Chicago Daily News syndicate purchased a novelette of hers for serialization. Her writing career had begun. The year of 1938 proved eventful for Start. In May she married E. Gary Davidson, a young lawyer. Shortly after, the Post-Dispatch offered her a "temporary" job that lasted some thirty-four years. During that time she worked as a feature writer and, in 1955, began her personal column, "The Little Woman," which ran for seventeen years. Start's life during the late 1930s and the years of World War II mirrored the lives of many of her contemporaries. The lean years of the depression gave way to modest affluence, and in January 1942 her husband left for military duty. Following the war and the necessary readjustments, the Davidsons resumed their lives in St. Louis. In 1951 their son, Bruce, was born, and Gary was elected to the state senate. Start recalls the joys and the tragedies of the decade and a busy personal schedule stretched to encompass a career, home life and extensive volunteer work. In the 1960s Start's life assumed somewhat darker tones with her husband's defeat for reelection as state senator and, in 1967, his death. During the latter part of the decade, she continued working on her newspaper column and wrote a book about her widowhood experi­ ences. In 1972 she remarried. The concluding portion of Start's book recounts her life following her retirement and her second marriage. She has maintained an active retirement, which has included writing six books and a weekly garden­ ing column for the Post-Dispatch, traveling and developing an antiques business. She also discusses the problems of aging—the loss of friends and family and concerns about the costs of health and nursing home care. Start's memoir is an upbeat but matter-of-fact look at her life. Although it is a look back, at the end she is "still looking forward." State Historical Society of Missouri Lynn Wolf Gentzler

Weakness Is A Crime: The Life of Bernarr Macfadden. By Robert Ernst (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1991). 296 pp. Illus­ trations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $34.95 cloth; $17.95 paper. Native Missourian Bernarr Macfadden would be pleased to witness today's Americans' enthusiasm for physical conditioning. The title of 452 Missouri Historical Review

this well-researched biography reflects Macfadden's philosophy: "Weak­ ness is a crime, don't be a criminal." This reviewer spent several years researching Macfadden. Thus, this study by Robert Ernst, emeritus professor of history at Adelphia University, is of prime interest. In compiling this biography Ernst used considerable original material, especially that of Macfadden's top editor, Fulton Oursler. The author consulted the Western Historical Manu­ script Collection, Columbia, Missouri, as well as this reviewer's article on Macfadden's early years that appeared in the Missouri Historical Review in October 1968. Macfadden, born on a Mill Spring farm in 1868, was first called Bernard Adolphus McFadden. Later, he acquired a "stronger" name, Bernarr Macfadden. During his youthful days in St. Louis he developed an interest in physical training. Macfadden's career peaked in New York with his first studio and his first magazine, Physical Culture. Taking confessional letters from his devoted followers, he founded True Story magazine in 1919—the foundation of his wealth, which once reached $30,000,000 but had declined to the income from a small annuity at his death in 1955. Author of many novels and hundreds of articles, Macfadden wrote "How To Cure ..." books that prompted strong reactions from the American Medical Association. He also founded dozens of magazines. The New York Evening Graphic, one of his several newspapers, served as a forerunner to today's sensational tabloids. He briefly owned Liberty magazine. Eventually, all of his publications acquired a physical- culture slant. Ernst is attentive to Macfadden's family, noting the problems his children faced as well as discussing his four marriages. Macfadden pioneered in several areas—in using radio for giving exercises and promoting his other programs and in aviation, often flying his own planes and wrecking a few. Like his contemporary, William Randolph Hearst, Macfadden believed he should have some government office, such as one he could create, secretary of health. Ernst concludes, "An incarnation of the rags-to-riches theme, the little strongman [barely over five feet tall] from Missouri who became a millionaire New Yorker naively dreamed of restoring the rugged quali­ ties of early American pioneers and never tired of preaching that his countrymen had to be physically strong if the United States were to survive in a violent world." (p. 219) Truly a fascinating figure, Macfad­ den was ahead of his time. University of Missouri-Columbia William H Taft Historical Notes and Comments 453 BOOK NOTES Our Legacy of Faith: A Brief History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. By Paul M. Edwards (Independence, Mo.: Herald Publishing House, 1991). 335 pp. Illustrations. Bibliog­ raphy. Appendix. Index. $27.50. Paul M. Edwards's history of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints strives to be a general account of the church from its beginning in 1830 to the present. Using both primary and secondary sources, the author focuses on making the narrative history short, understandable and of interest to both church members and the general public. The book is not detailed; however, chapter endnotes and an extensive bibliography direct interested readers to other sources on the development of the church. Photos and an appendix add to the appeal of this church history. The book may be ordered from Herald Publishing House, P.O. Box HH, Independence, Missouri 64055.

The White River Railway: Being a History of the White River Division of the Missouri Pacific Railroad Company 1901-1951. By Walter M. Adams (North Little Rock, Ark., 1991). 180 pp. Illustrations. Bibliog­ raphy. $15.50 paper, plus tax, plus $1.00 for shipping. Railroad enthusiasts will find this history of the White River Division of the Missouri Pacific Railroad Company both informative and enjoyable to read. The line, which operated between Diaz, Arkansas, and Carthage, Missouri, played an important role in opening the Ozarks to trade and tourism. The author, a Missouri Pacific employee for thirty-five years, has created a comprehensive history that includes excellent corresponding photographs. The book can be ordered from Ozarks Mountaineer, HC04 Box 2957, Branson, Missouri 65616.

Kaseyville, Missouri: An Enduring Community, 125 Years, (n.p., 1991). Illustrations. $25.00 paper, plus $2.00 for mailing. Through photographs, essays and short family histories, this volume tells the story of Kaseyville, a small Chariton County com­ munity. The year 1991 proved to be a rewarding time for Kaseyville— the town successfully petitioned the Missouri State Highway and Transportation Department for placement on the 1991-92 highway map, and the community joined together to publish an interesting history. The book acknowledges that it is a composite of mostly unverified information; however, anyone with an interest in this area, 454 Missouri Historical Review

either historical or genealogical, will find it useful. The book can be purchased from Dortha Duncan, Route 1, Box 222, Callao, Missouri 63534. Salem—Congregations of the Faithful: A History of Salem Methodist Church, 1841-1991. By Robert S. Appel (St. Louis: Salem-in-Ladue United Methodist Church, 1991). 304 pp. Illustrations. $20.00. Written in commemoration of the sesquicentennial celebration of the Salem Methodist Church, the history follows the church from its inception in 1841 to the present organization. The volume is chrono­ logical; it traces the six different churches that have housed this Methodist congregation. Photographs, copies of minutes and maps help to bring this church history alive to the reader. Although the book is not indexed, a pictorial appendix gives a quick overview of the congre­ gation's progress through the years. It can be purchased from the church office at 1200 South Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63131.

The Final Season. By Fred Nichols (St. Louis: St. Louis Browns Historical Society, 1991). Ill pp. Illustrations. $9.95, paper. Appropriately titled, this volume focuses exclusively on the St. Louis Browns' 1953 season—the last one for this baseball team. Fred Nichols, an ardent Browns fan, details the club's last year in a chrono­ logical fashion. Each month of the baseball season (March-September) is a chapter; within, the author breaks down important events day by day. Photographs, statistics and game notes add to the thoroughness of each chapter. Interested persons can order this book from Bill Borst, P.O. Box 16171, St. Louis, Missouri 63105.

The Way We Came: A Century of the AIA in St. Louis. By Carolyn Hewes Toft, Esley Hamilton and Mary Henderson Gass. Edited by George McCue (St. Louis: The Patrice Press, 1991). 163 pp. Illustra­ tions. Appendix. Index. $12.95, paper. This volume traces the St. Louis Chapter of the American Institute of Architects from its early beginnings as an exclusive club to its centennial year, 1991. The organization has become an important influence in the community: the efforts of the group proved instrumental in the completion of the Gateway Arch, and the chapter has dealt with such contemporary challenges as land clearance and public housing. Numerous drawings and photographs enhance the text. The book can be ordered from The Patrice Press, 1701 South Eighth Street, St. Louis, Missouri 63104. Historical Notes and Comments 455

ANNUAL MEETING WORKSHOPS The State Historical Society will offer three workshops on Saturday, October 17, 1992, to coincide with the annual meeting. • PREPARING NOMINATIONS FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES. Steven E. Mitchell, National Register co­ ordinator for the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, will discuss the criteria for National Register listing, the guide­ lines for evaluating eligibility, the development of historic and architectural contexts for listing a property and the National Register form. (Memorial Union S204) • LOCAL HISTORY: SOME POINTERS ON How TO DO IT. Richard McKinzie, professor of history at the University of Missouri- Kansas City and coauthor of At the River's Bend: A History of Kansas City and Jackson County, will talk about organizing, researching and writing local history. He will emphasize topics and source materials that have been frequently overlooked in the past. (Memorial Union S206) • MISSOURI GENEALOGICAL RESOURCES AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES-CENTRAL PLAINS REGION, KANSAS CITY. This session will be presented by staff members and a volunteer from the Central Plains Region facility—Mark Corriston, assistant di­ rector; Joyce B. Hensen, staff member and former volunteer coordinator; and Pat Shackleford, current volunteer coordi­ nator. The speakers will provide an overview of records held by their facility that possess significant value for family historians and genealogists. Participants will be encouraged to research in untraditional sources where genealogical information can be found, confirmed or proven. (Memorial Union S207) The workshops will be held from 9:00 to 10:30 A.M. in the Memorial Union on the campus of the University of Missouri- Columbia. The registration fee for each of the workshops is $10.00. Membership in the Society is not required for partici­ pation. To reserve a place in a workshop, send a check made payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri and choice of workshop to Lynn Wolf Gentzler, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry, Columbia, Missouri 65201. 456 Historical Notes and Comments

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS AND GIFTS

Memberships in the State Historical Society of Missouri are available in the following categories:

Individual Annual Membership $10.00 Contributing Annual Membership $25.00 Supporting Annual Membership $50.00 Sustaining Annual Membership $100.00 to $499.00 Patron Annual Membership $500.00 or more Life Membership $250.00

Each category of membership is tax deductible. Memberships help the State Historical Society preserve and disseminate the history of Missouri. The Missouri Historical Review is included as a membership benefit of the Society.

Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for federal income, estate and gift tax purposes. Inquiries concern­ ing memberships, gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 Phone (314) 882-7083 INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXVI COMPILED BY MARY K. DAINS

Abbott Ambulance, 98 Current family, 94 Abbott-Diemer-Petty-Hoover house, Springfield, history, 93 219 Hobson family, 94 Abbott, Emma, 122 sesquicentennial, 92, 93 Abbott-Stewart house, Springfield, 219 Swiss immigrants, 324 Abernathy family, 322 Annapolis, Mo., 96; cyclone, 1925, 91 Academic Hall, University of Missouri, 436 Annie Cade (ferry), 446 Adair County, courthouse, 90 Anson, A. C. "Cap," 123,124 Adair County Historical Society, 304, 422 Anti-Catholicism, 214 Adair, Ira B., 394 Appel, Robert S., Salem—Congregations of the Adams, C. N., house, La Grange, 208 Faithful: A History of Salem Methodist Church, Adams, Walter M., The White River Railway: Being 1841-1991,454 a History of the White River Division of the Apple butter, 218 Missouri Pacific Railroad Company 1901-1951, Appleberry family, 445 453 Applebury family, 445 Adams, William M., 141, 142 Arabia (steamboat), 317, 326 "Admiral Sidney W. Souers and President Tru­ Arcadia Valley, early history, 97 man," by Sara L. Sale, 55-71 Archaeology, 217 Adrian, Mo., First Methodist Episcopal Church, Archer, James Madison, 327 207 Arkansas-Missouri boundary, inside January back Affton Historical Society, 75, 191, 422 cover Afro-Americans, 360; attitude toward, 342 Arlington Hotel, De Soto, 92 Agency, Mo., telephone, 320 Armed Forces, unification, 292 Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 266, 268, Arnold, Benedict, 369,371 275, 277 Arnold, Pearl Archer, 326 Agricultural Technology in the Twentieth Century, Arrow Rock, Mo., 95,447 by R. Douglas Hurt, 337 history, 210, 216 Agriculture, 96, 166, 167, 229-247, 266; shorthorns, newspaper museum, 189 96 Art Ahern, Frank J., 298 mural by Thomas Hart Benton, 444 Aholt, Mo., cemetery, 437 portraits of St. Louisans, 92 Aid Hardware Dry Goods Furniture, West Plains, Artesian Park, Clinton, 208 218 Ash Grove, Mo., 219 Albany, Mo., 394 Ashcroft, John, 296 Alberici, Gabe, 98 Ask Now Of The Days That Are Past: A History of Alcorn Feed and Flour Company, Williamsville, First Presbyterian Church of Independence, Mis­ 439 souri, by Nancy M. Ehrlich, 109-110 Alcott, A. Bronson, 374 Assemblies of God missionary, 94 Alexander, Myre E., 400 Assumption Abbey (Trappist monastery), Douglas Allen, Guy H., inside July back cover County, 323 Alley Mill, Shannon County, 91 Atchison County Historical Society, 304 Alma Trinity Lutheran Church, 318 Atlanta Exposition, 1895, 38 Alvarez, Manuel, 223-224 Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, 135 Alvey, Inc., St. Louis, 326 Atomic Energy Commission, 61, 67, 68 Amazonia, Mo., 322 Audubon, John James, Birds of America, 371 Ambrose, Henrietta, 182 Aull, William, III, 181 Ambrose, Walter, 182 Auner, Cecil, 326 American Association of University Women, Mis­ Aurora Federal Farm Loan Association, 389 souri Division, 183, 188 American Bibliographical Society, 383 Bacon family, Springfield, 447 American Car and Foundry Company, 368 Badger family, Vernon County, 319 American history, book on, 110 Bagby, James W., obit., 100 American Institute of Architects, St. Louis Chap­ Bagnell Dam, 444 ter, 454 Bailey, Elizabeth, 419; "Lest We Forget: The Mis­ American Royal, records, 183 souri Law Enforcement Memorial Foundation," American West, 19th-century guides, 218 295-301 Anderson, "Bloody Bill," 94 Bainum, John, 73 Anderson, Clinton, 286 Baker, Claudia, 73 Anderson Coal-Oil Contrivance, 244 Baker, George Pierce, 369 Anderson Galleries, 366, 371 Baker, Josephine, 226-227 Anderson, John, 102-103 Baker, Reva, 73 Anderson, Paul R., Platonism in the Midwest, 373 Baker, Sam A., 166, 167, 174, 176, 177, 178 Andre, John, 371; journals of, 369 Balay, Perry, 323 Andrew County Baldknobbers (music show), 316

457 458 Index

Baldridge, Hugh, obit., 328 Belton, Mo., depot, 215 Baldwin, Linda Lindquist, 218 Belton Historical Society, 191, 304,422 Ballenger family, 98 Belton Star-Herald (newspaper), 316 Bank of Perryville, 446 Bender, Thomas, 20 Baptizing, 316; Black River, 439 Benedetto, Robert, Guide to the Manuscript Collec­ Barat, Madelaine Sophie, 345, 347-351, 354, 356, tions of the Presbyterian Church, U.S., 226 358, 359-360 Benjamin, Diana Hasbrouck, inside July back cover Barbee, Joshua, 170 Benjamin, John Forbes, inside July back cover Baring, Mo., 227 Benjamin, John Forbes, house, Shelbina, inside Baring, Come See Your Friends 1888-1990, 111 July back cover Barker, Ma, 96 Bennett, James B., 400-403,404, 409, 414 Barnard Community Historical Society, 75,422 Ben's Place, Belgique, 439 Barnes, Francis M., Ill, 185,421 Bentley House, Springfield, 190,420 Barnes, Lakenan, 324 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), 98, 302; mural by, Barnes, Mary Shore, 185 444 Barnhart, Mo., history, 90 Berardino, Johnny, 325 Barnwell mansion, Vichy, 211,213 Bergmann, Donald H., 421 Barr, Alice, 374 Berlin blockade, 63 Barron, W. J., obit., 221 Berry family, 220 Barrows, Freeman, 207 Berry-Leonard duel, 1824, 323 Barry County, Capps Creek Township, 444 Bethany, Mo., 387, 390 Barth, Gunther, Fleeting Moments: Nature and Bethany Republican (newspaper), 387, 389, 392, Culture in American History, 110 394 Bartleson, John, 216 Bethel German Colony, 191 Bartlett Agricultural and Industrial School, Chari­ Bethlehem Church and School, Reynolds County, ton County, 37, 38,40,42-45,47,48 437 Bartlett Building, Dalton School, 50, 51, 54 Beverlin, Beverly and Mel, 297 Bartlett, Herschel, 40, 51 Bibliophile Society of Boston, 366, 368, 369, 372 Bartlett, Mrs. Herschel, 40 Bibliotheca Platonica (journal), 375, 377 Barton County Historical Society, 191, 422 Big Spring Cumberland Presbyterian Church, 210 Barton, Elma Graves, obit., 221 Bigelow, Otis, inside July back cover Baseball, 95, 98, 123 Bigger Than Life: The Creator of Doc Savage, by American League pennant, 1944, 212 Marilyn Cannaday, 107-108 Cape Girardeau, 208 Bingham, George Caleb, 183, 214, 322 Kansas City Monarchs, 444 Country Politician, 3 Ozarks, 218 Stump Orator, 3 St. Louis, 440 videotape, 302 St. Louis Browns, 212,446, 454 Biological control of insects, 237 St. Louis World Series, 446 Birds of America, by John James Audubon, 371 World Series, 1886, 124 Bixby, Alonzo, 366 World Series, 1944, 218 Bixby, Emma Louisa, 366 Baston, Charles S. "Sam," 252-254, 256, 257, 259, Bixby, William Keeney, 364-372, 373, 380, 385 262 Black, Mo., history, 209 Bates County, 31 Black education, 37-54,445 border wars, 435 Black, Francis M., 183 history, 316 Black River, baptizing, 439 wolf hunt, 207 Blacks, 154, 156, 157,159, 173, 293, 329 Bates County Historical Society, 422 freedmen's settlement at Pennytown, 445 Bates, William H. "Bert," 421 suffrage, 158, 160 Battle Chronicles of the Civil War, eds. James M. voters, 178,291,294 McPherson and Richard Gottlieb, 106-107 Blacksmiths, 271 Battle, Eliot F., 52 Blair, Frank P., Jr., 129-131, 136, 147, 148 Baumhoer School, Miller County, 437 Blake, A. H., 279 Baurichter, L. Edwin, 208 Blake, Mrs. A. H., 276 Bayard, Thomas F., 120 Blanton, C. L., Jr., 189 Beadnell, Maria, correspondence, 369 Bledsoe, Hiram M., 92 Becknell, William, 215 Blue Springs Historical Society, 75, 191, 304, 422 Belgique, Mo., Ben's Place, 439 Boatmen's Bank, 368 Bell, David, 284 Bock, H.Riley, 418 Bell, James "Cool Papa," 447 Bodmer, Karl, 186 Bell, John, 129 Boeckman, Laurel, 73,419 Bellefontaine, Mo., Our Lady of Good Counsel, Boernstein, Henry, 136, 137 320 Bolivar, Mo., 23, 25 Bellefontaine Cemetery, 215 Bollinger County Historical Society, 75, 191, 304, Bellevue Valley Historical Society, 191 422 Index 459

Bonacker, Kenneth, 268, 274, 279 Branson house, Columbia, 317 Bonacker, Mrs. Kenneth, 274 Brawner, Jacob N., 6,10, 12, 13, 14 Bonfils family, Lincoln County, 441 Bray, William A., 189 Bonkers Cave, Reynolds County, 89 Brazeau Historical Society Museum, 91 Bonniebrook (house), 446 Breckenridge, William Clark, 384 Bonnots Mill, Mo., 209 Breslow, Lori, 72 "Book Collecting in Missouri: Three 'Custodians of Breton Creek Missionary Baptist Church, 211 Culture,'" by Robert Alan Shaddy, 363-385 Brewer, Frances, 97 Book Notes, 109-111, 226-227, 336-338,453-454 Brewery, St. Louis, 95 Book Reviews, 101-108, 222-225, 330-335,450-452 Bricken, Richard Woodson, obit., 449 Boon, Henry, 12 Bridges Boone County, 89, 329 Boone, Daniel, St. Charles, 219 Brookshire house, 444 concrete, 216 courthouse, 208,436 construction, 216 history, 89 Gasconade River, 132 houses, 436 Osage River, 132 Jewell Cemetery, 216 railroad, 132 Rock Bridge mill and distillery, 436 Y-Bridge, Galena, 216 Boone County Historical Society, 75,191, 304,422 Bridgeton Historical Society, 192 Boone, Daniel, 94, 214, 318; videotape, 421 Brode, Patrick, The Odyssey of John Anderson, Boone-Duden Historical Society, 75, 191, 304,422 102-103 Boone, John William "Blind," 216 Brookfield, Mo., library, 316 Boone, Nathan, 207 Brookfield Unitog, Clinton, 263 descendants, 93 Brown County Historical Association of Sweet house, 88, 93 Springs, 304 Boone, Olive Van Bibber, 213 Brown, Imo C, 190 Boone Salt Lick, 318 Brown, James W., 181 Boone settlement, Marthasville, 94 Brown, John, 23, 24 Booneslick Trail, 94 Brown, William, 138 Boonslick Country, 215 Brownlee, Richard S. Boonslick Historical Society, 191,422-423 Fund, 183, 184 Boonville, Mo., 387, 392 portrait, October cover, 183 air mail service, 435 Bruce, Nathaniel C, 37-54 armory, 144 Brunette, Donna A., "Charles Valentine Riley and battle of, 127-148 the Roots of Modern Insect Control," 229-247 bridge, 316 Brunswick, Mo. parade and rally, 1917, 386 battle of, 212 Presbyterian Church, 138 history, 207 Roslyn Heights, 435 Brush and Palette Club, Inc., Hermann, 192 Stephens, A. H., house, 435 Bryan, Charles W., 172 Stephens, Speed, house, 435 Bryan, William Jennings, 172 Thespian Hall, 317 Bryant house, Independence, 318 Walnut Grove Cemetery, 178 Buerger, Walter "Buck," 279 Boonville National Bank, 178, 180 Buford, CM., house, 318 Boonville Weekly Advertiser (newspaper), 42, 387, Bugbee, Harold D., 218 392 Bunceton, Mo., Bank of, 165 Boorstin, Daniel, 2 Bunker, Mo., 89 Bootleggers, 219 Burk, Vera H., 421 Border wars, Bates County, 435 Burkholder, Joseph, inside October back cover Borman family, 219 Burkholder-O'Keefe house, Moberly, inside October Bothwell State Park, 324 back cover Bowen, John Stevens, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 35 Burns, Charles S., 170 Boyles, George, 215 Burns, Robert, manuscripts, 369 Braden, Waldo W., obit., 221 Burns, Tommy, 123 Bradley, Omar N., 323 Burton, David, 73 Brannan, Charles F., 284 Busch, Mr. and Mrs. Adolphus, 1,40 Branson, Mo., 214, 324 Buse, John J., 72 Baldknobbers (music show), 316 Buse, John L., 72 churches, 207 Bush, Mabel C, obit., 449 fire, 1912,316 Bushey, George W., inside January back cover history, 316 Bushey, Walker, inside January back cover hotel, 316 Bushwhacker Museum, Nevada, 94 Maine Club, 316 Businesses pencil factory, 316 Branson, 316, 324 Branson Hotel, 435 factories, St. Charles, 219 460 Index

general merchandise store, Willard, 321 Hercules, Inc., 208 Butchering, 272 history, 208, 317 Butler, Mo., 207 Kendrick House, 321 train crash, 316 Salem Methodist Church, 218 Walton's Opera House, 435 school district, 317 Butler, Bert, 435 Caruthersville, Mo., water tower, inside January Butler, Edward, 208, 443 back cover Butler, Grace, 183,184 Carver, George Washington, birthplace, 99 Cary, Robert W., 165 Caffrey, Raymond, 299 Case, John F., 44,47 Cain, Jerry B., 190 Casey, William, Wheelhouse Store, St. Clair, 442 Cajacob, Charles, 151,152, 153 Cass County Historical Society, 75, 192, 304,423 Caledonia, Mo., Bellevue Presbyterian Church, 211 Cassville, Mo., 327 Calhoun, Mo., 320 Castleman, Joseph L., obit., 100 The Californios versus Jedediah Smith 1826-1827: Catholic Central Union of America, St. Louis, 302 A New Cache of Documents, by David J. Weber, Cedar County Historical Society, 75, 192, 423 450 Cedar Grove Methodist congregation, 93 Callaway County Cedarcroft farm, near Warrensburg, 447 courthouse, 157 Centennial Road Law, 169 Tebbetts United Methodist Church, 447 Centerville, Mo. town names, 90 history, 209 Camden County Historical Society, 192 Reynolds County Bank, 318 Camden County, sesquicentennial, 207 Central Community Club, Canton, 435 Camp Bacon, 136, 138,140, 142, 143, 144 Central Intelligence Agency, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, Camp Crowder, 325 71 Camp Daniel Boone, 32 Central Intelligence Agency Act, 65 Camp Jackson, 35, 36, 130, 131 Central Intelligence Group, 60, 61 Campbell Area Genealogical and Historical So­ Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg ciety, 192 basketball, 324 Campbell House Foundation, 192, 304 buildings, 445 Campbell House Museum, St. Louis, 421 first black student, 445 Caney Mountain, 213 journalism department, 445 Canker worms, 237 newspapers, 445 Cannaday, Marilyn, Bigger Than Life: The Creator Central Wesleyan Orphanage and College, Warren­ of Doc Savage, 107-108 ton, 321 Cannaday, Nelson J. E., 174 Centralia, Mo., battle of, 438 Canning, 272, 273 Centralia Historical Society, 76, 192, 304 Canton, Mo., 208 Chaffee, Mo., First Christian Church, 436 Central Community Club, 435 Chamblin, Douglas, 298 First Baptist Church, 208 Chapman, Oscar L., 287, 288 Hotel Welch, 435 Chariton and Randolph Railroad, inside October Cape Girardeau, Mo., 88, 435 back cover baseball teams, 208 Chariton County, 453-454 history, 208, 317 Mendon Township, history, 109 J. C. Penney (department store), 436 Namrash (black community), 440 Southeast Missouri State University, 436 Seminole War, 1837,443 State Normal School, 389 towns, 435 Cape Girardeau County Chariton County Historical Society, 76, 192, 305, frontier women, 94 423 Martin and McCarty families, 443 Charles H. Jones, Journalist and Politician of the Cappeln, Mo., 93 Gilded Age, by Thomas Graham, 333-334 Cardiff Hill, Hannibal, 437 "Charles Valentine Riley and the Roots of Modern Carleton College, Farmington, 437 Insect Control," by Donna A. Brunette, 229-247 Carlson, Virginia, 441 Charless, Joseph, 189 Carondelet Historical Society, 75,192 Chariot, battle of, 443 Carroll County, 391; courthouse, 436 Charrette Village, 442 Carroll-Lenz Inn, Oregon, 211 Chavez, Thomas E., Manuel Alvarez, 1794-1856, A Carron, Oscar A., 446 Southwestern Biography, 223-224 Carter, Anne, 189 Cherokees, 97 Carter, Helen, 436 Chicago, 111., 116,230-231 Carthage, Mo., 89, 317 baseball, 124 bank, 88 Haymarket Riot, 117 Carthage Ice and Cold Storage Company, 317 Chicago Daily News (newspaper), 114 Fellowship Baptist Mission, 208 Chicago News-Record (newspaper), 114 First Congregational Church, 208 Chiles, Lutie, obit., 328 Index 461

Chraneville, Mo., 214 Mount Tabor Baptist, 90 Christ the King Parish School, University City, 212 Mulberry, 316 Christensen, Lawrence 0., "Popular Reaction to New Hope, Ray County, 219 World War I in Missouri," 386-395 New Hope United Methodist, Randolph Coun­ Christian County ty, 326 farming, 94 Our Lady of Good Counsel, Bellefontaine, Highlandville area, 443 320 Christie, Robert J., 302 Our Lady of the Lake Catholic, Lake Ozark, Christmas, 157, 163,325,326 110 Churches Owensville Presbyterian, 208 Alma Trinity Lutheran, 318 Pilgrim Congregational, St. Louis, 322 Assembly of God, Springfield, 326 Pin Oak Creek Baptist, Gasconade County, 95 Bellevue Presbyterian, 211 Platte Methodist, Platte City, 439 Bethlehem, Reynolds County, 437 Pleasant Park, 88 Big Spring Cumberland Presbyterian, 210 Prairie Chapel United Methodist, 99 Boonville Presbyterian, 138 Presbyterian, manuscript collections, 226 Branson, 207 Quarles Baptist, 89 Breton Creek Missionary Baptist, 211 Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Cedar Grove Methodist, 93 Day Saints, 337,453 Centenary Methodist, St. Louis, 220 Rocheport United Methodist, 220 Christ the King Parish, University City, 212 Round Prairie Baptist, Rockville, 316 Clifton Hill, 99 Sacred Heart Catholic, Florissant, 212, 215 Dorsey Christian, 316 St. Anthony of Padua, Sullivan, 212 Ebenezer United Church of Christ, Levasy, St. Bridget, Pacific, 320 322 St. Charles Borromeo, 325 Ebenezer United Methodist, Stewartsville, 92 St. Christopher Parish, Florissant, 440 Eisleben Lutheran, Scott County, 436 St. Engelbert Catholic, 92 Eldad, Huntsville, 318 St. Jerome Parish, St. Louis County, 440 Emmanuel United Church of Christ, Jackson, St. John's Church of Reconciliation, St. 438 Charles, 215 Emmanuel United Church of Christ, Weldon St. Marcus United Church of Christ, Rhine- Spring, 214 land, 94 Enon Missionary Baptist, 88 St. Martin's Catholic, Starkenburg, 318 Fellowship Baptist Mission, 208 St. Michael, Kahoka, 209 First Baptist, Canton, 208 St. Oswald's-in-the-Fields Episcopal, 439 First Baptist, Stewartsville, 92, 215 St. Paul's Lutheran, Cuba, 208 First Baptist, Webster Groves, 321 St. Peter's, Holt County, 439 First Christian, Chaffee, 436 St. Stanislaus Kostka, 212 First Christian, Columbia, 89 Sts. Mary and Joseph, St. Louis, 212 First Christian, Platte City, 320, 325 Salem Methodist, Carthage, 218 First Christian, Smithville, 441 Salem Methodist, St. Louis, 454 First Congregational, Carthage, 208 Seventh-Day Adventist, Owensville, 95 First Congregational, Springfield, 219 Tarkio Christian, 209 First General Baptist, Morehouse, 212 Tebbetts United Methodist, Callaway County, First Methodist Episcopal, Adrian, 207 447 First Methodist, Independence, 323 Troy Presbyterian, 213 First Presbyterian, Independence, 109-110 Turkey Creek Missionary Baptist, 207 First Presbyterian, Pleasant Hill, 218 United Church, New Cambria, 214 Gasconade County, 95 Wesley Chapel, 316 Good Hope, 438 West Boonville Evangelical, 441 Grace Methodist, Greenville, 319 Willow Row Methodist, 88, 207 Grace Presbyterian, Festus, 89 Citizens Road Bond Committee, 176 Grand River, Jameson, 190 Citrus industry, California, 246 Holy Angels Parish, Kinloch, 212 City of Hickman (steamboat), 99 Holy Rosary, St. Louis, 212 City of Louisiana (steamboat), 136 Hood United Methodist, 92 Civil defense, 268, 275 Immanuel Congregational, St. Louis, 212 Civil rights, 290 Jefferson Avenue United Methodist, Moberly, Civil War, 96, 158, 214, 366, 372-373, 445, 446 99 Battle of Boonville, 127-148 Kaseyville Baptist, 91,212 Battle of Centralia, 438 Knox Presbyterian, 316 Battle of Chariot, 443 Liberty Free Will Baptist, 212 Battle of Lexington, 148 Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod, 322 Battle of Pea Ridge, 148,322,373 Macedonia Baptist, Springfield, 326 Battle of Pilot Knob, 437 Missouri United Methodist, Columbia, 220 Battle of Wilson's Creek, 97, 148, 322 462 Index

book on, 106-107 Clinton County Historical Society, 76, 423 Camp Bacon, 136,138,140, 142,143,144 Clock, Ernest Edward, Jr., obit., 328 Camp Jackson, 130,131 Coal mining, 219 Company B, Second Infantry, 136 Cockrell, Francis Marion, 118,121 Dug Spring, 448 Coggburn family, 218 First Missouri Regiment, 136,148 Cohen, Harry and Ann, inside April front cover First Missouri Volunteers, 140 Cole Camp, Mo., 89; battle, 91 Fourth Missouri Regiment, 373 Cole Camp Area Historical Society, 76, 305 Kansas-Missouri border, 226 Cole County Historical Society, 76,423 medicine, 97 Cole, Nelson, 143 Missouri, 1861,99 College Store, Warrensburg, 250 Missouri State Guard, 131,135,141,142,144, Colleges. See names of individual colleges 146 Collins, Owen, 444 Missouri State Militia, 127, 142 Colman, Norman J., 231-232 Order No. 11,211 Colorado potato beetle, 238, 239 Ozarks, 97 Colored Farm Bureau, 47 Polk County Rangers, 97, 98 Colter, John, 442 Price-Harney Agreement, 131 Columbia, Mo., 364 Ripley County, 97 Branson house, 317 Saline County regiment, 136 Columbia Theater, 317 secessionist sympathizers, 445 Douglass, Frederick, School, 89 Second Missouri Regiment, 136 First Christian Church, 89 Second Missouri Volunteers, 140 Gordon Manor and cabin, 436 Twelfth Regiment Cavalry, Missouri Volun­ Greenwood Heights (house), 436 teers 446 market square, 89 Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, 76, 192, Matthews, Laura, house, 208 305,423 Missouri State Teachers Association, 436 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, 193, 305,423 M-K-T station, 436 Civilian Conservation Corps, 317; Veterans Camp, municipal airport, 208 Maryville, 438,445 municipal building, 317 Clark, Champ, 173 Proctor-Carey farm, 89 Clark County Historical Society, 76,193, 305 public library, 436 Clark, John B., 132,136 The Shack, 89 Clark, Tom, 286 Teapot house, 208 Clark, William, 220 Wabash station, 89, 317 Clarksburg, Mo., 441 Watson Place, 208 Clarkson, John, 123 Columbia Daily Tribune (newspaper), 399 Claryville, Mo., 97 Columbia Missouri Statesman (newspaper), 130, Clay, Andrew, 47 146 Clay County Compromise of 1850,23 history, 90 Comptons, Delbert, 317 James, Jesse, farm, 214 Conant, Horace, 131 towns, 446 Concannon, Marie, 74 Washington Township, 1-21 Concordia, Mo., St. Paul's Lutheran School, 436 Clay County Museum and Historical Society, 76, Concordia Area Heritage Society, 76,193 305 Concordia Historical Institute, 188, 193,423 Clay mining, Gasconade County, 443 Conditional Unionists, 129 Claycomb, William B., "Dr. Arthur Nelson for Confederates Governor: The 1924 Campaign," 164-180 guerrillas, 216 Clayton, Mo., 374 Missouri, 97 Famous-Barr store, 92 Conference on Archives and History, 188 Stockton house, 436 Conkling, Sarah Chapman, 95 Clear, Robert C, obit., 328 Conkling, Zela, 95 Clearwater Lake, 319 Connolly, Matthew, 416 Clemens, Samuel, 95; See also Twain, Mark Conroy, Jack, Memorial Literary Society, 419 Clendenen, H. Leslie, obit., 328 Conservation, 169, 448 Cleveland, Grover, 119,120, 121, 246 Conservatives, 285 Cleveland High School, St. Louis, 214 Continental Life Building, St. Louis, 440 Clifford, Clark, 61, 284-291, 294 Cooksey family, 215 Clifton Hill, Mo., church history, 99 Coolidge, Calvin, 167,168, 176, 178 Cline, Hunter P., obit., 328 Cooper County, 165, 390, 391, 392 Clinton, Mo., 25 Lone Elm School, 441 Artesian Park, 208 population, 133 road to Deepwater, Mo., 436 Cooper County Historical Society, 193, 423-424 Clinton County, 4 Cooper family, 89 Index 463

Copeland, M. L., house, 318 Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War Corbin, John, 298 Julia Dent Grant Tent #16, 189, 303 Cornelius, William E., 326 Missouri Department, 74 Cornue, Charles, obit., 100 Davidson, C. Girard "Jebby," 284, 285, 287, 288, Correa, Mathias F., 65 290, 292, 294 Cotton, Mo., Dick's Mill, 316 Davidson, E. Gary, 451 Council of Economic Advisors, 284 Davidson, Thomas, 374 Courtney, Clint, 446 Davis, C. C, 125, 126 Cowgill School, 435 Davis, Mrs. C. C, 126 Cox, Aaron, family history, 97 Davis, Edmund J., 366 Cox, George, obit., 100 Davis, Francis Asberry, family, 97 Cox, Glenn A., 323 Davis, George, Jr., 323 Cox, Jim, 214 Davis, H. Denny, 324 Craigo, John, 162 Davis, IlusW., 181 Crane School, 436 Davis, J. Arthur, 319 Crawford County, 88 Davis, Jefferson, 366, 373 history, 207 Davis, John W., 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 178 skirmish at White Oak Farm, 435 Davis, Julia, 322 Crawford County Historical Society, 305 Davis, Lowell, 218 Cresswell, George, lead plantation, 323 Davis, Susan A., inside October back cover Crestmead, history, 93 DawtMill, Gainesville, 318 Creve Coeur-Chesterfield Historical Society, 193 Day, Madison "Matt," 322 Crighton, John C, 386-387 De Soto, Mo. Crist, Ed, 436 Arlington Hotel, 92 Crist, Robert E. and Betty Lou, inside July back Railroad Car Repair Shop, 272 cover De Tocqueville, Alexis, 2, 4 Crop rotation, 235 Debate societies, 1-21 Crosby, James Edgar, Jr., obit., 100 Deckard-Beerline house, Springfield, 447 Crosswhite, Ollie, 299 Deepwater, Mo., road to Clinton, Mo., 436 Crouch, Garrett, 249, 259 Deer Park Negro School, Boone County, 317 Croy, Homer, 268 Defense stamps, 277 Cuba, Mo., 120; St. Paul's Lutheran Church, 208 DeKalb County Historical Society, 193 Culture, on Missouri frontier, 1-21 DeKalb County, World War II, 443 Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., 420,421 DeMarce, Virginia Easley, 186 Current family, Andrew County, 94 Democratic National Committee, 284-286, 290 Current River, rafting, 89 Democratic party, 117, 118, 119, 120, 169, 282-294, Curtis, Ried, obit., 100 397 Cushing, Joseph W., obit., 221 candidates, 1924, 179 Cyclone, Annapolis, 91 Jackson County, 397-400 national convention, 1880, 120 Dabney, Charles W., 246 national convention, 1884, 121 Dade County Historical Society, 77, 193 national convention, 1928, 178 Dains, Jay, 188 platform, 1924, 178 Dains, Mary K., 73, 188; ed., Show Me Missouri Denby, Edwin, 173 Women: Selected Biographies, 101-102 Denebeim, Abraham, 323 Dalbow, Albert, 299 Dent County Historical Society, 77, 193 Dale, Roberts., 317 Dent County, McMurtrey Cemetery, 440 Dallas County Historical Society, 193, 424 Dent, Lester, 107-108 Dalton, Mo., 40 Denver, Colo., 119, 124; Tabor Opera House, 121, Dalton, George D., 40 122 Dalton Vocational School, 38, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, Denver Tribune (newspaper), 114, 117, 118, 119, 53,54 124, 126 Depression, 167, 208 Damned Yankee: The Life of General Nathaniel Desloge, Missouri and Surrounding Area, A Pic­ Lyon, by Christopher Phillips, 222-223 torial History, by Dave Darnell, 227 Danciger, Jack, 216 DeSmet, Pierre-Jean, 212 Danforth, William H., 326 Devaul family, 323 Daniel Boone Regional Library, Columbia, 419 Devoe, Matt, 412-413 Darby, Paul H., obit., 100 Dewey, Thomas, 286, 291 Darnell, Dave, Desloge, Missouri and Surrounding Dickens, Charles, 369-370 Area, A Pictorial History, 227 Dickie, Roy A., obit., 100 Darnell, Mrs. Ward T., obit., 328 Dick's Mill, Cotton, 316 Dartmouth College, 94 Diehl, W. Lloyd, 394 Daugherty, Harry M., 173 Dierks, E. G., obit., 100 Daughters College, Platte City, 218 Dierks, Ellerd, 279 464 Index

Dierks, Louis, 279 Edgewood Children's Center, Webster Groves, 447 Dierks, William, 279 Edina, Mo., 387, 390 Dillingham, Henry L., 402 Edina Knox County Democrat (newspaper), 387, Dixon, Mo., festival, 209 389, 394 Dixon, Denver, 73 Edom, Cliff, 217, 220 Dixon, John, 209 Education, 37-54, 318 Doc Savage (fictional character), 107-108 school districts, 176 Dockery, Alexander, 172 Springfield, 326 Dockery building, CMSU, Warrensburg, 445 of women and girls, 342-345, 362 Doling's Park, Springfield, 94 Edwards, Paul M., Our Legacy of Faith: A Brief Dombeck, Vince, 215 History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Donaldson, Gary A., "The Wardman Park Group Christ of Latter Day Saints, 453 and Campaign Strategy in the Truman Adminis­ Edwards, Ward, Library, CMSU, Warrensburg, 445 tration, 1946-1948," 282-294 Ehrlich, Nancy M., Ask Now Of The Days That Doniphan, Mo., 89 Are Past: A History of First Presbyterian Church, centennial, 209 Independence, Missouri, 109-110 courthouse, 209 Eichenberger, Dorothy, Spalding Springs, 111 Donovan, William, 60 Eickmeyer, Lora, 74 Dooley family, Miller County, 98 Eighth Federal Reserve District, 392 Dooley, Sarah Louisa Moreland, 446 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 65, 69, 70 Dooley, Tom, 96 Eisleben Lutheran Church, Scott County, 436 Dorrance, Ward, 445 El Dorado Springs, Mo., history, 437 Dorsey Christian Church, 316 Eldad Church, Huntsville, 318 Doss, Noreene, 219 Elections Douglas, Stephen, 129 1946,283 Douglas, T. R., 41 1948, 283 Douglass, Frederick, School, Columbia, 89 black voters, 294 Doyle, Don, 2, 20 congressional, 1946, 282, 285, 287 "Dr. Arthur Nelson for Governor: The 1924 Cam­ gubernatorial, 1924, 164-180 paign," by William B. Claycomb, 164-180 presidential, 1860, 129, 133 Draper, Mrs. Charles H., obit., 100 presidential, 1948, 289, 290, 294 Drew, H. L., 49 Elephant Rocks State Park, 444 Drought, 1934, 208 Eliff family reunion, 439 Drumm Institute for Boys, Jackson County, 444 Eliot, T. S., 219 Drury College, Springfield, 219 Elliff, Joseph D., 40 Drury-Mincy Wildlife Area, Taney County, 324 Ellington, Mo., 209, 318 Dry, Morris E., obit., 221 Ellington, Alexander Marshall, 325 Du Bois, W. E. B., 38, 39 Elsberry, Mo., library, 217 Du Bourg, Louis William Valentine, 350, 353-354, Elsey, George M., 284 360 Emery, Joseph D., obit., 221 Duchesne, Philippine, 341-362 Emmanuel United Church of Christ, Jackson, 438 Ducks, January cover Emmet Guards, 26 Duclos-Pashia house, Washington County, 216 Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters, by Bill Dug Spring, 1861,448 O'Neal, 227 Dulles, Allen W., 65 The Enduring Indians of Kansas: A Century and a Dunham, Dennis Eugene, obit., 221 Half of Acculturation, by Joseph B. Herring, Dunklin County, inside January back cover, 391, 330-331 392, 394 Engel, Lawrence P., 404 Dunksburg, Mo., 320 Englemann, George, 322 Dunn, Caroline, 406 English, Earl, 189 Dunnegan, T. H. B., 97 English sparrows, 237 Dunton, W. Herbert, 218 English, William Francis, 329 Durham family, Vernon County, 443 Enon Missionary Baptist Church, 88 Entertainment, World War II, 273, 274 Eagle Packet, 97 Entomology, 229-247 Earthquake Day, 302 Ernst, Robert, Weakness Is a Crime: The Life of Earthquakes, 1811-1812, inside January back cover, Bernarr Macfadden, 451-452 319 Esrom, Mo, 88, 89, 208 East Lynne, Mo., grocery store, 90 Estes Coffee Shop, Warrensburg, 251 Easter, Luke, 440 Estes Hotel, Warrensburg, 249-250 Eastwood farm, Cooper County, 165, 170, 172, 173, Eulenstein, Gustave, 443 174, 178 Evans, John, 124 Ebenezer United Church of Christ, Levasy, 322 Evans, Tressie, 319 Eberstadt, Ferdinand, 67, 69 Ewing High School, 208 Eberstadt Report, 62 Ewing, John, 40 Index 465

Ewing, Oscar R., 283-285, 287, 290-292 Female Indian Seminary, 358-359 Excelsior Springs, Mo, 97; Elms Hotel, 444 Gittemeier house, 215 Sacred Heart Church, 212, 215 Factories, 271 St. Christopher Parish, 440 Faherty, William Barnaby, A Gift to Glory In: The St. Ferdinand's Parish, 353-354 First Hundred Years of the Missouri Botanical Weidinger's Saloon, 443 Garden (1859-1959), 105-106 Florissant Valley Historical Society, 305-306, 424 Fair Deal, 288 Floyd, "Pretty Boy," 297, 299 Fall, Albert, 173 Flying Eagle (boat), 316 Famous-Barr, Clayton, 92 Foley Manufacturing Company, Minneapolis, Faris family, Rocheport, 219 Minn, 260, 261, 263 Farm Foley, Red, 99 production, 280 Foley, William, 183, 184 workers, 238, 268 Folger, Henry Clay, 363 Farm Bureau, 267, 268, 274 Folklore, 444-445 Farm clubs, 389 Food production, 275; shortages, 389-391 Farm cooperatives, 169 Football, 217 Farm Security Administration, 267, 268 Forbes, Charles, 173 Farmers, 231, 232, 235, 236, 239, 240, 265-281, Forbes, Josie, 211 389-391 Ford, Thomas H, obit, 221 Farmers & Merchants Bank, St. Clair, 442 Forman, Harry Buxton, 369 Farming, 219; Christian County, 94 Forrestal, James, 59, 60, 61, 62, 286 Farmington, Mo, 437; Carleton College, 437 Forsyth, Mo, schools, 437 Farrar, Richard, 218 Fort Davidson State Historic Site, 437 Father Figure: Joseph Smith III and the Creation Fort Leonard Wood, 96 of the Reorganized Church, by Roger D. Launius, anniversary, 95 109 history, 93 Fayette, Mo, buildings, architectural styles, 437 hospital, 215 Felts, Narvel, 219 Fort Orleans, 435 Femme Osage area, early history, 443 Fort Osage, 190 Fenton Historical Committee, 420 Fort Snelling, Minn, 190 Ferguson Historical Society, 77, 193, 305 Fort Sumter, attack, 129 Ferguson, William, Sr, 213 Fortner, Jacob and Malissia, 322 Ferrell, Robert H, 57 Foster, Beverly R, 50, 51 Ferryboats Foster, Mel, 320 Annie Cade, 446 Foundation for Restoration of Old Ste. Genevieve, White River, 435 193 Field, Eugene, 113-126, 186; scrapbooks and diary Four-H clubs, 268, 274, 276 of, 369 Fourth of July, 94 The Final Season, by Fred Nichols, 454 Fowler, Pauline, 189 Finley, George B, 6, 11-13 Fox trotters, 220 Finley, James, 18 Francis, David R, 443 Finley, Rufus W, 1, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18 Francis Howell School District, 447 Fire, Arlington Hotel, De Soto, 92 Frank, Harry K, obit, 328 First Missouri Confederate Brigade, 32 Franklin, Mo, 2; newspaper monument, 220, 324 First National Bank, St. Louis, 59, 368 Franklin Club of St. Louis, 368, 370; catalog of First Presbyterian Church, Independence, 109-110 Dickens material, 369-370 Fitzhugh's Mill, 446 Franklin County Fitzpatrick, Daniel R, cartoons, illus, 168, 186, history, 91 396,401,402,407 Huellinghoff log house, 439 Flags, American, 388-389, 394 Native Americans, 439 Fleeting Moments: Nature and Culture in American research sources, 97 History, by Gunther Barth, 110 Franklin County Historical Society, 77, 194, 306 Fleishman-Hillard, Inc., St. Louis, 219 "The Franklin Debate Society: Culture on the Mis­ Fleming, Philip, 286 souri Frontier," by Louis W. Potts, 1-21 Flood, John P, obit, 449 Franklin Library Association, 2, 11, 13 Floods Franklin Library Company, 2 1943, 97 Franklin Schoolhouse, Clay County, 3 Greenville, 211,439 Franzwa, Gregory M, 73 St. Joseph, 1952,440 Fraternal Order of Police, Missouri Lodge, 296 St. Louis, 1938, 212 Freche, Eva, 322 Florence, Mo, 219 Freehling, William W, The Road to Disunion, Florissant, Mo, 350 Volume I, Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854, Catholic school for Indian boys, 359 334-335 families, 215 Fremont, Jessie Benton, letters, 96 466 Index

Fremont, John C, 322, 327 Gibson, Sir Charles, 447 Frese, Henry C. and Amanda Fink, 210 A Gift to Glory In: The First Hundred Years of the Friedenberg Lutheran Historical Society, 424 Missouri Botanical Garden (1859-1959), by Wil­ Friedrich, Julius, 322 liam Barnaby Faherty, 105-106 Friends of Arrow Rock, 77, 194, 306, 424 Gifts, 84-87, 201-206, 311-315,430-434 Friends of Historic Boonville, 77, 306, 424 Girls Service Organization, Webster Groves, 445 Friends of Jefferson Barracks, 424 Gittemeier house, Florissant, 215 Friends of Keytesville, 194, 424 Glasgow, Mo, bridge, 93 Friends of Miami, Mo, 441 Glendale, Mo, 323 Friends of Missouri Town-1855, 77,194, 306,424 reminiscences of, 444 Friends of the University of Missouri-Columbia residents, 95 Libraries and the State Historical Society of Glendale Historical Society, 78, 194 Missouri Library, 421 Gliedt, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred G, 73 Friess, Caroline, 209 Glover, Townend, 230, 245 Frisco Railroad Museum, Ash Grove, 306 Godsey, Townsend, 445 Frisco Station School, Springfield, 443 Godwin, Mary, 369 Frisco's soldier diners, 443 Goebel, Rudolph, 72 Frost, Daniel, 26, 30-34 Goforth, Thomas J, 448 Frost Mill, Reynolds County, explosion, 437 Golden Eagle Club, 326; anniv, 443 Fulton, Mo, 149-163 Golden Eagle River Museum, 99, 194, 424-425 blacks, 154, 156, 157 Goldman, Eric, 288 courthouse, 157 Goldsberry, Darkas and John, cemetery marker, Germans, 154 439 library, 154 Good Hope Church, 438 Missouri School for the Deaf, 155 Goodall, Eula Johnson, 249, 250 State Hospital No. 1, 155 Goodall, Leonard B, 248-264 Funck, Anna, 74 Goodall, Leonard E, 251; "The Rotary Power Funck, Ruth, 74, 189 Mower and Its Inventor: Leonard B. Goodall," Future Farmers of America Chapter, Smithville, 248-264 441 Goodall Manufacturing Company, Warrensburg, 249, 250, 255-257, 260; board of directors, 261, Gainesville, Mo, 325 262 Galehouse, Denny, 218 Goodall Manufacturing Corporation, Winona, Galena, Mo, Y-Bridge, 216 Minn, 263 Gardner, Frederick D, 44, 45, 46, 165 Goodall, Viva, 249, 256 Garfield, James A, 115,245 Goodin, James, 216 Garrison family, Lawrence County, 444 Goodrich, Isaac M, 441 Garwick, Henry, 260 Goodrich, James W, 73, 181-185, 190, 297, 302, Garwood, Mo, 89 420, 421 Gasconade County Goodwin, J. West, 122,123 churches, 95 Gordon Manor and cabin, Columbia, 436 clay mining, 443 Gordon, R. John Benjamin, 437 research sources, 97 Gosvenor, George and Jemima, 441 Gasconade County Historical Society, 77, 194,424 Gottlieb, Richard, ed. Battle Chronicles of the Gass, Mary Henderson, The Way We Came: A Civil War, 106-107 Century of the AIA in St. Louis, 454 Grace Presbyterian Church, Festus, 89 Gatewood, Mo, history, 209 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History, 329 Gayoso, Mo, inside January back cover Graham, Thomas, Charles H Jones, Journalist and Genealogical Society of Central Missouri, 419 Politician of the Gilded Age, 333-334 General American Life Insurance Company, 59, 70 Grain Valley Historical Society, 194, 425 Gentle Monarch: The Presidency of Israel A. Smith, Granby Historical Society, 78, 425 by Norma Derry Hiles, 337 Grand Gulf State Park, 96 Gentry County, 390-391 Grand River Chapel, William Jewell College, Lib­ Gentry, N. H, 166, 175 erty, 190 Gentry, Richard, 215 Grandin, Mo, sawmill, 97 Gentzler, Lynn Wolf, 73,183, 188,420 Grandview Historical Society, 78, 194, 306, 425 Geology and conchology, Missouri specimens, 382- Grant in St. Louis, by Walter B. Stevens, 370-371 383 Grant, Ulysses S, 158,159; letters of, 370-371 Gerdemann, Henry, 93 Gray, Pete, 95, 446 German-Americans, 444-445 The Great Silent Majority: Missouri's Resistance to "A German Immigrant in Postbellum Fulton," by World War I, by Christopher C. Gibbs, 386 Linda Schelbitzki Pickle, 149-163 German Jews, in Missouri, 329 Greene County Historical Society, 194 Gibbs, Christopher C, 386-387, 391, 392, 394; The Greene County, "Young Brothers" massacre, 299 Great Silent Majority: Missouri's Resistance to Greenfield, Mo, Washington Hotel, 437 World War I, 386 Greenville, Mo, 3, 5 barber shop, 439 Index 467

Barrow Grocery Store, 319 Twain, Mark, boyhood house, 90 Davis, J. Arthur, auto dealer, 319 Hardin, Charles H, 233,241 floods, 211,439 Hardin, Charles H, hanging of, 437 Grace Methodist Church, 319 Hardin College, Mexico, Richardson Hall, 438 Holladay, Hiram, mansion, 319 Harding, Chester, 95 Laclede Hotel/Hastings Barber Shop, 211 Harding, Warren G, 171; administration, 173,178 Marsh, J. S, store, 319 Hardy, Richard, 217 Old Bedwell Tavern/Stage Coach Stop, 211 Harlem, Mo, 217 Roller Mill, 319 Harmon family, 209 Smith, Harriet, house, 211 Harney-Price Agreement, 131 Turner-Durham market, 319 Harney, William, 131 Wayne County Bank, 319 Harper's Ferry, 23 Greenwood Heights (house), Columbia, 436 Harper's School District Library, 12 Gregg, Josiah, 99 Harriman, W. Averell, 286 Grolier Club of New York City, 366 Harris, W. T, 374 Grooms, William, 299 Harrisburg, Mo, 89 Grosevenor, George and Jemima, 441 Harrison, Benjamin, 207 Gross, J. 0, 6 Harrison County, 390 Grotjan, Donald, 54 Harrison County Historical Society, 78, 194-195, Grout, Lewis J, 400 306 Grubaugh, Neal and Betty, 220 Hart, A. B, 384 Grundy County Museum, 194 Hart, George Washington and Margaret Eleanor Guerrilla war, 97, 148 Strain, 438 Guide to the Manuscript Collections of the Presby­ Hartman, Charles, 298 terian Church, U.S., by Robert Benedetto and Hartmann, Rudolph H, 411 Betty K. Walker, 226 Hatler, M. Waldo, 217 Guitar, Odon, 183 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, letters of, 369 Guiteau, Charles J, 115 Hayden, F. V, 242 Gunfighters, 227 Hayes, Truman, 437 Gunther, Felix, 59 Haymarket Riot, Chicago, 117 Guthery, George L, 323 Haynesville, Mo, 3,4, 5 Gutteridge, Don, 446 Heariold, F. C, 51 Hearse, historic, 440 Hackney family, Springfield, 326 Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, Historical Society, Inc., Haden-Chavers-Fuller house, Springfield, 99 425 Hagood, J. Hurley and Roberta, Spalding Springs, Heaton-Bowman-Smith & Sidenfaden Chapel Fu­ 111 neral Home, St. Joseph, 440 Hake, Peggy Smith, "They Left a Legacy,"Histori­ Heitkamp Memorial Library, St. Louis, 302 cal Stories of Miller County, Missouri, 337 Helias, Ferdinand, 98 Halbert, Sherrill, obit, 221 Henderson, Robert, 207 Hale, William H, 439 Hendrix, Marcell, 299 Hall, Mrs. James P., obit, 221 Henkler, Fritz, 152, 153 Hall, John, 444 Henkler, Philip, 152 Hall School District #20, Douglas County, 323 Henry County, 30, 31 Halley's Bluff, Vernon County, 94 Henry County Historical Society, 78, 195, 306,425 Hamby, Alonzo, 289 Henry County Museum, Adair Annex Village, 89 Hamden, Mo, 435 Henry, Mrs. Hubert W, Sr, obit, 221 Hamilton, Mo, Citizens Trust Company, 209 Hercules, Inc., Carthage, 208 Hamilton, Esley, The Way We Came: A Century of Heritage Seekers, 78, 195 the AIA in St. Louis, 454 Herman and Glassen McCormick Harvester dealer­ Hamilton, Jean C, 326 ship and hotel, Salisbury, 440 Hamilton, Jean Tyree, 183, 184, 185 Hermann, Mo, 99, 160; Stone Hill Winery, 161 Hammond, Mo, 325 Hermanson, Frank, 299 Hammond, George, 299 Hermitage, Mo, Jenkins family, 96 Hangings Herring, Joseph B, The Enduring Indians of Kan­ Columbia, 95 sas: A Century and a Half of Acculturation, Hardin, Charles H, 437 330-331 Kennett, 90 Herrington Cemetery, Pevely, 320 Missouri, 88 Hibbard Hotel, St. Clair, 442 Hannegan, Robert, 286 Hickman house, New Franklin area, 436 Hannibal, Mo, 220 Hickory County, 96 Cardiff Hill, 437 Hickory County Historical Society, 78,195 newspapers, history, 95 Hickory Grove School, Johnson County, 214 Storrs Ice and Coal Truck, 318 Higginsville, Mo, park, 437 street cleaning, 437 Highlandville area, Christian County, 443 468 Index

Highway Patrol, history, 97, 218, 325 Copeland, M. L, 318 Highways, 169, 175 Deckard-Beerline, Springfield, 447 Hiles, Norma Derry, Gentle Monarch: The Presi­ Duclos-Pashia, Washington County, 216 dency of Israel A. Smith, 337 Estes, Wayne County, 439 Hillsboro, Mo, 266 Ewing log, Lexington, 320 Historic Florissant, Inc., 195 Farrington-Meyer-Baker, Springfield, 219 Historic Kansas City Foundation, 78, 306, 425 Ferguson, William, Sr, Tipton, 213 Historical Association of Greater Cape Girardeau, Haden-Chavers-Fuller, Springfield, 99 195, 306-307, 425, 436 Harrison mansion, Bourbon, 88 Historical Association of Greater St. Louis, 195 Henderson, Salem, 212 Historical Society of Maries County, 78, 307,425 Holladay, Hiram, Greenville, 319 Historical Society of Polk County, 79, 195,425 Howell-Koziel, Springfield, 326 History Day, Missouri, 1992, 183 Huellinghofflog,439 History Museum of Springfield-Greene County at Hunter-Dawson, New Madrid, 211, 217 the Bentley House, 420 Johnson, William and Margaret, 316 History of Mendon, Missouri and Mendon Town­ Kendrick, Carthage, 321 ship, 1891-1990, 109 King-Brown, Springfield, 447 Hitchcock, Floyd, 323 Maclay, Tipton, 320 "'Ho, For Kansas': The Southwest Expedition of Marlay, Trenton, 213 1860," by Phillip T. Tucker, 22-36 Matthews, Laura, Columbia, 208 Hobson family, Andrew County, 94 Maus, Jefferson City, 217 Hodgson Mill, Ozark County, 318 Mosher-Riley, Springfield, 99 Hoffman, Mrs. R. M, obit, 100 Mudd's Grove, Kirkwood, 440 Holidays Patton, Mount Vernon, 91 Christmas, 157, 163, 325, 326 Pipkin-Roper, Springfield, 326 New Year's, 163 Ravenswood, Cooper County, 208 Thanksgiving, 317 Reps-Hyde, Springfield, 98 Holladay, Hiram, mansion, Greenville, 319 Ruffner, Peter, Ashland, 317 Holmes, Elmer R, 440 Russell, Robert Lee and Thursa J. (Moss), Holt County 319 courthouse, 319 Smith, Harriet, Greenville, 211 St. Peter's Church, 439 Southers, John, Trenton, 213 sesquicentennial, 210 Tappmeyer, St. Louis, 325 Holt County Historical Society Museum, 73 Townley, Osage County, 319 Holy Angels Parish, Kinloch, 212 Twain, Mark, Hannibal, 90 Holy Rosary Church, 212 Volker-Terry, Springfield, 326 Hood United Methodist Church, anniv, 92 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, Mansfield, inside April Hooker, Robert K, obit, 100 back cover Hoover Commission, 66, 220 Williamsville, 91 Hoover, Herbert, 66, 167 Houston, Mo, 329 Hoover, J. Edgar, 414 Houston, John, family, 444 Hoover, Jerry and Betty, 219 How Did It Get So Small? A Missouri Boyhood, Hopkins, Mo, Sayler Hardware, Furniture, Im­ 1910-1928, by James Emmett Murphy, 338 plements and Undertaking, 318 Howard, Clarence H, 42 Hopkins, Harry, 288, 289 Howard County, Hickman house, 436 Hopperdozer, 243 Howard, Frank "Goldie,"218 Horn, Claude, obit, 221 Howard, Goldena, Spalding Springs, 111 Horse barns, 444 Howard, Oliver N, obit, 449 Hosmer, Harriet, 320 Howell Institute, 447 Hotel Welch, Canton, 435 Hoxie, H. M, 367 Houser, Charles, 299 Huber, Patrick J, 298, 420; "Nathaniel C. Bruce, Houses Black Education and the 'Tuskegee of the Mid­ Abbott-Diemer-Petty-Hoover, Springfield, 219 west,'" 37-54 Abbott-Stewart, Springfield, 219 Huckleberry Finn, 215 Adams, C. N, La Grange, 208 Hudspeth, Robert H, 400-401, 413-414 Adams, William M, Cooper County, 141,142 Huellinghoff log house, 439 Baer log, Moniteau County, 441 Huffaker, C. C, 14 Barnwell mansion, Vichy, 211, 213 Hug, Nic, 437 Boone, Nathan, 88, 93 Hughes, Roland L, 54 Branson, Columbia, 317 Hughes, Rosia, 54 Brookshire, Boone County, 444 Hull Curculio-Catcher, 236 Bryant, Independence, 318 Hull, E. S, 236 Buford, C. M, Ellington, 318 Hulston, John K, 96, 181,421 Burkholder-O'Keefe, Moberly, inside October Humphreys, Pauline Annette, 445; building, CMSU, back cover Warrensburg, 445 Index 469

Hungarians, in Missouri, 445 Isey, Elmer L, 413 Hungerford family, 209 Ittner, William B, 40 Hunter-Dawson House, New Madrid, 211, 217 Hunter, DeWitt C, 28 J. C. Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City: Huntington, Henry E, 363, 365, 366, 371 Innovation in Planned Residential Communities, Huntington, Henry E, Library and Art Gallery, by WilliamS. Worley, 331-332 San Marino, Calif, 371 J. C. Swon (steamboat), 136 Hurt, R. Douglas, Agricultural Technology in the Jackson, Mo, Emmanuel United Church of Christ, Twentieth Century, 337 438 Huss, Stephen F, "Milkweed, Machine Guns and Jackson Cape County Post (newspaper), 209 Cows: Jefferson County Farmers in World War Jackson, Claiborne Fox, 129-132, 135, 136, 138, II," 265-281 140, 142, 144, 146, 164,180 Hutchins, Stilson, 119,120 Jackson County Hutsler, Barney, 96 Democratic party politics, 397-400 Hyde, Arthur M, 169,174,175,176 Drumm Institute for Boys, 444 Hydrogen bomb, 67, 68 Jackson County Historical Society, 79, 195-196, 425 Iatan (steamboat), 136 Jackson County Parks and Recreation Department, Ice cream parlors, 218 189-190 I'll Buy That (book), 24% Jackson, Merle M, obit, 328 I'm glad I'm not young anymore, by Clarissa Start, Jackson, Robert, 409 450451 Jackson, William H, 65 Immanuel Lutheran School, St. Charles, 447 James family, 443 Immigrants James, Frank, 115,118,323 Protestant, 435 James, Jesse, 115,119,126, 321; farm, 214 Swiss, 324 James, W. K, 40,44,47 Inchon, battle of, 207 James, Mrs. W. K, 40 Independence, Mo. Jameson, Mo, Grand River Church, 190 Bryant house, 318 Jamesport, Mo, Mineral Springs and Bath, 438 First Methodist Church, 323 Janssen Place, Kansas City, 215 First Presbyterian Church, 109-110 Jason, W.B, 51 Independent Minute Men, Warsaw, 33 Jasper County, 88; pioneers, 317 Indian Bureau, 219 Jasper County Historical Society, 196, 425-426 Indians, 158, 219, 323, 350; See also Native Ameri­ Jauncey, G. E. M, 394 cans Jazz, 448 attitude toward, 356-360, 362 Kansas City, 438 Cherokee, 97 St. Louis, 447 division of labor, 357 Jazz Cleopatra: Josephine Baker in Her Time, by education of, 341-342, 356, 358-360, 362 Phyllis Rose, 226-227 Kansas, 330-331 Jefferis Theatre, Piedmont, 439 Osage, 88 Jefferson Avenue United Methodist Church, Mob­ Osage War, 1837,99 erly, 99 Potawatomi, 359 Jefferson City, Mo, 48, 116, 122, 132, 137, 170, 390 Trail of Tears 444 armory, 135 Industrial Workers'of the World (IWW), 394 Capitol Theatre, 324 Ingalls, Caroline Quiner, inside April back cover history, 96 Ingalls, Charles, inside April back cover Maus house, 217 Ingram, Mrs. Forest, obit, 328 militia, 33 Inman family, 214 St. Joseph's Home for Aged, 209 Insect control, 229-247 Jefferson County Insecticides, 237-239, 244, 266 civil defense, 267 Integrated Pest Management, 247 during World War II, 265-281 Internal Revenue Service, 411,413 Lumber Company, Kimmswick, 272 Internal Security Act, 66 Jefferson County Record (newspaper), 269 Internal Security Agency, 66 Jefferson County Republican (newspaper), 275, 277 International and Great Northern Railroad, 366 Jefferson Hotel, Kansas City, 406 Inventors, African-American, 303 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Associa­ Iron County Historical Society, 79, 195, 307,425 tion, 70 Iron Mountain, Mo, hotel, 437 Jefferson, Thomas Ironton, Mo. household account books of, 371 history, 209 papers and letters of, 369 Missouri Home for Aged Baptists, 438 Jenkins family, Hermitage, 96 Irving, Sir Henry, 122 Jenkins, Solomon, 157 Irwin, Mo, history, 210 Jenkinson, Clay S, 421 Isaacs, Henry G, inside July back cover Jennings Historical Society, 79, 196 470 Index

Jennings, Robert W. "Will," obit, 100 Union Station, 95, 323; massacre, 299 Jennison, Charles R, 23 vote fraud, 397 Jesuits, 220, 343, 344, 358-359 Webster School building, 444 Jewel Box, St. Louis, 92 Kansas City Chapter of the MU Alumni Associa­ Jewell Cemetery, Boone County, 216 tion, 421 Jigsaw puzzles, 250, 251 Kansas City Fire Brigade, 79, 196, 307, 426 Johnson, Charles P, 98 Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad, inside Johnson, Clabourn, 446 April back cover Johnson County, Cedarcroft farm, 447 Kansas City Monarchs (baseball team), 444 Johnson family, Ozark County, 325 Kansas City Star (newspaper), 118, 249, 255-256, Johnson, Franklin Plotinus, 379 258, 264,403,412 Johnson-Lucas Banking Company, Osceola, 374 Kansas City Times (newspaper), 115, 398-399 Johnson, Marian, 274 Kansas City Westerners, 79,196, 307,426 Johnson, Ralph Proclus, 380 Kansas Indians, 330-331 Johnson, Thomas Moore, 364, 365, 372-380, 385 Kansas-Missouri border troubles, 22-36 trans, Opuscula Platonica, 379 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854, 23 trans, Proclus' Metaphysical Elements, 379 Kaseyville Baptist Church, 91, 212 Johnson, Waldo P, 372-373 Kaseyville, Missouri: An Enduring Community, 125 Johnson, William and Margaret, house, 316 Years, 453454 Johnstown High School, 89 Katy Trail, 323 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 59, 60 Kaunley, Sam, 99 Jolliff, Reuben, 326 Kearney, Mo, 446 Jones, Charles H, 333-334 Kelley School, 88 Jones, H. K, 374 Kelly, John B, 136,141,146 Jones, Joe, 323 Kelly, Joseph, 28 Jones, Seitu, 190 Kelso, Margaret Gilmore, 97 Jones, Victoria N, 52, 53 Kennan, George F, 64 Joplin Historical Society, 196, 426 Kennerly, Mitchell, 366 Jordan, Philip, 443 Kennett, Mo, 387, 389, 392; hanging, 90 Journalism Kennett and Southern Railway, inside January Central Missouri State University, Warrens­ back cover burg, 445 Kennett Commercial Club, 389 Missouri, 114 Kennett Dunklin Democrat (newspaper), 387, 389, television, 219 392 Juette, Catharine Bowen, 211 Kessee, Patton, 217 Keyserling, Leon, 284, 285, 286, 287, 290, 294 Kahler, Denzil, 54 Keytesville, Mo, 52 Kahoka, Mo. Kimmswick, Mo, Jefferson County Lumber Com­ mules, 219 pany, 272 St. Michael Catholic Church, 209 Kimmswick Historical Society, 426 Kansas City, Mo, 114, 118, 397-400, 402-403, 405- Kimsey, Solomon, 4 406,413,416-417 King-Brown house, Springfield, 447 Christmas, 326 King City, Mo, 394; tornadoes, 391 Country Club Plaza, 318 King, James, 446 crime, 329 Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 79, 196, federal courthouse, 95 307 Jackson County Democratic Party headquar­ Kipling, Rudyard, works by, 369 ters, 402,411,416 Kirkpatrick, James C, 183, 184,185, 189 Janssen Place, 215 Kirksville, Mo, Still, A. T, Surgical Sanitarium, jazz, 438 438 Jefferson Hotel, 406 Kirkwood, Mo, 95 Kansas City Museum, 303 Linder, Edward, building, 95 landmarks, 215 Mudd's Grove (house), 440 Livestock Exchange Building, 95 O. K. Hatchery, 95 Mexican Revolution, 216 Kirkwood Historical Society, 79, 196, 307,426, 440 Nichols, J. C, Company, 331-332 Kissee, Patton, 217, 325 Opera House, 121,122 Klondike School, 438 Pendergast mansion, 416 Knight, Frank H, 168 Pendergast, T. J, Wholesale Liquor Com­ Knox City School building, 436 pany, 406 Knox County, 389, 390, 392 police, 329 Knox Presbyterian Church, 316 Ready-Mix Concrete Company, 406, 415 Knox, Thomas, 139,143 residential development, 331-332 Koontz, Jerry N, obit, 328 streetcars, 318 Korner, Barbara O, "Philippine Duchesne: A U-Smile Camp, 210 Model of Action," 341-362 Index 471

Koury, Lee, 296, 297 Ledgerwood, Joseph, 8 Kremer, Gary R, 74; "Nathaniel C. Bruce, Black LeDuc, William, 245 Education and the Tuskegee of the Midwest,'" Lee, Charles A, 49 37-54 Lee, Elizabeth Blair, 96 Krug, Julius, 286 Leonard, Abiel, 148 Ku Klux Klan, 169,170,175, 177,178 Leonard-Berry duel, 1824, 323 Kuhn and Craigo, Fulton, 162 Leonard, Charles E, 165 Kuhn, Emil, 149-163 Leonard family, 94 Kuhn, Lina, 156 Leonard, Nelson, 390 Kuhn, Luise Henriette Ritzel, 149,163 Leonard, Reeves, 148 Kurtz family, Rocheport, 219 LeSieur, Francois, inside January back cover Kurzweg, V. J, 99 "Lest We Forget: The Missouri Law Enforcement Memorial Foundation," by Elizabeth Bailey, La Grange, Mo. 295-301 Adams, C. N, house, 208 Lesterville, Mo, 89 Poultry House, 435 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 324 La Petite Prairie (Little Prairie), Mo, inside Janu­ Lewis, William H, 444 ary back cover Lewistown, Mo, 316; Prairie View Rest Home, La Plata, Mo, 210 316,435 education, 318 Lexington, Mo, 134,138,146, 220 fire protection, 318 battle of, 148 history, 438 Ewing log house, 320 railroad, 318 Lexington Historical Association, 196 Santa Fe depot, 318 Liberalism, 285,288,289,293 Labor, 169, 172, 293 Liberty, Mo, 324 Lacaff, Theodore, 445 Liberty bonds, posters, July cover, 393 Lacey, Harriet T, 381 Liberty Free Will Baptist Church, Webster County, Laclede County Historical Society, 307 212 Laclede Gas Light Company, 368 Libraries, 363-385 Lacy, Bill, 88 Columbia Public, 436 Ladage, Sue, 74, 189 Folger, 364 Ladies of Mercy, 346 Huntington, 363-364, 371 Lafayette County Historical Society, 79,196,426 Johnson, Thomas Moore, book house, Osce­ LaFollette, Robert M, 168, 172,176 ola, 377-378 Lake Creek camp meeting, 93 Missouri, 364-366 Lake Ozark, Mo, Our Lady of the Lake Catholic St. Louis Mercantile, 384 Church, 110 State Historical Society of Missouri, 366, 380, Lamar, Mo, 438,445; life in 1930s, 90 383, 384 Lamarre, Catharine, 360 University of Missouri, 379, 383, 384, 385 Lamont, Daniel, 120, 121 Lick Creek, Mo, 325 Lancaster, Mo, newspaper, 96 Life jackets, 279 Landmarks Association of Greater St. Louis, 307, Limbaugh, Rush, 182,220 426 Limbaugh, Steve, 182 Lane, Rose Wilder, inside April back cover Lincoln, Abraham, 128,129, 131, 133 Lane, W.Harold, 413-414 Lincoln County Larsen, Lawrence H, "A Political Boss at Bay: Bonfils family, 441 Thomas J. Pendergast in Federal Prison, 1939- circuit court history, 213 1940," 396417 East Missouri Power Company, 321 Larson, Sidney, inside October front cover, 183 history, 213 Lassen, Alvin, 99 Lincoln County Historical and Archeological So­ Launius, Roger D, Father Figure: Joseph Smith ciety, 307 HI and the Creation of the Reorganized Church, Lincoln, Mary Todd, family, 216 109 Lincoln University, Jefferson City, 47, 50, 51, 53; Law enforcement officers, 295-301 board of curators, 54 Lawn mowers, power, 248-264 Lindbergh, Charles A, 440 Lawrence County, 392 Lindburg, Mrs. Arthur R, 421 Banker's Association, 389 Lindburg, Mrs. Earl C, 421 Federated Farm Clubs, 389 Linegar, Jimmie E, 296 Garrison family, 444 Linn Unterrified Democrat (newspaper), 217 Lawrence County Historical Society, 196,426 Lionberger, Oral Emegene, 321 Lawrence, Kan, 1863, 216 Lipscomb, Caleb, 394 Lawson, Mo, 90, 325 Liscombe, JoAnn, 299 Lay, James S, Jr., 67, 68 Little Prairie, Mo, inside January back cover Leavenworth, Kan, federal prison, 396-417 Littrell, Felby, 47 Leavenworth, Wallace, obit, 449 Livestock, 238, 266, 267, 272, 281 472 Index

Livestock Exchange Building, Kansas City, 95 McFerron, Joseph, family, 214 Lloyd family, Rocheport, 219 McGee, Leigh, 74 Local Historical Societies, 75-83, 191-200, 304-310, McGrath, J. Howard, 285 422-429 McHaffie, C. F, Chemical Company, 94 Locust catcher, 243, 244 Mackey, Eugene, 215 Locusts, 239-244 MacLaughlin, Thomas G, obit, 100 Logging, 217 McMillan, William, 367 Lone Elm School, Cooper County, 441 McNeill, Paula L, 420 Lone Oak Journal (newspaper), 207 Macon County Historical Society, 80, 196, 307-308 Lone Star East School, Ripley County, 318 McPherson, James M, ed. Battle Chronicles of the Long, Clarence W, The Prelude, 1890-1990, A Civil War, 106-107 History of the Border, 226 Madden, John D, 398 Long, Theodore F, 218 Mahnkey, Doug, 218 Longhorn Trail, 93 Mail service, 325; Troy, 441 Longmire, F. E, 389 Malta Bend, Mo, 388-389 Loring, George B, 245 Mansfield Farm Loan Association, inside April Louisiana, Mo, 91, 210 back cover Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Committee on Fine Mansfield, Francis M, inside April back cover Arts, 368 Mansfield, Mo, Wilder, Laura Ingalls, house, in­ "Lover's Lane, St. Jo," by Eugene Field, 126 side April back cover Lovinger, Warren C, 445; education building, Manuel Alvarez, 1794-1856, A Southwestern Biog­ CMSU, Warrensburg, 445 raphy, by Thomas E. Chavez, 223-224 Lowndes School, Wayne County, 319 Maple Leaf Festival, Carthage, 317 Lowry, Robert G, obit, 100 Marais des Cygnes River, 32 Loyles, Forestyne, obit, 100 Marceline, Mo, 54 Lucy, Gary R, 326 Marion-Ralls Archaeological Society, 444 Lugenbeal, Moses, 95 Marionville, Mo, history, 323, 444 Lugenbeal, Rebecca Fell, 95 Mark Twain Bancshares, Inc., St. Louis, 219 Lundy, Joseph, Jr., 97 Marlay house, Trenton, 213 Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod, 322 Marmaduke, John Sappington, 136, 138, 140-142, Lynchings. See Hangings 144, 164, 165, 180 Lynes, Winston E, 447 Marmaduke, Meredith Miles, 164, 165, 180 Lyon, M. Fred, 182; KATY Railroad collection, Marmaduke, Vincent, 165 182 Marsh, J. S, 319 Lyon, Nathaniel, 97, 127, 130, 132, 135-137, 139- Marshall, Mo, Hotel Ruff, 319 141,143-147,222-223 Marshall, George, 62, 286 Marthasville, Mo, Boone settlement, 94 McAdoo, William G, 171 Martin, Edwin W, Jr., obit, 449 McArtor, Gene, 217 Martin family, Cape Girardeau County, 443 McCall, Jack, obit, 328 Marty, Myron, 188 McCann, Stanford, 250 Maryville, Mo. McCanse, Keith, 448 history, 210 McCarran Act, 66 tornado, 1934, 438,445 McCarty family, Cape Girardeau County, 443 Veterans CCC Camp, 438, 445 McClure, Ruth F, obit, 328 Mashburn, Wiley, 299 McConnell family, 214 Mathis, William, 302 McCord, James B, 8-12,14,16,18,19 Matthews, Jack, 436 McCord, Thomas Jefferson and Nannie Carr, 435 Matthews, Laura, house, Columbia, 208 McCormick, Jim, 123 Maus house, Jefferson City, 217 McCoy, Donald, 57 Mayes, Martin, obit, 221 McCue, George, ed. The Way We Came: A Cen­ Mayfair Hotel, St. Louis, restaurants, 98 tury of the AlA in St. Louis, 454 Maytag engines, 254, 255 McCullah-Wasson families, 220 Meadows, Sidney, 299 McCulloch, Ben, 135,145 Meadows, Willie J, 421 McCullough, John, 122 Mechanic's Rock, 220 McCullum,Al,211 Medical training, Missouri, 208 McDonald County, history, 213 Medicine, Civil War, 97 McDonald, Dudley S, 94 Melton, Green, 214 McDonald, Henry B, 94 Mendon, Mo, history, 109 McDonnell Douglas Corporation, board of direc­ Meramec Station Historical Society, 196, 426 tors, 70 Mexico, Mo, 438 McDowell (steamboat), 136,143 Alton Railroad station, 319 McEown family, 325 C & A Flaver garden, 319 Macfadden, Bernarr, 451-452 Finley Bus Company, 319 McFail,WilmaJ,420 Hardin College, 438 Index 473

Hoxsey Hotel, 319 prehistoric, 96 Jeffries Taxi Company, school bus, 438 Protestant immigrants, 435 streetcar, 438 State Board of Education, 389 Sweetheart Bakeries, 438 towns, 324 Mexico, Santa Fe and Perry Traction Company, wineries, 338 438 women, 101-102 Meyer, Duane, 326 Missouri-Arkansas boundary, inside January back Meyer, John D, granary of, 439 cover Meyer, Richard and Suellen, collection, 190 Missouri Arts Council, 94 Miami, Mo, 441 Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 105-106 Michael, Richard A, obit, 328 Missouri Car and Foundry Company, 367 Midwest Archives Conference, 302 Missouri Commerce and Industrial Development Mike, Mo, 441 Division, 263 Milan, Mo. Missouri Conference on History, 34th annual, 188, Hotel Stanley, 319 419-420 opera house, 438 Missouri Corn Growers' Association, 41 Sullivan County Historical Society Museum, Missouri Correctional Officers' Association, 296 438 Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 74 "Milkweed, Machine Guns and Cows: Jefferson Missouri Department of Public Safety, 296 County Farmers in World War II," by Stephen Missouri East Conference Center (Methodist), St. F. Huss, 265-281 Louis County, 99 Milkweed pods, 278, 279 Missouri Folklore Society, 188 Miller County Missouri Historical Review, 366, 384; Best Article Dooley family, 98 Award, 184 history, 337 Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, 80,182, 197, Miller County Historical Society, 197,426 308, 320, 368, 369, 385,426427,444 Miller, Eddie, 272 Missouri History in Magazines, 94-99, 214-220, Miller family, 219 322-327,443448 Miller, G. W, 144 Missouri History in Newspapers, 88-93, 207-213, Miller, Helen, obit, 449 316-321,435442 Miller, James L, Sr, 189 Missouri Home for Aged Baptists, Ironton, 438 Miller, Tom, 324 Missouri Law Enforcement Memorial, 295-301 Milligan, Maurice, 398,409,410 Missouri-Mid-Westem States Negro Farmers' and Mills Farm Women's Conference, 43 Alley, 91 Missouri Negro Industrial Commission, 44,45,47 Dawt,318 Missouri Newspaper Hall of Fame, 189 Dick's, 316 Missouri Newspaper Project, 182, 303,421 Fitzhugh, 446 Missouri Pacific Railroad, 26,172, 367, 368; White Frost, Reynolds County, explosion, 437 River Division, 453 Hodgson, 318 Missouri Peace Officers' Association, 296 Redings, 90 Missouri Police Chiefs' Association, 296 Spring Creek, 326 Missouri Press Association, 126,189, 217, 324 Mine Au Breton Historical Society, 80, 308 Missouri Public Service Corporation, 263 Mining, 217, 233 Missouri River, 135,136,142,143,152, 326,444 Minnick, Elmer C, obit, 100 steamboats, 446 Minor, Virginia, 326 Valley, 329 Minter, Abram, 9, 11 Missouri Ruralist (magazine), inside April back Minter, John, 12 cover, 41,44,46,47 Mississippi River, 151,152 Missouri School for the Deaf, Fulton, 155 towns, 216,444 Missouri Sheriffs' Association, 296 Valley, 214 Missouri State Archives, 73-74 Mississippi Valley Historical Society, 384 Missouri State Constitutional Convention, 1875, Missouri 373 Board of Agriculture, 231, 232, 234 Missouri State Genealogical Association, 74 Civil War, 1861,99 Missouri State Guard, 131,135,141,142,144,146 colleges, 208 Missouri State Horticultural Society, 231, 232 Committee on Retrenchment and Reform, 233 Missouri State Life Insurance Company, 59 Confederates, 97 Missouri State Militia, 127, 142; Sixth Military folklore, 317 District, 33 General Assembly (1874), 233, 234, 241 Missouri State Teachers Association, Columbia, Highway Patrol, history, 97 436; anniv, 90 history, 208, 213, 321,443 Missouri State Troopers' Association, 296 Hungarians in, 445 Missouri Town-1855,90,190 literature, 95 Missouri Valley History Conference, 188 natural history of, 382-383 Missouri Volunteer Militia, 22; First Brigade, 27 474 Index

Missouri Volunteers, 215; Twelfth Regiment Cav­ Murphy, Charles, 284 alry, 446 Murphy, Frank, 403, 405 "Missouri's 'Monumental Ananias': 'Gene Field Murphy, James Emmett, How Did It Get So Small? Looks Back," by Lewis 0. Saum, 113-126, 186 A Missouri Boyhood, 1910-1928, 338 Mitchell, Frank, 138 Museum of Ozarks' History, Springfield, 190, 420 Moberly, Mo. anniv, 210 Nagel, Charles, 40 Burkholder-O'Keefe house, inside October Nahlik, Mrs. Arthur, 276 back cover Namrash, Chariton County, 440 Jefferson Avenue United Methodist Church, Napton, W. B, On the Santa Fe Trail in 1857, 336 99 Nash, Frank, 299 O'Keefe Brothers Grocery, inside October "Nathaniel C. Bruce, Black Education and the back cover 'Tuskegee of the Midwest,"' by Patrick J. Huber Orscheln Heights, 208 and Gary R. Kremer, 37-54 Moberly Area Community College, 419 National Archives—Central Plains Region, Kansas Moll, Alvera "Toots" (Gibbar), 97 City, 419 Monett Times (newspaper), 73 National Association for the Advancement of Moniteau County, 435; Baer log house, 441 Colored People, 49, 293 Moniteau County Historical Society, 80, 308, 427 National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, Monroe City, Mo, history, 210 Washington, D.C, 295-296 Monroe County Historical Society, 197,427 National Linen Service Corporation, 70 Monroe, Haskell, 421 National Register Sites, inside October, January, Montgomery County Historical Society, 197 April and July back covers Montgomery Guards, 26 National Security Act, 62, 66 Montgomery, James, 24, 29, 30, 31 National Security Council, 56, 62-69, 71 Monticello, Mo, 435 Native Americans, heritage, 92; See also Indians Moonshine, 219 Native Sons of Greater Kansas City, 183 Moore, Robert, 216, 442 Neelyville Area Historical Society, 80, 197, 308 Morehouse, Mo, First General Baptist Church, 212 Neihardt, John G, Corral of the Westerners, 80, Morgan County Historical Society, 197 197, 308, 427 Morgan, George Cadagan, inside January back Nelson, Arthur W, Jr., 165 cover Nelson, Arthur Wesley, 164-180 Morgan, J. P., and Co, 171 Nelson, James M, 165 Morgan, J. Pierpont, 363 Nelson, Lolla Marmaduke, 165 Morledge, Frank, 323 Nelson, Louis C, 165 Morrill Act (1862), 232, 233 Nelson, Margaret, 165 Morris, Leona S, 419 Nelson, Nadine, 165 Morris, Wilson C, science building, CMSU, War­ Nelson, W. L, 47 rensburg, 445 Nelson, William Rockhill, 189 Morrow, Kate S, 173 Neo-Platonism, 365, 373-375, 377, 379 Morse, David, 284 Neosho, Mo, Orpheum Theater, 91 Morton, J. Sterling, 246 Neosho Floral, 446 Moseley, F. C, and Co, Kansas City, 260 Nettell, Sylvia Artie, 59 Mosely,W. G.,51 Nettleton, George, inside April back cover Mosher-Riley house, Springfield, 99 Neustadt, Richard E, 56 Moss Hollow, Mo, 279 Nevada, Mo, 94, 374 "Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Bushwhacker Museum, 94 Inmates: Goldman and O'Hare, 1917-1920," by Hotel Mitchell, 211 Bonnie Stepenoff, 186, 302 New Cambria, Mo, United Church, 214 Mount Tabor Baptist Church, anniv, 90 New Deal, 288, 292 Mount Vernon, Mo, 387 New England Society of St. Louis, 368 downtown, 439 New Haven, Mo, 441 Methodist Church, 91 New Hope Church, Ray County, 219 Patton family house, 91 New Hope United Methodist Church, Randolph railroad, 91 County, 326 Thomas, Paul, Clothing Store, 319 New Madrid, Mo, 351 Mount Vernon Lawrence Chieftain (newspaper), Hunter-Dawson House, 211,217 387, 388, 389 Parker House Hotel, 439 Mudd's Grove (house), Kirkwood, 440 New Madrid County, inside January back cover Mulberry Church, Bates County, 316 New Madrid Historical Museum, 197, 302, 441 Mules, 219, 325, 435 Newburg, Mo, 89, 97 Mull, William, 299 Newhall, Mo, 435 Mullane, Michael, 299 Newland, William, 324 Mullanphy, John, 354, 355 News in Brief, 73-74, 188-190, 302-303, 419421 Mumford, Frederick B, 47 Newspaper Museum, Arrow Rock, 189 Index 475

Newspapers, 73, 88-93, 96, 207-213, 303, 316-321, Order of the Visitation, 346 420421 Oregon-California Trails Association, Trails Head Belton Star-Herald, 316 Chapter, 81,198 Cape County Post, 209 Oregon Trail, 216 Columbia Missouri Statesman, 130, 146 Orphans, 447 Denver Tribune, 114,117,118,119,126 Orscheln Heights, Moberly, 208 Hannibal, 95 Osage County Lancaster, 96 history, 91, 210 Linn Unterrijied Democrat, 217 Townley house, 319 monument, Franklin, 220, 324 Osage County Historical Society, 198, 210, 309,427 Paris Monroe County Appeal, 319; anniv, Osage Farms Project, 95 445 Osage Indians, 88 Pineville McDonald County News, 319 Osage River, 138, 373 publishers, early, 217 Osage War, 1837,99 Sedalia Bazoo, 123 Osceola, Mo, 25, 364, 372-378, 379 Senath Dunklin County Press, 320 board of education, 374 Seymour Webster County Citizen, 321 Johnson-Lucas Banking Company, 374 Stockton Cedar County Republican, 321 Johnson, Thomas Moore, "book house" (li­ Newton County, black history, 210 brary), 377-378 Newton County Historical Society, 197,427 Osiek, Henry W, 325 Nichols, Fred, The Final Season, 454 Osterhaus, Peter, 140 Nichols, J. C, 331-332 Otis, Merrill E, 397400,403, 409,411, 413,417 Niemann, Ralph H, obit, 449 Ottumwa Belle (steamboat), 88 Ninas, Nina, 74 Our Lady of the Lake Parish Family History, 1940- Nixa, Mo, 217 1990,110 Nodaway County, 391; Peter family, 91 Our Legacy of Faith: A Brief History of the Re­ Nodaway County Historical Society, 197, 210, 308- organized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day 309,427 Saints, by Paul M. Edwards, 453 The Normal Courier (newspaper), 445 Outlaws, 446 North American Society for Sport History, 73 Overland Historical Society, 198 North Kansas City, Mo, 325 Owen, Jim, 435 North Missouri Railroad Company, inside October Owens, Sarah H, 446 back cover Owensville, Mo. Notre Dame Sisters, 209 Presbyterian Church, 208 Nourse, Edwin G, 286 Seventh-Day Adventist Church, 95 Ozark County, 90,96,209 O. K. Hatchery, Kirkwood, 95 communities, naming, 217 Oak Grove, Mo, 439 Satterfield family, 90 Oak Grove School, 317 Ozark County Genealogical and Historical Society, Obituaries, 100,221,328,449 427 O'Bryan, James H, 144 Ozark Jubilee, 98, 99,219-220, 326,447 The Odyssey of John Anderson, by Patrick Brode, Ozark Rock Curios, 321 102-103 Ozarks, 97, 323, 329, 446 Office of Price Administration, 269, 270, 272; Tire Caney Mountain, 213 Rationing Board, 296 Civil War, 97 Office of Strategic Services, 60, 65 country store, 446; Taberville, 325 Okeechobee, battle of, 215 guerrilla war, 97 O'Keefe Brothers Grocery, Moberly, inside October history, 218, 325 back cover pioneers, 97 O'Keefe, Margaret O'Connell, inside October back promotion of, 435 cover sheep in, 327 O'Keefe, William, inside October back cover towns, history of, 435 Old Mines Area Historical Society, 81,197-198 Ozarks Mountaineer (magazine), 446 Old Trails Historical Society, 81,198,427 Olean, Mo, anniv, 209 Pacific, Mo, St. Bridget Parish, 320 O'Leary, Humphrey, 298 Pacific Railroad, 149,153,158 Oliver family, 99 Packard, Alpheus Spring, 242 Painter, Henry M, 138 Oliver, Lucinda Jane, 327 Palmer, Mo, 320 Oliver, Tony, 299 Palmer, Bob, 326 Olson, James C, 181,421 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Fran­ Olson, Rosie, 73 cisco 42 On the Santa Fe Trail in 1857, by W. B. Napton, Panic of 1873, 233; St. Louis, 437 336 Paris green, 238, 239 O'Neal, Bill, Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters, Paris Monroe County Appeal (newspaper), 319; 111 anniv, 445 476 Index

Parker House Hotel, New Madrid, 439 Pineville McDonald County News (newspaper), 319 Parkerton, Mo, 215 Pinkerton bomb, 321,443 Parrish, E. M, 50, 52 Pipe, prehistoric, 89 Parsons, Monroe, 136,137, 140, 142, 144 Pitman, John, 211 Patrice Press, 73 Pittman, Alice, 447 Patti, Adelina, 121 Pittman, William H, 96 Patton, Joe, farm, 325 Pitts, Mo, 441 Paul, Joan, 73 Planters' House, St. Louis, 131, 133; conference, Paulding, James E, 421 132 Pawpaws, 218 Platonic philosophy, 365, 373-375, 377, 379 Pea Ridge, Ark, battle of, 148, 322 Platonism in the Midwest, by Paul R. Anderson, Peabody, Sophia, 369 373 Pearl City, Mo, 321 The Platonist (journal), 375, 377 Pearl Harbor, attack on, 317, 320, 326; anniv, 443 Platte City, Mo. Peavler, Ethel M, 303 Daughters College, 218 Peck, Mrs. Alba McGirk, obit, 221 First Christian Church, 320, 325 Pemiscot County, inside January back cover Platte Methodist Church, 439 Pendergast, Caroline Dunn, 404, 406, 413 Platte County Historical Society, 428 Pendergast, James, 405 Platte Methodist Church, Platte City, 439 Pendergast, Thomas J, 170, 396417 Platte Purchase, 4 mansion, Kansas City, 402,416 Pleasant Green, Mo, 441 Wholesale Liquor Company, Kansas City, 406 Pleasant Grove, Mo, 15, 20 Pendergast, Thomas J, Jr., 402 Pleasant Grove Debate Society, 16 Peninsular Car Company, 368 Pleasant Hill, Mo, 217; First Presbyterian Church, Pennytown, Mo, 445 218 Perkins, Marlin, 183 Pleasant Park Church and Cemetery, 88 Perry County, 439, 446 Plum curculios, 235, 237 history, 91 Poeschel, Michael, 161 Schumer Springs Hotel, 439 "A Political Boss At Bay: Thomas J. Pendergast in World War II, 446 Federal Prison, 1939-1940," by Lawrence H. Lar- Perry County Historical Society, 198, 427 sen, 396417 Perry County Lutheran Historical Society, 81, 198, Politics, 116, 164-180 427 Jackson County, 413 Perry, Milton F, obit, 221 Kansas City, 400, 413 Perryville, Mo. Pendergast machine, Kansas City, 397400, bank, 446 401,405406,407,412417 history, 211 Polk County, 23, 31; Rangers, 25, 30, 33, 97, 98 square, 97, 446 Polls, presidential, 283 Pettis County, 329 Pony Express Historical Association, 81, 309,428 Pettit, Kay, 73, 303, 420421 Poplar Bluff, Mo. Pevely, Mo, Herrington Cemetery, 320 high school, 440 Phelps County, 92; Frisco Railroad, 324 history, 440 "Philippine Duchesne: A Model of Action," by tornado, 92 Barbara O. Korner, 341-362 "Popular Reaction to World War I in Missouri," Phillips, Christopher, Damned Yankee: The Life of by Lawrence O. Christensen, 386-395 General Nathaniel Lyon, 222-223 Post cards, Lemp, 95 Photography, glass negatives, 208 Postal, Mo, 320 Pickle, Linda Schelbitzki, "A German Immigrant in Potawatomi Indians, 359 Postbellum Fulton," 149-163 Potosi, Mo, 92 Picotte, Robert H, obit, 100 Pottery Pictures - Stories - History of Pulaski County Mississippian Period, 324 Rural Schools, 336 Protohistoric Oneota, 329 Piedmont, Mo. Potts, Louis W, "The Franklin Debate Society: fair, 211 Culture on the Missouri Frontier," 1-21 history, 211 Poultry, 243, 266, 281 theatres, 439 Poultry House, La Grange, 435 Pike (steamboat), 447 Powell, F. Kirk, 420 Pike County Historical Society, 81, 198, 427 Powell, Raymond, obit, 449 Pike, Francis, 217 Powell, Truman, 435 Pillsbury, John S, 242 Powers, A. E, 279 Pilot Knob, battle of, 437 Prairie Chapel United Methodist Church, 99 Pin Oak Creek Baptist Church, Gasconade County, Prairie Farmer (agricultural paper), 230, 231 95 Pratte, William C, 188 Pine Hill Drive-In Theatre, Piedmont, 439 The Prelude, 1890-1990, A History of the Border, Pine Lawn, 325 by Clarence W. Long, 226 Index All

Presbyterian Church, U.S., 226 Randolph, Vance, 445 Presbyterian Mission Fests, 215 Rationing, 269, 270, 272, 273, 280, 440 Preservation, St. Louis, 215 Ravenswood, Cooper County, 208 Presidential campaign, 1868, 158 Rawlings Sporting Goods Company, St. Louis, 219 Price, Albert M, 181 Ray County Price, Edna, 220 courthouse, 440 Price-Harney Agreement, 131 New Hope Church, 219 Price, Hazel Austin, obit, 221 old state road, 446 Price, Sterling, 131-137, 140, 144-146; 1864 Mis­ Ray County Historical Society, 198, 428 souri Expedition, 94 Ray County Museum, 211 Priddy, Bob, 181,302 Ray family, northwest Missouri, 446 The Pride of Jefferson County, Missouri (bomber), Ray, S. J, cartoon, illus, 282 277 Raytown Historical Society, 81, 198, 309, 428 Proffitt, William E, obit, 449 Ready-Mix Concrete Company, Kansas City, 406, Progressive party, 168 415 Prohibition, 219 Red Cross, 274, 275, 389-390 Protem, Mo, 218 Red School, Miller County, 437 Providence, Mo, 139 Red Star Schoolhouse, Shelby County, 212 Psychological Strategy Board, 68 Redford, Mo, history, 209 Pulaski County Historical Society, 336 Redings Mill, 90 Pulaski County, rural schools, 336 Reed, Otto, 299 Pulitzer, Joseph, 189 Reese, Dorothy, 216, 324,445 Pyle, Lee, 279 Reesman, Dale, 181 Reller, Paul, obit, 221 Quantrill, William, 318 "Remembering the War... 50 Years Ago," 186 Quarles Baptist Church, 89 Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Queen City, Mo, history, 438 Saints, 109, 337, 453 Reps-Hyde house, Springfield, 98 Raebel, Albert, 279 Republican party, 119,169, 283 Railroads, 92, 230 Reynolds County accidents, 300 Bethlehem Church and School, 437 Alton station, Mexico, 319 Bonkers Cave, 89 Atlantic and Pacific, 135 Frost Mill explosion, 437 bridges, 132 highway department equipment, 437 Butler train crash, 316 Reynolds, Thomas, 180 Cassville and Exeter, 182 Rhineland, Mo, St. Marcus United Church of Chariton and Randolph, inside October back Christ, 94 cover Rhodes, Waldo Edward, 97 depot, Warrensburg, 441 Rice, C. David, 183, 184 Frisco Engine 1501,99 Rice, Dick, 296 Frisco, Phelps County, 324 Rich Fountain, Mo, homes tour, 210 Frisco Station School, Springfield, 443 Richardson, Clement, 48 Frisco's fleet of soldier diners, 443 Richardson Hall, Hardin College, Mexico, 438 Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf, inside April Richardson, Henry, 140, 143 back cover Richmond, Mo, historic homes and sites, 98 Kennett and Southern, inside January back Richmond Heights, Mo, 92 cover Richmond, Robert W, 188,419 La Plata, 318 Riley, A. C, reports and letters, 91 Missouri Pacific, 172 Riley, Charles Valentine, 229-247 Missouri Pacific Railroad Company, White Ringer, E. F, 261 River Division, 453 Ripley County North Missouri Railroad Company, inside Civil War, 97 October back cover Lone Star East School, 318 Pacific, 149, 153, 158 Union School, 436 passenger trains, 218 Ripley County Historical Society, 428 Sedalia-Warsaw and South Western, 213 Ritter, Carolyn, obit, 328 Sperry Detector Car, 317 Rivers strike, 1946, 285 accident, 447 Rains, James S, 144,145 Black, baptizing, 439 Ralls County Current, 89 archaeological society, 444 Marais des Cygnes, 32 slave population, 439 Mississippi, 151,152, 216; towns, 444 Ralls County Historical Society, 81,198,428 Missouri, 135, 136, 142, 143, 152, 444; steam­ boats, 446 Randolph County, New Hope United Methodist Osage, 138 Church, 326 White, 98 478 Index

The Road to Disunion, Volume I, Secessionists at St. Charles Military College, 447 Bay, 1776-1854, by William H. Freeling, 334-335 St. Christopher Parish, Florissant, 440 Roaring River State Park, 317 St. Clair, Mo. Roberts, Jacob, 94 Farmers & Merchants Bank, 442 Robertson, Mo, 220 Hibbard Hotel, 442 Robertson, Edward D, Jr., 216 Wheelhouse Store, 442 Robertson, R. R, "Kilties," 447 St. Clair County, 373-374 Robinson, Hamline E, 366 St. Engelbert Catholic Church, St. Louis, 92 Robinson, Kenneth, 249 St. Francois County, courthouse, 437 Robinson, Reginald S, 53 St. Francois County Historical Society, 82,428 Rocheport, Mo, 219; United Methodist Church, St. Jerome Parish, St. Louis County, 440 220 St. Johns Settlement, 442 Rock Bridge, mill and distillery, Boone County, 436 St. Joseph, Mo, 126, 216,404405, 440 Rocky Mound School, 88 Bucket Shop Restaurant, 320 Rocky Mountain locusts. See Locusts flood, 1952,440 Rocky Ridge Farm, Mansfield, inside April back Heaton-Bowman-Smith & Sidenfaden Chapel cover Funeral Home, 440 Roland, Walter and Vivian, Spalding Springs, 111 history, 92, 211, 320 Rollins, James S, 232 Lindbergh, Charles A, visit, 440 Roman Catholic church, 342, 345, 362, 405 State Hospital No. 2, 165 Romann, Stephanie (Devenyns), 97 St. Joseph Gazette (newspaper), 400 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 264, 283, 284, 288, St. Joseph Historical Society, 82, 309, 428 289, 292 St. Louis, Mo, 116, 117, 150-152, 156, 161, 350, Rorvig, Paul, "The Significant Skirmish: The Battle 354-355, 356, 362, 364, 366, 367, 372, 375, 384 of Boonville, June 17,1861," 127-148 Alvey, Inc., 326 Rosati, Joseph, 354, 356, 357, 360 antebellum, 443 Rose Branch School, 88 architects 216 Rose, Phyllis, Jazz Cleopatra: Josephine Baker in baseball, 123, 124, 440; World Series, 446 Her Time, m-lll Bellefontaine Cemetery, 323 Rosenbach, A. S. W, 365, 366, 369, 371, 372 black workers, 320 Ross, Nellie Tayloe, 322 Catholic Central Union of America, 302 "The Rotary Power Mower and its Inventor: Leon­ Centenary Methodist Church, 220 ard B. Goodall," by Leonard E. Goodall, 248-264 Continental Life Building, 440 The Rough Road to Renaissance: Urban Revitaliza­ criminal justice system, 219, 328 tion in America, 1940-1985, by Jon C. Teaford, defense industries, 320 110 ethnic Catholic churches, 212 Round, Calvin, 438 federal arsenal, 129 Round Prairie Baptist Church, Rockville, 316 First National Bank, 59 Route 66, 97 Heitkamp Memorial Library, 302 Ruffner, Peter, house, Ashland, 317 Immanuel Congregational Church, 212 Rumer, Thomas A, The Wagon Trains of '44,116 immigrants, 128 Runge, G. Andy, obit, 328 jazz, 447 Russell, Robert Lee and Thursa J. (Moss), house, Jewel Box, 92 319 medical care, 214 Russell, Sol Smith, 114,115, 207, 316, 323 Merchants Bridge Terminal Railway, 220 Russia, 443 Missouri Botanical Garden, 105-106 Ruthenburg, Donnell, 421 Missouri Historical Society, 444 Missouri Theater, 122 St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church, Sullivan, panic of 1873,437 212 Pilgrim Congregational Church, 322 St. Aubert, Mo, 153 politics, 1875-1904,443 St. Charles, Mo, 72, 351 preservation, 215 Academy of the Religious of the Sacred Heart, Public Library, 322, 368 350, 352, 353-354, 362 public school library, 216 Boone, Daniel, Bridge, 219 riverfront, 217, 320 Chapel of Our Lady, 352 St. Engelbert Catholic Church, 92 factories, 219 Salem Methodist Church, 454 German school, 447 St. Charles Borromeo Parish, 325, 352 Shell Building, 98 St. John's Church of Reconciliation, 215 South Side, 98 schools, 447 streetcars, 92; strike, 95,440 St. Charles County Tappmeyer house, 325 schools, 447 United Hebrew Temple, 444 teachers, 447 Urban League, 447 St. Charles County Historical Society, 82, 198-199, World War II, 95 309, 428 St. Louis Academy of Science, 368 Index 479

St. Louis Artists' Guild, 368 Savannah, Mo, sesquicentennial, 93 St. Louis Brigade, 22 Sawmill, Grandin, 97 St. Louis Browns (baseball team), 95, 123, 212, 218, Sawyer, Charles, 286 446, 454 Sayler Hardware, Furniture, Implements and Un­ St. Louis Chapter of the American Institute of dertaking, Hopkins, 318 Architects, 454 Schaaf, Edward, 298 St. Louis City Art Museum, 368, 371 Schaeffer, Friedrich, 141 St. Louis County Scheef, Robert F, Vintage Missouri: A Guide to Missouri East Conference Center (Methodist), Missouri Wineries, 338 99 Schmidt, Erwin, 268, 271, 272 St. Jerome Parish, 440 Schmidt, Harry, 279 St. Louis Day by Day, by Frances Hurd Stadler, Scholl, Eldon, obit, 449 103-105 Scholz, Jackson, 436 St. Louis Greys' Pony Squad, 30 School bus, Mexico, 438 St. Louis Mercantile Library, 384 Schools. See also names of individual schools St. Louis Trust Company, 368 one-room, St. Charles County, 447 St. Louis World's Fair. See Louisiana Purchase Ex­ rural, 99, 218 position and World's Fairs rural, Weston area, 442 St. Marcus United Church of Christ, Rhineland, 94 Schumer Springs Hotel, Perry County, 439 St. Mary's Parish History, St. Joseph, Missouri: Schurz,Carl, 119, 120 100 Years of Faith, 1891-1991, 336 Schuyler County Historical Society, 309 St. Oswald's-in-the-Fields Episcopal Church, 439 Schwartz, Charles W, 183 St. Patrick's Day, 435 obit, 100 St. Paul's Lutheran school, Concordia, 436 watercolor by, January cover St. Peter's (steamboat), 323 Schwellenbach, Lewis, 286 St. Peter's Church, Holt County, 439 Scotland County, sesquicentennial, 210 St. Stanislaus Kostka Catholic Church, 212 Scott County Historical Society, 309 Ste. Genevieve Academy, 319 Scott, James T, 95 Sainte Marie d'en Haut, Grenoble, France Seay, Camm and A. J, 445 boarding school, 343, 345, 346-347 Sebree, E. E, 14 convent, 343, 346-347 Secession, 129, 334-335 Sale, Sara L, "Admiral Sidney W. Souers And Sedalia, Mo, 364, 381, 382 President Truman," 55-71 history, 212 Salem—Congregations of the Faithful: A History Longhorn Trail, 93 of Salem Methodist Church, 1841-1991, by post offices, 320 Robert S. Appel, 454 Sedalia-Warsaw and South Western Railroad, 213 Salem, Mo, Henderson house, 212 Seminole War, 1837,435; Chariton County, 443 Salem Methodist Church, St. Louis, 454 Semple, Rilye N, 165 Saline County, Civil War regiment, 136 Semple, Walter D, 178 Saline County Historical Society, 428 Senath Dunklin County Press (newspaper), 320 Salisbury, Mo, 441 Seneca, Mo, 207; American Tripoli, 321 Herman and Glassen McCormick Harvester Severance, Henry O, 383, 384 dealership and hotel, 440 Seymour Webster County Citizen (newspaper), 321 Lusher Grocery, 441 Shaddy, Robert Alan, "Book Collecting in Mis­ St. Joseph School, 90 souri: Three 'Custodians of Culture,'" 363-385 Salisbury Lumber Company, 440 Shane, Fred, painting by, April cover Winkelmeyer Furniture, 440 Shannon County, Alley Mill, 91 Sallee family, 325 Sharp, James "Adam God," 299 Sammy Lane (boat), 316 Shaw, Henry, 96 Sampson, Francis Asbury, 364, 365-366, 380-385 Shelbina, Mo, inside July back cover; Benjamin, Samuels, Brad, 216 John Forbes, house, inside July back cover Sanders, Simpson Lee, 437 Shelby County, inside July back cover Sandknop and Grantges Ready-to-Wear House for Old Settlers celebration, 212 Women, Edina, 390; advertisement, 391 Red Star Schoolhouse, 212 Santa Fe trade, 95 Shelbyyille, Mo, inside July back cover Santa Fe Trail, 74, 215, 220, 336 Shell Oil Company, pipeline construction, 316 Santa Fe Trail Association, 74; Missouri River Shelley, Percy Bysshe, manuscripts of, 369 Outfitters Chapter, 189 Shelton, Moses Hurt, 216 The Santa Fe Trail Revisited (audiocassette), 73 Shepherd of the Hills, 325 Sappington, John, 164 Shock, Theodore, 250 Sarcoxie, Mo, history, 208 Shoemaker, Floyd C, 380 Satterfield family, Ozark County, 90 Shoot, M. W. D, 8, 9,12, 19 Saults, Dan, 97 Shorthorn cattle, 96 Saum, Lewis O, 185, 186; "Missouri's 'Monumental Shotwell, Mo, 439 Ananias': 'Gene Field Looks Back," 113-126 Show Me Missouri Women: Selected Biographies, ed. Mary K. Dains, 101-102, 184,188 480 Index

Sigel, Franz, 135, 322 Sperry Railroad Detector Car, 317 "The Significant Skirmish: The Battle of Boonville, Spiering, Louis Clemens, 216 June 17, 1861," by Paul Rorvig, 127-148 The Spirit of Jefferson County, Missouri (bomber), Silver Dollar City, 217 277, 280 Simi Valley, California (painting), by Fred Shane, Spring Creek Mill, Stone County, 326 April cover Springfield, Mo, 325,441, 447 Singleton, T. J, 218 Assembly of God Church, 326 Six Flags Over Mid-America, anniv, 98 Bacon family, 447 Skaggs, Louise, 93 Doling's Park, 94 Skinner, Charles, 323 farm scene, 447 Slack, William Y, 144 First Congregational Church, 219 Slavery, 352 Frisco Station School, 443 Slaves, 360, 443 history, 219 population in Ralls County, 439 houses, 98, 99,190,219,326,447 revolt, Bolivar, 23 Macedonia Baptist Church, 326 runaway, 102-103 Museum of Ozarks' History, 190,420 Slusher, Roger, 189 Ozark Jubilee, 447 Small Town [St. Charles], ed. Lori Breslow, 72 St. John's Regional Health Center, 213 Smith, Alfred E, 171 Shrine Mosque, 322 Smith, Fred W, obit, 100 Sisters of Mercy Hospital, 213 Smith, George D, 371 Southern Savings and Loan Association, 325 Smith, Harry B, 369 television, 99, 447 Smith, Israel A, 337 World War I veteran, 441 Smith, Jedediah, 450 Springs, Jamesport, 438 Smith, Joseph, III, 109 Spry, Minden A, 317 Smith, Joyce, 190 Squibb, Christine, 99 Smith, Robert C, 181, 182, 183, 184 Staat, Edward, 270, 278 Smith, Spencer, II, 444 Stadler, Frances Hurd, St. Louis Day by Day, Smithton, Mo, 27 103-105 Smithville, Mo. Stagner Cemetery, 440 FFA Chapter, 441 Stark Bro's Nurseries and Orchards, Louisiana, 210 First Christian Church, 441 Stark, Lloyd C, 176,413414 funeral services, history, 441 Starkenburg, Mo, St. Martin's Catholic Church, Smoky Hill Railway and Historical Society, Inc., 318 82 Start, Clarissa, I'm glad I'm not young anymore, Smoky Hill Railway and Museum Association, Inc., 450451 309 State Historical Society of Missouri, 297, 298, 301, Smoot family, 219 302, 385, 419,420,421 Snapp (Oaks) Hotel, Excelsior Springs, 218 annual meeting, 181-187 Snead, Thomas, 131, 132 Buse, John J, historical collection, 72 Snyder, John F, 33, 34 collections, 384 Social History of the State of Missouri (mural), by Distinguished Service Award, 183 Thomas Hart Benton, 302 quarters in Jesse Hall, 382 Society of the Sacred Heart, 341-342, 345, 347-349, quarters in University of Missouri library, 385 362 Reference Library, 366, 380, 383 Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray, 82, 309, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 324 428 State Hospital No. 1, Fulton, 155 Sons of Confederate Veterans, Sterling Price Camp State Hospital No. 2, St. Joseph, 165 #145, St. Louis, 419 State militia, 25, 26 Sophian, Abraham, 398,403,404 Stauter, Mark C, 73 Souers, Catherine Rieker, 58 Steamboats, 151, 320 Souers, Edgar Daniel, 58 Arabia, 317, 326 Souers, Sidney W, 55-71 City of Hickman, 99 South East Missouri Civil War Round Table, 82, City of Louisiana, 136 428 Eagle packet, 97 Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girar­ history, 209 deau, 436 Iatan, 136 Southers, John, house, 213 J. C. Swon, 136 Southwest Expedition of 1860, 22-36 McDowell, 136, 143 Southwest Missouri, rock features, 444 Missouri River, 446 Spalding, A. G, 123 Ottumwa Belle, 88 Spalding Springs, by Walter and Vivian Roland, J. Pike, 447 Hurley and Roberta Hagood, Dorothy Eichen- St. Peter's, 323 berger and Goldena Howard, 111 White Cloud, 136 Spanish-American War, 437 Steele, Earl, 266, 273, 274, 275, 278, 279 Index 481

Steele, Larkin, 216 Swan School, 446 Steele, Richard 0, 216 White Oak Grove School, 446 Steelman, John, 286 Taraba, Gilbert C, obit, 221 Steelville, Mo, 324 Tarkio, Mo, Christian Church, 209 Stepenoff, Bonnie, 184, 302 Tate, David, 296 Stephens College, Columbia, Senior Hall, 89 Tatham, Michael H, 189 Stephens, Helen, 324 Tau, Andy, 186 Stephens, Lon V, 165 Taxes, 175, 325 Stephens, Rilye S, 165 Taylor, Robert M, Jr., 189 Sterling, Emelie Rozier, 97 Taylor, Thomas, 374, 375, 379 Stevens, Walter B, Grant in St. Louis, 370-371 Teaford, Jon C, The Rough Road to Renaissance: Steward, Dick, 184 Urban Revitalization in America, 1940-1985, 110" Stewart, Patricia, 326 Tebbetts United Methodist Church, 447 Stewart, Robert M, 25 Telephone companies Stewartsville, Mo. Bell, 98 Ebenezer United Methodist Church, 92 Kinloch, 98 First Baptist Church, 92, 215 Telephones, rural switchboard, 322 Still, A. T, Surgical Sanitarium, Kirksville, 438 Television, 219 Stockstill family, Ash Grove, 219 educational, 326 Stockton Cedar County Republican (newspaper), KETC, Channel 9, St. Louis, 303 321 Springfield, 99, 447 Stoddard County, 440 Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Stoddard County Historical Society, 428 Society, 82, 199,309-310,429 Stone County Historical Society, 82, 309, 429 Thackeray, William Makepeace, drawings by, 371 Stone Hill area, Dent County, 440 Thanksgiving, 317 Stone Hill Winery, Hermann, 161 Theodosia, Mo, 217 Storrs Ice and Coal Truck, Hannibal, 318 "They Left a Legacy," Historical Stories of Miller Stover, Mo, Boyler's Mill, 264 County, Missouri, by Peggy Smith Hake, 337 Strange, Don and Jan, 98 Thomas, Bill "Jinx," 220 Strauss, Lewis, 67, 68, 70 Thomas, Cyrus, 242, 244, 245 Streckfus, John, 99 Thomas, George W, obit, 328 Streetcars, 92 Thomas, Mark, 419, 420421 Kansas City, 318 Thomas, Paul, Clothing Store, Mount Vernon, 319 strike, St. Louis, 95, 440 Thompkins, William J, 51 Strickland, Arvarh E, 181, 185 Thoreau, Henry David, manuscripts of, 371 Strickland, Willie, 185 Thornton family, 219 Stringer-Bishoff, Murray, 73 Three Treatises of Plotinus, 379 Stubbs, Roy, 189 Thurston, John, 284 Stults, Ben T, 99, 220, 327, 448 Timmermiere, Mrs. M. A, obit, 328 Sugar Creek, Kan, school for Indian girls, 359 Tipton, Mo, 136, 144 Suggs, George G, Jr., Water Mills of the Missouri Ferguson, William, Sr, house, 213 Ozarks, 114-115 Homfeldt place, 320 Sullivan County Historical Society, 429; Museum, Maclay house, 320 438 Tobin Valley School, Caldwell County, 435 Sullivan, Mo, St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Toft, Carolyn Hewes, The Way We Came: A Cen­ Church, 212 tury of the AIA in St. Louis, 454 Sullivan, John C, 215 Tom Benton's Missouri (video), 302 Summers, Mason, 19 Tompkins, William J, 173 Sverdrup Architecture, 98 Tornadoes, 326 Swallow, George C, 232 King City area, 438 Swan, Velma, obit, 328 Poplar Bluff, 92 Sweeney, Thomas W, 135 Veterans CCC Camp, Maryville, 1934, 445 Switzler, William, 130 Torrence, Allen, 445 Symeonoglou, Rheba, 186 Totten, James, 136, 141, 142 Syracuse, Mo, 172, 174 Touhill, Blanche M, 181,182 Touhill, Joseph, 182 Taberville, Mo, country store, 325 Trade, Mo, 94 Table Rock Lake, 219 Trail of Tears, 97,444 Tabo Creek, 99 Trail of Tears National Historic Trail Advisory Taft-Hartley Act, 290, 291 Council, 418 Tainter, G. W, 445 Transportation, roads, 176, 177 Tamony, Peter, Collection, 445 Trenton, Mo, Marlay house, 213 Taney County Trimble, Mo, Sunnyside Circle Club, 212 Drury-Mincy Wildlife Area, 324 Triplett, Mo, 52 history, 99 Tripoli, 207, 212 482 Index

Trolley strike, St. Louis, 1900, 440 Board of Curators, 232, 233 Troy, Mo. College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts, history, 213 232, 234 mail service, early, 441 College of Agriculture, 46, 389 parish, 92 columns, 444 Presbyterian Church, 213 football, 217 Truman, Harry S, 55-71, 214, 219, 220, 327, 416, library, 379, 383, 385 448 Memorial Stadium, 208 administration, 282-294 president's house, 234 birthplace, Lamar, 445 R.O.T.C, 444 cabinet, 285 sports, 436 civil rights, 294 Switzler Hall, 234 Library, 70 University of Missouri-Columbia Truman, Harry S, Independence 76 Fire Company, dean of students, 436 82, 199 homecoming, 208 Truman, Margaret, 55 Law School, 96 Tucker, Avis, 185 Museum of Anthropology, 189 Tucker, Phillip T, "'Ho, For Kansas': The South­ Upton, Lucile Morris, 182 west Expedition of 1860," 22-36 Urban League, St. Louis, 447 Turkey Creek Missionary Baptist Church, 207 Urban revitalization, 110 Turnbo, Silas, 99 Turner, Betty Jane, 326 Valley Park, Mo, anniv, 440 Tuttle, Lillian, 367 Van Buskirk family, 218 Twain, Mark, 220, 302, 322, 443; boyhood home, Vaudeville, 99 Hannibal, 90 Vaughan, Harry, 64 Twain, Mark, Home Foundation, Hannibal, 302 Vedalia beetle, 246 Twelfth Regiment Cavalry, Missouri Volunteers, Velocipedianarianism, 214 446 Vernon County Typewriter, 443 Bushwhacker Museum, 94 Civil War battle at Chariot, 443 Union Cemetery Historical Society, 82, 199, 310, Durham family, 443 429 Halley's Bluff, 94 Union School, Ripley County, 436 Vernon County Historical Society, 199-200 Union Station massacre, Kansas City, 299 Vest, George, 143 United Hebrew Temple, St. Louis, 444 Veterans CCC Camp, Maryville, 438, 445 United States Vichy, Mo, Barnwell mansion, 211, 213 80th Congress, 290, 292, 293, 294 Victory gardens, 273, 275 Atomic Energy Commission, 61, 67 Vigilance committees, 23 Bureau of Prisons, 396,400, 404, 414 Vigilante justice, 218 Central Intelligence Agency, 62-67, 69, 71 Vintage Missouri: A Guide to Missouri Wineries, Department of Agriculture, 230, 240, 243, 245 by Robert F. Scheef, 338 Entomological Service, 246 Voerster, John, 143, 144 War Board, 271, 272 Vogt, Elaine, obit, 221 Department of Defense, 66, 67 Voice of America, 68 Department of the Interior, 240, 242 Vore, Laura Ann, 73 District Court for the Western District of Vote fraud, 400, 413 Missouri, 397, 399 Division of Entomology, 246 Wagner, Amalie (Malchen), 151 Entomological Commission, 242-245 Wagner, Robert, 284 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 66 Wagon trains, 216 Geological Survey, 242 The Wagon Trains of '44, by Thomas A. Rumer, Internal Security Agency, 66 226 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 59, 60 Walden, C. J, 138 National Security Council, 62, 64-69, 71 Walker, Betty K, Guide to the Manuscript Collec­ Office of Naval Intelligence, 59 tions of the Presbyterian Church, U.S., 226 Psychological Strategy Board, 68 Senate, 372; Subcommittee on National Policy Walker, John Hardeman, inside January back cover Machinery, 70 Walker Museum, University of Chicago, 382 United States v. Butler, 266 Wallace, Henry, 289, 293, 294 University City, Mo, Christ the King Parish Walley, Irvin, 98 School, 212 Walsh, Benjamin Dann, 232 University of Kansas, football, 217 Walton's Opera House, Butler, 435 University of Missouri, 47, 50, 302 War bond drives, 275, 277,278 Academic Hall, 234; fire, 436 War Production Board, 322 Alumni Association, Kansas City Chapter, 421 Ward, Orin R, family, 442 Index 483

"The Wardman Park Group and Campaign Strat­ Weber, David J, The Californios versus Jedediah egy in the Truman Administration, 1946-1948," Smith, 1826-1827: A New Cache of Documents, by Gary A. Donaldson, 282-294 450 Waring, C. H, 404 Webster Groves, Mo. Warren County Historical Society, 200 Edgewood Children's Center, 447 Warrensburg, Mo, 248, 260 First Baptist Church, 321 College Store, 249 Girls Service Organization, 445 depot, 441 Webster Groves Historical Society, 83, 200 School District, 264 Weibe, Robert, 3 schools, German in, 445 Weldon Spring, Mo, 217; Emmanuel United Warrensburg Star Journal (newspaper), 254, 263 Church of Christ, 214 Warrenton, Mo. Wells, Jake K, Water Mills of the Missouri Ozarks, Central Wesleyan Orphanage and College, 321 114-115 early courts, 321 Welsh, Russell, 89 Washburn, John Loren, obit, 328 Welsh, Warren A, obit, 221 Washburne, Elihu B, 370-371 Weltmer Institute, 94 Washington, Mo, 442 Wentzville, Mo, 324 buildings, 213 Wentzville Community Historical Society, 83, 310, Easter Monday Fish Club, 442 429 families, 93 Wenzel, Fred W, 92 Frisco station, 321 Wesley Chapel, Boonville, 316 history, 93 West, Allen R. and Mary C. Adams, family, 441 J. C. Penney (department store), 442 West Boonville Evangelical Church, 441 museum, 93 West Plains, Mo, Aid Hardware Dry Goods Furni­ post office, history, 93 ture, 218 Washington Blues, 26, 28 Western Diesel Services, 98 Washington, Booker T, 37, 38, 39,44,45,48 Western Historical Manuscript Collection, 182 Washington County Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Colum­ Creole building traditions, 216 bia, 73, 183, 188 Cresswell, George, lead plantation, 323 Weston, Mo, rural schools, 442 research sources, 218 Weston Historical Museum, 83, 200 Washington Easter Monday Fish Club, 442 Westphalian Heritage Society, 429 Washington Historical Society, 83, 200, 310 Westport, Mo, mayor, 448 Washington Hotel, Greenfield, 437 Westport Historical Society, 83, 200, 310,429 Washington Library Company, 13 Weydemeyer, Joseph, 97 Washington Township, Clay County, 5,16 Whiskey Ring, 371 Washington University, 92, 369, 385 White Cloud (steamboat), 136 Corporation, 368 White, L. Mitchell, 189 Museum of Fine Arts, 368 White Oak Farm, Crawford County, 435 Wasson-McCullah families, 220 White River ferries, 435 Water Mills of the Missouri Ozarks, by George G. floating, 98 Suggs, Jr., and Jake K. Wells, 224-225 The White River Railway: Being a History of the Waterloo, Stanley, 98 White River Division of the Missouri Pacific Watkins, Tom, 99 Railroad Company 1901-1951, by Walter M. Watkins, Waltus, 6, 8,10,11,13,14,18,19, 20 Adams, 453 Watts, Frederick, 240 White River Valley Historical Society, 83, 200, 310, The Way We Came: A Century of the AIA in St. 429 Louis by Carolyn Hewes Toft, Esley Hamilton White Sox (baseball team), 123, 124 and Mary Henderson Gass, 454 Widmar, Al, 98 Wayman, Meshak, 12 Wien, Mo, 214; history, 94 Wayne County, 439 Wiggins, Roland, 51 Estes house, 439 Wilcox, Walter, 269 history, 91, 211 Wild west shows, 219 Wayne County Historical Society, 83, 200, 310 Wilder, Almanzo, inside April back cover Weakness Is a Crime: The Life of Bernarr Mac­ Wilder, Laura Ingalls, inside April back cover; fadden, by Robert Ernst, 451452 house, Mansfield, inside April back cover Weather predictions, 218 Wilkins, Roy, 49 Webb City, Mo. Willard, Mo. Blake Theatre, 442 general merchandise store, 321 Civic Drive-In and Theater, 442 history, 213 Fox Theatre, 442 Wilier, Irvin P, obit, 221 history, 93, 208 William Jewell College, Liberty, Grand River Webb, John, 208 Chapel, 190 484 Index

Williams, Homer L, 295 Wooldridge, Mo, general store, 217 Williams, Mae, 220 World War I, 207, 321 Williams, Ralph, obit, 100 Liberty Loan drives, 391-392 Williams, Ruth, 219 Missourians' reaction to, 386-395 Williams, Walter, 189 veteran, 441 Williamsville, Mo, 91 World War II, 95, 255, 317, 322 Alcorn Feed and Flour Company, 439 anniversary, 93 Turk Theater, 439 attack on Pearl Harbor, 317, 320, 326; anniv, Turk's Hotel, 439 443 Willmering, Tom, 189 Girls Service Organization, Webster Groves, Willow Row Methodist Church, 88, 207 445 Wilson, "Bushwhacker" Bill, 445 gold star boys, DeKalb County, 443 Wilson, Don W, 188,419 Jefferson County, 265-281 Wilson, Francis, 126 Ozarks, 99 Wilson, Harold, 74 Perry County, 446 Wilson, Roger, 297 rationing, 99 Wilson, V. Homer, 441 World's Fairs, 207, 219; flower clock, 1904, 212 Wilson, Woodrow, 171, 387, 389 Worley, William S, J. C. Nichols and the Shaping Wilson's Creek, 97; battle of, 97, 148, 322 of Kansas City: Innovation in Planned Residen­ Windsor, Mo, 30, 217 tial Communities, 331-332 Wine and wineries, 158, 160, 338 Wray, Hardy, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257 Wingo, William, 325 Wright, Green Lee, 441 Wingsville Mill, Johnson County, 241 Wright, Louis B, 364 Winn, Kenneth, 74 Wright, Marvin M, obit, 100 Winston Historical Society, 83, 200, 310 Wyeth, Huston, 42 Winter, Maria Beadnell, 370 Witthaus, Ira L, obit, 100 Yancey, Minnie Murray, obit, 328 Wolf hunts, 207 Yancey, T. R, obit, 100 Women, 94 Young Brothers massacre, Greene County, 299 Missouri, 101-102 Young, Nathan B, 47,48, 50 politics, 119, 169, 173 religious, 341-362 Young, Virginia G, 182,421 suffrage, 118 Younger, Cole, 96, 318; father of, 98 Wood, Arthur D, 410411, 417 Younger farm, Harrisonville, 316 Wood, Bobby Dean, 447 Yount, Mo, 446 Wood, Hansel, obit, 221 Wood, N. Ruth, obit, 328 Zevely, Lebbeus, 445 Woodson, Richard G, 182 Zimmerman, Thomas F, 214 Woodson, Silas, 233 Zink Motor Co, Inc., Appleton City, 88 Woodward, Calvin N, 40 Zuccarini, August "Gose,"446 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

Copyright © 1992 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LEONA S. MORRIS VOLUME LXXXVI RESEARCH ASSISTANT OCTOBER, 1991- ANN L. ROGERS RESEARCH ASSISTANT JULY, 1992 CONTRIBUTORS VOLUME LXXXVI, NOS. 1, 2, 3 AND 4

BAILEY, ELIZABETH, reference specialist, State Historical Society of Missouri.

BRUNETTE, DONNA A., conservation aide II, Missouri Department of Conservation.

CHRISTENSEN, LAWRENCE O., professor, University of Missouri-Rolla.

CLAYCOMB, WILLIAM B., resident of Sedalia.

DONALDSON, GARY A., assistant professor, Xavier University of Louisi­ ana, New Orleans.

GOODALL, LEONARD E., professor, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

HUBER, PATRICK J., graduate student, University of Missouri-Columbia.

Huss, STEPHEN F., chief executive officer, Comtrea Community Mental Health Center, Festus.

KORNER, BARBARA O., dean, School of Fine Arts, Seattle Pacific University.

KREMER, GARY R., professor, William Woods College, Fulton.

LARSEN, LAWRENCE H., professor, University of Missouri-Kansas City.

PICKLE, LINDA SCHELBITZKI, professor, Westminster College, Fulton.

POTTS, LOUIS W., associate professor, University of Missouri-Kansas City.

RORVIG, PAUL, graduate student, University of Missouri-Columbia.

SALE, SARA L., associate professor, Missouri Southern State College, Joplin.

SAUM, LEWIS O., professor, University of Washington, Seattle.

SHADDY, ROBERT A., director, Ward M. Canaday Center for Special Collections, University of Toledo, Ohio.

TUCKER, PHILLIP T., U.S. Air Force historian, Edwards Air Force Base, California. CONTENTS VOLUME LXXXVI, Nos. 1, 2, 3 AND 4

ADMIRAL SIDNEY W. SOUERS AND PRESIDENT TRUMAN. By Sara L. Sale 55

BOOK COLLECTING IN MISSOURI: THREE "CUSTODIANS OF CULTURE." By Robert Alan Shaddy 363

CHARLES VALENTINE RILEY AND THE ROOTS OF MODERN INSECT CONTROL. By Donna A. Brunette 229

DR. ARTHUR NELSON FOR GOVERNOR: THE 1924 CAMPAIGN. By William B. Claycomb 164

THE FRANKLIN DEBATE SOCIETY: CULTURE ON THE MISSOURI FRONTIER. By Louis W. Potts 1 A GERMAN IMMIGRANT IN POSTBELLUM FULTON. By Linda Schelbitzki Pickle 149 "Ho, FOR KANSAS": THE SOUTHWEST EXPEDITION OF 1860. By Phillip T. Tucker 22

LEST WE FORGET: THE MISSOURI LAW ENFORCEMENT MEMORIAL FOUNDATION. By Elizabeth Bailey 295

MILKWEED, MACHINE GUNS AND COWS: JEFFERSON COUNTY FARMERS IN WORLD WAR II. By Stephen F. Huss 265

MISSOURI'S "MONUMENTAL ANANIAS": 'GENE FIELD LOOKS BACK. By Lewis O. Saum 113 NATHANIEL C. BRUCE, BLACK EDUCATION AND THE "TUSKEGEE OF THE MIDWEST." By Patrick J. Huber and Gary R. Kremer 37

PHILIPPINE DUCHESNE: A MODEL OF ACTION. By Barbara O. Korner 341

A POLITICAL BOSS AT BAY: THOMAS J. PENDERGAST IN FEDERAL PRISON, 1939-1940. By Lawrence H. Larsen 396 POPULAR REACTION TO WORLD WAR I IN MISSOURI. By Lawrence O. Christensen 386 THE ROTARY POWER MOWER AND ITS INVENTOR: LEONARD B. GOODALL. By Leonard E. Goodall 248 THE SIGNIFICANT SKIRMISH: THE BATTLE OF BOONVILLE, JUNE 17, 1861. By Paul Rorvig 127 THE WARDMAN PARK GROUP AND CAMPAIGN STRATEGY IN THE TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION. By Gary A. Donaldson 282

State Historical Society of Missouri NATIONAL REGISTER SITES JOHN FORBES BENJAMIN HOUSE In 1872 John Forbes Benjamin, a wealthy Shelby County lawyer and banker and a former U.S. representative, began construction of an Italian villa-style house in Shelbina. A year later, the completed structure, built at a cost of $16,750, became the showplace of the town and county. Its workmanship and style, unusual for rural Missouri, earned it a spot on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Benjamin developed the floor plans for the three-story, red brick house, and St. Louis architect Henry G. Isaacs designed the home. Called Vesper Place by Benjamin, the house has a square-plan front block and a rectangular-plan rear ell; a cupola tops the front portion. Cast iron bracketed canopies embellish the windows on the first and second floors of the main block. The full basement has been divided into rooms; a summer kitchen once occupied a portion of the rear ell. The first floor contains an L-shaped central hall, two parlors, a formal dining room, a kitchen (formerly the butler's pantry) and a study (the original winter kitchen). Bedrooms occupy the second floor. During construction, commodes with hot and cold running water were installed in each bedroom in the main block. Most of the original fixtures remain—marble tops and basins on carved wooden cabinets, with sterling silver faucets and handles. An attic, originally intended as a ballroom, tops the front block. John F. Benjamin, a native of Onondaga County, New York, and his wife, Diana Hasbrouck, moved to Shelby County in 1848. After farming for a short period, he was admitted to the bar and established a legal practice in Shelbyville. In 1849 he followed the Gold Rush to California. Unlike many "forty-niners," Benjamin returned home in 1850 with considerable money. Active in Democratic party politics, he served in the Missouri House of Representatives from 1850 to 1852. Benjamin joined the Union army in 1861 and rose to the rank of brigadier general. In 1864 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives on the Radical Republican ticket. He remained in Congress until his third term ended in 1871; he did not seek reelection in 1870. Benjamin and his wife moved to Shelbina in 1870. There, he practiced law and founded the first bank in Shelby County. By 1874 Benjamin's Radical Republicanism and rumors of unethical business practices had caused him to become locally unpopular. He sold the Shelbina bank and moved to Washington, D.C, where he and Otis Bigelow established a bank. Diana Benjamin remained at Vesper Place. John F. Benjamin died of pneumonia on March 8, 1877, in Washington, and Diana passed away the following June. In a will written the day before his death, he left much of his estate (except for property in Missouri) to Guy H. Allen, an "adopted daughter" widely believed to be his mistress. Heirs of both John and Diana challenged the will, which was ultimately upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1886. A sister-in-law of Diana Benjamin's purchased the Shelbina house from her estate in 1889. The house, located at 322 South Shelby Street, has been little altered over the years. The current owners, Robert E. and Betty Lou Crist, have consciously attempted to refurbish and furnish the home in a style appropriate to the period. This attractive structure has served as the Crists' residence since 1960.