MISSOURI Historical Review

The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI THE COVER: Robert E. Lee Hill, of Columbia, was for M E many years associated with University of Missouri g] alumni activities and executive manager of the Mis- [g! souri Bankers Association. In 1952, realizing that jlj sorghum making with the horse-drawn mill was M rapidly disappearing from the Boone County and the ^ Missouri scene, he commissioned St. Louis artist, Wil- H w liam Howard French, to paint "Sorghum Makin." gj French, a well-known portrait painter before his •§] death in 1957, studied at the St. Louis School of Fine Arts and began his artistic career by preparing medical drawings and graphs for the army. After a period of H study in France, French returned to St. Louis and Ij taught Anatomic Illustration at Washington University. "" In addition to this genre painting and numerous j«| portraits, he completed paintings for various hospitals S g and churches throughout the United States. M ~ "Sorghum Makin" was presented to the Society H by Mrs. Robert E. Lee Hill in 1967, in memory of §| her husband. |§ SiiiaiaiESisissiEsiiiEiEiiisisiasiiEiEsiiaisigigig MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMts W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communi­ cations, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. VOLUME LXIV The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a NUMBER 3 year or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. APRIL 1970 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1968-71 T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Second Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Third Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fourth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Fifth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1970

WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1971

LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1972

GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JAcK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Four members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the fifth member, compose the Finance Com­ mittee. ELMER ELLIS, Columbia, Chairman WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield NEW SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS

The State Historical Society of Missouri is always interested in obtaining new members. For more than seventy years thousands of Missourians who have be­ longed to the Society have been responsible primarily for building its great research collections and libraries. They have given it the support which makes it the largest organization of its type in the United States. The quest for interested new members goes on continually, and your help is solicited in obtaining them. In every family, and in every community, there are individuals who are sincerely interested in the collection, preservation and dissemination of the his­ tory of Missouri. Why not nominate these people for membership? Annual dues are only $2.00, Life Memberships $40.00.

Richard S. Brownlee Director and Secretary State Historical Society of Missouri Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201

151 mmmmmmmmm^mmmm^mmmmmmmm^ CONTENTS

FRANK BLAIR: LINCOLN'S CONGRESSIONAL SPOKESMAN.

By Leonard B. Wurthman, Jr 263

PIONEER WOMEN OF THE MISSOURI PRESS. By Alma Vaughan 289

"AND ALL FOR NOTHING" EARLY EXPERIENCES OF JOHN M. SCHOFIELD IN

MISSOURI. By James L. McDonough 306

TOWN GROWTH IN CENTRAL MISSOURI, PART III. By Stuart F. Voss 322

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Editorial Policy 351

Views from the Past: Missouri Music 352-353

News in Brief 354

Errata 355

Local Historical Societies 356

Gifts 369

Missouri History in Newspapers 373

Missouri History in Magazines 377

In Memoriam 379

BOOK REVIEWS 381

BOOK NOTES 385

HISTORY OF MOSQUITO OCCURRENCE IN MISSOURI. By L. W. Smith, Jr 387

DR. MARY HANCOCK MCLEAN Inside Back Cover iv FRANK BLAIR: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman

BY LEONARD B. WURTHMAN, JR.*

In 1866, at Louisiana, Frank Blair deliv­ ered the first Democratic speech in Mis­ souri, after the Civil War. Artist Richard E. Miller depicted the event in one of his murals located in the State Capitol, Jeffer­ son City.

Although President Abraham Lincoln derived some satisfaction from the military picture in late 1863, Congress debated his policies or lack of them in regard to the institution of slavery. His prestige, never high among the progressive members of his own party, re­ ceded to the point where men spoke of him "in tones of mingled

*Leonard B. Wurthman, Jr., is presently an assistant professor of Speech at San Fernando Valley State College in Northridge, California. Professor Wurthman received a B.S. from the University of California, Los Angeles, and a M.A. from Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. In 1969, he was awarded a Ph.D. degree in Speech by the University of Missouri, Columbia. 263 pity, contempt, and scorn."1 The Radical faction in Con­ gress under the lead of Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, conciliated for the moment by the promise of the Emancipa­ tion Proclamation, ques­ tioned not only the adminis­ tration's policy governing the conduct of the war and reconstruction of the Union, but also Lincoln's fitness as a second term candidate. The President stated the former issue clearly: "Is there," he asked in 1861, "in all republics, this inherent Abraham Lincoln, from an etching in the Bay Collection of Western Americana, State and fatal weakness? Must a Historical Society of Missouri government, of necessity, be too strong for the liberties of its people, or too weak to maintain its own existence?"2 The conservative Lincoln refused to launch a "remorseless revolutionary struggle" amongst his own people through uncurbed federal anti- slavery legislation. To give way to Radicals or Jacobins, he thought, would be to forfeit all power to lead.3 In regard to the latter, no formidable candidate appeared to challenge Lincoln with the possible exceptions of John Charles Fremont and Salmon P. Chase, the Secretary of the Treasury. Irked by these continual pressures, the President looked for a spokesman who might express the values of a Constitutional Union, consolidate national sentiment in the vital border area, and generally support him in the conduct of the war.

One such man was Major General Frank Blair of Missouri who became the subject of a conversation between Lincoln and

i C. Gibson to Hamilton Gamble, January 4, 1863, quoted in Norma L. Peterson, Freedom and Franchise the Political Career of B. Gratz Brown (Co­ lumbia, Mo., 1965), 123. 2 Ray P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953), IV, 426; hereafter noted as Lincoln, Works. 3 Benjamin Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (New York, 1952), 352. Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 265

Francis P. "Frank" Blair, Jr.

Montgomery Blair in October, 1863.4 The Postmaster General sug­ gested that his brother could provide more service to Lincoln by resuming his seat in Congress, which he had vacated one year be­ fore to raise regiments, than he could as a member of General William Sherman's staff. Lincoln pondered this idea but made no rash decision because he knew a great deal about the fiery son of old F. P. Blair, confidant in Andrew Jackson's "kitchen cabinet" and, at the time of the war, tremendously influential in public af­ fairs.5 Lincoln, for example, knew of Blair's role in organizing anti- slavery forces in Missouri through more than a decade of political turmoil. From the time he established himself in St. Louis as an editor-lawyer in 1848 to his election to the national House of Rep­ resentatives in 1856, Blair staunchly defended the Union from a "cabal of nullifiers" in the persons of Claiborne Fox Jackson and David R. Atchison. Missouri Whigs recognized him in 1852 as the

4 Lincoln to Montgomery Blair, November 2, 1863, in Lincoln, Works, VI, 554-555. 5 Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, 233; Walter B. Stevens, "Lincoln and Mis­ souri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, X (January, 1916), 64-76. 266 Missouri Historical Review

"leading spirit in his wing of the Democracy," which was the fac­ tion of radical Democrats led by Thomas Hart Benton.6 The Ben- tonites opposed the extension of slavery not only because it divided the Union but because slavery threatened the economic oppor­ tunities of free white laborers. After Benton failed in reelection in 1856, Blair championed emancipation and coupled this scheme with a plan to colonize the free blacks in Central America—a plan long favored by Lincoln.7 The Illinoisan spoke of Blair's efforts and those of B. Gratz Brown during his debates with Stephen Douglas in which he deplored the lack of cooperation Blair received for his twin plan.8 But Blair grew to a position of power in St. Louis politics partly through his anti-slavery speeches to the freedom loving Germans and partly through influence. Wrote one cor­ respondent for the New York Herald: "Whenever Frank Blair is seen in public his left coat pocket is stuffed full with applications and his right one with commissions for offices west of the Missouri [Mississippi] River. Verily, Frank has got to be a power in the land."9 Moreover, Lincoln could recall that Blair, who originally endorsed Edward Bates in 1860 for President, spent tireless hours campaigning for Lincoln's election.10 However, while Lincoln could reminisce about his friend's devotion and their shared belief in the evils of slavery as it touched the white farmer, mechanic and laborer, and in its essentially local nature, the President worried about those attributes which sepa­ rated the two men. Blair's proverbial temper in particular gave Lincoln grave concern. For instance, Lincoln was probably aware that Blair's zeal for expressing the egalitarian principles of the Jacksonian Democracy, on which the younger man had been fed by the hand of his father, as opposed to a host of expressed evils of centralized government, got him dismissed from Yale, North Caro­ lina and Princeton. In the latter case Blair shot a man during an argument in a tavern.11 Lincoln, furthermore, probably knew some-

6 .S7. Louis Intelligencer, September 6, 1852. 7 Carl Sandburg wrote of Blair, "No other man of the time, probably, spoke more urgently for deportation and colonization of Negroes as a solution of the slavery problem," Abraham Lincoln, the War Years (New York, 1939) , I, 153. 8 Lincoln, Works, III, 256. 9 St. Louis Weekly Missouri Democrat, April 2, 1861; New York Times, July 1, 1861. The latter called Blair "a popular leader of the highest order." 10 Blair to F. P. Blair, August 29, 1860, Blair-Lee Papers, Princeton Uni­ versity, Princeton, New Jersey. ii Princeton withheld Blair's degree because of this encounter, but later granted Blair his diploma which he returned, "with thanks." Appoline Blair to James Blair, June 20, 1892, Breckinridge-Long Papers, Library of Congress, Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 267

thing of Blair's involvement in various gunfights in Missouri.12 In fact Blair frequently forced his point of view on opponents either at the point of a gun or with vituperation. Neither method appealed to Lincoln. Besides, the President, while maintaining a high per­ sonal regard for Blair,13 could not accept the clanlike spirit of a family that perhaps exerted more influence over American public affairs than any other family with the possible exception of the Adams family. It was, therefore, not easy for the head of govern­ ment to call into action this veritable "alligator-horse" who grew up on the same Kentucky frontier as Lincoln.14 Moreover, the saying that went the rounds, "when the Blairs go in for a fight they go in for a funeral" was true and became congru­ ent with Jackson's declaration about the United States Bank: "I will kill it before it kills me." They were "bold and unsparing in war­ fare" wrote their friend Gideon Welles, and Frank like old Hickory

Washington, D. C. See also various letters: J. L. Kingsley to F. P. Blair, Janu­ ary 5, 1838, Blair-Lee Papers; Professor Hooper to F. P. Blair, March 21, 1839, Blair-Lee Papers; E. Mitchum to F. P. Blair, May 30, 1839, Blair-Lee Papers; Wheaton Lane, "Francis Preston Blair, Jr.," in Willard Thorp, ed., The Lives of Eighteen from Princeton (Princeton, 1946) . 12 Montgomery Blair to F. P. Blair, September 3, 1858; Montgomery Blair to F. P. Blair, October 27, 1858, Blair-Lee Papers. 13 John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York, 1890), VII, 392. 14 Frank Blair's great grandfather was John Blair who served as President of Princeton when the institution was called The College of New Jersey. His great uncle, the eloquent Samuel Blair, took a prominent role in the Great Awakening. Migrating from Virginia to Kentucky in the late 18th century, Blair's grandfather served as Attorney General for the state for twenty years, and F. P. Blair rose to prominence as a newspaper editor in Frankfort before Andrew Jackson called him to Washington to edit the Globe. Although Blair could point to important educators and reformists in his background, he loved the simple ways of the frontier. The phrase "alligator horse" comes from a poem, "The Hunters of Kentucky," by Samuel Woodworth. The second stanza reads: We are a hardy free born race, Each man to fear a stranger; Whate'er the game we join in chase, Despising toil and danger, And if a daring foe annoys, Whate'er his strength and forces, We'll show him that Kentucky boys Are alligator horses. Oh Kentucky, etc. My source for the poem is John William Ward, Andrew Jackson Symbol for an Age (New York, 1955) ,217. See also, William E. Smith, The Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics (New York, 1933), 2 vols; also see numerous sketches including William Van Ness Bay, Reminiscenses of the Bench and Bar in Mis­ souri (St. Louis, 1878), 393-395; Daniel Grissom, "Personal Recollections of Distinguished Missourians: Frank Blair," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XX (April, 1926), 397-399; C. B. Rollins, "Some Impressions of Frank Blair," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXIV (April, 1930), 352-358. 268 Missouri Historical Review

was "fearless in his utterances as in his fights."15 The most publicized "fight" that Lincoln knew of occurred between Blair and John C. Fremont in 1861 and reached a climax in March, 1862, when Blair styled himself Lincoln's congression­ al spokesman. The President, it seems, did not discourage Blair from attacking Fremont, and as he composed his answer to Montgomery Blair could clearly remember the details of that episode. Lincoln had appointed Fre­ mont as military commander of the Western Department John C. Fremont with headquarters in St. Louis largely on Frank Blair's rec­ ommendation.16 Blair hoped the Pathfinder would conduct him­ self as boldly in carrying out his military duties as he had in his explorations of California. Fremont, however, proved a dis­ appointment to Blair and to Lincoln whose orders while not specifying aggressive action did indicate that his general plan was for Fremont to "push forward his organization and opera­ tions in the West as rapidly as possible, giving rather special attention to Missouri."17 Instead Fremont barricaded himself in St. Louis while the Confederate army of Sterling Price rampaged through the western half of the state winning decisive battles at Wilson's Creek, where Blair's friend and co-conspirator in the Camp Jackson affair, Nathaniel Lyon, lost his life, and at Lexington, Missouri. Blair's attitude toward Fremont changed from one of support, to suspicion of his abilities, to outright hostilities occa­ sioned in part by the latter's growing prestige in the eyes of the German population. Not only was Blair upset by the inaction at St. Louis but many of Fremont's friends from California contracted

15 Entry for August 15, 1863, in Howard K. Beale, ed., Diary of Gideon Welles (New York, 1960), I, 405. 16 Congressional Globe, LVIII, U. S. 37th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1862), 1124; Blair to F. P. Blair, n. d., 1861, Blair-Lee Papers. 17 Lincoln, Works, IV, 457, 545. Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 269 to build fortifications around the city. Blair believed the work should have gone to his own friends. Unquestionably, the power of Blair in Missouri waned with the advent of Fremont.18 Blair decided to act through his brother to get Fremont out of Missouri. Already disturbed by Fremont's Proclamation of Emanci­ pation and Confiscation, which alienated "Southern Union Friends" in the border areas, and which dangerously exceeded even the President's authority, Lincoln investigated the situation in Missouri and concluded that Fremont's actions were "purely political."19 After suppressing the pro-Blair St. Louis Evening News and throw­ ing Blair into jail twice for attempting to undermine his influence with the administration, Fremont took the field but was overtaken by Lincoln's letter relieving him of command, effective November 2, 1861. Despite Lincoln's patience and caution in relieving Fre­ mont, the latter became a champion to the abolitionist-minded congressmen who were already honing their axes for 1864. The

18 Smith, Blair Family in Politics, II, 66. 19 Lincoln to O. H. Browning, September 22, 1861, in Lincoln, Works, IV, 531. This letter clearly sets forth the President's fears of a military complex which would surrender the principles of a constitutional Union.

Major General Fremont and His Staff Inaugurating Camp Benton, St. Louis 270 Missouri Historical Review

Pathfinder, said one Radical, was "brilliant, able . . . full of mind, energy, military skill and promise ... a patriotic son of the West."20 This accolade by John P. C. Shanks of Indiana and pressure created by "certain newspapers" like the St. Louis Missouri Weekly Democrat calling for the restoration of Fremont to a full command, prompted Blair to deliver a speech on March 7, 1862, against his onetime friend that had no other design than to kill Fremont politically and thus protect Lincoln from a potential presidential rival. Lincoln must have recalled Blair's attack, as he later referred to Blair's fits of temper, and he also knew something of Blair's rhetorical skill on that occasion. Since the Missourians task was to allay the clamor in Fre­ mont's behalf, he attacked Fremont's ability as a military com­ mander. The desirable attributes in a leader: judgment, skill, ability to command the respect of his men, and bravery formed the deter­ minants of choice in the Blair rhetoric, aimed at crippling Fremont's reputation. Blair argued that Fremont's decision to reinforce Cairo with men and material from St. Louis instead of succoring Lyon at Wilson's Creek was a tragic blunder because (1) Cairo could have been reinforced from one of a number of depots in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio (2) Lyon's army contained many "three months men" which weakened his command (3) heavy guns buttressed the Union position at Cairo while Lyon had a few field pieces (4) the enemy in front of Lyon was real whereas no one knew for sure that a rebel force intended to strike Southern Illinois (5) although Fremont dispatched two regiments to aid Lyon they had the least chance of any in his command of reaching him in time.21 Blair sub­ stantiated each point by reports on disposition of troops and equip­ ment, facts on troop movements, and distances between points about which Blair, as Chairman of the House Committee on Military Af­ fairs, would have intimate knowledge. "I think I have made it ap­ pear," he said, "that it was not Fremont's first duty to reinforce Cairo in preference to Springfield .... I am willing that upon the facts of the case—not however, upon his statement of facts—the country shall judge his conduct upon this point." Nowhere, however, did Blair recognize the awesome nature of Fremont's responsibility in policing such a vast territory.22

20 Congressional Globe, LVIII, U. S. 37th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1862) , 1063. 21 Ibid., 1121-1125. 22 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and the Confederate Armies (130 volumes, Washington, D. C, 1880-1902) , Series 1, Volume III, 170-200. Hereafter cited as O. R. New York Times, Septem­ ber, October, 1861. Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 271

General Nathaniel Lyon's Charge at Wilson's Creek

Nevertheless, the suggestion that Fremont could not effectively administer his department, the identification of Fremont with the death of General Lyon who was the first hero of the North, and the charge that the commander of the Western Department sup­ pressed "with studied obscurity" important facts, which would have "so much interest for the public," were instances of skillful rhetoric. These arguments, which were aimed at politicians anxious to get up a Fremont-for-President movement, all cut into the image of a brave and sagacious leader that Fremont wanted desperately to maintain, apparently for reasons of his own personal advance­ ment.23 Blair linked Fremont's name to other Union failures in Mis­ souri. Lexington, he said, was "the most disasterous [sic] blow which the Union cause has received in the whole war." He doubted that Fremont had the intelligence to trap the marauding Price, as some of his protectors said. "Fremont had the force, but he simply lacked the capacity to wield it," Blair declared. Actually, Fremont had sufficient time, nearly twenty days, to do something about Price. In a rejoinder to Blair the Indiana Radical, Schuyler Colfax, noted that Fremont's orders for the reinforcement of Lexington

23 William Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, Missouri and the Union, 1861- 1865 (Columbia, Mo., 1965), 57; Allan Nevins, Fremont Pathmarker of the West (New York, 1955), 503-528. 272 Missouri Historical Review

were disobeyed, and hence Fremont could not be held responsible for Colonel James A. Mulligan's surrender. This retort did not com­ pare favorably with Blair's appeal that a commander was re­ sponsible for the activities within his command. Further, Blair ridiculed Fremont's belated attempt to redeem his failures. He said: He started on his expedition with an army of forty thousand men, sufficient enough to have confronted every secessionist on the western bank of the Mississippi. With that army he reached Springfield in disorder and confu­ sion, the division of General [David] Hunter being com­ pelled by his orders to make forced marches by night and day to relieve the panic fears of a leader whose enemy was sixty miles away and in full retreat. Was he disturbed by thoughts of the neglected Lyon, or of that other gallant soldier who succumbed to famine in the trenches of Lex­ ington while he indulged his vanity in the pomp and pa­ rade in the inauguration of Benton barracks? . . . Yet I would not impugn his personal courage. A man may be physically brave, but so conscious of the want of faculties to answer the responsibilities of a great occasion as to be paralyzed by it. Fremont was in consternation amid affairs he could not manage.24 Furthermore, Blair suggested, by implication, that his own efforts in the defense of Missouri ought to be recognized and Fremont's conduct condemned. The creation of the Union army in Missouri did not belong to Fremont, he asserted, but to the people and the governors of surrounding states. Blair attempted to mini­ mize the Pathfinder's role in molding anti-slavery opinion in St. Louis by pointing to the election of 1860 when Lincoln won a majority in St. Louis County. Moreover, the city was not "seething with treason" as Fremont claimed because John Breckinridge re­ ceived less than one thousand votes out of twenty thousand cast. The central appeal, which characteristically in Blair's rhetoric took the form of contrast between forces of good and evil, gained force from the well-known fact that Blair, not Fremont, embodied the spirit of Unionism and anti-slavery sentiment in Missouri. "No Con­ gressional district," he said in reference to his own constituency, "has given so many soldiers to the Union cause as the city and county of St. Louis."25 Fremont, he pointed out, was "reluctant" to leave the soft life of France to assume the defense of the West. Thus the instigator of the capture of Camp Jackson and the organizer of the

24 Congressional Globe, LVIII, U. S. 37th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1862), 1122. 25 ibid., 1123. Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 273 militant pro-Union "Wide Awakes" suggested that men should not applaud the "reluctant" Fremont, but credit ought to go to the real heroes of those early struggles. Finally, Blair identified Fremont with corruption in allowing a group of "California cormorants" to reap huge profits through de­ fense contracts. Blair pointed out that the government allocated $60,000 for defensive works around the city, but the final total came to $246,000. Blair found such graft inexcusable in light of the fact that Confederate forces did not threaten the city. Jesse Fremont, the brash daughter of Thomas Hart Benton, testified that her husband's colleagues were brave and upstanding men who had helped them in the Mariposa War.26 Evidence also indicates that Blair's attack on the morality of Fremont's command grew out of Fremont's refusal to grant contracts to Blair's local friends.27 As he approached the close of his two-hour speech, he hammered on the theme that Fremont did not know right from wrong. Even Fremont's Congressional spokesman, Schuyler Colfax, admitted the truth of Blair's remarks, but he, as well as other Radicals, were willing to overlook the General's indiscretion.28 It was not, however, in the interest of the country for the President to give Fremont a new command as demanded by the Radical press. In linking his appeals to the values and to the welfare of the people, Blair said: The kindest relations had always existed between us. I should have rejoiced at his success, not only on account of the great public cause in which we were both engaged, but also on account of my personal interest in him. I rec­ ommended him on the belief he would serve in the great public interest, and when I found he was incompetent to serve in the great public cause I recommended his removal on the same public considerations, and with no other feel­ ings than those of humiliation and regret.29 Blair hoped to dispel the attitude that his charges stemmed from personal motives, but his characteristic reference to "the public cause" probably served to gall the Radicals into increased opposi­ tion toward him.

26 Nevins, Fremont Pathmarker, 503-528. 27 Smith, Blair Family in Politics, II, 67. 28 Congressional Globe, LVIII, U. S. 37th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1862), 1125. 29 Ibid., 1124. Blair, who learned much in the way of rhetorical strategy from the Jacksonians, his political progenitors, used "the people," and "the public" to a great extent in his speeches. For a full treatment of this notion, see Marvin Meyers, Jacksonian Persuasion Politics and Belief (New York, 1957). 274 Missouri Historical Review

Despite Blair's speech of March 7 in which the clan's penchant for personal warfare expressed itself in full form, Lincoln knew that his friend fully shared his views on the Negro question. He could recall Blair's speech of April 11, 1862, in which the tall, lean Missourian with the flashing hazel eyes thundered at the recalci­ trant Radical Republicans, "I point you to the policy of Abraham Lincoln."30 Lincoln remembered that Blair's speech dealt with what was closest to the President's heart, gradual compensated emancipation for the border states coupled with Negro coloniza­ tion. Neither scheme, however, generated much enthusiasm in the border-slave area after Lincoln's appeal in his annual message of 1861.31 Both men, Southern in their orientation, could understand opposition to freeing Negroes in Kentucky and Missouri which would "crush out every vistage [sic] of a union party in the state."32 One line in Blair's speech sums up the motivation for such feeling: "It was the negro question and not the slavery question which caused this rebellion."33 In essence, this view separated the con­ servatives like Blair from the Radical faction. "Charcoals" in Mis­ souri like B. Gratz Brown believed slavery was the primary cause of the Civil War.34 Lincoln refused to inaugurate racial warfare through immediate emancipation, and the President, ever concerned with maintaining the balance of power between the central gov­ ernment and local political units, urged that each state fix its own policy regarding slavery. Blair pointed out that immediate emancipation was abhorrent because men feared amalgamation and the economic consequences of the competition that would result between white and black. This argument closely followed Lincoln's concern for racial mixture which he had expressed off and on during his race for the Senate in 1858. "There is a physical difference," he said at Charleston, Illinois, "between the white and black races which I believe will for ever [sic] forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality."35 As late as December, 1862, he wrote, "I cannot make it better known than it already is that I strongly favor colonization." And while not completely sharing Blair's fears of amalgamation, he continued, "Reduce the supply of black labor by

30 Congressional Globe, LVIII, U. S. 37th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1862) , 1124. 31 Lincoln, Works, V, 48. 32 ibid., IV, 506-507 w. 33 Congressional Globe, LVIII, U. S. 37th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1862), 1632. 34 Peterson, Freedom and Franchise, 111. 35 Lincoln, Works, III, 112-113. Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 275

Montgomery Blair colonizing the black laborers out of the country, and by precisely so much, you increase the demand for, and wages of, white labor."36 Indeed, the two men continually expressed the desirability for economic penetration of labor into the West.37 Blair, who later bought a plantation at Cabin Teele, Mississippi, expressed the white man's need for material goods. Such goods, however, were im­ possible in the presence of the Negro. "I will take the occasion to say," Blair noted: that in my judgment, the Representatives of the North will very soon find that they will be called to act by their own people. The contrabands are going North and it will soon be demonstrated, I think, that the working men of the South do not differ from their brethren of the North, in de-

Wlbid., V, 534-535. 37 See Vernon L. Parrington, The Romantic Revolution in America, 1800- I860, Vol. II of Main Currents of American Thought (New York, 1927), 145- 153; Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It (New York, 1955), 93-136. 276 Missouri Historical Review

siring that this population shall be provided with a more suitable home than is to be found among the white popula­ tion. The wisdom of Mr. Lincoln's policy will vindicate itself then and not before.38 One significant difference, however, must be noted between the President and his Congressman. Blair advocated compulsory colonization, along with Edward Bates and presumably Montgom­ ery Blair. Lincoln refused to engage in deportation. Yet both Lincoln and Blair, especially the latter, could with remarkable skill invest a scheme that was first and foremost a commercial venture with humanitarian and patriotic motives.39 It was much in the Negroes' interest to go, for as Lincoln had said to a group of black leaders at the White House in 1862: Your race are suffering in my judgment, the greatest wrong inflicted on any people. But even when you cease to be slaves, you are yet far removed from being placed on an equality with the white race . . . without the institu­ tion of Slavery and the colored race as a basis the war could not have an existence .... It is better for us, there­ fore, to be separated.40 In numerous places and on numerous occasions Blair uttered the same sentiments.41 In the conclusion to Blair's April 11 speech, he said: It is in this gorgeous region of the American Tropics that our freedman will find their homes, among a people without prejudice against their color, and to whom they will carry and impart new energy and vigor in return for the welcome which will greet them, as the pledge of the future and protection and friendship of our great Re­ public. ... I look with confidence to this movement as the true and only solution of this question—a question by which the life of the nation has been so often put in peril—

38 Congressional Globe, LVIII, U. S. 37th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1862), 1634. 39 The most complete account of the colonization movement can be found in P. J. Staudenraus, The African Colonization Movement 1816-1865 (New York, 1861); also, Frederick Bancroft, "The Colonization of American Negroes from 1801-1865," in Jacob E. Cooke, Frederick Bancroft Historian (Norman, Okla., 1957). Lincoln strongly endorsed two ventures: one at Chiriqui, Panama, the other on the Isle a Vache, West Indies. Both failed miserably. See, especially, Lincoln, Works, IV, 561-562. 40 ibid., V, 371-372. 41 Most notable addresses by Blair on the subject of colonization were his maiden speech to Congress in Congressional Globe, XLIV, U. S. 35th Cong., 1st Sess. (1858), 293-298; "Colonization and Commerce," Cincinnati, November 29, 1859, can be found in a bound copy of Speeches in the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 277

a movement by which two races of men will be delivered from an unhappy conjunction, fatal to both, and by which two empires are to be established to bless mankind by their beneficient [sic] influences through all future time.42 Although Blair championed colonization up to at least 1866, Lincoln, deeply shocked by the failures of Chiriqui and Isle a Vache, lost faith in the practicality of the scheme. As Louisiana and Arkansas resumed their places in the Union under the President's reconstruction plan, his desire to permit Negroes of exceptional merit to vote provided proof of Lincoln's growing awareness that the two races would have to live together in harmony. What had transpired in 1861 and 1862 clearly fixed itself in Lincoln's mind. By Blair's attack on Fremont, the pet of the aboli­ tionists, by his rhetorical support for the unpopular President, and by the animosity engendered by the "Post Office Clique", Lincoln knew, as he later wrote, that Blair had practically destroyed "the house of his own building."43 It was, perhaps, with some relief that on November 17, 1862, Lincoln provided Blair with orders to join General John A. McClernand at St. Helena, Arkansas. By late 1863, when Lincoln decided to follow Montgomery Blair's suggestion to recall the Missourian, Blair was one of the best of the volunteer generals. He performed admirably for Ulysses S. Grant, who believed Blair to be a better soldier than he was a politician,44 at Vicksburg, and he took an equally prominent role in Sherman's Tennessee Campaign.45 When the latter assumed command of the Army of the Tennessee, he appointed General Blair as commander of the Fifteenth Corps. In a week's time Blah- started in the direction of Chattanooga with orders to open and maintain a supply line which threaded its way two hundred and fifty miles from Memphis to Chattanooga. He successfully com­ pleted this task but only after beating off the determined cavalry raids of Nathan Bedford Forrest and driving rebel skirmishers in his front.46 Acting under Grant's orders Sherman and Blair proceeded

42 Congressional Globe, LVIII, U. S. 37th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1862), 1634. 43 "Post Office Clique" was a derogatory term used by Radicals when re­ ferring to Sumner Welles, Edward Bates and Montgomery Blair and their at­ tempts at influencing the President. 44 Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York, 1886), I, 573-574. 45 The most complete account of Blair's military career can be found in Smith, Blair Family in Politics, II, 140-185. 46 William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman (New York, 1891), I, 399. with all haste to Chattanooga where one of the most critical battles of the war was to be fought. On the day Lincoln wrote his Postmaster General, Blair labored over difficult ter­ rain to move his men into posi­ tion for the assault on Mission­ ary Ridge. On the twenty-fifth the main thrust of Blair's Corps so threatened General Braxton Ulysses S. Grant Bragg's position that "every Con­ federate gun that could be brought to bear upon the Union forces" was directed at Sherman's army.47 Fortunately, pressure created by other elements of the Union army, most notably that of Philip Sheridan, caused Bragg's army to give way and the rout soon fol­ lowed. Blair later noted that his "command lost more men in killed and wounded than the whole army."48 Upon turning over his com­ mand to the venerable John A. Logan on December 11, 1863, Sherman thanked "General Blair for the zeal, intelligence, courage, and skill, with which he has handled the Corps during the eventful period he has commanded it."49 Finally relieved of his command Blair followed through on Lincoln's request to aid the administration. The President wanted Blair for Speaker of the House but in case that failed the latter Pursuing the Enemy was free to decide whether to stay in the field or place his commission in the President's hands.50 Since the speakership

47 Ulysses S. Grant, "Chattanooga," Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1956) , III, 705. 48 Quoted in Smith, Blair Family in Politics, II, 172. Blair's forces suf­ fered 133 killed whereas Gordon Granger's Fourth Corps sustained a loss of 301 killed. See Battles and Leaders, III, 728-729. 49 O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. XXXI, pt. Ill 353-354. 50 Lincoln, Works, VI, 554-555. The editor's note that Blair "served from March 4 to June 10, 1864" is incorrect. See Congressional Globe, Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 279 had been decided, Blair lingered in St. Louis where his many friends persuaded him that his duty lay in defeating the Radical Republicans rather than the rebels.51 On January 12, 1864, the forty-three-year-old Blair, sporting a fiery red beard down to his breast buttons, took the oath of office for the House of Representatives. The election of House speaker already completed, Blair settled down to await an opportunity to speak on trade regulations on the Mississippi, a subject already cleared by the President—with reservations. "You will doubtless render a service to the country and do yourself much credit," said Lincoln, "but if you intend to make it the occasion of pursuing a personal warfare, you had better remain silent."52 Although much interested in liberalizing trade regulations, Blair hoped to support Lincoln's moderate reconstruction plan, or the so-called ten percent plan; also, he wanted to crush the presidential aspirations of Salmon P. Chase. "I believe that a failure to re-elect Mr. Lincoln would be the greatest disaster that could befall the country," he wrote his father.53 Therefore, Blair found his position in 1864 identical with the one he faced two years before. Blair, with difficulty, gained the floor three times during his stay in Congress for the purpose of defending the Lincoln ad­ ministration. Since he could not legally be in Congress while hold­ ing rank, his challengers sought first his removal from the House and then to ignore him. On February 5, however, Blair attacked the Radical-sponsored Second Confiscation Act.54 Various features of this plan were obnoxious to Blair and only endorsed by Lincoln with severe reservations. These provisions were employment of colored troops and the confiscation of property on grounds other than military necessity. The President ardently wished to keep the war within legal bounds, as he understood the Constitution. The Radical view, expressed by Thaddeus Stevens in his "Conquered Province" theory, he knew to be outside the Constitution. His Emancipation Proclamation stemmed from military necessity and not from moral considerations. Stevens, on the other hand, believed government existed to right the wrongs all men suffer.55 Lincoln wanted a Constitutional Union with its values of "liberty and free

LXIII, U. S. 38th Cong., 1st Sess. (1864), 165, which notes that Blair appeared on January 12 and took the oath of office. 51 Smith, Blair Family in Politics, II, 171-172. 52 Charles M. Segal, ed., Conversations with Lincoln (New York, 1961), 314. 53 Blair to F. P. Blair, September 30, 1864, in Lincoln, Works, VIII, 18n. 54 Congressional Globe, LXIII, U. S. 38th Cong., 1st Sess. (1864) , 509-514. 55 Fawn Brodie, Thaddeus Stevens (New York, 1959), 190. 280 Missouri Historical Review

Thaddeus Stevens

order, popular self-government, individual independence and dig­ nified rights, educated labor, and peace, harmony, and national strength" kept intact.56 He did not wish to forge a powerful cen­ tral government because in his view democracy gained strength by ensuring the rights and privileges of all men. He expressed his de­ sire for moderation and caution as evidenced in his letter to John M. Schofield, commander of the Department of Missouri, and most notably in his published letter to Horace Greeley when he reiterated that his main objective was to save the Union and not to save or destroy slavery.57 In short, Lincoln never considered the South other than still in the Union. Blair argued that the President's moderate proposal of allow­ ing the South reentry into the Union under a general amnesty was best suited to the needs as well as harmonizing with the beliefs and values of the people. He leaned heavily on the notion that "the people" backed Lincoln. "The President," he said, "has unquestion­ ably marked out this policy, and in so doing has the sanction and support of a vast majority of the Loyal people of the country."58 The Radicals, on the other hand, discriminated against loyal Unionists in the South and in the border states as evidenced by

56 W. H. Muller, "The Values of the Union," Continental Monthly, III January, 1863), 572. 57 Lincoln, Works, VI, 492-493. 58 Congressional Globe, LXIII, U. S. 38th Cong., 1st Sess. (1864) , 510. Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 281 the remarks of Stevens. "He goes for conquest," said Blair in im­ pugning the motives of the Pennsylvanian who had earlier ad­ vocated seizing lands and estates of Southerners "in perpetuity." Such motives, said Blair, in capitalizing on the general distrust of monarchical rule, belong to English kings and do not belong to our Republic. Although Blair would not resurrect the privileged and landed classes in the South, he did not want good Union men persecuted. Moreover, Blair continued, Stevens and his followers gave expression to the doctrine of secession clearer than John C. Calhoun when Stevens declared that the South was a foreign power, to be treated under the laws of war. Blair charged that his op­ ponents distorted the real nature of the war, which at that time swung heavily in favor of the North, to suit their purposes of con­ gressional domination. He denied that the federal government ac­ knowledged the rebels as belligerents, and he rightly claimed that no foreign power recognized the Confederacy as a nation. Lincoln, not the Radicals, expressed "more clearly the sense of the entire nation in his proclamations," he said. "Our troubles," he proclaimed in borrowing a line from Thomas Hart Benton, "come from the un­ easy politicians and our safety from the tranquil masses."59 Blair capped his February 5 speech with an attack on the Missouri Radicals. In a body of seventy they had marched up to the President and demanded the dismissal of both the commander at St. Louis, John M. Schofield, and Hamilton R. Gamble, Missouri's moderate governor.60 Blair said the committee was bogus because they did not represent, as they had claimed, the only Union senti­ ment in Missouri, and he noted that they were "under the dictation of bolder and more open enemies of the President and his admin­ istration."61 He undoubtedly directed this charge at B. Gratz Brown, who from his former days as a co-worker with Blair in the fight for gradual emancipation and colonization, had risen to be the foremost Radical in Missouri. Finally, Blair noted the sentiment of various Radical papers in Missouri, including the St. Louis Demo­ crat, against Lincoln's reelection. In contrast, Blair declared, "I stand on the Lincoln platform," and he reiterated the President's desire to ensure a "just and generous peace" which would promote economic and political stability North and South. The same thoughts occupied him on February 27 and April

59 Ibid. 60 Lincoln, Works, VI, 499-504; Peterson, Freedom and Franchise, 126-127. 61 Congressional Globe, LXIII, U. S. 38th Cong., 1st Sess. (1864) , 513. 23 when he also launched a "personal war­ fare" against Salmon P. Chase. The Secre­ tary of the Treasury believed in the strict enforcement of the Act of Congress which forbade the trading of goods without per­ mit between free and slave states. Missouri had suffered under the regulation up to a few weeks before Blair's speech when Con­ gress lifted trade barriers in the state. Although the President deplored "the fierceness with which the profits of trading in cotton are sought," he had not inter­ Salmon P. Chase fered to any extent with Chase's responsi­ bility in issuing trade permits.62 Blair was under no such obligation, and he condemned the whole business because trading regulations damaged the morale of good Union men in Missouri, Kentucky and Tennessee; they had adversely affected his St. Louis constituents who depended on the free flow of goods; and most importantly, the granting of permits provided Chase with an unparalleled opportunity to manipulate patronage in the border area, which, according to Gideon Welles, Chase did "most unwisely."63 Moreover, Blair denied that military necessity governed trade regulations. "Whoever heard of an army in the field," he complained to Lincoln, "committing its safety or the measures necessary for its success to a batch of treasury agents." "Is it not the duty of the President to overrule the Secretary of the Treasury?"64 In short, the Blairs hated Chase because he had in­ gratiated himself with the Radical Republicans, and Chase despised the Blairs for their influence over Lincoln.65 After debating the pros and cons of General Schofield's re­ moval with Josiah B. Grinnell of Iowa, Blair declared, "I say here in my place and upon my responsibility as a Representative that a more profligate administration of the Treasury Department never existed under any Government; that the whole Mississippi valley

62 Lincoln, Works, VI, 307; ibid., 157, 159-160. 63 Entry for March 1, 1864, Welles, Diary, I, 533. 6-4 September 9, 1863, Blair Family Papers, Library of Congress. 65 Walter B. Stevens concluded that "the President was not under the in­ fluence of the Blairs in the sense that he leaned weakly upon them. But he believed that the maintenance of the Union depended upon the course of Mis­ souri and the other border states. In that belief, he recognized the value of the advice and support of the Blairs." Walter B. Stevens, "Lincoln and Missouri " MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, X (January, 1916) , 76. Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 283 is rank and fetid with the fraud and corruption practiced there by his [Chase's] agents."66 Blair also charged (1) the House estab­ lished Chase's guilt by refusing to investigate the Treasury, as Blair had demanded (2) Chase intrigued against Lincoln (3) Chase practiced perfidy and corruption, in contrast to his own con­ duct, which was on the highest plane of integrity and patriotism. Therefore, since St. Louis had been relieved of the permit system, Blair sought to wipe out whatever trust the people had in the head of the Treasury Department and thus deflate the "Chase boom." Although the House defeated Blair's motion asking for a com­ mittee to investigate the Treasury Department, he refused to let the matter die. As in his Fremont speeches Blair stated his ap­ proval of Chase for the cabinet post, but the Secretary's subsequent actions forced a change in his sentiments. Chase, he said, preferred to let the South go in peace. "I know, AND HE WILL NOT DENY HIS WRITTEN AND RECORDED OPINION [emphasis Blair's] that he was opposed to the reinforcement of Fort Sumter."67 Blair further asserted that Chase's position had not changed over three years. "Mr. Chase," he said: never really abandoned his determination to cut off the southern States. On the contrary, he has endeavored to work out, by another programme, the very thing he was in favor of doing—of letting the South go. He is now for making them go, so far as their condition as States is con­ cerned. He is unwilling that they should ever return to interfere with his presidential aspirations.68 Thus having linked ambition to a lack of patriotism, or even cow­ Gideon Welles ardice, Blair attempted to show how Chase's army of 15,000 col­ lectors, assessors, custom officials, clerks and special agents worked for Chase's nomination. One letter, out of many which Blair introduced, was typical of the tone of this form of testimony. Dated Vicksburg, March 9, 1864, it read:

66 Congressional Globe, LXVI, U. S. 38th Cong., 1st Sess. (1864) , Appendix, 50. 67 ibid., LXIV, U. S. 38th Cong., 1st Sess. (1864), 1829. 68 ibid. 284 Missouri Historical Review

I need not urge upon you the expediency of watching every attempt of the enemies of the Administration to ex­ tend their unparalleled patronage. The struggle has fairly commenced here, and the enormous gains of the placement and their favorites are used lavishly.69 Finally, Blair alluded to the Pomeroy Circular. Signed by Senator Samuel Pomeroy of Kansas, the circular opposed the re- nomination of Lincoln and advocated Chase for President.70 Blair charged that the document was an "underground and underhand intrigue against the President." The words of the speaker's perora­ tion directly suggested betrayal, cowardice, ambition and corrup­ tion which effectively identified Chase as an active mover in a conspiracy to defeat Lincoln. He closed by implicating "that poor creature" Fremont as the catspaw of the "Jacobin and red repub­ lican revolutionaries" who sought to overthrow the moderate President. Meanwhile, the Radicals were prepared to use Blair's tactics against him in the acrimonious debate of April 23. Joseph McClurg, Missouri Radical from Laclede County, implicated General Blair in a liquor ring while the latter served in Grant's army. In fact, as early as October 23, 1863, the Radical press in St. Louis condemned "the thirsty Blair" for his part in the swindle.71 On February 5, the very date of Blair's opening salvo against Chase and the Radi­ cals, the Weekly Missouri Democrat itemized the goods which Blair allegedly procured for purposes of speculation. The entire order read as follows: Headquarters Second Division Fifteenth Army Corps Near Vicksburg, Miss. June 3, 1863. We the undersigned officers authorize Michael Powers to procure for our own use the following articles, to wit: 69/fcid., 1830. 70 See Lincoln, Works, VII, 200-201. Chase emphatically denied to Lincoln that he was aware of the Pomeroy Circular, February 22, 1864, in Robert B. Warden, Private Life and Public Service of Salmon Portland Chase (Cincinnati, 1874), 573. On the other hand, Chase's letters bear testimony to his belief that Lincoln was a poor president. See, for instance, Chase to Rev. J. Leavitt, January 24, 1864; Chase to William Dickinson, January 27, 1864, in Warden, Salmon Portland Chase, 562, 564. On important reactions to Blair's speeches and for Lincoln's reaction see, Lincoln, Works, VII, 212-213; for an eye witness account see, Theodore C. Smith, ed., Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield (New Haven, 1925), 376-377; also, Frank Zornow, "Lincoln and Chase: Presidential Rivals," Lincoln Herald, X (February, 1950), 17-25; for friendly accounts of Chase's activities see, J. W. Shuckers, The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase (New York, 1874) , 483-486; and Albert B. Hart, Salmon Port­ land Chase (New York, 1899), 294-310. 71 St. Louis Weekly Missouri Democrat, October 23, 1863; also February 5, Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 285

Twenty-five gallons brandy, each; thirty-five gallons whiskey, each; twenty-five half barrels ale, each; twenty- four boxes catawba; twenty-four boxes claret, good; thirty boxes Havana Cigars; two dozen bottles Bakers bitters, genuine; twenty boxes (Charles Farre) champagne; four five pound bales Virginia smoking tobacco; twenty-five boxes canned fruit. Frank P. Blair, Major General Commanding, 2d Division 15th Army Corps. E. N. Joel, Captain and A.Q.M. Arden R. Smith, Captain and C.S. Logan Tompkins, Aid de-camp. George A. McGuire, Aid de-camp. B. Joel, First Lieutenant with Missouri Cav. W. D. Green, Major and A.A.G. E. C. Franklin, Surgeon U.S.V. and Division Surgeon M. A. Doyle, Aid de-camp. The following note appeared in the Congressional Globe as to what articles were actually signed for: Five gallons of brandy; five gallons whiskey; five half barrels ale; six boxes catawba; six boxes claret, good; three boxes Havana cigars; two dozen bottles Bakers bitters, genuine; two boxes (Charles Farre) champagne; one (perhaps four) five pound bales Virginia smoking to­ bacco.72 A committee of the House reported that General Blair was guilty of no wrongdoing and "that the original order was altered and falsified after it had passed from his possession and control."73 Blair wrote his wife, the vivacious Appoline Blair, that he had "waited patiently to stamp that affair as a forgery [which] was perpetrated by one of Chase's subordinates [Andrew P. Mellen] and its publication prepared by Chase's special assistant knowing it to be a forgery and published in a paper subsidized by Chase."74 The Speaker of the House ruled the matter closed, but Blair, between raps of the gavel calling him to order, bitterly assailed McClurg and Chase. All parties concerned in destroying his reputation, he

27, 1864. Blair's drinking feats were legendary. Jeremiah S. Black was probably right when he said, "When General Grant was drunk General Blair was sober and when General Blair was drunk there wasn't a sober man in the army." 72 Congressional Globe, LXIV, U. S. 38th Cong., 1st Sess. (1864), 1828. 73 Ibid. 74 Blair to Appoline Blair, March 6, 1864, Breckinridge-Long Papers. charged, knew in advance that the order was altered. He implied that the doctored photograph came out of the Treasury Department, and when the representative from La­ clede County stood before the House with the document in his hand he knew it to be a forgery. But Blair turned his wrath to­ ward Chase.

These dogs have been Joseph W. McClurg set on me by their master, and since I have whipped them back into their ken­ nel I mean to hold their master responsible for this outrage and not the curs who have been set upon me.75 While the vituperation had its desired response, Blair's most prominent rhetorical weapon was the contrast between Lincoln and Blair's patriotism and the Radical program of intrigue, retaliation and revenge. He identified the members of the Pomeroy committee as those most prominent on the committee for the reconstruction of the rebellious states. The Radicals, he charged, aimed at the permanent dissolution of the Union which would prevent "any of the States from coming back in time to vote for Mr. Lincoln for President . . . and to promote the ambitions of the Secretary of the Treasury."76 Furthermore, while others employed their time in dis­ crediting the administration, he reminded the House, he was actively engaged against the rebels. When the information about the liquor ring had circulated, he said:

I was again absent from my home and in command of the Fifteenth Army Corps, leading its gallant soldiers on the march from Memphis to Chattanooga to share in the memorable conflict which drove Bragg from his strong­ hold on the heights of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, and afterwards to the relief of our beleaguered army at Knoxville.77 Thus Blair hoped the deep regard men held for courage and patriotism would sustain his appeals; and, perhaps, in an era dom-

75 Congressional Globe, LXIV, U. S. 38th Cong., 1st Sess. (1864) 1829 76 Ibid. v ' ' ' 77 Ibid., 1828. Frank Blair: Lincoln's Congressional Spokesman 287 inated by men like Stonewall Jackson, George Thomas, the gallant Hood, the dashing John B. Mosby and Joseph Shelby, and the quietly courageous Abraham Lincoln, men would applaud his actions. Nothing of the sort occurred. The Radical press in St. Louis assigned him to "full communion in the copperhead church,"78 and President Lincoln reassigned him to the Fifteenth Army Corps.79 Thus ended the exploits of Missouri's Frank Blair as Lincoln's congressional spokesman in the Thirty-eighth Congress. He had, in the President's quaint way, "kicked over another beehive," but he had demonstrated two things. He gave expression to the dichot­ omy, which perhaps will always exist in a democratic union, be­ tween centralized power and individual freedom. He expressed most emphatically a return to the simple ways of the founding fathers, which increasingly had grown beyond the country's reach. Nowhere, as William Parrish writes, was this more evident than in Missouri where the state "cherished the desire to administer its own affairs, civil and military," while at the same time becoming "staunchly Unionist."80 Blair's utterances reflected this view in his defense of Lincoln throughout the war. In 1862 Blair supported Lincoln's view of the Constitution which gave legal status to slavery; the states, not the federal government, ought to make laws governing its existence. Further, neither Blair nor the President saw slavery as the chief cause of the war. The former believed "racial jealousy" lay at the bottom of the rebellion and he meant to forever separate the races. Yet Blair was unlike Lincoln who came to see the democratic experiment as a declaration of freedom and equality that would foreshadow the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere.81 Blair, on the other hand, particularly in the area of race adjustment, was a man walking into the future backwards. Probably more than any other man, except the President him­ self, Blair interrupted the Radical march to power during the war years. When party men looked for a replacement for the moderate Lincoln, Blair, violently, injudiciously perhaps,82 but effectively

78 St. Louis Weekly Missouri Democrat, February 29, 1864. 79 Lincoln, Works, VII, 312. 80 Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 197. 81 Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, 522. 82 Entry for April 28, 1864, Welles, Diary, II, 20. 288 Missouri Historical Review

denounced their leading candidates, Fremont and Chase.83 The struggle cost Blair and his family practically all of their influence but "when the Blairs go in for a fight they go in for a funeral," proved to be true, even if it was their own.84

83 In terms of historical judgments, the swing to Fremont as a presidential candidate petered out when he failed to gain wide support at the Cleveland convention of 1864, and Chase, who had an inflated picture of his own abilities to lead the country, never had the backing of the big men of his party. Blair's utterances about Lincoln's vast support from the people proved true and he was easily reelected to a second term. See T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals (Madison, Wise, 1941), 306-333. 84 Montgomery Blair was the most notable casualty having resigned as Postmaster General effective September 23, 1864. F. P. Blair became persona non grata at the White House, and Frank Blair, Jr., struggled for four years to re­ deem his fortunes in Missouri which were crowned, through political manipula­ tions, by his return to Washington as a United States Senator. He died in 1875 at the age of 54. C. B. Rollins, whose father, James S. Rollins, was as close a friend as Blair ever had, wrote of him: "In February, 1874, I saw Blair for the last time when he called on my father. Blair was then a wreck of his former self. With crutch and cane and an old Negro body servant to get about. Yet despite his condition, with one arm and one leg virtually in the grave, that unquench­ able flame, the motive power of his life, ambition, still urged him on to reach out for the little baubles of this world, evoking my sympathy and admiration."

The Circumambient Atmosphere was Frigid Appleton City Journal, January 9, 1896. The following love letter, written by a Kentuckian in his youth, and bearing date in 1823, may be of use to some of our more modern but less effusive and tropical lovers, as an example in erotic epistolary correspondence. It reads thus: MY DEAR AND ADORABLE POLLY: As the heavens yield gloomy aspects, making null and void my timidical feelings, I sit down to promulgate to you, most holy and immaculate virgin, that I hold a kind of biennial reverence for your most sacred charms, but owing to the intense frigidity of the circumambient atmosphere it has descomboborated [sic] my respiration like a ship tossed on the tumultuous ocean in sight of the delightful land and then tossed back again. Oh, if there is any tender pity lies within that snowy bosom, delay my raging passion, or I shall doubtless pass out of this world in a hurricane of sighs to that sweet Elysian [field] which gives dreams of consolation to heal love-sick hearts. Your fond adorer, etc. It may reduce the percentage of romance to state that the writer died an old bachelor about twenty years ago.

A Summing up with Similes Greenville Wayne County Journal, March 20, 1903. March came in like a lamb, but the Senate went out like an infuriated lion while the House filibustered like a groundhog. PIONEER WOMEN of the MISSOURI PRESS

BY ALMA F. VAUGHAN*

Missouri women received little recognition as journalists until after 1875. Although it was known that Eliza Patten, wife of Na­ thaniel Patten, editor and publisher of the 1819 Franklin Missouri Intelligencer and Boons Lick Advertiser, assisted her husband with typesetting,1 women in the families of other Missouri editors, who may have set type, clipped items from exchanges or even written for the paper, went unsung, without bylines or other notices. Early Missouri newspapers, edited and published by men for men, brought news of politics, war, commerce and government to the Missouri pioneer, but their pages reflected little of community life or of any topic of special interest to women.

* Alma F. Vaughan is newspaper librarian at the State Historical Society of Missouri. She received an M.A. degree in English from the University of Missouri. 1 Col. W. F. Switzler in Special Press Issue Hannibal Morning Journal, January 19, 1894. 289 290 Missouri Historical Review

Records of the early annual meetings of the Missouri Editors' and Publishers' Association, founded in 1867, and known after 1875 as the Missouri Press Association, show only men in attendance.2 Although wives and sweethearts were often present at the meetings in the 1870s,3 there is no record of a woman member of the Associa­ tion until 1876. At the annual meeting of that year, Eugene Field of the St. Joseph Gazette, presented the name of Mrs. Dora Sankey of the Holden Enterprise, along with 108 male editors,4 in the re­ port of the Committee on Credentials. During the next several years other women became members: Miss A. V. Casebolt (Cape Gir­ ardeau Marble City News) in 1877;5 Mrs. Kate M. Jones (Clinton Advocate) and Mrs. O. F. Reagan (Jefferson City People's Tribune) in 1878;6 Mrs. Julia M. Bennett (Hannibal Courier) and Miss Etta L. Hume (Kirkwood Star-Republican) in 1879.7 Women began to take an active part in the Association. At the annual meeting in 1879 Julia M. Bennett of the Hannibal Courier read a very long poem entitled "The Editor's Dream" which con­ trasted an editor's fancied Utopia with the grosser realities of his life and proved that Mrs. Bennett knew well those realities: Clipping, and jotting down neighborhood news, Rewriting some nonsense, he dare not refuse, Hearing the gossip spun out by some bore Who needed no asking to enter the door, Sending out bills which came back unpaid, Some with requests that he take pay in trade, . . . .8 Mrs. Bennett had been a special writer for the St. Louis Republic before her husband Elliott bought the Hannibal Courier in 1879 and made her editor.9 Mrs. Jennie M. Hicks of the Kansas City Saturday Evening Herald was a new member of the Association in 1880, when her poem "The Olympian Gods," was read at the annual meeting.10 The

2 J. W. Barrett, comp., History and Transactions of the Editors' and Pub­ lishers' Association of Missouri, 1867-1876 (Canton, Mo., 1876) . 3 Ibid., 75. 4: Ibid., 111. 5 The Eleventh Sessioji of the Press Association of Missouri, 1877 (Kansas City, 1877), 11. 6 Twelfth Annual Session, Missouri Press Association, 1878 (St. Joseph, 1879), 30. 7 Thirteenth Annual Session, Missouri Press Association, 1879 (Columbia 1879), 8-9. 8 Ibid., 35. 9 Hannibal Courier Post, December 27, 1915. io On January 4, 1880, the Kansas City Times announced that Mrs. Hicks, formerly associate editor, would succeed Miss L. M. Anderson as editor of the Saturday Evening Herald, the new society journal. "Gods," having lost to science their former control over the minds and wills of men, seek to regain their power by creating and serving the press. Signifi­ cantly, the "Goddesses" are also active in this enterprise: Bettman Archives For THE PRESS finds no place for distinction of sex; Indeed, just at pres­ ent,—whoe'er may be worst,—'Tis conceded by all that MINERVA is first.11 At the same meeting William Maynard of the Moberly Head­ light, while advocating the education of journalists in a professional school, recognized the possibilities of women in the profession when he said, "Why not have our boys—and daughters, for that matter—thorough printers and thorough scholars, and . . . thorough business men and women as well."12 Then in May, 1881, Mrs. Susie McK. Fisher, wife of editor Theodore D. Fisher of the Farmington Times, read an essay "Wom­ en in Journalism" to the Association in annual meeting. She re­ minded her audience that in the past women who wrote, or even read seriously, were subject to ridicule, but she believed that the time had come for women to enter journalism: first, because the presence of a woman on the staff of a newspaper would elevate the moral tone; second, because women needed newspapers to advance their own causes, such as woman suffrage, though she ad­ mitted that she was not fully convinced that women should vote; and third, because talented and progressive women needed the power and freedom that journalism could give them. She concluded her address with a statement about the status of women in Missouri journalism at that time: Chicago is far ahead of St. Louis in respect to recog­ nizing women in this sphere, for while nearly every Chi­ cago paper employs one or more, the Republican is the only paper at present that employs a woman, and that is as a fashion and society reporter. Certainly this is more a woman's province than a man's, for what does a man know of the intricacies of fashion lore; and if he does, of what

11 Fourteenth Annual Session, Missouri Press Association, 1880 (Sedalia, 1881), 25. 12 Ibid., 58. 292 Missouri Historical Review

earthly use is he? But it seems to me that this is not much for a woman to accomplish. She should be able to take charge of any of the numerous departments and bring her whole energy to bear on her work. In our own State, already we have a few women journalists with whom the work is a labor of love. Mrs. Hicks, of Kansas City; Mrs. [Frank N.] Stone, of the [St. Louis] Republican; Mrs. Jones, of Clinton, are a few whose names I can call to mind. There are many, no doubt, who do much work that is never recognized, but each year adds a few names to the list. Why, some of us began with paste- making for doing up the mails. This is the first step, and then the clipping of selections until the inclination to write comes and the ability grows. There is nothing like practice, mingled with a good big slice of appreciation and praise, like fruit cake full of plums. Woman can accomplish what she wills to do.13 Women proved in the seventies and eighties that they could, as Mrs. Fisher suggested, do everything in the shop. When Thomas H. Roberts established the Crawford Mirror, May 4, 1872, in a small log cabin four miles from Steelville, his daughter Dellie had charge of the mechanical department which would "reflect her skill and taste in the 'art preservative',"14 and another daughter Nellie was "editress."15 Only a few women attempted editing and publishing until the nineties. Mrs. L. H. Denslow announced in Carrollton, in 1870, her intention to publish The Woman's Advocate, and in St. Louis, in 1873, Julia Purinton edited St. Louis Magazine.16 Mrs. Charlotte Smith and Miss Mary Nolan were co-editors of the Inland Monthly until July, 1872, when they announced that their partnership had been ended by disagreement about publishing articles "tinctured with free love doctrine, blasphemy or infidelity."17 Miss Nolan then established Central Magazine in September of the same year and noted in her first issue the weekly South St. Louis, edited and pub­ lished by Mrs. Laura Webb and Mrs. Bowen, widow of General John Stevens Bowen, C. S. A.18 The publication of these periodicals

13 Fifteenth Annual Session, Missouri Press Association, 1881 (Sedalia, 1882) , 21-24. 14 Steelville Crawford Mirror, September 23, 1909; March 17, 1921, re­ printed from issue of March 14, 1873; April 6, 1922, reprinted from issue of June 26, 1879. 15 Columbia Missouri Statesman, July 15, 1860. 16 Central Magazine, II (January, 1873) , 64. 17 Inland Monthly (July, 1872), published as Central Magazine, August. 1872, 280. 18 Central Magazine, I (September, 1872), 63. Pioneer Women of the Missouri Press 293 was evidence both of the abilities of women in journalism and of the need for publications that appealed to the interests of women. Missouri newspaper women served their apprenticeships in other ways in the seventies and eighties. Elizabeth Dugan, who was later to publish her own paper, in 1872 did editorial work and soci­ ety reporting on J. West Goodwin's Sedalia Bazoo. Later she con­ tinued her training on the staff of the Chicago Tribune.19 In the seventies the St. Louis Republican frequently published familiar es­ says, poems and stories by women free-lance writers. The issue of May 6, 1877, carried poems by Annie Robertson Noxon, Fannie Isa- belle Sherrick and Katharine H. Green, an essay by Mrs. Noxon and a short story by Emily R. Steinestal, both frequent contributors. Though sentimental and contrived for the most part, these items were at least equal in quality to those in the issue contributed by male writers. In the next issue, an article on the "Importance of the Growth of Ideas in the Kindergarten" by Mrs. S. B. Ellis showed both writing ability and intellectual mastery of a significant idea. The Missouri woman as a writer and thinker was proving herself. Reinforcing Mrs. Fisher's suggestion that women should be interested in journalism to further their own causes, Mrs. T. D. Bogie, wife of the editor of the Richmond Democrat, presented to the 1883 Association meeting a dramatic picture of the need for reform. In "A Threnody for the Times" she bemoaned the deterior­ ation of morals, the erosion of religious beliefs, the lack of serious purpose in the schools and called for "one grand song of Temper­ ance ... in this wine-soaked land" and a better life for all. She apologized "for presenting a skeleton at this august feast," but re­ minded her hearers that women are "constitutionally reformers."20 Many country papers in this era published pro-temperance material, most of it without byline. As early as 1887 Mrs. W. C. McCoy was in charge of the Women's Christian Temperance Union column in the Hamilton Hamiltonian. Ten years later Mrs. Maggie A. Bowman bought the King City Democrat,21 and became editor and publisher of the state W. C. T. U. paper The Counsellor.22 She published in the Democrat not only accounts of W. C. T. U.

19 Sedalia Democrat, January 10, 1911; Kansas City Star, September 11, 1910. 20 Seventeenth Annual Session, Missouri Press Association, 1883 (Sedalia, 1883), 39-43. 21 Country Editor, IV (February, 1897), 5. 22 B. Blanche Butts-Runion, "Through The Years": A History of the First Seventy-five Years of the Women's Christian Temperance Union of Missouri (1882-1957) (n. p., n. d.), 79. activities but also in the column "Terse, Tart, and Timely" such aphorisms as in the issue of De­ cember 16, 1898:

A man takes a drink; then drink takes a drink; then drink takes the man. Almost everyone is willing to help bury a dead man, but few are willing to help a living man out of the mire. Scribner's, October, 1896 Some Missouri women journal­ ists were more interested in po­ litical issues. A few quite naturally supported the Populist Party of the nineties since the platform of the first state convention in 1892 endorsed such measures as woman suffrage, abolishment of child and convict labor and other labor reforms such as the eight-hour day.23 Miss Mary O'Neill became editor of the Populist Marshall People's Record in 1894,24 and a year later was chosen president of the state association of Missouri Populist editors,25 though in 1896 she "left the newspaper business to become private secretary to H. E. Taubeneck," chairman of the National Committee of the People's Party.26 Pearl Griffin had edited the independent Skid- more Herald21 before editing the Populist Griffin's Maryville Daily Review in 1897. The Review was a family enterprise: Lulu Griffin was local editor; Zoe Griffin, manager; Rose Griffin, collector; and Frank Griffin, the father, business manager.28 Zoe left the Review to become editor of the Guilford Grit, and in December, 1898, an­ nounced in her paper that though she was being married, she would "try and give you a better and more interesting paper than we ever have."29 Then in April, 1899, tragedy struck this newspaper family. Frank Griffin, then editor of the Review, was killed on the streets of Maryville by C. G. Jesse who was angered by Griffin's

estate of Missouri Official Manual, 1893-1894 (Jefferson Citv, 1894), 241-242. 24 Missouri Editor, I (October, 1894), 7. 25 ibid., II (November, 1895), 3. 26 ibid., Ill (May, 1896) , 2. 27 state of Missouri Official Manual, 1895-96 (Jefferson Citv, 1895) , 297. 28 Country Editor, IV (November, 1897) , 6. M Ibid., VI (March, 1899) , 5. Pioneer Women of the Missouri Press 295 assertion in his paper that Jesse was running a dive.30 Thereafter we have no evidence of the Griffin women in journalism. Mrs. Ophelia Thornton continued her fight for the principles of the Greenback Labor Party after her husband's death. In Boon­ ville, in December, 1880, editor A. B. Thornton of the News was shot down by a police officer enraged by editorials alleging his brutality.31 In the "Mere Mention" column Mrs. Thornton stated simply "The News will continue" and listed herself as publisher. On March 16, 1883, she published these editorial remarks: The intrinsic or commercial value of a dollar has little or nothing to do with its purchasing power as money, and proves the 'gold basis' as fraud and a cheat, and only tending to preserve the private greed of the money power, and wring from the toil worn farmer and mechanic the hard earnings of a lifetime. Other papers designated as political were published by widows of former editors who inherited their husbands' politics along with their newspapers. After the death in May, 1899, of Charles M. Mc- Crae, editor of the Democratic Rolla Herald, his widow Edwarda, who had helped "run the paper at times," was editor and publisher until September.32 Nannie E. Mounts published the Republican Versailles Statesman between 1894 and 1897 after the death of her husband John F. Mounts,33 although she employed Miss Edith Castor as editor.34 It may be significant that in 1895 when Miss Mary Parsons was an officer in the Northwest Missouri Press Association, before which she read a paper on "The New Women in Journalism," she was publisher of the independent Union Star Comet.35 Three years later she bought the Bolckow Blade,36 which after her mar­ riage to L. J. Montgomery, a Bolckow banker, was Republican.37 Women who were co-workers with their husbands helped to publish the Portageville Review and the Clinton Eye. Cora Grover Wright worked as a printer in New Madrid with her husband Ed­ ward after they were married in 1884; later they published the

30 Maryville Nodaway Democrat, April 13, 1899. 31 History of Howard and Cooper Counties, Missouri (St. Louis, 1883) , 785-787. 32 Country Editor, VI (May, 1899), 8. 33 Versailles Statesman, February 23, 1933. 34 Missouri Editor, II (October, 1895) , 3. as Ibid., I (January, 1895), 2; II (October, 1895), 3. 36 Country Editor, V (March, 1898) , 6. 37 Sheridan Advance, July 29, 1898. 296 Missouri Historical Review

Portageville Review38 Frankie Eddins first caught the eye of T. 0. Smith when she worked as a printer on the Clinton Henry County Democrat. After their marriage, the young couple established the Clinton Eye, November 14, 1885, and operated the paper for forty- three years. In the early years Frankie Smith wrote much of the news and set type by hand.39 The Linneus Linn County News, a Republican paper, was edited by David Ormiston and his wife Nellie. Lizzie Helen (Nellie) Northcott was a rural school teacher in 1882 boarding at the home of William Ormiston, whose son David was also a teacher. When the young couple decided to marry, David bought half interest in the Linn County News from Nellie's father, Colonel B. F. Northcott, and for fifty-three years, from the date of her marriage on Christmas Day, 1884, Nellie Orm­ iston helped publish the News.40 Of the twenty-five newspapers edited by women listed in the official manuals of Missouri, 1889-1900, three were Democratic, five Republican, two Populist, two society, two non-political and eleven independent. In the official manuals of Missouri, 1891-1900, the names of women editors of political journals were: Mrs. Sue J.

38 Missouri Press News, VIII (January, 1941) , 5. 39 Clinton Eye, September 17, 1936. 40 Linneus Bulletin, March 10, 1938.

Scribner>s, Sept., 1896 Harper's Weekly, Feb. 15, 1890

Rittenhouse, Jonesburg Journal, Democratic; Mrs. M. A. Smith, Warsaw Times, Republican; Mrs. Gertrude Ebbs, Windsor Repub­ lican; Mrs. W. J. Powell, Rolla New Era, Republican; and, Miss Mary Parsons, Bolckow Herald, formerly the Bolckow Blade. In the nineties a large proportion of independent papers were published by women independent of both politics and men. The official manuals of the 1890s list some of these papers with their edi­ tors: Mrs. M. E. Plater, Rocky Comfort Rock O'Comfort; Hazel Hall, Nevada Breeze; Florence Duley, Creighton Champion; Clara B. Dobyns, Forest City Record; Blanche Briggs and Mattie Rhodes, Green City Press; Delphine Lockwood, Fordland Times; Mrs. Laura Parsons, Union Star Comet; Jennie Heath, Denver Tribune; Marie Crumbaugh, Chilhowee News; and, Mrs. W. T. Smith, Bernie Inde­ pendent. Other women whose editorships were perhaps too ephe­ meral to be recorded in the manuals were noted in Walter Williams' Country Editor. In 1896 Florence Duley turned over the Creighton Champion to Daisy Tandy and revived the Belton Leader;41 in 1897 Mrs. Cora E. Harris established the Bourbon Breeze,42 in 1898 Mrs.

41 Missouri Editor, III (July, 1896), 2. 42 Country Editor, IV (November, 1897) , 5. 298 Missouri Historical Review

Myrtle Hudson edited the Archie Advance,43 Ada McQuitty the Mountain Grove Home Journal44 and Ella Eaton the Dadeville Rustic.45 Issues of the Chilhowee News for 1899 provide insight into the interests and abilities of two of these independent lady editors. Marie Crumbaugh assisted editor Victor L. Waters for a year before becoming managing editor March 3, 1899. On April 21 she was eloquent about a display of spring bonnets in the local millinery shop, but on May 19 she dipped her pen in acid and wrote: The marble craze has struck the town. The principle [sic] tournament ground is just opposite the News office and the musical notes of the players from the size of Pud- den Townsend of 6 years to that of Mr. (blank) of near sixty, is wafted on the gentle zephyr to our ears. Perhaps it is best so, as while they are playing marbles they are not whittling on the goods boxes in front of the store. By the way, there is no doubt but what the long looked for pros­ perity has now arrived. Who can doubt it has struck Chil­ howee fairly when from 10 to 15 grown men can be seen playing marbles all the day? Of course, they are all rich and can afford to loaf. On July 21 the News announced that Marie had retired from the management of the paper to accept another offer and congratu­ lated the lucky man. Marie's sister Eva became editor and assured her readers that she had no intention of abandoning journalism for matrimony. On September 15 she wrote sternly: Why is it that our most progressive merchants, busi­ nessmen and transfer companies continue to drive their teams and loaded wagons over our sidewalks, breaking and smashing them to pieces as though they were of no value? We should all take more pride in keeping up the sidewalks than we do, but this way of driving across them should stop at once. We have suggested that the weeds be cut off streets and lots. Even such towns as Leeton keep the weeds down. Why can not we? And on November 17 she felt compelled to chastise some un­ known citizen who defaced her town: Someone in passing along the street in front of the Bank and Chipley's, either carelessly or on purpose spit

43 Ibid., V (May, 1898), 6. 44 ibid., V (September, 1898), 4. 45 ibid., V (October, 1898), 4. Pioneer Women of the Missouri Press 299

their quids of tobacco upon the glass fronts. This is a very serious offense and, as we believe was done through thoughtlessness, we hope such will not again occur. Some towns have a class of low contemptible would-be 'toughs' that might do such an act, but we feel sure that Chilhowee has none of them. Sidewalks seemed to be a sore point with lady editors; the Sheridan Advance for January 27, 1898, remarked that "The editress of the Denver Tribune is 'waking up' the city dads about the poor condition of the sidewalks in that town." Jennie Heath was the civic-minded lady. Among the most successful of the women who edited news­ papers in the nineties were the Mize sisters, Eva and Fidelia (Del- la), former school teachers whose two brothers were Illinois news­ papermen.46 From 1890 to 1907 they published the Newtonia Newton County News. Every Monday one of the sisters made the ten-mile trip by horse and buggy to the county seat, Neosho, to ob­ tain advertising and news; when they failed to make the trip one wintry morning, the story was carried by the Associated Press. Work­ ing without power, they set their type by hand and printed on a large Washington hand press.47 They obtained news from other points around the county through local correspondents and devoted a large part of their paper to such local news. W. F. Switzler wrote that no weekly newspaper in Missouri had a local department before 1858 when he established one in the Columbia Statesman.49, He attributed the localization of the country press to the telegraph and transportation of mail by railroad.49 But another factor may account in part for the addition of local depart­ ments and other material of interest to women. As the hardships of pioneer life for women diminished and they received more educa­ tion, they became readers, eager for knowledge about improving family life, about community and social life, and indeed about lives in the world outside. In 1885 Mrs. Susie McK. Fisher spoke again to the Missouri Press Association, this time on the need for such material and the opportunity thus provided for women journalists:

46 History of Newton, Lawrence, Barry, and McDonald Counties, Missouri (Chicago, 1888), 860-861. 47 Neosho Miner and Mechanic, February 2, 1940. 48 Hannibal Morning Journal, January 19, 1894. 49 William H. Lvon, The Pioneer Editor in Missouri, 1808-1860 (Columbia, 1965), 141-142. 300 Missouri Historical Review

A woman of broad culture on the staff of a newspaper will recognize woman's needs. . . . How to make home beautiful, how to instruct children, or how to cook a tough beefsteak so it will be food for the gods, would be the very essence of life for the ninety-nine hundred out of ten thousand readers.50 Walter Williams recognized the importance to the publisher of women readers when he stated that "a country paper is a home paper. . . . Men read papers because they must. Women because they like to."51 The economic power of women as consumers also came to be recognized as necessary to the financial health of newspapers. "Country newspapers do not print enough literature for women," wrote one successful publisher. "The women are the best friends a paper can have. An advertiser will pay a much higher price for space in a paper read by women than in what is known as a man's paper. Edit for the women."52 In the country papers readyprints were to answer some of the need for material of interest to women. Publishers bought preprint­ ed pages 2 and 3 for four-page papers and pages 2, 3, 6 and 7 for eight-page papers, and thus needed only to fill the remainder of the pages with local news. One national firm supplied these to more than three hundred Missouri newspapers by 1900 and Columbia Herald readyprints were supplied to about ninety Missouri weeklies by 1895.53 The two-page readyprint in the Hamilton News-Graphic, August 14, 1891, carried columns of foreign, national and state news, a brief piece of fiction, a poem, two columns on farm and garden with articles on constructing farm buildings and raising poultry, and a column entitled "Household Brevities" which included house­ hold hints, recipes and an article on rearing children. A few locally written columns were published. "Helpful Hints for Ladies" in the Sturgeon Leader was written by a Sturgeon lady in 1894,54 and a "Scrap-Basket" column in the Windsor Review in 1895 by "one of the brightest girls in Missouri."55 A few local news departments were supervised by women. Laura Smith was local editor in 1894 of the Populist Johnson Coun-

50 Nineteenth Annual Session, Missouri Press Association, 1885 (Columbia, 1885), 30-34. 51 Twentieth Annual Session, Missouri Press Association, 1886 (Columbia, 1886), 19. 52 Missouri Editor, I (March, 1894), 6. 53 William H. Taft, Missouri Newspapers (Columbia, 1964), 139-140. Z* Missouri Editor, I (March, 1894), 6. 55 ibid., II (August, 1895), 2. Pioneer Women of the Missouri Press 301

ty Union;6* C. W. Northcutt, editor of the Summer Star, in 1895 made his wife local editor;57 Lena M. Sargent was named as local assistant in issues of the Bolivar Herald from November 8, 1894, through 1898; and, in 1899 Hertha Helen Hess had exclusive control and management of the local department of her father's Macon Citizen.68 To fill out his newspaper with local news the Missouri pub­ lisher learned, as the Mize sisters did, to use local correspondents from various points in the county. Alice C. Creswell became a country correspondent for Barton County papers when she was twelve, then after graduating from high school in 1903 worked as a reporter on the Webb City Register before marrying the publisher Arthur Rozelle.59 Few of the local correspondents, however, can be identified, since they wrote without bylines, or occasionally under pseudonyms. Locals from twelve communities published in the Clinton Eye in 1893 were headed by such alliterative phrases as Blairstown Blisters, Coal Calamities, Deepwater Dashes and Maurine Mugwumps. Beginning in 1891, Amanda E. Moore wrote the locals from Shawnee Mound for this Clinton paper under the heading Shawnee Shifters. She continued her weekly task after her marriage to J. W. Woolf in 1897 until 1939—forty-eight years in all.60 The Shawnee Mound column in 1894 reported not only illnesses, Sunday visits, sleigh rides and "literaries," but also commented on spring plowing and the prevalence in the community of candidates seeking votes. When Alonzo S. Prather went to the legislature in 1891, his fourteen-year-old daughter Mary Elizabeth took over his duties as local correspondent for the Taney County Republican. Forty-four years later, in 1935, Mary Elizabeth (Prather) Mahnkey was judged the best rural newspaper corre­ spondent in the United States in a Country Home magazine contest sponsored by the Crowell Publishing Company.61 Her editor on the Taney County Republican, W. E. Freeland, paid tribute on this oc­ casion to her work:

The great appeal of her items is the human interest she unconsciously puts into them; she tells the things one would like to hear; she answers the questions the reader

oQIbid., I (October, 1894), 7. 57 ibid., II (December, 1895), 3. 58 Macon Citizen, Souvenir Edition, 1899. 59 Kansas City Star, September 11, 1910. 60 Clinton Eye, September 21, 1939; Douglas Mahnkey, Bright Glowed My Hills (Point Lookout, Mo., 1968), 4. 61 Forsyth Taney County Republican, August 19, 1948. would like to ask if he were present; her items leave the reader with a sense of complete satisfac­ tion that make him uncon­ sciously seek the next week's news with confi­ dence that there he will find something that he wants to know.62 The mechanical department served as an introduction to a journalistic career for some wom­ en in the nineties, although Mrs. Grace Dickerson celebrated fifty years as printer in 1942 on the Kansas City Star, Sept. 11, 1910 staff of the Fayette Advertiser, Alice C. Rozelle where she had begun her career.63 But Nellie Hannan, who set type for the Brookfield Argus and Gazette after graduating from high school in 1893, purchased an interest in the Brookfield Budget in 1909 and held control of the paper with her sister Viola for many years.64 Ada L. Wightman, who learned to set type on her father's papers, later was co-editor with her brother W. Sam Wightman of Ada L. Wightman the Bethany Clipper.®6 Walter Kansas City Star, Sept. 11, 1910 Williams recognized the abilities of girl printers when he wrote in his Country Editor in April, 1898: Men do not like it but it is true that girls make excellent printers. Their faithfulness, freedom from bad habits, gum-chewing excepted, and their ob­ servance of minute de­ tails peculiarly qualify them. . . . Moreover there

62 Missouri Press News, III (October 1935), 10. V 63 Ibid., X (August, 1942), 7. Gilbid., VII (June, 1940), 4. 65 Kansas City Star, September 11, 1910. are girls galore in every community anxious for work. . . . Sewing girls make but three or four dollars a week. Type-set­ ting is much more desir­ able employment and pays better. Girls obey in­ structions more readily than boys, are less hard- headed and thick-headed, and when told a thing once do not forget it. The worse trouble with them is their liability to get married. . . . But marrying is far less harmless than getting drunk or chewing Spurlock, Over the Ozark Hills black tobacco or going on Mary Elizabeth Mahnkey strikes. . . . They are not only good printers, but excellent proof-readers, can feed a press and do almost anything about a printing office that a man can. . . . The fad of "women's editions" in the nineties may also have introduced some women to journalism: Miss Belle Morris, of the M. E. Church, South, and Mrs. R. M. White, of the Episcopal Church of Mexico, with a select corp of lady writers, will edit the Mexico Evening Ledger on Thanksgiving day, 1894. These ladies will have control of all departments of the paper and will attend to everything in detail except the mechanical part. The net proceeds will be divided between the two churches named.66 S. B. Cook wrote in the Mexico Intelligencer that "The Women's Edition of the Ledger . . . bore unmistakable evidence of practical judgment as well as editorial skill."67 The next year the Rolla Herald, Sedalia Capital and Brookfield Budget issued women's editions; the Thanksgiving edition of the Liberty Advance was put out by the Young Ladies' Fancy Work Club, Jesse Park, editor; and the Appleton City Herald issued a Ladies Charity Edition in 1896.68

66 Missouri Editor, I (November, 1894), 8. 67 ibid., I (December, 1894), 7. Q8 Missouri Editor, II (May, 1895), 2; II (July, 1895), 7; II (September, 1895), 3; II (December, 1895), 3; II (January, 1896), 2. 304 Missouri Historical Review

Women were also employed as society editors on some out- state papers in the nineties. The Canton Press, which began to de­ scribe itself on its masthead as "The Paper for the Home and Fire­ side" in July, 1890, printed in 1895 a W. C. T. U. column, local news, and a column edited by Effie May Condit headed "Society Melange." Pearl McNeil was society editor of the Nevada Daily Mail in 1899 when she married the publisher, Colonel J. H. Bean.69 The Missouri Women's Press Association was organized in St. Louis in November, 1896, with Mrs. Holden E. Day as president. Membership was open to any Missouri woman "who has published original matter in any form, or who has been, or is now connected with any reputable publication as editor, reporter, contributor, re­ viewer, correspondent, compiler, or illustrator."70 With the increasing acceptance of women as journalists, they were employed by city newspapers, chiefly as society reporters, though in 1895 Florence White was "managing editor of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch at $75 a week, with duties nominal as Col. [Charles H.] Jones always maintains a managerial supervision over everything." Mrs. Rose Walker was fashion and society writer for the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, a lady "known to all the best people . . . being a member of a leading southern family whose fortunes suffered in the rebellion." Her remuneration was said to be "as high as $50 a week . . . while other 'space writers' in the lady's field average from $10 to $20 a week."71 Certain specialized papers were published by women in the nineties: Mrs. Lucile B. Baker established the "bright and original" Chat in St. Joseph in 1894;72 Mrs. Lillie Gregory published a family and literary paper in Kansas City called Kings and Queens of the Range; and Mrs. Adele Toomer published a society paper Over the Tea Cups in Springfield, while Elizabeth Dugan brought out a paper for Sedalia's 400 called Rosa Pcarle's Paper?3 Elizabeth Dugan had served her apprenticeship in journalism well; her paper was to continue from its founding in 1894 until her death in 1911. Upon its publication the Kansas City Journal called Rosa Pearle "one of Missouri's brightest newspaper women" and her paper "handsomely printed and in every way creditable to the

69 Country Editor, VII (November, 1899) , 1. 70 Missouri Editor, IV (February, 1897), 9. 71 Ibid., II (March, 1895), 9-10. 72 ibid., I (October, 1894), 7. 73 State of Missouri Official Manual, 1899-1900 (Jefferson City, 1899), 404, 405, 411. Pioneer Women of the Missouri Press 305 publisher."74 Allie Dugan, Elizabeth's niece, was her printer and foreman.75 "Lizzie" Dugan filled her paper with Sedalia society news and with lively articles on fashion, food, decoration, music and the theatre. In her third issue she published a list, with de­ scriptions, of marriageable maidens of Sedalia; in the fourth issue, a list of eligible bachelors. But in her first year she also commented on the railroad strike of 1894: "The fact of the matter in a nutshell is that the laboring class have entirely too much law, and not enough justice."76 When a young boy was arrested for theft she objected to branding one young enough to reform by publication of his name in the local press.77 She spoke a kind word for the suffering wife of a convicted embezzler, expressed herself on women's rights, and on April 5, 1895, published an entire issue on the kindergarten movement.78 In an interview in 1910, she said: I love newspaper work, but I do not think it is work which makes women happy. One must know and under­ stand a great deal of the human to be a newspaper worker, and the study of the human is not calculated to afford happiness.79 J. West Goodwin, under whom she had worked on the Sedalia Bazoo, paid tribute to her at her death: "Her aim was to make Sedalia a better city socially and morally, and a more elevated standard of living. . . ."80 With the Mize sisters and Elizabeth Dugan, Missouri women had come of age as journalists. In the twentieth century they would become outstanding in their profession as reporters, writers, editors and publishers on newspapers that recognized the widening in­ terests of women in journalism.

74 Rosa Pearle's Paper, May 19, 1894. 75 I. MacD. Demuth, A Feast of Cold Facts (Sedalia, Mo., 1895) , unpaged pamphlet. 76 Rosa Pearle's Paper, June 30, 1894. IT Ibid., August 11, 1894. 78 ibid., May 19 & July 7, 1894. 79 Kansas City Star, September 11, 1910. 80 Sedalia Democrat, January 12, 1911. "AND ALL FOR NOTHING" Early Experiences of John M. Schofield in Missouri

BY JAMES L. MC DONOUGH*

When Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers after the shoot­ ing began at Fort Sumter one of the men assuming an important role in organizing Union forces in Missouri was a twenty-nine-year- old professor of Physics at Washington University in St. Louis. John McAllister Schofield, born in New York state and reared in northern Illinois, was graduated from West Point in 1853. After an uneventful tour of duty in Florida where his most severe fight was a bout with malaria, Schofield joined the West Point faculty where he remained until 1859. Taking a leave of absence from the army he accepted the professorial position which he held when the Civil War began. He took part in the capture of the secessionist camp at Fort Jackson and then on August 10, 1861, at Wilson's Creek, he rode into battle for the first time, as adjutant to the unfortunate General Nathaniel Lyon who lost his life in that contest. If Schofield read his "press clippings" in the St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat he might have felt a modicum of pride and

*James L. McDonough is an assistant professor of History at David Lipscomb College, Nashville, Tennessee. He received a B.A. degree in History from David Lipscomb College and a M.A. degree in Religion from Abilene Christian College, Abilene, Texas. He received a Ph.D. degree in History from Florida State Uni­ versity, Tallahassee.

306 "And All for Nothing" 307 perhaps a little amusement at the flattering and flamboyant article of August 20, 1861. An "eye witness" of the Battle of Wilson s Creek wrote: "Pages could be filled with incidents of bravery on the part of our troops and officers," but of course, the writer continued, all could not be cited. The witness "could not, however, refrain from making mention of Major J. M. Schofield, than whom ... a braver soldier does not live. In all that bloody fight ... he was ever in the lead, foremost, coolest." For six hours he had displayed "the utmost. . . bravery."1 A study of the engagement at Wilson's Creek does reveal Schofield as a man of courage and calmness under fire.2 His intro­ duction to fighting so soon in the war, the acclaim therefrom, plus his association with a man of Lyon's importance in the early months of the war, and his access to the politically influential Blair family, particularly Frank Blair, Jr., as well as his ambition which becomes evident from a study of his papers, probably led Schofield to expect more rapid advancement than his military career in Missouri was to provide. These factors, and the drudgery of some of his tasks, are important in understanding the growing feeling of disillusion­ ment and dissatisfaction which almost overwhelmed him by the latter part of 1862. Schofield arrived in St. Louis from Rolla on August 20, 1861, with instructions from Major Samuel D. Sturgis to call on the de­ partment commander as soon as possible. It seemed like a reason­ able assumption that General John C. Fremont, western explorer and unsuccessful Republican presidential nominee, would be in­ terested in his first-hand report of the contest at Wilson s Creek. Schofield first went to the arsenal to pick up a change of clothing. There he met Frank Blair, recently returned from Washington. Schofield, although a major in the volunteers, was only a lieutenant in the regular army and was doubtful that he could get in to see Fremont without a considerable delay. Blair thought that he could arrange for a meeting the next day.3 Fremont was commanding the Department of the West, comprising Illinois, Missouri and the territory west to the moun-

i St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, August 20, 1861. 2 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (130 vols., Washington, D.C., 1880-1902) , Series 1, Volume III, 61, 67, 69, 77. Hereafter cited as O. R. All references are to Ser. 1 unless otherwise indicated. Clarence C. Buel and Robert U. Johnson, eds., Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1887-1888) , I, 292, 293, 295. 3 Hans Christian Adamson, Rebellion in Missouri: 1861; Nathaniel Lyon and His Army of the West (Philadelphia, 1961) , 278. 308 Missouri Historical Review tains. He held forth in virtually imperial state at the J. B. Brant mansion on Chouteau Avenue in St. Louis. The news of Wilson's Creek had made the secessionists in the city increasingly restive and on August 14, Fremont established martial law in the city and county4 and the regulations gave rise to bitter complaints from citizens, many of whom vented their wrath upon Fremont. But "The Pathfinder" did not seem disturbed. As Schofield and Blair approached the headquarters numerous uniformed sentries stood on guard. Blair had "some magic word" by which the two passed, entering a door into the basement, which had been converted into an armory. Ascending two flights of stairs (the first floor was occupied with lesser executives at their desks) they came upon the commanding general, with one secretary, oc­ cupying a suite of rooms extending from the front to the rear of

4 St. Louis Missouri Republican, August 14, 1861; O. R., Ill, 442.

Battle of Wilson's Creek

Frank Leslie's Illus. Newspaper, Oct. 31, 1861 the building.5 Fremont re­ ceived both cordially, and at once led Schofield over to a large table, on which maps were spread, and began to ex­ plain at length the plans of the campaign for which he was then preparing (it seemed that Blair had already heard them). Fremont intended to march southwest through Mis­ souri, into Northwest Arkan­ sas and then to the Missis­ sippi, thus turning all the Confederate defenses to be­ low Memphis. After more than an hour the detailed ex­ John M. Schofield planation ended. Schofield and Blair left through the same basement door by which they had entered. Fremont had never said a word about General Lyon or the battle at Wilson's Creek. After walking down the street for some distance in silence, Blair said: "Well, what do you think of him?" Schofield replied in strong language—a rare thing for him—to the effect that his opinion of Fremont's wisdom was the same as it always had been! "I have been suspecting that for some time," Blair said.6 During the latter part of August and into September Schofield carried out Fremont's orders to convert the First Missouri Volun­ teer infantry into an artillery regi­ ment. He organized eight batteries, Fremont's Headquarters, St. Louis using all the field guns he could get and there was still one company of officers and men which had none. He finally made a trip back East which resulted in obtaining

5 Jay Monaghan, Civil War on the Western Border, 1854-1865 (Boston, 1955), 184. 6 John M. Schofield, Forty-Six Years in the Army (New York, 1897), 48, 49. 310 Missouri Historical Review

twenty-four new rifled Parrott guns for service in the Western De­ partment.7 It was early October when Schofield returned to St. Louis. Fremont was then in Central Missouri, having taken eight batteries of Schofield's regiment with him, leaving orders for Schofield to complete the organization and equipment of the regiment when the guns and other supplies arrived from the East.8 While waiting for the guns Schofield responded to a call for more artillery from Colonel William P. Carlin, commanding an infantry brigade at Pilot Knob, some eighty miles south of St. Louis. The rebel cavalry leader M. Jeff Thompson, raiding in Carlin's rear, had destroyed the railroad bridge over Big River and interfered with communica­ tion lines to St. Louis. Schofield located enough men to form a medium sized battery, although they received no instruction other than how to fire a cannon. Loading the men on a train, along with four smooth-bore bronze guns and some horses which had never been hitched to a cannon, he started south.9 With this motley crew he took part in the minor engagement at Fredericktown on October 21, helping to deploy the artillery on the Union right and then forming and di­ recting several companies of infantry as the Federals, bayonets glistening in the sun, advanced upon the Confederates. The rebels abandoned their position, reportedly without the Blue line firing a shot. Twice they rallied only to break again as the Union advance came on. At last they gave way in some disorder, evidently con­ vinced that the Federals had too many men and too much cold steel. The next day Schofield returned to St. Louis.10 Meanwhile, Fremont's status in Missouri had deteriorated. His first serious mistake was in alienating the Blair brothers, Frank and Montgomery, who, in large measure, had been responsible for placing him in the position of department commander.11 He might have weathered this storm if he had not presumed upon the pa­ tience of President Abraham Lincoln about the emancipation issue.12 It also would have helped if he could have enjoyed better

7 Ibid., 50. 8 Ibid., 51. 9 Ibid. io o. R., Ill, 222, 223; Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 52, 53. 11 Thomas L. Sneed, The Fight for Missouri from the Election of Lincoln to the Death of Lyon (New York, 1888), 219-220; James Peckham, General Na­ thaniel Lyon and Missouri in 1861 (New York, 1866), 266-267. 12 Monaghan, Civil War, 185; Sceva Bright Laughlin, "Missouri Politics During the Civil War," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXIV (October, 1929), "And All for Nothing 311 relations with Hamilton R. Gamble who headed Missouri's provi­ sional government. On October 11, Simon Cameron, the Secretary of War and Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas arrived in St. Louis at the President's request to conduct an investigation. Evidences of Fremont's extravagance and irresponsibility, such as the govern­ ment paying six thousand dollars annually in rent for the Brant mansion while the general issued government contracts indiscrim­ inately to recipients indulging largely in graft, were everywhere. "The Pathfinder" was soon relieved of command and on November 19 the President appointed Major General Henry W. Halleck to reorganize the western theater of war.13 Commanding the new Department of the Mississippi, "Old Brains," as Halleck was known to the soldiers because of his scholarly background and authoritative writings on military science, assigned Schofield, now promoted brigadier general of volunteers to date from November 21, 1861, to the command of all the militia of Missouri.14 From the last of November until about mid-April, 1862, Schofield's main duty was to raise, organize and discipline this special force which was to be employed only in the defense of the state but paid, equipped and supplied by the federal gov­ ernment. This arrangement apparently was due, in large measure, to Governor Gamble's influence with the President.15 Soon after Schofield began organizing the state militia he was called upon to cooperate with General Benjamin M. Prentiss, commanding the District of North Missouri, in ridding the coun­ ties north of the Missouri River of secessionists who were organiz­ ing widespread uprisings. Bridge burners, particularly, were giving the federal authorities trouble. On December 22, Halleck issued an order that men disguised as peaceable citizens and caught in the act of burning bridges or destroying railroad or telegraph wires should be shot immediately.16 Schofield assisted Prentiss by trying to occupy the important points along the railroad northwest of St. Louis, from St. Charles

89; John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln (New York, 1886-1890), IV, 422. 13 O. R., Ill, 540-549; James G. Blunt, "General Blunt's Account of His Civil War Experiences," Kansas Historical Quarterly, XVIII (May, 1932), 216; Wiley Britton, The Civil War on the Border (New York, 1899) , 159; Marvin R. Cain, "Edward Bates and Hamilton R. Gamble: A Wartime Partnership," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LVI (January, 1962) , 149. 14 O. R., VII, 389. 15 Laughlin, "Missouri Politics," 96. 16 Britton, Civil War, 163, 192, 193. 312 Missouri Historical Review

to Mexico, a distance of about one hundred miles; and he or­ ganized a system of scouting, hoping to capture the small bands of rebels which were so annoying.17 His task was doubly difficult be­ cause of some "well mounted and well armed" Union "barbarians," as he called them, who gave him about as much trouble as the Confederates. At Warrenton a Federal battalion of Reserve Corps Cavalry murdered one of the few Union men in the vicinity and plundered and destroyed thousands of dollars worth of property of peaceable citizens—"a burning disgrace to the army and the Union cause" Schofield reported. He finally succeeded in getting five of the most notorious ones "in irons".18 Progress was gradually made in restoring relative quiet to North Missouri, as Schofield placed companies of the state militia in strategic positions as soon as they were raised and organized. A prominent topic of conversation among the Federals in Mis­ souri was the military merit of Colonel Franz Sigel, who had re­ signed as commander of the Union force at Rolla. His defenders said he was cramped and restricted by many of the regular army, above all, General Samuel R. Curtis, commanding the Southwestern District, who had formed a "conspiracy" against him. The news­ papers frequently mentioned the Sigel case. Schofield probably saw the St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat of January 21, 1862, which carried a page one account from the New York Times of the seven­ teenth, of a great demonstration for Sigel, staged primarily by German-Americans at the Cooper Institute in New York. Sigel was praised as "the twin of Garibaldi," a man who possessed military ability of the highest order, and Missouri's battlefields were "ever lasting monuments of his valor and . . . superior tactics." This was too much for Schofield to endure. As the snow blanketed St. Louis on February 13, he wrote General Halleck a long letter about Sigel. Schofield's official report of the Battle of Wilson's Creek did not present a favorable image of Sigel. Now Schofield was giving the full story. He deemed it his "duty" (he often professed his concern with "duty") to state the facts about the merit of Sigel as a commander. When General Lyon had sent Sigel to Rolla to cut off the retreat of Sterling Price's rebel force, Sigel had "allowed" one company to be captured, after which he made a "masterly retreat" before Price's "miserable rabble." Thus Price and Ben McCulloch were permitted

17 O. R., VIII, 479, 482. is Ibid., 482, 503. to join forces. A short time later, at Wilson's Creek, when trying to car­ ry out the flanking operation which he himself had suggested in opposi­ tion to the other officers, Sigel "lost his artillery, ... his infantry and fled alone, or nearly so, to Spring­ field, arriving there long before the battle was ended." After giving several more examples in the same vein, Schofield concluded that Sigel Benjamin M. Prentiss "in tactics, great and small logistics, and discipline," was "greatly deficient" and it would be "less than his duty" if he did not enter his protest against the appointment of Sigel to high command.19 The letter was signed by nine other of­ ficers who expressed their "entire agreement" with the facts stated by Schofield. There was doubtless some prejudice against foreigners involved in the Sigel controversy, but his military capacity did leave something to be desired. On April 10, 1862, General Halleck, disturbed by the reports of Ulysses S. Grant's supposed drunkenness at Shiloh, left his head­ quarters in St. Louis to take command of the army before Corinth, Mississippi. He gave Schofield instructions to "take care of Mis­ souri." Schofield's command of state militia had then been extended over about three-fourths of the state, especially the north, central and eastern portions.20 Several of the guerrilla bands had been broken up or captured. Victory at Pea Ridge had diminished rebel power in the state and General Curtis, with a formidable force, was supposedly marching on Little Rock, Arkansas. Missouri was quieter than it had been in some time. On May 6, Halleck, expecting a big battle at Corinth, ordered Schofield to send him "all the infantry within his reach and replace them with cavalry."21 Schofield sent all the infantry in the state, except a small force of reserve corps guarding the Pacific Railroad and the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, and two volunteer regiments in the central and southwestern districts. Only cavalry was left to guard the long rail lines north of the Missouri River and a portion of the Pacific Railroad.22 Meanwhile General Curtis'

19 ibid., Ill, 94, 95. 20 ibid., XIII, 7. 21 Ibid., 371. 22 ibid.. 8. 314 Missouri Historical Review

Franz Sigel

movement on Little Rock left the southwestern district of Missouri virtually without troops. Small bands of outlaws and rebel cavalry were soon terrorizing people and playing havoc with Curtis' line of communications with Rolla, destroying several of his trains. Though the district was not under his command, Schofield sent his one re­ maining infantry regiment, with three regiments of cavalry and a battery of artillery to protect the communication lines. On June 5 he received orders from Halleck to move all his available force to the southern border of Missouri and support Curtis, who was re­ peatedly calling for more troops. Schofield sent him portions of three cavalry regiments. A regiment of Reserve Corps Infantry re­ fused to cross the line into Arkansas. Schofield had done all he could. Curtis wanted more, but no more troops were available.23 At this time, at least in part due to Schofield's advocacy, Mis­ souri, except for the three southeastern counties, was organized into a military district and placed under his command. Troops in the southwestern part of the state, however, were still subject to

23 Ibid. (

orders from Curtis—a situation which could prove confusing and troublesome. The District of Missouri was divided into five parts, with a total force available in all these commands of about 17,360.24 As Schofield positioned his command to try to preserve peace in the state General Curtis shifted his force eastward to Helena, Arkan­ sas, and left Missouri's southern border without protection from raids from across the Arkansas line. To make matters worse, the rebels were just beginning a determined bid to gain reinforcements in Missouri and eventually to regain possession of the state. When Schofield learned of this he requested cooperation from Curtis' army—in the form of a diversionary movement on Little Rock—and reinforcements. The diversionary movement was prom­ ised but it never materialized. Curtis said no reinforcements were available. In the meantime rebel bands were appearing all over the state. Schofield had to have more troops. On July 22, he issued General Order No. 19, which required every able-bodied man in the state to enroll in the militia, even those who had aided or sup­ ported the South.25 His purpose in enrolling such men was to keep them under surveillance. They were not to be armed or made a part of the fighting force. Eventually some fifty thousand were enlisted, about thirty thousand of whom were armed as loyal men.26 By this time guerrilla warfare in Missouri was reaching a new peak of devastation.

24 ibid., 9, 368. 25 St. Louis Missouri Republican, July 23, 1862. 26 Ibid., August 17, 1862; Marguerite Potter, "Hamilton R. Gamble, Mis­ souri's War Governor," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXV (October, 1940), 53.

suM Between April 1 and September 20, Schofield's forces confronted the enemy in more than one hun­ dred engagements, ranging from forty or fifty men on each side to a thousand or more. The principal area of trouble was the northeast­ ern division and a large portion of the St. Louis district, especially that part north of the Missouri River. Rebel bands under Joseph Samuel R. Curtis C. Porter, John A. Poindexter and others of lesser note, totaled a little more than five thousand. Even after the destruction of Porter's band and the capture of Poindexter, to dispose of the smaller guerilla bands was work which took much time. Petty warfare continued for weeks as Schofield attempted to hunt down these groups, many of whom were simply outlaws—rebels before they ever heard of the Confederacy.27 As the rebels north of the Missouri were being beaten back, secessionists intensified their efforts in other portions of the state. A Confederate force led by John T. Hughes captured Independence on August 11, and then joined by John T. Coffee's cavalry, repulsed a Union force at Lone Jack, some eighteen miles southeast of In­ dependence. Schofield finally united a sufficient command to clear Central Missouri of the majority of the insurgents, Coffee being hotly pursued to the Arkansas line.28 While Schofield was attempting to put the sword to marauding guerrillas in his front he was also forced to fend off certain citizens and politicians in his rear. On August 4, a group of prominent citizens of St. Louis, who generally opposed Governor Gamble with whom Schofield enjoyed amicable relations, decided that Schofield was not acting with enough vigor in suppressing the guerrillas.29 A committee was formed to go to Washington and urge the Presi-

27 o. R., XIII, 12-14. 28 Ibid., 15, 16. 29 His most offensive act seems to have been his failure to execute the Act of Congress of July 16, 1862, relative to confiscation of the property of per­ sons engaged in the rebellion. But this law provided for its execution by the judicial department of the government. It gave no authority for military action, and all Schofield could lawfully do was to secure property subject to confisca­ tion, and liable to be removed or otherwise disposed of, and collect evidence for the use of judicial officers. "And All for Nothing 317 dent to replace Schofield with a man who, in their judgment, would act with more zeal. On August 11, Schofield received a telegram from Halleck, who had recently become general in chief of the army: "There is a deputation here from Colonel Blair and others asking for your removal on account of inefficiency."30 Just a few minutes after receiving this dispatch, Blair happened to walk into Schofield's office. Schofield handed him the cable. Reading it Blair replied, according to Schofield, with considerable feeling: "No one is authorized to ask in my name for your removal."31 Blair sent a wire to Halleck trying to correct the matter. The next day he sent another and the committee's efforts finally came to naught. In late September, by order of the President, the War De­ partment directed that the states of Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas and the Indian Territory be consolidated into the Department of Mis­ souri with General Curtis, senior officer in the area, taking com­ mand.82 With the commanding general of the department once more in St. Louis, Schofield requested to be relieved of all admin­ istrative duties as commander of the subordinate District of Missouri, in order to take command of troops in the field in the southwestern part of the state. His request was granted and on September 26, he assumed command of the "Army of the Frontier"— a force of 10,800 men under Generals Francis J. Herron and James Totten. General James G. Brunt's Kansas division of about 4,000 was also placed under Schofield's orders. Leaving Herron's troops at Springfield, Schofield joined up with Blunt's command at Sarcoxie and attempted to surprise the rebels, commanded by Colonel Douglas H. Cooper, at Newtonia. At dawn on the fourth of October, Blunt's division emerged from the valley of Shoal Creek into the plain north and west of New­ tonia. Totten s division came in from the east. The cavalry clattered through the town in a charge. But the Confederates, since expected reinforcements had not arrived, had evacuated Newtonia, leaving only Joseph O. Shelby's brigade to screen the movement. Shelby annoyed Blunt's advance, skirmished briefly with Schofield and retreated into the timbered area some three miles from town, finally following the rest of the Confederates into Arkansas.33

30 o. R., XIII, 552. 31 Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 59. 32 O. R., XIII, 653. 33 Ibid., 19; St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, October 17, 1862; John N. Edwards, Shelby and His Men, or War in the West (Cincinnati, 1867), 89-91; Blunt, "Civil War Experiences," 226-227. 318 Missouri Historical Review

Questioning a Prisoner

Reports had been coming in for some time that the rebels in Arkansas were planning a vigorous effort to reenter Missouri. Schofield decided that an invasion of northwestern Arkansas would be the best possible defense of Missouri. Thus he ordered Herron with the rest of the troops at Springfield, to move toward Cassville, near the Missouri-Arkansas border, and join the main column at that point, from whence the invasion would begin. Schofield's advance, heading in the general direction of Hunts- ville, Arkansas, resulted in several days of hard marching, part of the time over the White River Mountains, some of the roughest territory in the Ozarks, with soldiers grumbling and cursing.34 The army pursued a "seeming phantom" wrote a soldier in the 19th Iowa Infantry who was especially bitter. He blamed it all on Schofield whom he referred to as "Granny Schofield"—presumably from the long flowing beard which he wore.35 On this march the "Army of the Frontier" was proving the appropriateness of its name. At Huntsville Schofield made contact with a small force of

34 St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, November 1, 1862. 35 Nannie M. Tiller, ed., Benjamin F. Mclntyre, 1862-1864 (Austin. Texas, 1963), 33, 34, 133. "And All for Nothing 319

the enemy only to learn that it was the Confederate rear guard. The rebels were again retreating farther south across the Boston Mountains toward Ozark and the Arkansas River. It appeared to be impossible to overtake them. Communication lines were long and the danger of being cut off and ambushed was troubling Scho­ field. He decided to occupy positions at Cross Hollows, Osage Springs and Prairie Creek, thus holding a line north of the moun­ tains where corn and wheat could be obtained, and wait for a more favorable time to advance. About this time he came down with what the St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat said was typhoid fever.36 He had already en­ tered upon what must have been his most miserable months of the war—so his letters indicate—and the period of sickness only added to his depression and melancholy. He unburdened his feelings in a long private letter to general in chief Halleck, written from Springfield on November 18, 1862. It was a "bitter pill" he said, to come under the command of General Curtis who was really the cause of all my troubles, who by leaving the long border between Missouri and Arkansas entirely un­ protected and by lying ... at Helena for months, involved Missouri in a guerrilla warfare, perhaps never before equalled in extent and intensity, and which involved me in almost endless trouble and came near ruining my reputa­ tion as a successful commander. He continued to complain at length about Little Rock not being taken when it had been "threatened for the past eight months by a force amply strong to take it. . . ." He was "sick, tired, and dis­ heartened at this endless idleness" in Arkansas which enabled the rebels to continually threaten Missouri. He was also disturbed be­ cause "my juniors [are] promoted over me for meritorious conduct, while I, the only officer who has tried to do anything in this de­ partment, am tied down and condemned to almost obscurity." Schofield "begged" Halleck to transfer him to some other command where he would not be "trameled [sic] by endless sloth and im- becelity [sic]," and finally concluded: "Pardon, General, this long letter, I am sick—scarce able to leave my bed. ... I have broken myself down in the service—and all for nothing."37

36 St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, November 11, 1862; Schofield, Forty- Six Years 62 37 John M. Schofield to Henry W. Halleck, November 18, 1862, Schofield MSS, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. According to O. R., XIII, 793, this letter was "Not found." Schofield's ambition was out­ running his opportunities and the "green eyed monster" was troubling him, but there was truth in his complaints about Union operations in Arkansas. Not long after Schofield re­ covered from his illness he be­ came involved in a "discussion" with General Curtis concerning the accuracy of Schofield's report of operations in Missouri and northwestern Arkansas from April 10 to November 20, 1862. Both men were rather petty about the matter, engaging in Henry W. Halleck sarcastically biting replies to one another.38 Early in 1863 it was becoming increasingly evident that Schofield and Curtis could not work together. After resuming command of the Army of the Frontier Schofield learned that General Blunt had made some errors at the recent battle of Prairie Grove. On January 1, 1863, perhaps in part jealous of the promotion which Blunt had received, as well as to set the record straight, Schofield wrote Curtis about the "blunders" of Blunt.39 Curtis replied with a not too subtle rebuke of Schofield for backbiting a fellow officer.40 Schofield responded in a shocked and highly insulted tone that Curtis had received the information, which his "duty" had compelled him to state, with such "expressions of con­ tempt."41 It was not long before Schofield was again seeking relief through Halleck, requesting to be transferred to another command. "The good of the service" demanded it, he said.42 His letters to Halleck at last brought results. On April 1, 1863, he was relieved of command of the Army of the Frontier by Gen­ eral Herron and ordered to join the Army of the Cumberland in Tennessee. Thanking the general in chief, Schofield wrote: "I am

38 o. R., XIII, 17, 23-28, 782. 39 Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 63; O. R., XXII, Pt. II, 6. 40 Ibid., XIII, 933. According to Schofield, Curtis showed the dispatch to Senator James Lane from Kansas, who along with other of Blunt's political friends, presented Schofield before the Senate as being unjustly hostile to gallant officers who had won victories. Schofield, Forty-Six Years, 63. 41 O. R., XXII, Pt. II, 12, 13. 42 ibid., 94, 95. "And All for Nothing" 321 as willing as anybody to be sacrificed when any good is to be ac­ complished by it, but do not like to be slaughtered for nothing."43 As Schofield headed for Tennessee in the spring of 1863, he evi­ dently still felt, as he had written Halleck in November, that his service in Missouri had been "all for nothing." Schofield's joy over leaving Missouri was short lived. President Lincoln ordered him back in about a month. He was made de-, partmental commander, in which position he performed reasonably well during a very difficult period of guerrilla warfare marked by QuantrnTs famous raid on Lawrence, Kansas. Leaving Missouri in the fall of 1863 he commanded the XXIII Army Corps (Army of the Ohio) in William Tecumseh Sherman's march on Atlanta, then op­ posed John B. Hood's invasion of Middle Tennessee in the fall of 1864, hurting Hood severely at the Battle of Franklin, afterward joining forces with George H. Thomas to crush Hood at Nashville. After the war Schofield commanded the First Military District (Virginia) during Reconstruction, participated in significant mili­ tary and diplomatic missions, served as superintendent of West Point and finally as general in chief of the United States Army from 1888 to 1895. In spite of his disillusionment in Missouri during the early part of the Civil War Schofield went on to a distinguished ca­ reer, becoming a fairly successful field commander, a competent ad­ ministrator, and holding the highest rank of lieutenant general of the army at his retirement.

43 ibid., 208.

Colorful Conjugation St. Joseph Morning Herald, August 13, 1870. An Arkansas applicant for a teacher's certificate conjugates the verb "to do": Imperfect—I done it, thou donest it, he done it. Plural—Weuns done it, thou donest it, he done it. Perfect—I gone done it, you gone done it, he gone done it. Plural—Weuns gone done it, youns gone done it, theyuns gone done it. Future—I guine done it, you guine done it, theyuns guine done it. Plural—Weuns guine done it, youns guine done it, theyuns guine done it. Future Perfect—I done guine done it, you done guine done it, he done guine done it. Plural—Weuns done guine done it, youns done guine done it, theyuns done guine done it. ^SSSft™^"^^

Parker, Missouri As It Is in 1867

Town Growth

in Central Missouri

Part III

BY STUART F. VOSS*

In the Boonslick area of Central Missouri the woodland and the prairie meet. Dividing the region is the Missouri River, sur­ rounded by rich alluvial soils. Beyond the river bottom emerge wooded hills and valleys interspersed with patches of prairies of varying size containing fertile soils. Around the edges on all sides except the south are prairie lands, which act as a coast for the great ocean of grass stretching to the north and west.

#Stuart F. Voss received an A.B. with honors in History and a B.J. degree from the University of Missouri, Columbia. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in History at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

322 Town Growth in Central Missouri 323

The navigable Missouri River opened this region to settlement even before Missouri achieved statehood. Thus Central Missouri was the second section of the state to be settled, St. Louis and the area south of it bordering the Mississippi River being the first. This timing meant that in the next sixty-five years, during which Mis­ souri, by region, became completely settled, Central Missouri would be the challenged, not the challenger, in the struggle for dominance and growth among the various sections of the state. Central Missouri was culturally a southern enclave. The bulk of the early settlers came from the upper South, but gradually found themselves almost completely surrounded by immigrants from the northern states and Europe, the latter principally from Germany. As people moved into the region, a number of towns came into existence. An investigation of these towns reveals a consistent pat­ tern of growth and development. Initially, a town arose because it possessed at least one determinant, such as being the seat of gov­ ernment or a center of trade, which gave it an advantage over the villages in the surrounding rural countryside. Once born, the towns grew in two ways. The expansion of the determinant responsible for its formation might carry the town along by itself. But such ex­ pansion of a single determinant usually meant growth at a rather slow rate. More successful towns increased their growth rate by adding other elements. For example, the river port town that re­ ceived the county seat found its possibility for expansion broadened. The next level of growth occurred when one town within a region gained a monopoly or domination over the determinants involved. A river port with a county seat and state and private institutions, which became the intersection of key land transportation routes and the terminal for trunk line railroads, found its population and wealth increasing rapidly. With a monopoly over these determinants in its own region, a town faced competition from rivals in a similar situation in the other regions surrounding it. If it failed in this competition to retain its independence, limits were placed on the expansion of its growth determinants by the expansion of its rivals—i.e., when new rail con­ nections were built, they went to the town's rivals. The town might even lose some of its growth factors, such as its position as a trans- portational terminal. These conditions, around which the process of growth centers, vary from region to region both in number and degree of impor­ tance. Some are primary, those which are the deciding elements in 324 Missouri Historical Review

the growth of towns within a region. Others are secondary, rein­ forcing the primary factors. Still others act as sustainers, enabling a town to retain its existence or present level of growth even when some of its factors have been lost or limited in their expansion. Finally there are those elements such as war or natural disasters which either change the conditions under which the other factors are operating, or speed up those changes that are already under way. In Central Missouri, transportation systems and the tradition of the region (its set of attitudes and values) played the decisive role in town growth. A combination of the two stimulated urbanization to a certain level in the region. Then as conditions changed, they combined to prevent urbanization from going beyond that point. Economic patterns such as manufacturing, banking, markets and agricultural enterprises acted as secondary factors, reinforcing the primary factors at work. The sustaining factors in the Boonslick area were the seats of government and state and private institutions. The flooding Missouri River changed the conditions under which the above factors were operating during the early period, while the Civil War accelerated the changes that began in the 1850s, which caused a middle period of growth to become a later period of stagnation. The Transitional Years Although Central Missouri towns were in the midst of a period of prosperity, conditions were beginning to change. With these new conditions, most Central Missourians failed to see the challenge to their position in relation to other sections of the state. The few who had the vision to see what was happening and urged changes were handicapped by indifference, or in many cases, by opposition. Some citizens of the Boonslick region believed that the intro­ duction of the railroad in Missouri in the 1850s offered great op­ portunities. And shall we do nothing to secure a facility so in­ valuable? Shall we consent to be behind the age and per­ mit other counties, by offering inducements effecting a location of the route favorable to their special interests, to leave us high and dry without the means of outlet?1 Thus argued William F. Switzler in 1853 in urging residents of Boone

1 Columbia Missouri Statesman, May 13, 1853. Town Growth in Central Missouri 325

County to support a subscription to the North Missouri Railroad. The question was posed to all Central Missourians during the late 1840s and 1850s: What would be the reaction of Boonslick towns to this new system of transportation and the changes that ac­ companied it? The Missouri railroad movement began as early as 1836 with the state's first railroad convention in St. Louis. Central Missouri counties were present at the convention, which urged the con­ struction of two lines in the state, one south from St. Louis, the other west. The western route was to run through Fulton and Co­ lumbia with its terminus at Fayette. It was also planned that a branch of the southern line would head west through Cooper County to the western border of the state. Initially Central Missouri figured prominently in the plans for the main railroad routes across the state. But early interest in rail­ roads declined with the panic of 1837, which curtailed public im­ provements in most sections of the country. Interest was not re­ vived until the late 1840s with the chartering of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad in 1847. The renewed interest was the result of a growing realization by many in the state, although apparently few of these were Central Missourians, that the great natural high­ ways which had made their state the gateway to the West were becoming less and less adequate. Chicago was rising as a strong

Ground-Breaking for the Pacific Railroad, July 4, 1851, in St. Louis Frank Nuderscher Mural, Courtesy Mo. Pacific Lines, St. Louis 326 Missouri Historical Review

competitor to St. Louis as the commercial center of the Midwest. Moreover, the acquisition of new territory in the West during the 1840s produced national agitation for a transcontinental railroad.2 Although the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was the first chartered and the first completed (1859), the Missouri Pacific Railroad, chartered in 1849, aroused the greatest interest in the state. The line was to run from St. Louis to the western border of the state in the hope that it would one day be part of a trans­ continental system with the eastern terminus at St. Louis. The first railroad construction began on this road in 1851, assisted by a generous subsidy from the state and a land grant from the federal government. By 1856, the road reached Jefferson City, but not until 1865 was it completed to Kansas City.3 Missouri's third trans-state line was the North Missouri Rail­ road, chartered in 1851. Planned as the highway for products mov­ ing from the northern part of the state to St. Louis, the railroad company surveyed three routes, although the conditions of the charter granted them by the legislature restricted them to one, the "Ridge Route," lying along the dividing ridge between the tribu­ taries of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. It was felt by many in the three Central Missouri counties north of the river—Boone, Callaway and Howard—that the line of the road could be diverted to the south if large subscriptions were made to the company. James S. Rollins, at that time a director of the road, had secured a conditional location through Boone, Callaway, Howard and four counties immediately to the north, provided that a total of $500,000 was subscribed by the seven counties.4 The Boone County Court ordered an election for June 13, 1853, to vote on a subscription of $100,000 for the road if the route ran through the county. In a discussion in the main news­ paper of the county, the Columbia Statesman, editor William F. Switzler was strongly in favor of the subscription: The road will supply them [Boone Countians] with what they now most need, to wit; a market at all seasons, thus stamping a value on all they possess or can produce. As a consequence of the increased facilities of com­ mercial transport, afforded by Railroads, the lands (as

2 Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians (Chicago, 1943), I, 744- 745, 747. 3 Paul W. Gates, "The Railroads of Missouri, 1850-1870," MISSOURI HIS­ TORICAL REVIEW, XXVI (January, 1932), 129. 4 William F. Switzler, History of Boone County (St. Louis, 1882) , 368-369. Town Growth in Central Missouri 327

well as their products) are greatly enhanced in price, and that too not merely in the immediate vicinity of the road. In this respect then, the North Missouri will pay, and pay beyond computation. Yet there was very strong opposition, mainly from those areas near the river. River towns such as Rocheport and Providence ob­ jected to an expenditure which might undermine their favored position. So wrote a citizen of Cedar township in the southwest part of the county, along the river: Our county binds on the river for some forty miles, and more than half of the county will always use the river for transportation; how then can they be benefited by a road some fifty miles north, that at best will never benefit them one cent? Why should they be taxed against their consent to benefit those who live adjacent to the road? Boone County is not in reality interested in the road. It will scarcely touch her territory; and as Boone is entirely a stock country the road cannot profit her. What will be the fate of your river towns? Will not the flourishing town of Rocheport be ruined? What will be­ come of her shipping now hauled from one hundred miles back?—Will not Columbia be injured by taking from her all the north travel?5 Loss of commerce was not the only threat the opposition saw in the coming of the railroad. There was also the danger of the gradual decline of the local manufacturing and wholesale markets. In a scathing satire published in the Statesman, "Monopoly" clever­ ly demonstrated the benefits the railroad would bring to the farmer and the damaging effect it would have on local manufacturing: ... I am no farmer; I raise nothing whatever to sell, and therefore I am not concerned about getting any nearer to market than we are now. My interest lays [sic] the other way. I buy what the farmer produces, and, of course, if there is a Railroad running through the county, upon which every farmer can take his wheat, his corn, his oats, his rye, his hogs and his cattle to market, and be in St. Louis in five hours from the time he leaves home, and then get better prices than I can give, he will go there, and not any longer sell to me. Again, after selling his grain in St. Louis or in some good market which he can reach by Railroad, it is not at all probable that the farmer will come back here and buy his flour at five dollars a barrel, when he can get as good an article in St. Louis at three and a

5 Columbia Missouri Statesman, May 13 & 27, 1853. 328 Missouri Historical Review

half or four dollars a barrel; nor will he any longer pur­ chase at home any more of the cratur' fresh from the still, when he can get 'Old Bourbon', or 'Monongahela' at about the same price. I have been for forty years an advocate for internal improvements, and I am so yet; but then I go for internal improvements out of the county, or for those roads that will run for a short distance into the county, and then near to or end at my mill! I am against that sort of improve­ ment which will enable farmers to take their produce away off somewhere to be sold. As I am a manufacturer, Mr. Editor, you clearly see that a monopoly is everything with me, for if I can keep it so arranged as to buy low and sell high, I must make a fortune and that rapidly. The Railroad will break up this monopoly—the competition which will spring up between the river and the road will greatly reduce freights—the people can go wherever they please in double quick time, and instead of selling their produce at home, as they have been heretofore compelled to do, why they will carry it to the best accessible point.6 Despite this strong opposition, Boone County voters approved the subscription. Elsewhere the outcome was much less favorable. "There was almost universal apathy, if not direct opposition on the subject, in Callaway and Howard Counties, many of the lead­ ing citizens of both opposing it," lamented Switzler. Callaway held an election in which the subscription was voted down. There was such indifference and opposition in Howard County that an election was not held. The other four counties to the north approved sub­ scriptions, and the road was therefore located much farther north than the Boonslick counties had hoped—only the extreme northern tip of Boone County being in the route selected. Switzler despond­ ently concluded: "The people of Howard and Callaway refused to aid in building a road through their counties, and thus not only lost the road themselves, but prevented the people of Boone from getting the route they desired."7 The towns on the north side of the river considered the build­ ing of plank roads to fight the expected competition of the rail­ roads and expand their trade. The plank road mania in the state

^ Ibid., May 27, 1853. 7 Switzler, History of Boone County, 370. The vote was clearly sectional in the Boone County election. Of the two townships along the river, Cedar voted down the measure; Missouri (further north) passed it by only a ma­ jority of one. The three townships above them voted for the proposal. Columbia Missouri Statesman, June 17, 1853; Switzler, History of Boone County, 371. Town Growth in Central Missouri 329

began in the late 1840s, but Central Missouri river towns were in­ different until railroad competition seemed imminent as the North Missouri Railroad announced its proposed routes and elections were held on subscriptions to the railroad. A campaign was initiated in 1851 to raise money for the Glasgow to St. Charles road, chartered as the Boonslick Turnpike Company in 1849. From the beginning it met with apathy through­ out the region: The people interested must at once come to the rescue or the plank road project from Glasgow to St. Louis is as dead as a mackerel. Indeed, in view of the existing state of public feeling, we believe we would be safe in saying that it is now dead—dead as dead can be.8 Colonel Switzler's prediction proved accurate. The Glasgow-St. Louis plank road project failed in May of that year. Although proposals for other plank roads continued to be made, the apathy which defeated the Glasgow-St. Louis road pro­ posal also hindered further discussion of other plank roads in the region for a year and a half. By 1853, the Missouri Pacific Rail­ road had outlined its route through Jefferson City, and the North Missouri Railroad was asking for subscriptions for its proposed routes. With railroad competition imminent, plank road interest was renewed. Work began on the Glasgow-Huntsville plank road, chartered in 1851 and completed in July, 1854.9 In Boone County's two main ports, Rocheport and Providence, citizens began to make plans for a plank road. In the midst of the pre-election debate over subscription to the North Missouri Rail­ road, Rocheport citizens, at a meeting to consider the building of a plank road to Columbia, passed a resolution calling on aid from the county court in the venture. Providence also made its bid for the road. The town had grown since 1844 to challenge Rocheport for the Columbia trade. In March, 1853, the Columbia-Missouri Plank Road Company was organized. One of its incorporators was John Parker, founder and leading merchant of Providence. Parker's business success lay in Providence's proximity to Columbia, the distance between them

8 Columbia Missouri Statesman, May 30, 1851; Paul C. Doherty, "The Columbia-Providence Plank Road," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LVII (Oc­ tober, 1962), 53; North Todd Gentry, "Plank Roads in Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXI (April, 1937), 280. 9 Doherty, "Plank Road," 58-59. Huntsville was the county seat of Ran­ dolph County, about 30 miles northeast of Glasgow. less than that of any other river town with Columbia. A surfaced road to any of its rivals would remove this advan­ tage. Another challenge had arisen con­ cerning a possible road to Jefferson City, which, in addition to being a river port, would soon have a railroad con­ nection. Early in 1854, Parker devised an in- genius newspaper publicity campaign Kenneth Hudson Mural, in the Statesman in which one letter Columbia Municipal Bldg. writer, "Columbia," clarified the issues Building the Columbia- and asked the questions; another, Providence Plank Road "Providence," who had the final word, answered them, and in so doing de­ fended the feasibility of the Providence road and attacked the Jefferson City road proposal; and a third, "Boone," supported "Providence's" weak flank by refuting Jefferson City's supposed double advantage of rail and water connections. Parker obtained the funds from the county court and private investors and became president of the renamed company, the Columbia and Providence Plank Road Company. In July, 1855, the road opened for business. The Rocheport and Jefferson City proposals fell through as the Boone County Court gave $5,000 to the Providence road, leaving little to build a similar road from another port to Columbia.10 South of the river, the principal concern was the location of the Missouri Pacific Railroad. Jefferson City was successful in securing a connection, the state capital being the principal argu­ ment for its location there:

It is important that the Capital should be accessible. This is the case in time of war. . . . More special legislation is desired for so favoring and prosperous a commercial city [St. Louis], than any of the towns or cities that do only a limited commercial business, and it would be greatly to the interest of St. Louis to be in direct communication with the Capital. In this matter, however, all the citizens of the State have the same interest. . . .11 The road was completed to Jefferson City in 1856. In Boonville the response and result were different. Being the

io ibid., 62-64. 11 Jefferson City Inquirer, July 17, 1852. Town Growth in Central Missouri 331 most important trade town in Central Missouri, some of its busi­ nessmen believed that any railroad coming west from St. Louis through the region south of the river would naturally include Boonville in its route, whether the town solicited it or not; and that if it did not, there would be no great loss as the river pro­ vided more than adequate transportation. Since this idea was en­ tertained by many of the most prominent and influential men in the town, efforts to secure the road were at best only lukewarm. When the manager of the Missouri Pacific promised that he would give Boonville due consideration if it, together with all of Cooper County, would make a liberal subscription to the railroad, the town failed to accept the offer and lost its chance to have a connection on one of the main trans-state railroads. The road ran only through the extreme southwestern tip of the county.12 In the late 1850s the river towns north of the Missouri began to feel the lack of railway transportation. Rocheport, which did not have a plank road reaching inland, suffered commercially as goods were diverted from the river route to the railroad at Sturgeon, located near the northern border of Boone County.13 The railroad also was diverting trade and travel from Providence. Stage William F. Switzler lines had been established to connect Columbia with the railroad at Sturgeon and Cen- tralia (ten miles east of Stur­ geon), thereby diminishing the trade going south to the river at Providence. With railroad transportation available, re­ ceipts from Providence Plank

12 History of Howard and Cooper Counties (St. Louis, 1883) , 789. 13 Switzler, History of Boone Coun­ ty, 561-562, 698, 1002. Sturgeon was laid out and awarded a depot in 1856. With the completion of the line to that point in 1853, the town quickly became a shipping point for a large area including parts of Boone, Howard and Randolph countries. Centralia was founded at about the same time, but did not equal Stur­ geon's commercial success until years later. 332 Missouri Historical Review

Road tolls declined. This loss of receipts, plus higher operating ex­ penses than anticipated, put the road in such financial difficulties that within a few years it was turned over to the county. Glasgow experienced similar difficulties with its plank road to Huntsville.14 As the railroads bypassed Central Missouri, by the late 1850s her position as the main trade terminal with the West was chal­ lenged. St. Joseph, a river town in Northwest Missouri, became a large retail and wholesale center as a great outfitting point for the wagon trains rolling west. During the 1850s railroads were stretch­ ing out across the northern Midwest states, providing an alternative to the southern river route for those coming west from areas north of the Ohio. The completion of the railroad from Hannibal to St. Joseph gave the latter an even faster and more direct connection with the flow of immigrants. By 1860, St. Joseph's population was 8,932, second only to St. Louis in the state. South of St. Joseph, at the confluence of the Kaw and Mis­ souri rivers, where the latter turns north, another town had mushroomed during the 1850s—Kansas City. With a population of 4,418 in 1860, the town assumed leadership in freight to the South­ west, shipping 16,500,000 pounds that year.15 Central Missouri's cultural, social and political position in the state also was challenged. Although large numbers of settlers from the upper South continued to come to Missouri, after 1850 their percentage increasingly declined. They were replaced by settlers from the northeast states, and by European immigrants, especially the Germans, after the revolutions of 1848. The large-scale commercial and manufacturing center of St. Louis attracted a multitude of European immigrants, principally Germans. Kansas City also had a large number of foreigners as evidenced by the publishing of a German weekly there. Although large numbers of immigrants continued to come to Central Mis­ souri, few were Europeans. Only Cole County (Jefferson City) and Cooper County (in the southern and western parts) had more than

14 Gentry, "Plank Roads in Missouri," 284; Floyd C. Shoemaker, "This Week in Missouri History," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLV (January, 1951), 229. 15 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 811-813. In 1860, Kansas City contained 100 stores, a large flour mill, foundry, machine shop, a pork-packing plant, and other small manufactures, two banks, four newspapers, a board of trade and an insurance company. Town Growth in Central Missouri 333

1,000 foreign-born in 1860. Howard, Boone and Callaway had far less.16 The economic opportunities of the growing metropolis of St. Louis, and the lesser trade centers strategically located on the newly developing commercial routes (Kansas City, St. Joseph and Han­ nibal), also drew an increasing number of enterprising business­ men from the older northern states. Central Missouri, one of the earliest settled and developed areas of the state, gained a much smaller share of these northern immigrants looking for areas where new investment and business opportunities abounded. Thus by 1860, Missouri had become vastly different from the simple southern frontier community of the 1830s. She was still a slaveholding state, but the percentage of slave to free had de­ clined from one in six, to one in ten. Moreover, there were twice as many foreign-born as in any other slaveholding state. Persons of upper South heritage, in most cases, still held positions of power and authority. This tended to blind them to the extent of the threat to their political, social and economic dominance and cultural tradition, created by the change in the state's population composi­ tion.17 Nowhere was this more true than in Central Missouri. Of all the Central Missouri towns, only Jefferson City adjusted to the changes in transportation and population. As the only town with a connection on one of the three main trans-state railroads and any sizeable foreign-born element, Jefferson City, with a pop­ ulation of 3,082, in 1860, was the largest town in Central Missouri. She possessed, in addition to the buildings of the state government, a number of fine hotels to house those who came from all over the state. The town also numbered several factories and mercantile establishments, a branch of the state bank, and stagecoach lines which connected her with Columbia and Fulton.18 Jefferson City's ability to adjust to the new conditions helped her retain at least some measure of importance in the state in the post-war years. The lack of this ability on the part of other Central Missouri towns hastened their decline in relation to the rest of the state. The changes that began in the 1850s were accelerated by the Civil War. Those forces which were only a challenge previously,

16 William O. Lynch, "The Influence of Population Movements in Missouri Before 1861," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XVI (July, 1922), 515; Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, II, 609. 17 Lynch, "Population Movements in Missouri," 515-516. 18 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 813. 334 Missouri Historical Review by 1865 had gained the upper hand. The economic, political and social structure of the upper South tradition in the state, which before the war had shown signs of weakening, was crumbling by its end. For in the areas where those of this tradition were con­ centrated, the war was a nightmare: Let us then say that we have opposed the heresy of secession as productive of results destructive to every ma­ terial, moral and social interest of Missouri and the South. . . . Secession has destroyed all mechanical industry in the slave states . . . has destroyed the value of real es­ tate . . . has shut up the stores of the merchants and tradesmen . . . has stopped all internal improvements . . . has wantonly destroyed millions of dollars worth of public property ... to say nothing of the demolition of private property. . . . 19 The Civil War seriously hampered all forms of trade and commerce. Business in most counties was brought to a standstill. Banks were closed, stores were robbed, credit was suspended and cash became scarce. The enlistment and emigration of men, as well as the confiscation of property, made agriculture and manufacturing unprofitable. The armies made purchases with currency of highly questionable value. Often farmers and merchants received no pay­ ment at all.20 With the possible exception of western Missouri, nowhere in the state were these destructive conditions more evi­ dent than in the Boonslick region. The region was never completely held by one side or the other, although the federal army had a slight edge. As a result, the property and real estate destroyed or badly damaged was sub­ stantial. Bushwhackers, guerrillas and outlaws of supposed south­ ern sympathy continually pillaged the Boonslick area. Wrote an eastern magazine correspondent who traveled through the region during the war: Winter wheat is generally sown, but not much of any kind since the war commenced. . . . Quite a number of farms are for sale at from $20 to $25 per acre, but times have been so unsettled since the war commenced, that if a man values society, he would not like to live here for the present. . . .21

19 Columbia Missouri Statesman, October 4, 1861, from an article in the Palmyra Courier, a town about fifty miles northeast of Columbia. 20 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 893. 21 Country Gentleman, XXV (May 18, 1865), 315, in George F. Lemmer, "Missouri Agriculture as Revealed in the Eastern Agricultural Press, 1823-1869," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLII (July, 1948) , 337. Town Growth in Central Missouri 335

In the midst of lawlessness and dis­ order the legal power which had helped bind the slave to his master weakened, and in many cases became almost non­ existent. Federal military officers fre­ quently looked the other way when slaves escaped. Some even harbored them or induced them to enlist in the Union army. Not only were slaves dis­ appearing, but the value of those re­ maining was declining considerably.22 Markets for Central Missouri prod­ ucts were also damaged by the war, with those for hemp suffering a near fatal blow. The disruption of trade re­ lations with the southern states had dis­ astrous effects on both its cultivation and manufacture. Since the industry depended largely on the shipping of cotton, the market for bagging and Frank Leslie's Illustrated. Apr. 4, 1863 bale rope disappeared. As a result Many Central Missouri buildings the demand for raw hemp declined were destroyed during the Civil rapidly, dropping from the record War. 19,267 tons in 1860, to only 2,816 tons in 1870, and a scant 209 tons by 1879.2:' Not only was the market to the South closed, but Central Mis­ sourians also were at a disadvantage in selling general farm products such as corn, meat and wheat to the St. Louis market. At the same time those of southern sympathy in the St. Louis area, under federal control throughout the war, were favored in selling to this market: The truth is, the secessionists of St. Louis from the first have generally been highly favored. From the first they have been protected by federal troops from jayhawk- ing and other outrages incident to the rural districts. From the first they have had a market for all their horses, mules,

22 Switzler, History of Boone County, 433, 393, 435. At a public sale in Columbia in January, 1859, slaves were sold at from $400 to $1200, with adult slaves bringing over $1,000. Five years later, John W. Rollins of Boone County sold 22 slaves for only $2,080.50, less than $100 each. 23 Miles W. Eaton, "The Development and Later Decline of the Hemp Industry in Missouri," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XLIII (July, 1949), 358. 336 Missouri Historical Review

Harper's Weekly, Oct. 19, 1861 Civil War Fortifications at Jefferson City

work cattle and beef, and every pound of hay and bushel of corn and wheat they could spare. . . ,24 The war slowed the flow of immigrants heading west to a trickle, thus all but closing another market for Central Missouri. The southwestern trade was also curtailed as the fighting made such expeditions unsafe and too risky. The closing of these two markets increased the scarcity of currency, since Boonslick had been relying heavily on them as sources of specie. It also eliminated the basis of the wholesale trade active before the war. Local manufacturing was also affected by the war, which aided in the centralization of industry, a process that would in­ crease greatly after the war. During the conflict the internal reve­ nue tax served to close many of the small establishments while at the same time increasing the business of the larger ones which were able to endure the loss. St. Louis emerged the largest tobacco manufacturing city in the Midwest, at the expense of the small stemmeries in the tobacco-growing regions such as Boonslick. With the closing of some markets and the limiting of others, local manu­ facturers had difficulty in obtaining raw materials or produce. At the same time the demand for goods was curtailed, especially in Central Missouri, rife with disorder and destruction. Meanwhile,

24 Columbia Missouri Statesman, July 4, 1862. Town Growth in Central Missouri 337 those cities away from the fighting and on the main railroad lines, such as St. Joseph, Hannibal and St. Louis, found trade and manu­ facturing greatly increased. Since railroads were the principal means of transportation over long distances, these cities and towns became centers of troop and supply movements.25 All of the towns in Central Missouri suffered during the war, except possibly Jefferson City, well protected by the federals who made it the capital of the provisional government that replaced Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson's secessionist government very early in the war. In general, those towns in the northwestern half of the region (Arrow Rock, Glasgow, Fayette, Rocheport) suffered the most. They were in stronger sympathy with the South, having supported Governor Jackson in the 1860 election. This was also the main hemp and tobacco growing part of the region. From time to time federal troops occupied Rocheport, mainly southern in sympathy, but bushwhackers also frequented the town. Indeed, they came so often that they called Rocheport their "Capi-

25 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 557, 899-900. The war had a definite effect on the competition between the steamboat and the railroad, the balance being tipped in the latter's favor. During the war years traffic on the Missouri River declined considerably. Steamboats were often robbed and fired upon. The cessation of immigration from the East and South, the decline in agricultural production due to the ravages of the war and the scarcity of labor created by enlistments and the loss of slaves, and the drop in demand for goods by inland areas all contributed to this decline in river traffic. At the same time, the railroads served as connecting links between population and production centers, as a reliable means of transporting troops and supplies.

Battle of Boonville Harper's Weekly, July 13, 1861 338 Missouri Historical Review tal." The result was a great deal of suffering and destruction to the town—from both sides. Glasgow and Arrow Rock also were harrassed by military rule, sudden arrests and guerrilla raids, al­ though to a lesser extent than Rocheport. Fayette suffered more in respect to her educational institutions than from damages by guerrilla raids. The college was forced to suspend and the main building was occupied by the military, whose rough treatment damaged it somewhat.26 Towns to the south and east, usually occupied by strong fed­ eral garrisons, suffered less during the war. Sturgeon, located where the North Missouri Railroad turns north, since it provided a stra­ tegic location for operations to the south and west, was main­ tained as a federal military post throughout the war. Columbia and Fulton were well protected, being strong military posts like Sturgeon; but their educational institutions suffered considerably. The University was suspended for six months due to ". . . the troubled conditions of the county and financial embarrassments and daily increasing debts of the institution." In addition, most of the campus buildings were used by the federal garrison, resulting in $3,000 in damages to the buildings. Westminster College in Fulton was similarly closed in the summer of 1861 because of debts, decline in the number of students and military occupation of school grounds. Attendance at the School for the Deaf dropped during the war. The state mental hospital was suspended and the building occupied by federal troops for part of the war. Boonville suffered most from the interference of steamboat traffic and the suspension of western immigration and Southwest trade. The first battle of the war in Missouri was fought east of Boonville, but no damage was done to the town. A home guard composed entirely of Germans of Cooper County guarded the town throughout the

26 Switzler, History of Boone County, 1002-1005. The burning of one of Rocheport's steamboats by Bill Anderson's guerrillas in 1863 led to a $10,000 indemnity payment being levied on the town by Major General Rosecrans, commander of the Missouri Department of the Union army, who charged the town with having . . . "countenanced, tolerated, and fed, if not encouraged, groups of bushwhackers and other outlaws. . . ." For the specific raids and skirmishes fought in Glasgow, Arrow Rock and Fayette see History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 288-i Charles Van Ravenswaay, "Arrow Rock, Missouri," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin, XV (April, 1959), 221; History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 282, 189. 27 Switzler, History of Boone County, 566; Columbia Missouri Statesman, March 28, 1862; Switzler, History of Boone County, 100; Columbia Missouri Statesman, September 13, 1861; History of Callaway County (St. Louis, 1884) , 307-308, 322; History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 770-774. Town Growth in Central Missouri 339

The Civil War not only caused extensive damage to the economic fortunes of those of the upper South tradition, it also brought about an end to their political and social domination of the state. The provisional government was composed of two main groups: the Conservatives, those Whigs and Democrats who were sympathetic to the South yet opposed to secession; and the Radi­ cals, composed principally of Northerners and the foreign-born, in particular the Germans, both of strong anti-slavery connections. These two groups soon split over the emancipation issue. The Conservatives believed a slaveowner could be a loyal supporter of the federal government and at the same time be lenient toward a southern sympathizer. The Radicals thought a slaveowner could be neither. The Conservatives were in control for the greater part of the war; but as the pace of the fighting and turmoil increased, their position began to weaken. The Radicals won an overwhelming victory in 1864. Once in power, they wasted little time in formulat­ ing their program and putting it into operation through a new con­ stitution, passed the following February by a scant majority at the constitutional convention.28 Radical influence was reinforced by a provision in the con­ stitution requiring all voters to sign a loyalty oath. The oath re­ quired that the person taking it had never manifested "by act or word" his adherence to the cause of the enemies of the United States, or a "desire for their triumph," or "sympathy" for them.29 By 1865, not only was Central Missouri's economic position severely shaken; her political, social and cultural status was radical­ ly altered as well. The Stagnant Years The first town lot was sold in Boonville, in 1819, about fifty-four years ago, and we think it has got its growth and will soon be going down hill, unless we wake up from the sleep in which we have been so long reclin­ ing. It will soon have reached 'three score years and ten, and unless we make a new deal and play a very different

28 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 921, 929, 943. The governor, a majority of the General Assembly and eight of Missouri's nine congressmen were Radicals. Moreover, at least three-fourths of the constitutional conven­ tion were also Radicals. 29 Ibid., 948. The oath, so severe in character that it came to be known as the iron-clad oath, disfranchised a vast number of Central Missourians from 1865 until 1870, when it was abolished. In the election of 1868 in Boone County, 3,000 citizens were disfranchised, with only 411 being allowed to vote. As a' result, General Ulysses S. Grant carried the county. 340 Missouri Historical Review

sort of game and one much more lively, by that time she will be entitled to the name of Sleepy Hollow, and live men will leave her to the owls and the bats. But we hope for a better fate for Boonville. We believe there is a bright day for her, a day of rapid yet healthy growth, a day of enterprising [sic] and prosperity. We have everything necessary for the successful op­ eration of manufactures and the blindest man in the com­ munity ought to be able to see the great good that would result to us from them . . . Let these things (manufactures) be established and Boonville will go on to prosperity.30 The editor of the Boonville Weekly Advertiser was correct in his conclusion that manufacturing was the key to extensive growth in the post-war period. But the editor was wrong in his prediction of a new level of growth for the town. The changes that began in the 1850s and accelerated during the war, checked the development during the post-war period of any large-scale manufacturing in Boonville and other Central Missouri towns, thereby preventing their achievement of this new level of growth. With the great expansion of trade and a new influx of immi­ gration between 1860 and 1870 Missouri's population increased more than sixty per cent, a greater growth than in any previous decade. Yet the Boonslick counties' population increase during this decade was far below this rate.31 As in the past, transportation was the main factor in directing the flow of trade and immigration. But the form of transportation changed. The war demonstrated the speed and year-round re­ liability of railroad transportation, as evidenced by the railroad building boom in the immediate post-war years. After the war steamboating never recovered its transportation leadership in the state. The railroad was faster, cheaper and more reliable. In 1880, by rail it cost twenty-three cents to ship a bushel of wheat from Huntsville, the old terminus of the Glasgow-Huntsville Plank Road in Randolph County, to Liverpool, England. The same amount of

30 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, February 6, 1875. Whereas Central Missouri could claim five of the largest twenty-four towns in the state in 1860, in 1880, it could claim only three. Of the sixteen largest towns in 1880, it possessed only one. Their rate of growth was far behind that of the other major towns in the state. U. S. Census of 1880, "Population" (Washington, D. C, 1883) , 237-247. Figures for 1860 from Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, II, 595. 31 Ibid., I, 782; II, 600. Howard, Boone and Callaway were among the twenty counties whose increase was less than ten per cent. Cooper was one of the next seventeen with a gain of only ten to twenty per cent. Town Growth in Central Missouri 341

money could have carried it only from Huntsville to Glasgow be­ fore the coming of the railroad.32 In the post-war period, Missourians looked to the railroads to carry the increased trade and immigration. A railroad boom set in lasting until the panic of 1873. It is not surprising that in the thirty- two counties (twenty-eight per cent of the total number of Mis­ souri counties) most affected by the railroads, the population in­ crease during the 1860s was fifty-six per cent of the total gain in population.33 Railroad centers which developed before and during the war strengthened their position. Foremost among these was St. Louis, the starting point for four state-aided roads, and connected to the main systems east and west of the Mississippi. St. Joseph added lines to the north and south and built a bridge across the Missouri River in 1873. Hannibal kept its leading position in Northeast Mis­ souri by making connections to lines running to Chicago. New centers also arose. In 1865, the Missouri Pacific reached Kansas City. Three years later the Kansas Pacific joined that city with Denver and a bridge was built north across the Missouri River to connect the Kansas Pacific with the Hannibal-St. Joseph system. The following year a branch of the North Missouri was completed to connect the city with Moberly in Randolph County. Lines also ran north to Nebraska and south to Texas. Springfield received the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad in 1870 and became the main rail center in Southwest Missouri.34 Central Missouri towns, once more bypassed by the principal railroad lines, succeeded in securing only small branches connect­ ing them with the main lines. While the branch lines helped the towns survive, they limited their growth, for the railroads drained goods and products out of those areas where the branch lines reached, to those points where the main lines intersected—namely, the large rail centers. Through this draining process, the railroads helped centralize manufacturing after the war. They enabled products to be shipped long distances quickly and cheaply, processed at a lower cost because of the possibilities of economies

32 ibid., I, 599, 782; Doherty, "Providence Plank Road," 55. The steam­ boat did try to meet railroad competition for a while. Barges were instituted, but proved unsuccessful on the Missouri River. Regular steamboats were constructed without the lavish passenger accommodations in an attempt to lower rates. But in the long run it was a losing fight. 33 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 782-783. The main railroad building done in the decade was in North Missouri and Southwest Missouri. 34/fcjd., I, 771-772. 342 Missouri Historical Review

of scale, and then shipped back to the local market, where they could undersell locally manufactured goods. "Monopoly's" satirical warning to Boonslick manufacturers in the railroad election of 1853 became a bitter reality. Combined with the availability of railroad transportation in this process of centralization was the change in population com­ position, especially in regard to the foreign-born, for a ready supply of skilled labor was important in this process. Most of the foreigners who settled in Missouri towns and cities had come from a tradition of skilled labor, particularly the Germans. Their importance can be seen in the relation of their population per­ centage to the percentage of their numbers employed in manu­ facturing. Yet Central Missouri towns possessed few foreign-born. Of the four counties, only Cooper had more than seven hundred, and Jefferson City was the only town with a sizeable number— one-sixth of the population.35 The lack of these two factors, trans-state railroad lines and the foreign-born, hampered Central Missouri towns in the develop­ ment of manufacturing, a basis of further growth in the post-war period. Boone and Callaway counties made healthy increases in the value of manufactured products from 1860 to 1880: Boone— $180,900 to $721,112; Callaway-$51,125 to $313,684. Cooper's in­ crease was less—$525,445 to $624,788; while Howard suffered a sharp decrease-$l,005,087 to $234,431. In 1860, Howard had been second to St. Louis in the value of manufactured products. But during the same two decades, those towns and cities in the state which had sizeable foreign-born populations and became rail cen­ ters experienced a much larger growth in manufacturing.36 This trend of centralization can also be seen in individual in­ dustries. In 1860, Howard County manufactured tobacco products valued at $563,000, while in 1880 the manufacture of that staple was not even listed among the main items. St. Louis, on the other hand, had increased its tobacco manufactures from $263,799, to

35 u. S. Census of 1880, "Population," 900, 516, 881, 452. In St. Louis, where three-tenths of the population was foreign-born, nearly one-half of those engaged in manufacturing were foreign-born. In Kansas City, the relation was one-sixth to one-fourth. The same was true of Hannibal and St. Joseph, where one-tenth and one-sixth of the population was foreign-born, respectively. 36 JJ. S. Census of 1860, "Manufactures," 296-312; U. S. Census of 1880, "Manufactures," 142-143, 407, 432-433. St. Louis (first figures are for St. Louis County)-$27,610,000 to $114,330,375; Kansas City (first figures are for Jackson County)-$790,613 to $6,382,681; St. Joseph (first figures are for Buchanan County)-$611,835 to $5,143,585; Marion Countv (Hannibal)-$581,451 to $2,697,403. Town Growth in Central Missouri 343

$5,702,762. Small item production was also centralized. Salt was locally manufactured in Howard County until the 1860s, when the improved facilities of transportation and the resulting low price of the imported article caused its local manufacture to be econom­ ically unfeasible.37 Unable to advance to a higher level of growth because of the centralization of manufacturing, Central Missouri towns in the post-war period struggled to maintain their present growth level. Most succeeded, but some failed. Soon after the close of the war, Columbia became involved in two projects destined to have a great impact on its future: the construction of a railroad from Columbia to some point on the North Missouri Railroad, and the location in the town of the State Agricultural College, provided for in the Morrill Act of 1862. In October, 1865, a public meeting was held to discuss both matters.

37 Ibid.; History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 324. In flour milling, Cooper experienced a slight increase, from $183,950 to $271,693; while St. Louis had gained from $4,979,845 to $13,783,178; Hannibal from $73,440 to $1,474,490; and Kansas City, from $153,995 to $683,450.

The First Train to Arrive in Columbia Columbia Mo. Herald, Sept. 8, 1899 The meeting served as the catalyst for a movement to secure these two assets for the town. After the meeting, the Boone County and Jefferson City Rail­ road Company, which had been chartered in 1856, was organized, and books for the subscription of stock were opened. When such pri­ vate subscription was unable to meet the needed funds, the com­ pany circulated a petition request­ ing the county court to raise funds, by means of the sale of bonds, to build a railroad north from Colum­ George C. Swallow served as the first dean of the Agricultural Col­ bia to the North Missouri line. A lege, University of Missouri. majority of the voters (about 1,500) signed the petition. With this back­ ing the company made a request to the county court for funds for the road, which was approved unanimously. In four months work on the road began, with completion a year later.38 Securing the location of the Agricultural College in Columbia was a much longer and more arduous struggle. The state con­ stitution of 1865, drawn up by the Radicals, instructed the General Assembly to "establish and maintain a state university" through appropriations from a public school fund. But a new section pro­ posed by William F. Switzler, which would have recognized the Columbia institution as the state university was defeated by the Radicals. The latter argued that Columbia was a "center of dis­ loyalty," and desired to move the university from there. Thus not only was the location of the new Agricultural College at stake for the town, but the older institution as well. The lengthy contest was characterized by great bitterness and partisan feeling created by the war. Finally, after five years, a bill was passed which gave Columbia the Agricultural College and Rolla the Mining School,

38 Switzler, History of Boone County, 479, 489-490. Not only were funds for the railroad included in the request, but also for three turnpikes as well- one east to the county line in the direction of Fulton; a second south by way of Ashland to Claysville, a village across the river from Jefferson City; and a third, west to Rocheport. Although the railroad company was chartered in 1856, no steps were taken to build the road until 1865 owing to the overbearing concern of the citizens over the growing sectional struggle and later the war itself. Town Growth in Central Missouri 345

The first classes of the College of Agriculture were held in the 1872 Scientific Hall, known later as Agricultural Hall. The building, still standing, was renamed Switzler Hall in 1909 in honor of William F. Switzler. also provided for in the Morrill Act to accompany the Agricultural College. The location of the college was not unconditional, how­ ever, as the act required that not less than $30,000 in cash and 640 acres of land be donated by the county. With appropriations from the county court and the city of Columbia, and through private donations, the money was raised, the Agricultural College secured, and the permanency of the state university in Columbia guaran­ teed.39 The other main inland towns also succeeded in the struggle for survival. Fayette gained a railroad connection with the com­ pletion of the Tebo and Neosho (later the Missouri, Kansas, &

39 Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, I, 996, 1000; Switzler, History of Boone County, 302-304. A bill was introduced by the opposition to establish the Mining School in the southeast part of the state. Convinced that the Ag­ ricultural College could not be located in Columbia unless the Mining School was located elsewhere, the forces backing Columbia in its claims agreed to the compromise. 346 Missouri Historical Review

Texas) in the early 1870s, and reopened Central College. Fulton secured a branch of the Chicago and Alton Railroad, which con­ nected the Kansas City and Northern at Mexico with the Missouri Pacific at Jefferson City, and reopened Westminster College and the State Mental Hospital.40 The existence of the river towns depended on their obtaining a railroad connection. After the war, Boonville, realizing her earlier mistake, subscribed $100,000 to be added to other county dona­ tions for the Tebo and Neosho, which was to run northeast from the Missouri Pacific through the western part of the county to Boonville. The road was completed in 1873. A bridge across the Missouri River was added in 1874, enabling the road to continue north through Howard County. A few years later a branch of the Missouri Pacific was secured, running through the center of the county to Boonville. The North Missouri Railroad had been steadily cutting off trade to the northeast of Glasgow, but the real blow to Glasgow's commerce was the completion of the Wabash branch connecting Moberly with Kansas City, which took an even greater volume of business away from the town. However, with the coming of the Chicago and Alton and the building of a bridge across the Mis­ souri River there in 1878, the town was at least able to hold its own. Unlike Glasgow and Boonville, Rocheport was unable to se­ cure a railroad connection. As a result, she was unable to maintain her former position. First the North Missouri, then the Columbia branch of that road to Centralia, and finally the Wabash branch to Kansas City, all diverted her trade area to the north and east. The Missouri Pacific drained her trade to the south across the river. Around Rocheport grain crops replaced the tobacco and hemp grown before the war. Since both grains and livestock could be profitably shipped directly from the farm to the great industrial centers, the town's activities became limited to those of a small shipping point, serving the immediate area to the north. And, with the growing concentration of industry, many of her small manu­ facturing concerns, especially the tobacco stemmeries, were closed.41

40 History of Howard and Cooper Counties, 298-301, 189-190; History of Callaiuay County, 405. 41 ibid., 789, 209-211; Lillie Franklin, "Rocheport, Missouri, an Illustration of Economic Adjustment to Environment," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XIX (October, 1924) , 9-10. In four years, from 1876 to 1880, Rocheport's population dropped from 911 to 728, continuing to drop each decade thereafter, reaching 434 in 1910. Although the general post-war pattern demonstrated that Central Missouri, which had been the lead­ ing region in the state before the war, was unable to sustain its early growth, certain areas within the region were able to maintain some prominence, while others declined sharply. In the northwestern part (which includes eastern Saline County, Howard County and west­ ern Boone County) the upper South tradition was stronger. This Claiborne Fox Jackson area concentrated on the growing of hemp and tobacco and connected manufactures. Here could be found the largest landowners and slaveowners.42 This section tended to vote for the Democratic Party, backing the conditional seces­ sionist, Claiborne F. Jackson, in the 1860 election. More in sympathy with the southern cause, it also suffered the most damage during the war. The southeastern section (including Cooper County, the re­ maining part of Boone County, Callaway County and Jefferson City), although of the same heritage, was not as deeply imbued. This section grew more grain crops and raised more livestock. Manufacturing was on a much broader base, and after the war showed an increase, whereas in the northwestern section it de­ creased. The southeastern section tended to vote Whig and backed the Unionist candidates in the 1860 election. The war caused less damage and there were more foreign-born there. By 1880, a definite difference was evident in the size of towns in the two sections. Community population figures in the north­ western section were: Glasgow, 1,840; Fayette, 1,247; Rocheport, 728; Arrow Rock, 304; in the southeastern section: Boonville, 3,854; Columbia, 3,326; Fulton, 2,409; and Jefferson City, 5,271.43 The towns at the extremes of the population continuum are representative of the differences between the two sections. Jef­ ferson City was the only town in the region to be on a trans-state

42 u. S. Census of 1860, "Population," 233. The average number of slaves per owner in this section of the region was seven, while it was only five in the other part of the region. 43 ibid., 237-247. 348 Missouri Historical Review railroad line. As the seat of government she had experienced sus­ tained growth, with no threat to her existence since the early 1830s. With considerable northern and foreign-born population, she was predominantly pro-Union in politics. In 1880, as the largest town in Central Missouri and the leading manufacturer, the value of her manufactures reached $1,721,384, more than three times that of any other town in the region. Jefferson City's success lay in her ability to adapt, far better than any other town in the region, to the change in conditions that began in the 1850s.44 Arrow Rock, a town of large landowners, on the other hand, was probably the best representative of the upper South tradition. The slaveowners, on an average, owned more slaves than any other community in Central Missouri. From Arrow Rock ranks came Claiborne F. Jackson, leader of the gentry faction of the pre-war Democratic Party. In 1860, the town was a bustling shipping port for the hemp and tobacco grown in the area, with a population of 1,000. There were a few manufacturers and Arrow Rock was con­ nected by stage to Boonville and points west. Devastated by the war and bypassed by the railroads by 1880 the town's population had dwindled to 304. Isolated and unchanged, Arrow Rock pre­ served her upper South tradition as it had been before the war. Conclusion Towns developed rapidly in Central Missouri after the region was opened for settlement. Their leading citizens were men of means from the upper South who valued the refined life of the gentry class of the region from which they had come. From the first, these new landed gentry were active in promoting town growth, heading committees for public improvements, helping to found educational institutions and serving in public office. To these gentry the town was an outpost of refinement in the midst of a developing wilderness. It was, indeed, a marketing center for the products of their estates, but it was more important to them as a place in which to educate their children and enjoy some of the pleasures of refined living, such as the theater or debating clubs. It was, in effect, the vine which nourished its cultural branches, the gentry's estates surrounding the town. The steamboat provided an economic and cultural link be­ tween Central Missouri and the South, directing its towns on a course of promise and growth during the antebellum period. The

4* Ibid., "Manufactures," 142-143. Town Growth in Central Missouri 349

steamboat also made Boonslick the trade terminal for the West. These two markets, the South and the West, enabled the region to develop small-scale manufacturing and a wholesale trade. Political­ ly, Central Missourians, and in particular its landed gentry, dom­ inated the state. But in the 1850s the conditions which supported this economic, political and social framework began to change as the newly emerging industrialized society of the North started to expand into Missouri. The Civil War accelerated these changes, marking the triumph of the way of life of the North over that of the South and upper South, and setting Missouri on a new course of growth. The railroad replaced the steamboat as the principal means of transportation in the state. Finding apathy, and in many cases opposition, the railroads bypassed Central Missouri. Instead, they transferred her trade terminal position to the western border of the state, which stimulated the growth of Kansas City and St. Joseph. Future growth now depended on large-scale investment and manu­ facturing, the foreign-born and those from the northern states supplying the skilled labor and entrepreneurial drive which created such enterprises. The upper South tradition, with its values of land and re­ fined, sedate living discouraged the foreign-born and the northern immigrant. It also hindered, and in many cases prevented entirely, Central Missouri towns from adjusting to these changes that were transforming urban life in Missouri. The newly emerging industrial city was fast-moving, rough, impersonal, seemingly unconcerned with anything save economic production. This was a kind of urban life alien and uninviting to most Central Missourians, especially to its leading citizens, the landed gentry. Thus after the destruction and disruption of the Civil War, Central Missouri towns found themselves shorn of their political, economic and social dominance in the state. They no longer were trade terminals for the West. Much of their capital, which had been invested in land and slaves, had been lost through the war. Their small manufacturing concerns could not meet the com­ petition of the new, large-scale manufacturing centers with access to the main lines of transportation. Moreover, their rivals, who had adjusted to the new conditions, and as a result were growing at an increased rate, now threatened their present level of growth. Central Missouri towns now found themselves in a struggle for survival. Those towns able to secure a branch to one of the railroad 350 Missouri Historical Review

CENTRAL MISSOURI RAILROADS 1880

lines and to retain their large private and public institutions sur­ vived the struggle, and in a few cases, experienced some growth. Those that failed in these efforts declined to their former village status. Urbanization had developed to a certain point in Central Mis­ souri by 1880, but it was to evolve no further until the middle of the next century—when conditions would once again change, with the coming of the airplane and superhighways, and the expansion of government and education. Missouri Historical Review 351

EDITORIAL POLICY

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for pub­ lication. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and the footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to:

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri Corner Hitt and Lowiy Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201 VIEWS from the PAST

Early French, Spanish and English settlers on the Missouri frontier brought O^rnxd fo BCTEfeJb3KKDKL songs from their homeland and used many occasions to gather for singing and An 1861 march commemorated the death for dancing cotillions, reels and minuets of General Nathaniel Lyon during the Civil to the accompaniment of the local War Battle of Wilson's Creek. fiddler. German musicians who settled in St. Louis in the late 1830s were disap­ pointed, however, that musical culture had developed so slowly and they or­ ganized early societies for musical enrich­ ment. Bands were established first in the 1840s by military organizations but by the 1860s many Missouri towns had silver cornet bands. They entertained with polkas, schottisches, waltzes, galops, This is supposedly the earliest quadrilles, marches and quicksteps, a dated sheet music with a St. Louis number written and published in Mis­ imprint, copyrighted in 1839 by N. souri. The mouth organ, "Jew's harp," Phillips. It was reprinted in 1851 and mandolin, along with the fiddle and by Balmer & Weber and bears the piano, became popular in the 1890s just caption, "The First Piece of Music prior to the coming of ragtime and jazz. Published West of the Mississippi."

mssfsjaYa.8t»«y«*s

Grand March, j A»*»«»msB,»fM*e

A number of compositions even before the Civil War had titles of local significance as did this quickstep published by well- known St. Louis music publishers, Balmer & Weber, in 1853. Missouri

Music

Sheet Music Published During the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904

FISHING IN THE OZARKS THE LADDIES FROM MISSOURI Fishing in the Ozarks, We will keep old Glory flying Waters like crystal so clear. and we'll never let it trail, What if you meet a maiden! With the stars and stripes above us What if to you she's dearl old Missouri will not fail, I think your lines will get tangled We're the laddies from Missouri Maybe she'll give you a kiss. and we're facing tow'rd Berlin; And if you catch nothing else will you say We are out to show the Kaiser That you have fished a-miss! that we're in the fight to win. Fishing in the Ozarks.

Although J. Breckenridge Ellis may be best remembered for his literary works, especially the popular novel A World War I Song of 1918 Fran, he was also a song writer and composer. THE FROM Fishing In the Ozarks MISSOURI

^ ©

J. BRECKENRIDGE-ELLIS, ALybToLANDCRISS-R.RlTCHIEROBERTSOK ^'

PUBUSHED BY ROBRRJSON-CRISS PUB. GO.! •SPRlNCiRELiX m.. . I NEWS IN BRIEF

was the featured speaker at an after­ noon program. An old-fashioned basket dinner was held at noon. Named for a nearby creek, the Bap­ tist church was organized in Septem­ ber, 1819, and the first church build­ ing was constructed in 1820. Also at the site was built the Little Bonne Femme Academy, in 1822, the first institution of higher learning in Boone County.

The original lawyers' office in the The American Association for State Ralls County Courthouse, built in and Local History recently awarded a 1858 at New London, has been re­ Certificate of Commendation to the stored and opened for display by the St. Louis Educational Television Com­ New London Junior Study Club, mission (KETC, Channel 9) for the Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs. film which it produced, "Ste. Gene­ The original fireplace, woodwork and vieve—A French Legacy." The docu­ furnishings were refinished, and au­ mentary was cited as "a film that pre­ thentic contemporary items added. It sents an outstanding auditory and was officially opened at a tea held visual history of Ste. Genevieve and December 7, with members of the the Mississippi River in Missouri." Ralls County Court as honored guests. Robert Nagel Jones (above right), St. Louis attorney and trustee of the The motion picture film, "For All State Historical Society, presented the the People: The Harry S. Truman award to KETC Producer-Director Library," was recently completed and Don Jeffries (above left) in a cere­ given a premiere showing in the mony at the December meeting of the Harry S. Truman Library Auditorium, KETC Viewers' Advisory Committee at Independence, December 3. An in­ the Channel 9 studios. vited audience attended consisting The film has been aired in color largely of Honorary Fellows of the on educational television stations in Library Institute. The film was tele­ 38 states, and it is distributed in 16mm vised by KCMO-TV on December 22 format by KETC for use in classrooms and is being distributed by the Na­ across the nation. tional Audiovisual Center, General Services Administration, Washington, Little Bonne Femme Baptist Church, D.C. south of Columbia, celebrated its 150th anniversary, December 7. Dr. The Riverview Museum of Pemiscot Hugh Wamble of Midwestern Semi­ County opened officially in Caruthers­ nary, Kansas City, who had done ex­ ville, October 25. The museum fea­ tensive research on the church history, tured items commonly used by area delivered the morning sermon and residents in the late 1800s and early

354 Historical Notes and Comments 355

1900s. Its establishment was a joint E. B. White, author of children's project of the Missouri Community books, Charlotte's Web and Stuart Betterment Program in Caruthersville Little, has been named winner of the and the Se-Mo Club, a federation of 1970 Laura Ingalls Wilder award. The county women's organizations. Mrs. award is presented every five years to W. D. Fike served as chairman of the an author or illustrator who has made museum committee. "a substantial and lasting contribution • to literature for children."

ERRATA

On page 249 of the January, 1970, REVIEW, the William L. McCorkle thesis, "Nelson's Star and Kansas City, 1880-1898," was listed as a Master's thesis. It was, instead, a doctoral dissertation.

A book note regarding the Sesquicentennial, 1819-1968, Hannibal, Missouri, stated incorrectly on page 256 of the January REVIEW that the booklet was published by the Hannibal Chamber of Commerce. It was published by the Hannibal Festivals, Inc.

Stay Awake! Linn Unterrified Democrat, June 4, 1908. Don't sleep on your left side, for it causes too great a pressure on the heart. Don't sleep on your right side for it interferes with the respiration of that lung. Don't sleep on your stomach for that interferes with the respiration of both lungs and makes breathing difficult. Don't sleep on your back for this method of getting rest is bad for the nervous system. Don't sleep sitting in a chair for your body falls into an unnatural position and you cannot get the necessary relaxation. Don't sleep standing up, for you may topple over and crack your skull. Don't sleep.—Puck.

Analogy Columbia Missouri Statesman, October 29, 1880. It is a remarkable fact that fence-posts if placed in the ground inverted, or in the direction opposite to that in which the wood grew, decay much more slowly than when placed in the ordinary way. In like manner, it is said, a boy inverted when getting a spanking holds to the memory of it much longer than when it is administered in the usual way. Try it. 356 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Publishing a History Magazine

The publication of a history maga­ sary for the editor to make the proper zine by the local historical society corrections. Since writers capitalize and serves to carry out the society's purpose punctuate differently, it is important of preserving and disseminating knowl­ to establish rules for the periodical edge of local history. A magazine so that each article will be consistent differs from a society newsletter in in style. that it is primarily devoted to histori­ Some editors write a majority of the cal articles rather than society news. articles themselves, but most societies Some ten societies in Missouri publish have a few members who are inter­ such a magazine periodically. ested in doing competent historical Before beginning the publication of research and who can write well. Mag­ a magazine the society should con­ azines occasionally publish papers pre­ sider the availability of research ma­ sented at society meetings. Diaries, terials in nearby libraries and archives, when edited by a qualified person, are and of qualified writers of historical often valuable and old newspaper articles. articles are reprinted on occasion. Many societies select from their Readers also enjoy family histories and membership a publications commit­ reminiscent-type articles. The editor tee to work with the magazine editor. may compile a list of such possibilities, This committee helps with the busi­ suggest subjects and topics from avail­ ness management, the selection of able resources and encourage the writ­ manuscripts for publication, proof­ ing of articles by local historians, reading and various types of decision­ authors, newspaper feature writers, making. teachers, librarians and history stu­ The editor should have some liter­ dents. ary or educational qualifications and The editor also decides on the gen­ an avid interest in history. A society eral layout of the magazine. The first is most fortunate if it has a member page usually contains the title of the with experience in the publishing busi­ magazine, date, volume number, issue ness, a teacher or a librarian who has number, name of the society and time to devote to the editing job. probably a center illustration and seal. The publication committee and the The contents begin on the right-hand editor need to formulate definite page and are printed in one or two plans so that issues will be published columns. Some magazines require foot­ regularly and with uniformity. Keep­ notes or a list of references which are ing a supply or backlog of well writ­ published in smaller type at the end ten historical articles for publication of each article. One magazine of two- in the magazine may be one of the column pages publishes footnotes in major problems confronting the editor. smaller type at the bottom of each Articles for consideration should be column. When used, illustrations, historically important, interesting to a maps, photographs and line drawings majority of readers and based on ac­ relate to the articles and include a curate research. They must be gram­ caption, credit line and documentation matically sound, and clear and concise. when necessary. If the editor decides If the articles to be published do not to publish an article or illustration re­ meet these qualifications it is neces­ printed from another source, he must Historical Notes and Comments 357 obtain the consent of the original pub­ research, she worked on a volunteer lisher and give proper credit. Any item basis. As a member of the Daughters published in the last 56 years may of Old Westport, an organization of still be protected by copyright. pioneer town descendants, Mrs. A few magazines are mimeographed Christopher was able to gather pri­ but the majority are printed by off­ mary source material that would other­ set or letterpress. Professional printing wise not have been available. She is desirable, but expensive, and some credits much of the success for the societies prefer to begin modestly and Quarterly to its printer and a vice expand as finances and experience president of the Society, Arthur Lowell, dictate. In any case the society will of Lowell Press in Kansas City. want to contact local printers for es­ Another active publishing organiza­ timates. After a printer is selected he tion is the Kansas City Posse of the can give valuable advice on produc­ Westerners. This group publishes tion details. quarterly a 6x9-size booklet, of ap­ When proofs for each issue are re­ proximately twenty pages, entitled the turned from the printer it is neces­ Trail Guide. Each issue features one sary that they be read in detail to article on the American West selected avoid embarrasing errors. This can from among the talks given at regu­ best be accomplished by two people, lar monthly meetings. The editorial one reading from the printed copy staff of some four members is under while another person follows the the chairmanship of the "Registrar of original manuscript or vice versa. Brands." This man is usually well Most societies set aside a percentage qualified in the field of publishing, or of the membership dues for publica­ noted as a historian, writer or author. tion funds. Others have special fund- The Trail Guide is sent to active raising projects or attempt to pay the local members who attend the regular initial cost through the sale of their meetings and to corresponding mem­ periodical. It may be justifiable to bers, scattered throughout the country, sell advertisements to pay for the who join primarily to receive the publication and such service can es­ quarterly. New posse members pur­ tablish a valuable tie with the busi­ chase back issues of the Trail Guide ness community. and others attempt to collect complete The publishing committee decides volumes of previous works, helping to on the number of copies to be printed, defray the expense of the publication. keeping in mind that some will be Money is also realized from the oc­ mailed as complimentary copies, some casional publication of a limited hard­ will be sent free to libraries and ex­ bound edition which sells for $4.50. changed with other historical so­ Only 250 copies are published, each cieties and a number will be kept in is numbered and signed by the reserve. author and copies soon become col­ The Westport Historical Quarterly, lector's items. These hardbound vol­ published by the Westport Historical umes contain the same manuscript as Society, is a 6x9-size, 32-page publi­ the softback edition but include a cation which carries some eight or ten special title page and frontispiece il­ small historical articles on the West- lustrated by an artist member. port area. Mrs. O. H. Christopher Most societies that publish a pe­ served as editor of the Quarterly for riodical attest to its value. Not only a major part of its five-year history. does it add interest for active mem­ Having a deep interest in historical bers, but it is necessary for the estab- 358 Missouri Historical Review lishment and increase in correspond­ urer, and Ruth Skeens, secretary, both ing memberships. Through regular of Farmington, Iowa. meetings and the election of officers of the White River Valley Historical Audrain County Historical Society Society ceased for some three years, At the annual dinner meeting, held publication of the White River Valley November 10, in the First Presbyterian Historical Quarterly continued under Church, Mexico, Dr. Seymour A. the editorship of Mrs. Jewell Ross Smith, president of Stephens College, Melius and through the efforts of a Columbia, was guest speaker. Dr. few interested area persons. Many Smith traced the history of Stephens memberships in the organization were College and told about expansion plans retained as subscriptions to the Quar­ for the future. terly which is now mailed to people Officers elected for the coming year throughout the United States. were Mrs. Walter G. Staley, president; Robert M. White, II, Lakenan Barnes, [Editor's note. A number of valu­ Elenore Schewe and Wynn Hender­ able suggestions included in the son, vice presidents; Ruth Barton, sec­ article were received from the editors retary; and Bradford Brett, treasurer. of other local societies not mentioned above. Their assistance was very much Bates County Historical Society appreciated.] After a short business meeting, No­ vember 13, in the City Hall, Butler, Atchison County Historical Society Mrs. Reva Stubblefield moderated a President Harry Broermann and review of the Butler Bates County other members of the Society were Democrat newspaper's centennial hosts to the Shelby County Historical edition. Society of Harlan, Iowa, on a Sep­ tember 28 tour of the Mule Barn, Boone County Historical Society Opera House and other historical At the January 15 meeting in the structures in the Tarkio community. home of Mr. and Mrs. Ed Saunders, Mr. Broermann has participated as Columbia, Dr. David Stinson, vice a guest speaker at a number of events president of Westminster College, Ful­ in the Northwest Missouri area. On ton, presented the program on the November 2, he spoke at the cen­ Winston Churchill Memorial located tennial celebration of the Cumber­ on the college campus. land Presbyterian Church in the Wat­ Camden County Historical Society son community. He also provided the Records of cemeteries moved and November 4 program for a Daughters established by Union Electric were of the American Revolution meeting presented to the Society at the De­ in Burlington Junction. From Decem­ cember 11 meeting in the Episcopal ber 7-11, Mr. Broermann was at the Church, Camdenton. Orval L. Hender­ National Archives in Washington, son, assistant director, Historical Di­ D. C, researching materials relating vision, State Park Board, Jefferson to the history of his region. City, spoke on the organization and management of small museums. He Athens Park Development also showed slides of sites restored Association under the supervision of the State Officers of the board of directors Park Board. are Rolla Lee Martin, Farmington, Iowa, president; Archie Buck, Revere, Carondelet Historical Society vice president; Richard Wilson, treas­ Members enjoyed music, singing and Historical Notes and Comments 359 merriment around the Christmas tree talk was "Alexander the Great and at the Society's Christmas party, De­ the Battle of Chancellorsville. cember 14, at St. Boniface Hall, Caron­ At the January 27 meeting, Cary M. delet. "Santa" distributed gifts and Dougherty, M.D., Baton Rouge, Louis­ refreshments were served to all. iana, spoke on "Samuel Preston Moore The Research and Evaluation Com­ and the Confederate Military Medical mittee has asked all members to as­ Service." The speaker subtitled his sist in the listing of buildings and talk, "Medicine Was Fun in 1861!" sites in Carondelet which they believe Officers elected for the coming year merit recognition. were Arthur K. Beyer, president; Jay Gunnels, first vice president; Cy Tur- Cass County Historical Society geon, second vice president; and Bill The Society sponsored a bus tour, Jennens, secretary-treasurer. August 24, to the Lone Jack Civil War Museum, Arrow Rock and Lexington. Civil War Round Table of Members ate dinner at the Arrow Rock The Ozarks Tavern and attended the matinee, Elmo Ingenthron, Kirbyville, spoke "Importance of Being Earnest," at the at the November 12 meeting in Ra­ Arrow Rock Lyceum. mada Inn, Springfield, on "The Fed­ On October 19, members and guests erals Fight at Forsyth: A Prelude to participated in a field trip to the Wilson's Creek." Mr. Ingenthron is Bates County Museum, Butler. superintendent of schools of Taney County. Officers for the coming year are Mrs. William Taylor, Peculiar, presi­ The Round Table held its 10th an­ dent; Mrs. M. L. Whitlow, Pleasant nual Christmas party for ladies and Hill, first vice president; Mrs. Paul guests, December 10. Dr. Dennis Mel- Harris, Peculiar, second vice presi­ chert, assistant professor of History, dent; Mrs. J. T. Buckner, Pleasant Southwest Missouri State College, Hill, recording secretary; Mrs. Ralph Springfield, spoke to the group on Patterson, Archie, corresponding secre­ "The Circumstances of Sickness and tary; and Mrs. Oren Webster, Harri- Death in the Union Army." sonville, treasurer. Dr. William E. Berger, professor of History, Drury College, Springfield, Chariton County Historical Society spoke at the January 14 meeting. The The Society has begun the new title of his address was "John Smith project of collecting pictures and Phelps: Lawyer, Legislator, Military identifying information on all World Leader and Missouri Governor—a near War I veterans in the county. great in history." Dr. Berger is cur­ Officers of the Society are Jordan rently compiling a centennial history Bentley, president; Tony Pleyer, vice of Drury College. president; Marjorie Henry, secretary; and Hazel Braun, treasurer. Civil War Round Table of St. Louis At the December 3 meeting at Le Civil War Round Table of Chateau, Howard C. Westwood, Wash­ Kansas City ington, D. C, gave a detailed talk At the November 25 meeting in about "The Freedmen's Bureau." Twin Oaks Apartments, Dr. Rodney C. The January 28 meeting featured a Loehr, professor of History, Univer­ membership debate on the subject, sity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, was "Was Captain Nathaniel Lyon right the guest speaker. The subject of his or wrong in his action at Lindel 360 Missouri Historical Review

Meadows, May 10, 1861?" Ace Elmore 10 meeting in the First Christian led the side claiming the captain was Church, Plattsburg. wrong. Ray Hoffstetter was the spokes­ Officers of the Society are Donald man for the side approving the action. Breckenridge, Plattsburg, president; Mrs. Melvin Hutton, Turney, vice Clay County Museum Association president; Mrs. Charles Hoskins, sec­ At the November 20 basket dinner retary, and Mrs. Howard Thurman, meeting in First National Bank, Liber­ treasurer, both of Plattsburg. ty, the program commemorated pay­ ing off the mortgage on the museum Cole County Historical Society building. William Eldridge reviewed Preceding the annual meeting, No­ the early days of the Association and vember 16, the Society sponsored a Keller Bell told about dismantling the tour of historic sites in Jefferson City. old Harris Log House. The value of Research is being done to locate all historical preservation to a commu­ places of historical value in the nity was discussed by Jack Wymore. county. Lohman's Landing, the So­ Catherine Wilkerson described the ex­ ciety's museum building, the gov­ hibits in the historical museum and ernor's mansion and the State Capital Howard Ferril reviewed the financing have all been accepted for the Na­ of the building purchase. The climax tional Register of Historic Places. of the evening was the paying of the Officers elected at the business final installment on the principal and meeting in Grace Episcopal Church, interest followed by the presentation Jefferson City, were Mrs. Robert N. of a check for $1,000 from H. F. Hunter, president; Mrs. John H. Hen- Simrall to the Association. Mr. Simrall dren, first vice president; Mrs. Gerald had promised this cash donation if the R. Massie, second vice president; Mrs. museum building debt was paid off by James A. Finch, Jr., secretary; and December 1. This money will be used Ellis Meyer, treasurer. Mrs. Dawson for further renovation work. and Mrs. James T. Riley reported on A program on "Christmas Emblems" the sites survey in the area. Original was presented by Mrs. Clara Langs- sketches of old homes, done by the dale at the December 18 meeting in Art Class III at Senior High School, the historical museum, Liberty. and a large drawing of Lohman's At the January 22 meeting, Russell Landing, by W. Philip Cotton, St. Dye spoke on "The Ladies Colleges of Louis architect, were on display. Liberty." Concordia Historical Institute Clinton County Historical Society St. Louis architect Gerhardt Kra­ The program for the November 1 mer was recently elected president of meeting in the Clinton County cir­ the Concordia Historical Institute, St. cuit courtroom, Plattsburg, was pre­ Louis. The sixth president and third sented by the Misses Jimmie Lou layman to head the Institution, he suc­ Courtney and Pauline Courtney of ceeded Dr. Arthur C. Repp, who re­ Gower. Over the past two years the tired from the board after 23 years speakers had compiled records of cem­ of service. Succeeding Mr. Kramer as etery inscriptions for Clinton and vice president was Dr. Otto A. Dorn, Buchanan counties. general manager of Concordia Pub­ Lew Larkin, Kansas City Star staff, lishing House. Fred Nohl and Harry spoke on the history of Missouri from Smith were reelected as secretary and statehood until 1900, at the January treasurer of the Institute, respectively. Historical Notes and Comments 361

Crawford County Historical Society read from Mrs. Grace Ray Blair, Mrs. Florence Myers gave a review mother of former Governor James T. of Christmas history and customs at Blair, giving an account of the family the December 18 meeting in Recklein history. Memorial Library, Cuba. A Christmas A history of Amity, 100 years old party was held after the business this year, was presented at the Novem­ meeting. ber 16 meeting. At the January 15 meeting, Clar­ Mrs. Anna Ellis gave a history of ence Willis, Leasburg, presented an the Ridgeville Church and cemetery account of the Civil War Battle of at the January 18 meeting. Judge Leasburg (Harrison), which took Dayle C. McDonough spoke on dif­ place on October 2, 1864. ferent types of burial ceremonies in The history of Leasburg Catholic various parts of the world and ex­ Church was prepared by Mrs. Elsie plained how cemeteries can be cared Fitzgerald for the February 19 meet­ for through trusts and gifts. ing. Dent County Historical Society Officers of the Society are Mrs. At the September 26 meeting in the Nettie Snider, president; Mrs. Wanda First Baptist Church, Salem, Mrs. Engle, vice president; J. I. Breuer, Winnett Dent gave a program on secretary-treasurer; and Mrs. Elsie "Early Doctors in Dent County." His­ Norton, reporter. torical books, newspaper articles and certificates were on display. Dade County Historical Society At the November 18 meeting in the Florissant Valley Historical Society Greenfield Library, the treasurer an­ Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Wilmes pre­ nounced the receipt of more than sented a slide program on the moving $1,700 from an anonymous benefactor of Taille de Noyer at the January 15 who had volunteered to match all meeting at the society museum. other donations to the Hulston Mill Historical Park Fund received between Franklin County Historical Society August 24-November 1, 1969. The Some 120 persons attended the Jan­ funds enabled the Society to qualify uary 15 quarterly dinner meeting at for a grant from the Bureau of Out­ the V.F.W. Hall, Washington. Guest door Recreation. Notification of the speaker Mrs. Lucille Mauntel de­ approval for the grant for the first scribed the early days in Franklin phase of the park plan was an­ County and told of old-time holiday nounced at the December 16 meeting. customs. This phase will provide wiring, a Mark Gardner played a mandola well, rest rooms, a recreation area, a manufactured by the former Franz parking lot, and graveling and land­ Schwarzer Zither Company of Wash­ scaping. Three men under the super­ ington. He was accompanied on the vision of Earnest L. Weir have dis­ bass and piano by Doug Mades. mantled the original Weir homestead Friends of Arrow Rock and are preparing it for transfer and The Friends reported that a build­ reassembly in Hulston Mill Historical ing across the street from the Old Park. Tavern in Arrow Rock had been re­ DeKalb County Historical Society stored and an original telephone ex­ At the October 19 meeting in the change will be installed there and Maysville courthouse, a letter was ready for the spring tours. The per- 362 Missouri Historical Review inanent display is a gift of Harold Lightfoot, professor of History, South­ Jones, Mid-Missouri Telephone Com­ west Missouri State College, Spring­ pany. field. This was the first in a series of programs to be presented by the So­ Friends of Florida ciety over the next two years dealing Officers of the Friends are Mrs. with the origins of our state 150 Grace Hilbert, chairman; Mrs. Fran­ years ago. ces Henderson, vice chairman; and Mrs. Adele Gregory, secretary-treas­ urer.

Gentry County Historical Society The film, "A Missouri Calendar," was shown at the January 12 meeting in the Gentry County Library, Stan­ berry. Lester Pierce presented some history of the Oxley Grist Mill, 1880- 1905.

Grand River Historical Society Mrs. Ralph Winans presented a history of the Grace Episcopal Church Left to right—Robert S. Tern- pieman, Mrs. Robert S. Temple- of Chillicothe at the January 15 man and V. L. Shelby. Mr. meeting in the Livingston County Shelby presents award honor­ Memorial Library, Chillicothe. ing the Rev. John S. Allen to "Hall of Fame." Newly elected officers of the board of directors are Howard Leech, presi­ Harrison County Historical Society dent; Earl Teegarden and Miss Fran- Three notable Harrison County men cyl Rickenbrode, vice presidents; and were formally inducted into the Coun­ Leo Hopper, secretary. ty Hall of Fame at a ceremony in the First National Bank, Bethany, on Oc­ Greater St. Louis tober 12. Those honored were John Historical Association S. Allen, founder of Bethany; Benja­ Tony Fusco presented a lecture on min Mayberry Prentiss, a hero at the the history of Jefferson Barracks at Civil War Battle of Shiloh; and Dr. the February 5 meeting in the Fine Watkins Andrew Broyles, well-known Arts Building, Fontbonne College. medical doctor, civic and community Greene County Historical Society leader. The awards were presented by At the December 11 meeting in the V. L. Shelby, president of the First Springfield Art Museum, Dr. William National Bank, to Dr. Broyles and to E. Berger spoke on "Preliminary descendants of Allen and Prentiss. Studies on the History of Drury Col­ This was the second such program of lege." A professor of History and the Society. The Hall of Fame project Political Science at Drury College, was suggested by Mr. Shelby and is Springfield, Dr. Berger is working on sponsored by the First National Bank. a definitive history of the institution Admission to the Hall is based upon for its centennial observance in 1973. service to the community, state and A talk on "Missouri and the Mis­ nation. A five-member committee of souri Compromise" was presented at the society accepts and processes nomi­ the January 22 meeting by Dr. B. B. nations for future nominees for the Historical Notes and Comments 363 honor. The actual selection is made Station KFVS Studios, Cape Girardeau. by an undisclosed panel of judges. The talk, "The Influence of Ethnic At the January 8 meeting in First Groups on the Culture of Cape Girar­ National Bank, Mrs. Leah Carter gave deau," explained the influence of a brief history of the K. P. Hall, which major groups including French, Ger­ is to be the location of the county man, Spanish and Negro. museum. Details of the museum proj­ The 1878 Glenn House in Cape ect and the Society's membership drive Girardeau was given to the Association, were discussed. Bill Athay presented January, 1969, by Mr. and Mrs. Robert the film, "Missouri Calendar." Erlbacher. The group plans to restore Phoebe Apperson Hearst the building as a museum and visitors' Historical Society center. Long-range plans are for a five- Members held their December 14 block restoration of "El Camino Real," meeting at Lewis Cafe in St. Clair. The an old highway which went through program included a tape recording the town near the river. made by Governor Ronald Reagan of California in commemoration of Mrs. Hearst, and Kenneth Middleton told about his own research on the history of Reedville School and exhibited pic­ tures.

Henry County Historical Society The Society met October 16 at the First National Bank, Clinton. Bottles and the history of bottling businesses in the county were the subject of the evening program. A variety of old bot­ tles were displayed. Charles Calvird, Clinton, presented color slides of historical sites in the United States, at the November 20 meeting. Thomas Hart Benton Hickory County Historical Society At the December 2 meeting in the courthouse, Hermitage, members re­ Jackson County Historical Society viewed the Wheatland centennial and Kansas City attorney and art con­ pictures of the celebration activities noisseur Lyman Field spoke on were shown. "Thomas Hart Benton as a Chronicler of Missouri History," at the December The Society has received copies of 4 annual dinner meeting in the Wil­ the Hermitage Index from 1903-1943. liam Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art, Members have also collected data on Kansas City. Missouri artist Thomas the Gardner and Crutsinger cemeteries. Hart Benton was a special guest. Born Historical Association of in Neosho, Benton moved to Kansas Greater Cape Girardeau City in 1935 and served as director of Dr. Felix Snider, author and pub­ the Kansas City Art Institute Painting lisher of books on local history, spoke Department until 1941. His best known at the January 12 meeting in Radio local mural, at the Harry S. Truman 364 Missouri Historical Review

Library, entitled, "Independence and Ph.D. from Harvard University. Nat T. the Opening of the West," was dedicat­ Mendelson presented a vignette of ed, April 15, 1961. Louis D. Brandeis, who visited St. The Society's annual award for his­ Louis in 1915. toric building preservation went to The Association recently initiated a John C. Monroe, Jr., and Gene E. new program on tape recording St. Lefebvre, Kansas City architects, for Louis Jewish history. Members were restoration of the old Quality Hill asked to suggest the names of persons residence of Major William Warner, for interviews. former Kansas City mayor. Mrs. William E. Shamski and Mrs. At the annual business meeting, Jan­ Donald I. Makovsky have completed uary 25, in the Harry S. Truman a compilation for a tour of Jewish Library Auditorium, Independence, landmarks. The list includes about 30 membership chairman Mrs. E. K. Crow points of interest in the St. Louis area. reported a membership of nearly 2,500. The tour is available to organizations It was also reported that the debt on and institutions that are members of the John B. Wornall house in Kansas the Association. City had been reduced to some $9,000. Mrs. Makovsky and Mrs. Shamski Exterior restoration has been com­ also helped to compile a booklet on pleted and interior decorations are Jewish Sites in Greater St. Louis, pub­ awaiting further funds. A number of lished by the Jewish Community Cen­ organizations and individuals have ters Association, with the cooperation pledged to furnish rooms, and furni­ and assistance of the Jewish Historical ture of the period has been donated. Association. Prizes were awarded in the annual The Association is to be commended essay contest, this year's subject being for publication of its first Bulletin in "Pioneer County Doctors." Winners November. were Mrs. Laura A. Evans, Kansas City; Mrs. Charles Thruston, Raytown; and Kansas City Westerners Edward Ragsdale, Lone Jack. At the November 11 meeting in Officers for the coming year are Col. Hotel Bellerive, Kansas City, Charles S. D. Slaughter, Jr., president; Dr. E. Hoffhaus, Kansas City attorney, Philip C. Brooks, L. Patton Kline and spoke on "Historical Reminiscenses of Mrs. Phillip E. Rahm, vice presidents; Fort de Cavagnial (Kansas) ." Char­ Mrs. Herbert H. Haukenberry, secre­ tered on August 8, 1744, the fort over­ tary; Theodore R. Cauger, treasurer; looked the village of the Kansa Indians and Mrs. Frank Fowler, historian. on Salt Creek, opposite Kickapoo Is­ land in Leavenworth County. It ceased Jewish Historical Association of operation in 1764. Greater St. Louis The following officers were elected: Dr. Solon Beinfeld, associate profes­ Thomas M. Watson, sheriff; Byron B. sor of History at Washington Univer­ Wolfe, chief deputy sheriff; Dr. George sity, spoke at the December 4 meeting L. Anderson, deputy sheriff; Dr. Law­ in Hillel Foundation. The topic of his rence H. Larsen, registrar of brands; talk was "The Nazi Holocaust as Robert L. Luck, chip keeper; and Fred Historical Subject: Vilna Ghetto, 1941- L. Lee, tallyman. Dick Byrne is keeper 43." Dr. Beinfeld's major field of of the firewater (bartender) and Ham­ study is Modern European History. A lin Miller is chief cattle rustler (menu Fulbright Scholar, he received his B.A. planner) . from New York University and his The annual Christmas party and Historical Notes and Comments 365 ladies night featured a talk on "Wo­ Macon County Historical Society men's Fashions of the 1860's," by The Society has appointed Mrs. Robert W. Richmond, archivist for the Erma Miller as chairman of a com­ state of Kansas. Books, works of art mittee to study the possibility of re­ and other western artifacts, donated by printing the 1884 edition of the Posse members, were given away at a History of Macon and Randolph special Christmas drawing prior to the Counties. dinner. Officers of the Society are Gerald A paper on "The Economic Growth Kerr, president; Tom Dunham, vice and Panic of 1857 in Kansas City," by president; Mary Graves, secretary; and Patrick E. McLear, was read at the Mrs. Howard Gilleland, treasurer. January 13 meeting by Dr. Kenneth J. McDonald County Historical Society LaBudde. The author discussed the Some 97 persons attended the Febru­ days of Robert T. Van Horn in Kansas ary 1 meeting at R-I School, Anderson. City, his Kansas City Enterprise, land Mrs. Glenn Cooper, Mrs. E. L. Ratac- speculation in the area and trade with zak, Judge Win ton Tracy, Mrs. George the West and Southwest in the 1850s. Bridges, Mrs. Clarence Mouck and the Reverend John Jent were all on the Kirkwood Historical Society program which emphasized 123 years The Society sponsored an "Evening of Baptist history in McDonald and of Folk Music," starring Clare Condon, Newton counties. Six Baptist ministers in connection with Kirkwood's Green from McDonald County were present Tree Festival, September 16. Members at the meeting. also voted to sponsor a theatre guild Officers of the society for the com­ production, "Under the Yum-Yum ing year are Mrs. Pauline Carnell, Tree," on March 18. Jane, president; Bill Peterman, Pine- Officers for the coming year are ville, vice president; Mrs. Ina Elliff, Herbert G. Meier, president; Mrs. Anderson, secretary; and Mrs. Alice Thomas H. Pearson, vice president; Marrs, Pineville, treasurer. Nancy Frazer Meyer, secretary; and Oscar H. Jekel, treasurer. Mississippi County A talk on "Historical Sites in the Historical Society Missouri State Park System" was pre­ From November 16 through De­ sented by W. Crosby Brown, Jefferson cember 13, the Society's museum in City, at the December 9 meeting in the Charleston presented paintings by Bob City Hall Auditorium. Evans of Paducah, Kentucky. The Christmas show opened with a Knox County Historical Society reception on December 14 and fea­ Mrs. Enid Campbell of the Bee tured, throughout the rest of the year, Ridge community spoke on her hobby works of M. Charles Rhinehart, Mary of Indian study at the December 20 Frazier, Jim Garner, Harvey Mueller meeting at the Knox County R-I High and the Christmas gifts of local artists School. A number of Indian imple­ and craftsmen. ments were displayed. President Junior Missouri Historical Society Wilkerson showed slides of the muse­ The Society's annual Christmas dis­ um and the mansion of Mr. and Mrs. play was open November 28-January James Washburn, near LaBelle. 31, in the Costume Room, Jefferson The Society has a membership of 77 Memorial Building, St. Louis. Entitled, persons. "The Children's Christmas Party," the 366 Missouri Historical Review display included a Christmas tree uary 19 meeting in the courthouse, trimmed in early French and German Paris. ornaments, candles and tinsel rope; The Society plans to place a large mannequins dressed in party fashions volume of historical records, compiled of the 1880s; and rare toys and dolls by Anne Smithey, in the Paris Public from the Society's collection. Library. A card file of cemetery rec­ The Society began its winter eve­ ords was also deposited there for pub­ ning lecture series, January 23, at lic use. Steinberg Hall, Washington University, Officers for the coming year are St. Louis. Guest speaker was W. Cros­ Ralph Gregory, president; Mrs. Jesse by Brown, Shrines-Memorials Chief, Stockton, vice president; Mrs. C. S. Missouri State Park Board, who pre­ Menefee, secretary-treasurer; and Anne sented an illustrated slide talk on Smithey, historian. "Historic Preservation in Missouri." Morgan County Historical Society Missouri "Show Me" Club An appropriate Thanksgiving pro­ The Club held its traditional Christ­ gram was presented by members of the mas party with the singing of Christ­ Junior Morgan County Historical So­ mas carols and a gift exchange, De­ ciety, dressed in Pilgrim costumes, at cember 21, at First Methodist Church, the November 24 meeting in the Mor­ Los Angeles. gan County Bank, Versailles. Mrs. Color slides of California scenes Orlyn White also gave a humorous were shown by Leo Hubbard at the reading on "The Modern Way of February 15 meeting in the First Celebrating Thanksgiving," and Mrs. Methodist Church, Los Angeles, Cali­ Gene Bartram closed the program by fornia. showing color slides of the old Martin Hotel building in Versailles. Moniteau County Historical Society Some 57 persons attended the No­ Some 30 persons attended the Janu­ vember 24 dinner meeting at the ary 26 meeting in the Morgan County Methodist Church in California. Rep­ Bank, Versailles. Mrs. Preston Hutchi­ resentative Harold Dickson showed a son presented the program on the his­ color film, "Missouri a Living Por­ tory of Fortuna, an early lead mining trait," produced by the Missouri Tour­ town. Other members recalled inter­ ism Bureau and narrated by Thomas esting bits of history. Hart Benton. Morgan County Junior A program on "Let's talk about Historical Society clocks" was featured at the January To entertain the P.T.A. November 19 meeting in the Masonic Hall, Cali­ 17, the Society sponsored an antique fornia. Several old clocks were on dis­ display in the Morgan County R-I I play. High School, Versailles. Grades three Officers of the Society are Hugh through eight participated. Inglish, Jamestown, president; Mrs. The Society now has 209 members. Lucille Baldwin, California, vice presi­ dent; F. J. Ketterlin, Tipton, secre­ Native Sons of Kansas City tary; and Laurence Hert, California, The Native Sons held their annual treasurer. Christmas party, December 13, at Wishbone Restaurant. Monroe County Historical Society A program on genealogy and genea­ Old Trails Historical Society logical aids was presented at the Jan­ At the January 21 meeting in the Historical Notes and Comments 367

Daniel Boone Library, Ellisville, rector of public relations for the In­ H. K. Donnelly presented color slides stitution. James Quackenbush, director of old area homes. of planning for the St. Charles urban renewal project, also spoke about Pike County Historical Society planning and preservation of historic State Auditor Haskell Holman spoke buildings. on "Your Country—Your State," at the January 27 dinner meeting at Ray St. Joseph Historical Society Hotel, Louisiana. A memorial service for Sarah Kath- erine France and Henry C. Sandehn Pony Express Historical Association was held at the December 21 meeting On October 12, the late Waddell in the Missouri Valley Trust Bank F. Smith, San Rafael, California, an Building, St. Joseph. Following the honorary member of the Association, short business meeting, the public was visited St. Joseph and spoke at a invited to a Christmas tea and open membership meeting at Patee House house to see the oldest bank building on "The History of the Pony Ex­ used continuously for banking busi­ press." He also reviewed a recently re­ ness west of the Mississippi River. leased edition of his book, the Story of Officers elected for the coming year the Pony Express. At a luncheon prior were Ray Waldo, president; Mrs. to the meeting, given by the directors Clark Goodell, first vice president; of the Association in his honor, Mr. Glen Setzer, second vice president; Smith was presented a key to the city Nancy Sandehn, secretary; and Sheri­ and an original Pony Express statue. dan Logan, treasurer. The annual Fall Antique Gun and Collectors Show was held at Patee St. Louis Westerners House, November 8-9. At the January 16 meeting in At the annual meeting, December Cheshire Inn, William Clark Adreon, 7, the following officers were elected: honorary chairman of the Missouri Larry Foutch, president; Gelbert State Lewis and Clark Trail Com­ Pickett, first vice president; Vern mittee, presented a talk on Captain Coder, second vice president; Mrs. William Clark. G. Edward Budde, Na­ Jean Jagger, treasurer; Mrs. Robert tional Park Service, showed color Bristow, recording secretary; Mrs. Lee slides of historical sites. Starnes, corresponding secretary; Mrs. A talk on "Adventures in Books," Harriet Foutch, parliamentarian; Mrs. was given by Lyman L. Ross, a well- Fred Carr, historian; and Mrs. E. known collector of western literature, Taylor Campbell, sergeant at arms. at the February 20 meeting. Lee Starnes was reelected executive di­ rector for the sixth year. Shelby County Historical Society Projects of the coming year were St. Charles County discussed at the January 24 meeting Historical Society in the courthouse, Shelbyville. Re­ The January 22 meeting in St. Pe­ freshments were served to 27 persons ter's School Cafeteria, St. Charles, fea­ in attendance. Mrs. Ola B. Wilson was tured a film and talk by Richard Berg hostess. on "The Improbable Bequest," the story of the founding of Smithsonian Smithville Historical Society Institution. Mr. Berg is vice president A Vance Family "Coat of Arms" was for Public Affairs at Lindenwood Col­ presented to Mrs. Elizabeth Weber and lege, St. Charles, and was former di­ her daughter, Stella, at a tea in their 368 Missouri Historical Review

honor, October 19, at Paterson Mu­ James Gulliford, president; Alice Hill, seum, Smithville. vice president; Edith McCurdy, re­ The Smithville School recently gave cording secretary; Dixie Brophy, cor­ the Society a book entitled, "Service responding secretary; Elsie Gilbert, Roll of Smithville High School, World treasurer; and Betty Sterrett, historian. War II." It is "dedicated to the boys of Smithville schools who are in the Westport Historical Society service of our country." Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Stoddard County Historical Society Columbia, was guest speaker at the The Society recently acquired the November 21 dinner meeting at the original first edition of a Civil War Westport Presbyterian Church. Dr. newspaper, Stars and Stripes, published Brownlee spoke on General Thomas in Bloomfield by Union soldiers, No­ Ewing's infamous Order No. 11, issued vember, 1861. Copies of the original during the Civil War. are being printed and sold by the Officers elected for the coming year Society for $1.00 per copy, plus 5 were Fred L. Lee, president; Arthur cents for postage. Money realized from E. Lowell, Samuel H. Pollock and the sale will be used toward the pur­ Laurence C. Phister, vice presidents; chase of the land where the Civil Mrs. Virginia Goff, treasurer; Opel C. War fort stood in Bloomfield. Mem­ Watts, recording secretary; Mrs. Alice bers are searching for information re­ M. McKinley, corresponding secretary; garding the fort, its dimensions, etc., and Mrs. O. H. Christopher, historian. and would welcome any such infor­ mation. White River Valley James R. Mayo, Bloomfield, is presi­ Historical Society dent of the Society. Officers of the newly-reactivated Society are Dr. M. Graham Clark, Vernon County Historical Society Point Lookout, president; Mrs. Ruby At the January 11 meeting in the M. Robins, Gainesville, first vice presi­ Farm and Home Savings Association, dent; John Davidson, Branson, second Nevada, James Gulliford, museum vice president; Col. Albert D. Cum- manager, gave a report of museum at­ mings, Branson, secretary; Mrs. Dor­ tendance for the past year. Members othy Standlee, Hollister, treasurer; and discussed future plans and projects. Elmo Ingenthron, Kirbyville, his­ Officers elected for 1970 were torian.

Pink Cambric in the Sky St. Joseph Morning Herald, July 18, 1870. The boys of this city are now in the midst of the kite mania, to which marbles, tops and rubber slings have given place. Second street seems to bear the palm, too, in kite-flying, quite a number being sent up yesterday evening during the prevalence of a fine breeze. One of these, made of pink cambric, was 6i/2 feet high and 4 feet 8 inches wide, and was given to the breeze at the end of 800 yards of twine. It was rigged by Messrs. Jas. Davis and Thos. Talbot, and is the ne plus ultra of kites this season. Historical Notes and Comments 369

GIFTS

MRS. SAM K. BLACK, JR., Fulton, donor: "Descendents of Samuel & Margaret M. Lynch Black," compiled by the Rev. J. Robert Black. R*

BERNARD B. BLAKEY, Columbia, donor: John Haden of Virginia, His Parents, and Some of His Descendants, com­ piled by Dorothy K. Haden. R

MRS. FREDERICK BOHL, Montgomery City, donor: Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church, 1869-1969, Montgomery County, Mis­ souri. R

WILFRED W. BOHLEY, Oakland, donor: Historical Review of the Holy Ghost United Church of Christ, by donor. R

MRS. HOMER L. BRIDGES, Ironton, donor: Genealogy of the descendants of Benjamin Franklin Brydon and Emily Ann Oldham Brydon. R The Village Press, with history of sites in Village of St. Francois. R

LUCILE BYRD, Slater, donor: Bible records of the Thomas Byrd and Diannah Kimberland Byrd, Alex­ ander and Alice McClintic, George Washington Johnson and Anderson Kirby families. R

MRS. HARRY L. CLARK, SR., Maywood, donor: A history of Emerson Christian Church, Marion County, compiled by Madeline Lake Clark. R

CLAY-PLATTE BAPTIST ASSOCIATION, Kansas City, donor: A History of the Clay-Platte Baptist Association, by H. I. Hester. R

CYRIL CLEMENS, Kirkwood, donor: Truman Speaks, edited by Cyril Clemens. M

R. I. COLBORN, Paris, donor: Old photograph and newspaper clipping of area baptism. E

RONALD B. CROW, Whittier, California, donor: Scrapbook of Edward C. Crow, a Jasper County judge. M

WILLIAM W. CROWDUS, St. Louis, donor: "The Role of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association in Espousing the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial," by donor. M

SAM DAVIS, Maysville, donor, through MRS. BESSIE L. WHITEAKER, Maysville: Photograph loaned for copying: Fairport Sorghum Mill, 1890. E

* These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: R refers to Reference Library; M, Manuscript Collection; E, Editorial Office; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. 370 Missouri Historical Review

VERNON DEMAND, Sedalia, donor, through MRS. JAMES L. BASS, Smithton: Photograph of Lake Creek Camp Meeting, ca. 1890. E

MRS. JAMES L. DEMARCE, Maryville, donor: "A Genealogy of the Interrelated Easley, Fortney, Sutton, Cheavens, Self and Black Families of Boone County, Mo., Section I, The Easley Family of Boone and Barry Cos., Mo.," compiled by Darla Ball Gaede and donor. R

JOSEPH G. DUNCAN, Lexington, Kentucky, donor: Harvey Boyd Duncan—From Missouri to Iowa, by donor, a reprint. R

MARTIN EICHENLAUB, St. Louis, donor: Civil War Special Order 42, Division of the Missouri, April 25, 1865. M Letters of John Thompson, Irondale, 1882-1889. M

JAMES ROGER GAMMON, Stockton, donor: "Neer Kindred"; "Just Folks (Progenitors & Children) ," compiled by Mr. & Mrs. Gammon; and "Just Folks (Maternal ancestors of Jewell Josephine Neer)." R B. JAMES GEORGE, SR., Kansas City, donor: Photograph of Barry County Courthouse, Cassville. E

SANFORD C. GLADDEN, Boulder, Colorado, donor: Durst & Darst Families of America, by donor. R

W. A. GOFF, Kansas City, donor: "Reuben Smith," by donor, a reprint from Leroy R. Hafen, The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West, Vol. VII. M

ELLA GRAHAM, Maysville, donor, through MRS. BESSIE L. WHITEAKER, Maysville: Photograph loaned for copying: blacksmith shop interior, Fairport. E

RALPH GREGORY, Stoutsville, donor: M. A. "Dad" Violette—A Life Sketch, by donor. R

HENRY GUMP, Blackwater, donor, through DR. HARLEY H. ZEIGLER, Columbia: Prairie Point Baptist Church Record Book, 1842-1896, Cooper City. M

H. T. HARLIN, Pres., Bank of Gainesville, donor, through MRS. RUBY ROBINS, Gainesville: Bank of Gainesville, Seventy-five Years, 1894-1969, a history. R

MRS. KATIE HOFFMAN, Cottleville, donor, through MRS. JAMES L. BASS, Smithton: Photographs of Smithton, ca. 1908, and Meyers Store, Smithton. E

MAMIE E. HOLDEN, Joplin, donor: History House—homesteaded 1831. R

ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY, Springfield, Illinois, donor: Small leather case advertising Hamilton Brown Shoe Company, Cash Shoemakers, St. Louis. R

HERALD JENKINS, Festus, donor: History of the Mars Hill Church & Cemetery. R Historical Notes and Comments 371

PATRICIA KINGREY, Columbia, donor: Research paper, "Private Libraries in Some Frontier Communities in Central Missouri." R

MRS. JOHN KUZMIC, Kansas City, donor: "Diary of Allen Franklin Scruggs, 1803-1902," compiled by Judith A. Walters. R

GEORGE E. LAWHORN, Columbia, donor: Photographs of sale notices of Hannibal lots from the St. Louis Missouri Gazette, March 17, 1819. E

MRS. M. B. LEWIS, Moberly, donor: "The Gwinn Family of Wales," and "Broil-Family, Brile-Broyle-Proil- Virginia & Tennessee," both compiled by donor. R

LINN MEMORIAL METHODIST CHURCH, Fayette, donor: A History of Paul H. Linn Memorial, by B. I. Lawrence. R

ROBERT MARSH, Dallas, Oregon, donor: Genealogy of the Nathaniel Ford and Lucinda Duncan Embree Ford Family. R MRS. O. O. MCMANUS, Doniphan, donor: 1840 U. S. Census of Ripley County, transcribed and indexed by donor. R ALBERTA J. MEYER, Jefferson City, donor: Poems, Through The Years, by Hazel N. Lang. R

EDWARD MILLER, De Soto, donor: Old photographs of early De Soto, loaned for copying. E

MRS. CARL OTTO, Washington, donor, through MRS. HENRY HAMILTON, Marshall: Hugh Stephens Scrapbook. M

GERALD M. PETTY, Columbus, Ohio, donor: Index to 1860 Federal Population Census of Ray County. N Three rolls of microfilm: Soundex to 1880 Population Census Schedule of Missouri. N

MRS. RENE PORTEAU, Mexico City, Mexico, donor: General Joseph O. Shelby Scrapbook. M

W. M. SHANKLAND, St. Louis, donor: Two papers on Achilles Smith and Samuel Keithly delivered by donor at dedication ceremony of War of 1812 Markers at Mount Zion Cemetery, O'Fallon, and Sappington Cemetery, Crestwood. R

V. L. SHELBY, Bethany, donor: Loose-leaf scrapbook containing the second program of the Harrison County Hall of Fame, October 12, 1969. R

JAMES SHIRKY, Columbia, donor: Typed copy of "The Diary of Lucy Leyda (Jan. 22, 1912-Jan. 8, 1914)," edited and annotated by James M. Shirky. R 372 Missouri Historical Review

MRS. M. C. SHOEMAKER, Eldon, donor: "Madole (McDole-Medola)." R

MRS. JESSIE SIMPSON, Joplin, donor: "The Trewhitt-Stinnett Family History," compiled by donor. R MRS. A. LEE SMISER, Warrensburg, donor: Photographs of the Johnson County Courthouse and the marker at the site of the first county court in Columbus settlement. E

JOHN M. USRY, Rolla, donor: "1860 Census of Phelps County, Mo., With Index." R

MRS. NEWELL R. WASHBURN, Vestal, New York, donor: Photographs and 4x5 glass negatives of Columbia, St. Louis and other Missouri scenes. E FRANK L. WILLIAMS, Hot Springs, Arkansas, donor: Wythe Court House and Blountville Stagecoach Line Books, 1824-1838, including account books of Benjamin Robinson, Spencersburg, Pike County. M

MRS. ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor: "Taxpayers of Morgan County, Mo., 1865." R

He Used Poor Judgment Jefferson City Peoples Tribune, October 5, 1870. Somebody told a man whom we will call Jones, before he went camping the other day, that benzine would keep off mosquitoes and black flies. Jones took a bottle with him, and after supper covered his face and hands thoroughly, not omitting his whiskers and hair. He then filled his pipe and lit a match for a good smoke. Jones is now all covered with blisters and sores about the head, and stays in the house.—Warrensburg Standard.

He Was Caught Napping Columbia Missouri Herald, February 27, 1903. Many stories are told of Judge Todd, the first circuit judge of Boone county. Wellington Gordon is responsible for this one: "Owing to an unusually important case Judge Todd called court in the afternoon at one o'clock instead of two, depriving himself of his usual after dinner nap. The case was pro­ ceeding nicely with very little noise and no appeals to the judge. Some lawyer was reading to the jury a long and tedious supreme court decision and the judge went to sleep. When the lawyer finished he turned to Judge Todd, saying, Tour honor.' The Judge was awakened by the familiar sound and jumped in his chair atracting [sic] the attention of the court room crowd. He looked as dignified as possible under the circumstances and turning to the clerk, said, in a severely judicial voice: 'Mr. Clerk, set down a fine of $60 against David Todd for contempt of court. I'll put a stop to this business of sleeping in a court room.' " Historical Notes and Comments 373

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Ashland Boone County Journal November 7, 1969—"Mrs. Anne Peak Tells of Covered Wagon Days." November 7—A history, "Dixon and Stapleton Mills Help Midway Area." November 14—"Rocheport Riot Of 1882." November 20—"Mr. [James L.] Stephens Tells Of Early Boone County." November 21—"Columbia During Civil War." December 5—"Early 1800s in Boone County." December 19—"19th Century Boone County." January 2, 1970—"Early Use Of The Courthouse." January 9—"The Courthouse," a historical article. January 16—The "History" column featured General Odon Guitar. January 24—"Hallsville History." January 30—"Early County Schools," as told by Jesse A. Boulton.

Brunswick Brunswicker November 6, 1969-January 29, 1970—"You Write the Caption," a weekly picture series. December 25—"Unpublished [Joseph T.] Keyte Letter Tells of Railroad Disaster 114 Years Ago."

Butler Bates County Democrat November 13, 1969—This centennial edition presented a history of the newspaper and numerous old photographs of the area.

Camdenton Central Mo, Leader January 27, 1970—"Pioneer Days on the Osage River," by Jefferson Davis Blount.

Carrollton Daily Democrat November 4, 1969—"Chautauqua Brought Tent Show Culture." December 9—"Street Names Commemorate Old Families." January 21, 1970—"The Low Temperatures Bring Memories When Coal Was King." This, and all the articles above, by Harold Calvert.

Carrollton Republican Record November 26, 1969—"Country Store," by Harold Calvert.

Columbia Missourian January 18, 1970—"[Lawrence] Bass Farm," a picture story by Dick Bushnell.

De Soto & Bonne Terre Press-Dispatch November 3, 1969—"It Was All a Matter of Fashion." November 10-December 22—"Civil War 'The Worst of Times' " a series. December 29-January 12, 1970—"Requiem for a Railroad—the MR&BT," a three-part article. January 19—"Town Legend Buried at Last." January 26—"Indians Gave Cupid a 'Raw' Deal." All the above articles from the column, "As You Were," by Eddie Miller. 374 Missouri Historical Review

Jackson Journal November 5, 1969—"Burning of the Stonewall [steamboat]," by Jim Nelson. November 5, 12, 26, December 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, January 7, 14, 1970—A series of old photographs of area schools and scenes. November 12—"To Praise and Pray, The New Hanover Lutheran Church, Old Perryville Road," by K. J. H. Cochran. November 26—" 'Get Along Mule' Mule Trade in Cape—Jackson," by K. J. H. Cochran. November 26—A picture story, "History of the Jackson Exchange Bank." December 3, 10—A two-part series on Neely's Landing. This, and the articles below, by K. J. H. Cochran. December 17, 24—A two-part series on Christmas in the Cape Girardeau area. December 31— "Old Time New Year's Eve Celebration in Jackson and Cape Girardeau Area." January 7, 1970—"History of 4-H Clubs in Missouri and Cape Girardeau County." January 14—"The Railroad Station of the Canny Creek Eagle." January 21—"When 'Billy' Sunday Came to Cape—1926." This, and the articles above, by K. J. H. Cochran. January 21—A photograph and short article featured the Jackson High School Basketball Team of 1923. January 28—"There's Music In The Air, The History of the Community Concert," by K. J. H. Cochran.

Kansas City Star November 1, 1969—1wo short articles by John Waliczek presented the his­ tory of Missouri City. November 1, 8, 15, 29, December 6, 13, 27, January 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 1970—A series of postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively motorcycle squad, State Shoot, Brunswick Hotel and Coates House, Catholic Cathedral, Main Street scene, Gillis Opera House, Boley Building, Penn Valley Park, Empress Theater, Blossom House, A.S.B. Bridge and Linwood Boulevard Christian Church. November 15, 29, December 6, 13, 27, January 3, 10, 17, 24, 31—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively Jean Lafitte, Missouri gov­ ernors, Hawken rifle, John C. Gage and Willard P. Hall, Pierre-Jean DeSmet, William Henry Hatch, Herculaneum, Andrew Drumm, John Rice Jones family and Liberty Arsenal. December 24—"Heroic 'Reindeer' Flight Remembered," by Roderick Turn- bull. December 28—"A Recall of Near Fatal Journey of Santa Claus [1925 stunt flying incident in Kansas City]," by Roderick Turnbull. December 28—"Old [Nathan] Scarritt House [in Westport] Preserved," by Jean Kygar Eblen. January 17, 1970—"Kansas City a 'Lively Town' in 1870," by Nora B. Cunningham. January 18—"Those Fabulous Chateaux Of the Missouri River," by Donald Hoffmann. January 22—"Just Keeping Warm Once Was a Chore," by Hugh P. Wil­ liamson. Historical Notes and Comments 375

Kansas City Times November 1, 1969—"Air Show Thrills for Throng in 1921," by Cornelius Ashley. November 4—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured the Missouri Bluebook. November 27—"Restoring State Mansion a Work of Love," by Margaret Olwine. December 19—A postcard from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured a 1906 Christmas card. January 1, 1970—"YoWy Theater Pauses in a History Dating Back 70 Years," by William R. Graves. January 20—"Battle Won for Historic [Howard County] Courthouse," by Martha Eikermann. Law son Review January 8, 22, 29, 1970—A historical series on Watkins Mill. Linn Osage County Observer December 11, 1969—"History Of Osage County," by Hallie Mantle. Paris Monroe County Appeal November 6, 13, 20, 27, December 4, 11, 1969, January 8, 15, 22, 29, 1970—"History of Monroe County," a series reprinted from an 1884 history of the county. November 6, 13, 20, 27, December 4, January 8, 15—A history of area busi­ nesses presented in the column, "Business Anniversary." December 4—An account of "Mark Twain's Birthplace Marker, Florida, Mo.," by Ralph Gregory. Ste, Genevieve Fair Play November 7, 14, 28, December 5, 12, 19, 26, 1969, January 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 1970—"History Of Our Town," a series by Mrs. Jack Basler. January 30, 1970—An old photograph of the Ladies Auxiliary Bicentennial Committee [1935]. St, Louis Globe-Democrat November 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, December 14, 21, 1969, January 11, 18, 25, 1970—A picture series, "Then and Now," featured respectively Cracker Castle, Forest Park, Olympic Theater, St. Louis riverfront, Union Market, Trinity Episcopal Church site, old Four Courts building site, Christ Church Cathedral, Vandeventer and Chouteau street scene and Carondelet courthouse site. November 9—"The Bertrand [Steamboat] Yields Its Treasure," by Frederick W. Slater. December 6-7—"100 Years of Excellent Care [at Alexian Brothers Hospital]," by Karen Klink. December 14—"Little Mack," by David Brown, an illustrated article about Joseph B. McCullagh, a former editor and editorial writer for the St. Louis Globe-Democrat. December 14—The article, "Old Drum, He is the everlasting hero of the animal world," by Shirley Althoff, recalled Senator George Graham Vest and his "Tribute to the Dog." January 4, 1970—"Renaissance at the Governor's Mansion," by Lucyann Mueller, photographs by Dick Weddle. 376 Missouri Historical Review

St, Louis Post-Dispatch November 2, 1969—"Last Days On The [Mississippi River & Bonne Terre Railroad] Line," by Wayne Leeman. November 16—"Lambert-St. Louis Field, The Pattern Of Growth," a his­ tory, by David Wallin. December 2—"Last Days Of 100-Year-Old [Mercantile] Store [in Wentz- ville]," by Eric L. Zoeckler. December 10—"City With A Literary Heritage," by Angela Harris, reprinted from The Jesuit Bulletin. December 23—"[Sons of the Revolution Patriot's Award] New Honor For Lloyd C. Stark," by Dickson Terry, related highlights in the life of former Governor Stark. Sedalia Capital November 7, 1969—"Lover of English History Gave Windsor Its Name." November 13—"A Casual Remark Led to the Naming of Ionia." November 28—"Wheatland Embarks Upon Its Second 100 Years." January 8, 1970—"Young Minister's Dream Became Town of Weaubleau." January 22—"Boonville Recalls Era of the Great Frontiersman." This, and all the articles above, by Hazel Lang.

Shelbyville Shelby County Herald January 28, 1970—A brief history of the century-old new; tpaper.

Steelville Crawford Mirror November 20, December 4, 11, 18, 1969, January 1, 15, 29, 1970—"Souvenir Photos," a pictorial series of area scenes and people. November 20—"Civil War General [Egbert Benson Brown] Buried in Cuba." December 4—"Sketches of Early Crawford County History," compiled by J. I. Breuer. December 18—"Crawford County Historical Society, The Story of Crawford County Schools." January 1, 8, 1970—"Crawford County Historical Society Presents a Dark Page of Local History" on the last atrocious crime of the 1880s, compiled by J. I. Breuer. January #—"Historical Society Presents 'The Scrapbook,' 1894-1906." January 15—Crawford County Historical Society "Scrapbook" column featured a number of short historical articles. This, and the articles below, compiled by J. I. Breuer. January 22—"Crawford County Historical Society Reproduces Time Honored Story of The Steelville Normal and Business Institute.'* January 29—"Crawford County Historical Society Reviews Rural School Memories."

Webb City Sentinel December 26, 1969—"Webb City's Past," by Harry C. Hood, Sr.

The Freshmen were Thankful King City Chronicle, March 27, 1908. Columbia now has a humane society. University freshmen are duly thankful. Historical Notes and Comments 377

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1969: "The Confederate Attempt To Regain Fort Smith, 1863," by Edwin C. Bearss.

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, January, 1970: "Memoirs of Daniel M. Frost," Part II, edited by Mrs. Dana O. Jensen; "A Letter of James B. Eads," by Edward Noyes; "The Mcintosh Affair," by Janet S. Hermann; and "Economic Growth and the Panic of 1857 in Kansas City," by Patrick E. McLear.

Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter, December, 1969: "The Town of Empty Pocket," by Helen Bribrach Dates.

Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, November, 1969: "The Winn Family in Clay County," by Mary Jane Winn Killam.

, January, 1970: "The James Mitchell Family in Clay County," by Marie Allcorn.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, November, 1969: "Concordia Publish­ ing House's One Hundred Years," by Albert W. Galen.

Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, January, 1970: "Dr. James Doug­ las," and "Ferguson .... As I Knew It," by E. R. Schmidt.

Germantown Crier, Summer & Fall, 1969: "Prison Architecture In The Nine­ teenth Century," Part II [Missouri State Penitentiary], by Negley K. Teeters.

Harper's, January, 1970: "Harry's [Truman] Last Hurrah," by Richard Rhodes.

Hobbies—The Magazine for Collectors, January, 1970: "Mark Twain And Harry S. Truman," by Cyril Clemens.

Journal of American History, March, 1969: "A Prologue to the Protest Move­ ment: The Missouri Sharecropper Roadside Demonstration of 1939," by Louis Cantor.

Kirkwood Historical Review, December, 1969: "The Traveler Who Returned," by Mrs. Alfred Franklin Smith; and "Early Private Tennis Courts," by Corinne Gould Chamberlain.

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, January, 1970: "Sarah Jane (Allen) Davidson"; "History of the Lee Cemetery and Church, Originally Called The Old Camp Ground"; and "Homer Elisha Neely," by Fred G. Mieswinkel.

Museum Graphic, Summer, 1969: "King's Hill National Historic Landmark and St. Joseph City Park," by Don L. Reynolds.

Ozarker, November, 1969: "The Fruit Tree Peddler of the Ozarks," by Ruth Bowler; "From The Pages of Time," by Mrs. Alice Gordon Windecker; and "The Jack's Fork: Log of the Wilma," Part VII, by Ward Allison Dorrance. 378 Missouri Historical Review

December, 1969: "An Encounter With Madness," by Mrs. Bonnie Jane Bales Adams; "Ozark Diary," by Zelda Zoe; and "The Day We Had Our Pictures Made," by Mary D. Weaver. Palimpsest, December, 1969: "Giacomo Constantine Beltrami," by William J. Petersen; "Italian Exile In Iowaland"; and "In Quest of a True Source," by William J. Petersen. Pomona Valley Historian, October, 1969: "A Pioneer California Family [C. C. Edinger]," by Oscar H. Edinger, Jr.

Trail Guide, September, 1969: "The Story of Early Wyandott, Kawsmouth and The Bushwhacker Massacre at Lawrence," by Alan W. Farley.

Westerners New York Posse Brand Book, 1969: "The Senator [George Graham Vest] Who Saved Yellowstone Park," by Richard A. Bartlett; and "[John Charles] Fremont's Winter Tragedy In The Colorado Mountains," by Peter Decker.

Westport Historical Quarterly, September, 1969: "Daniel Boone and the Judg­ ment Tree," by Adrienne Christopher; "The Hays' of Westport Who Came West With Daniel Boone," by Albert N. Doerschuk; "The Walker Brothers in Jackson County, Missouri," by William A. Goff; "Daniel Yoacham's Tree," by Adrienne Christopher; "Daniel Morgan Boone," by Florence Randolph; "The Plains Rifle," by W. A. Goff; "Marshal of Westport, Missouri, Murdered," reprinted from Kansas City Mail.

, December, 1969: "The Odyssey of James Hamilton," by Katharine Jones Moore. White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Fall, 1969: "Aid-Hodgson Water Mill In Ozark County Grinds Meal and Flour Daily," by Ruby M. Robins; "William Edwin Wellington, His Wife: Catherine Kennedy Mcintosh and their descendants who lived in Taney Co.," by Roxie Dukes Sims; "The War-Time Experiences, 1 December 1861, 1 January 1865, of W. B. Cox Farrier, Company B., Sixth Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, United States Army," edited by Hardy A. Kemp; "Our Friend Family," a series, by Dean Wallace; "Aunt Ann's Recollections," from Stories of the Pioneers, by E. J. and L. S. Hoenshel; and "Marriage Records of Taney County, Missouri, 1885-1900."

No Relief from Hiccoughs Elsberry Democrat, February 7, 1919. An epidemic of hiccoughs has broke [sic] out in Fulton. Physicians have reported a score of cases. The attack is severe and several men have been compelled to quit their work when they were unable to secure relief. The hiccoughs come at regular intervals of several seconds and continue day and night. Several persons have had it for four or five days and there seems to be no prospect of stopping them. Physicians so far have failed to determine what is the cause, nor have been able to prescribe a medicine that will cure. Historical Notes and Comments 379

IN MEMORIAM

E. L. DALE Robert S. Dale, and a daughter, Mrs. E. L. Dale, a trustee and former Carolyn Rogers, both of Carthage. president of the State Historical So­ ALLEN L. OLIVER ciety, died, December 22, in Sarcoxie. Born, August 14, 1890, in Kendall, Allen L. Oliver, past president of Wisconsin, Mr. Dale started newspaper the Missouri Bar Association and State work in Iola, Kansas, becoming a Chamber of Commerce, died, Febru­ devil's printer. When his father died, ary 10, in Cape Girardeau at the age and the family moved to Carthage, Mis­ of 84. A graduate of the University of souri, Mr. Dale continued as a devil's Missouri Law School, Mr. Oliver printer for the Carthage Democrat, al­ founded the Cape Girardeau law firm though he was only twelve years old. of Oliver & Oliver in 1910. He served He then worked for the Carthage as president of both the University of Press as a high school reporter and Missouri's Law School Foundation and eventually gained full status as a the General Alumni Association, a di­ newspaperman. First associated with rector of Rotary International, presi­ Carthage newspapers in 1903 he be­ dent-general of National Society of the came city editor of the Press in 1914 Sons of the American Revolution, and publisher in 1944. president of the Missouri State Chap­ ter of SAR and president of the Uni­ Active in many groups associated versity of Missouri Board of Visitors. with newspapers, Mr. Dale served as Mr. Oliver is survived by his wife, president of the Missouri Associated Mrs. Olivia Oliver, and two sons, Jack Press and the Missouri Press Associa­ L. and Allen L. Oliver, Jr. tion. In 1953 he was awarded a Uni­ versity of Missouri medal for dis­ MRS. IDA MILLER DYE tinguished service to journalism. Mrs. Ida Miller Dye, daughter of Carthage, in 1958, honored Mr. Dale Robert H. Miller, early Clay County with an "E. L. Dale Day" in recog­ settler and founder of the Liberty nition of his fifty years' service to the Tribune, died November 9, at Forest community and to journalism. Hill, the antebellum family mansion At the annual meeting in Septem­ in Liberty, where she was born in ber, 1962, the Missouri Academy of 1873. A graduate of Liberty Ladies Squires elected Mr. Dale to its mem­ College, Mrs. Dye married Alexander bership. His citation read: "As an Vincent Dye, of the diplomatic service, editor and public-spirited citizen, and for a number of years they lived warmly beloved in his home commu­ in various countries around the world. nity for his service as publisher of the Mrs. Dye is survived by two chil­ Carthage Evening Press, by his col­ dren, Mrs. Louisita Whitman, Atlanta, leagues in journalism for his work in and Russell Dye, Liberty, a vice presi­ the Missouri Press Association, which dent of the State Historical Society. he has served as president, and for his devotion to the affairs of the State ARROWSMITH, MRS. GEORGE M., Chevy Historical Society, which he serves as Chase, Maryland: August 28, 1886- president." March 17, 1969. Besides his widow, Julia M. Stick - ney, whom he married on November BALSIGER, FRED R., Kansas City: May 5, 1914, Mr. Dale is survived by a son, 16, 1887-February 21, 1969. 380 Missouri Historical Review

CROWELL, MRS. FRANK G., Kansas MCNUTT, ANNA M., Washington, City: September 28, 1880-July 28, 1969. D. C: August 28, 1889-July 5, 1969.

DANIELS, OTIS, Morehouse: Novem­ MEEK, FRED J., East St. Louis, Illi­ ber 27, 1904-April 16, 1969. nois: March 30, 1897-June 6, 1963.

DAVIS, WALTER M., Springfield: Jan­ MEEK, HAZEL A., East St. Louis, Il­ uary 28, 1893-September 20, 1969. linois: August 8, 1897-October 3, 1969.

DEGENHARDT, MARTIN P., Perryville: OHMER, RUSSELL J., St. Louis: Sep­ January 22, 1918-January 24, 1970. tember 1, 1920-June 23, 1969.

FORSYTHE, IRENE A., University City: PETTY, RUBEY, Jackson, Michigan: August 1, 1891-November 13, 1969. Died June 26, 1968. FREELAND, W. E., Forsyth: January TODD, MRS. MINNIE F., University 5, 1879-January 14, 1970. Former City: June 17, 1879-October 1, 1969. editor, Taney County Republican. WALTHAUSEN, ART L., Charleston: KING, LLOYD, Palmyra: June 18, July 14, 1904-November 14, 1969. 1892-February 3, 1970. Former State Editor, Charleston Enterprise-Courier. Superintendent of Schools.

LUGAR, CHARLES H., St. Louis: July WEBBER, MARIE, Rolla: May 23, 1904- 22, 1906-February 9, 1969. November 12, 1969.

MCCASKILL, MRS. C. M., Columbia: YOUNG, MRS. D. O., Versailles: De­ October 7, 1891-October 23, 1969. cember 3, 1897-July 21, 1969.

An Evil Odor Invaded the Sanctuary Linneus Bulletin, June 8, 1898. A mean Maysville boy smeared the church rope with limburger cheese last Sunday and, as the preacher was his own sexton that day, the incident interferred [sic] a good deal with the usual calmness of the services.

A Digestive Stimulant Boonville Weekly Advertiser, January 9, 1891. Here is an old-fashioned, home-made recipe that has been handed down through many generations of wiry New England mothers for the benefit of their effete and more self-indulgent daughters. Take a fresh chicken gizzard and with a sharp knife cut off the tough skin that encloses it. Scald and wash the skin thoroughly, and, after drying for several hours in a slow oven until every particle of moisture has evaporated, put in a mortar and reduce to a fine powder. This is pure pepsin and a tiny pinch on the tongue immediately after eating is a great stimulant to the digestion. Old ladies protest that this homely remedy has virtues outweighing any of the new-fangled prescriptions advised by smart town doctors. Historical Notes and Comments 381

BOOK REVIEWS Banking in Mid-America: A History of Missouri9s Banks. By Timothy W. Hubbard and Lewis E. Davids (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1969). 200 pp. Appendix. Index. Bibliography. $8.00. The history of banking has been a neglected field in Ameri­ can historiography. The fact that the authors could find only a few articles on banking in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW and in the publications of the Missouri Historical Society points up the problem. Only one full-length monograph, J. Ray Cabel's study of the State Rank of Missouri, has been written. Use was made of the limited materials in Howard Conard's encyclopedia and in other secondary sources. The limited activity of scholars made it difficult to prepare this volume. The book covers one hundred and fifty years of banking history from financing the fur trade in the late territorial period to the fight over branch banking in the 1950s. The story of the failure of the two territorial banks, the two decades (1820-1840) of rapid economic growth without a viable banking system, the solid but inadequate service of the State Bank of Missouri in the 1840s, and the noteworthy services of the private bankers in financing the economic expansion from 1845 to the Civil War is covered with rea­ sonable adequacy. Emphasis is given to the effects of the National Banking Law of 1863, the chaotic situation from the end of the Civil War to 1900, the establishment of the two Federal Reserve banks in the state, the effects of the agricultural depression in the 1920s and the tragic situation during the Great Depression. Bank robbing in the 1870s and 80s as well as in the 1930s is not neglected. 382 Missouri Historical Review

At least a glimpse of the expansion and demise of "crossroads bank­ ing" from 1900 to 1930 is included. One of the serious limitations is an absence of a carefully se­ lected bibliography. It is difficult for the reader to follow the bibliographical references, especially when there is confusion in some cases and a clear lack of agreement between text and source. A few inaccuracies should be corrected on any future revision. For instance (p.58) John S. Phelps did not succeed John B. Henderson in the U. S. Senate in 1873; it was Carl Schurz. It is Wellsville, not Wellesville (p. 166). Athertons published, The Pioneer Merchant in Mid-America, should be cited rather than the typed thesis. With all the problems the authors faced they should be com­ plimented on this pioneering publication. Detailed and exhaustive histories of banking in the two metropolitan centers are needed as well as a careful study of the country bank. The Missouri Bankers Association might find it profitable to lead in assembling the extant records of a number of banks, rural and metropolitan, and deposit­ ing them in Missouri's research libraries.

University of Missouri, Columbia W. Francis English

Stump, Bar and Pulpit: Speechmaking on the Missouri Frontier. By Frances Lea McCurdy. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1969). 218 pp. Index. Bibliography. $7.50. Speechmaking on the Missouri frontier was held in high esteem. Living in comparative isolation with limited social intercourse and lacking the varied media of modern communication, the pioneer Missourian depended on speakers at public gatherings to provide information, inspiration and entertainment. Missourians thronged into courtrooms to hear lawyers defend their clients, gathered in groves to listen to ministers exhort their followers to repentence and salvation and lined the galleries of legislative halls to applaud or deride debators on issues of the day. At Fourth of July celebra­ tions, cornerstone layings and public dinners, speechmakers ex­ pressed sentiments which they knew would find favor with their listeners and at times advanced ideas which they believed worthy of acceptance. According to Dr. McCurdy, it was through these hortatory ef- Historical Notes and Comments 383 forts that the principles of Jeffersonian democracy were tested and approved by the frontiersman. The oratory was a reflection of the social, religious and political life of the era and, in turn, it is the author's thesis that it wielded a considerable influence in the de­ termination of pioneer thought in those areas. Because of the ephemerality of the spoken word, its actual effectiveness cannot be measured with any degree of objectivity. Dr. McCurdy does not attempt this task. Rather, she attempts to show how the speech- makers of the period became molders of public opinion. With a judicious choice of examples drawn from a wide spectrum of well documented sources, she presents a colorful and informative ac­ count of frontier rhetoric.

The perorations of the silver-tongued orator and the crude witticisms of the backwoods legislator were favored alike by Mis­ sourians. They respected the former and identified closely with the latter. Political aspirants, many of them men of education, adopted the speech of the common man to enhance their appeal to voters. Dr. McCurdy concludes, however, that although poli­ ticians of the period usually supported measures favored by the electorate, they considered themselves leaders rather than servants of the people.

The frontier lawyer, often regarded with suspicion by the frontiersman, in a direct personal and emotional appeal to the jury, complimented the jurors on their intelligence and expressed appreciation for their attentiveness and patience. Colloquial ex­ pressions and rough wit were part of his resources, but his eloquent pleas interspersed with classical allusions are also included in the legal records of the period. The author writes that lawyers tended to be conservative and cling to tradition although they proclaimed the merits of democracy in courtroom pleas.

Pioneer ministers, many of whom had only a smattering of education, sought to save their parishioners from a fiery and eter­ nal hell. Believing that the spirit of God would supply them with appropriate words, they often spoke in a disorganized manner without previous preparation and without notes. Because they be­ lieved all men are equal before God, Dr. McCurdy considers min­ isters as the most effective promoters of Jacksonian democracy on the Missouri frontier. Finally the author turns her attention to the ideas prevalent in 384 Missouri Historical Review early day rhetoric. How much speechmakers promulgated these ideas or simply reflected them cannot be determined. But belief in the virtue of land ownership, the ability of the common man to govern, the rewards of a life of honest toil and the blessings of freedom as extolled in speeches of the period provide evidence that the rhetoric corresponded closely to prevailing frontier ideas and attitudes. Speeches as reported in detail in early Missouri newspapers, diaries, copies of speeches and biographies in manuscript form in the Western Historical Manuscripts Collection of the University of Missouri, Columbia; and letters, diaries and reminiscences pub­ lished in the journals of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, and the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, are pri­ mary reference sources used by the author. This informative work on early Missouri oratory should pro­ vide a background for further study of the utterances of such out­ standing Missouri orators as Henry Clay Dean in a later period of Missouri history. Dr. McCurdy is professor of Speech and Dramatic Art at the University of Missouri, Columbia.

State Historical Society of Missouri Dorothy J. Caldwell

Feminine Frills Sedalia Rosa Pearle's Paper, July 18, 1903. The "Sunbonnet girl" has appeared on the streets of many of the eastern cities. If there is anything prettier than a pretty girl in a sheer white sun- bonnet set about with dainty ruffles and lace, tongue has forgotten to men­ tion it.

He Couldn't Feed Himself Columbia Boone County Journal, August 4, 1870. Sam T—, of this county was arrested during the "late unpleasantness," on a charge of "harboring and feeding bushwhackers." Now, Sam's larder was never noted for any particular fullness, and when the charge was read to him, he indignantly exclaimed: "What! Mr. Provost Marshal, me feed bushwhackers? Why, by ---, I've never been able to feed myself!" Historical Notes and Comments 385

BOOK NOTES

Big Sugar Creek Country. By Joe C. Schell (Goodman: Joe C. Schell, 1969). 96 pp. Illustrated. Index. $3.00. A reminiscent account of the eastern portion of McDonald County, this book was written by a native of that area. With the exception of a few dates, the stories told by Mr. Schell came directly by word-of-mouth from the descendants of pioneer set­ tlers. He presents stories of the difficult Civil War times when bushwhackers roamed at large, killing and robbing area residents. He tells of the customs and habits of his forefathers, their code of ethics, the community spirit and frontier entertainment. He dis­ cusses more recent events—the drought of 1901 and the W.P.A. projects.

Many area settlements and communities are noted along with colorful legends which surround them—the Bee Bluff, containing cavities filled with honey; Penitentiary Bend, where a gang of bandits had their hideout; and Boone Hollow, where legend says Daniel camped while leading a caravan of families to Southwest Missouri.

The book is a fine tribute to the pioneers of eastern McDonald County and most homes and libraries in that area will want a copy. Sponsored by the McDonald County Historical Society, the booklet is attractively illustrated by Meda Sims Feasel and Lillian McFar- land, with art work by Harvey Blair.

A Pictorial History of St. Louis. By Norbury L. Wayman (St. Louis, 1968). 73 pp. Not indexed. $3.00. The combination of art and history is all too infrequent. In this beautiful volume, Mr. Wayman, St. Louis artist, historian and city planner, has combined his interests to produce a collection of sketches of historic St. Louis buildings and scenes. The drawings, copied with meticulous detail from old photographs, sketches and maps, blend harmoniously with the ivory background of the high quality glossy paper of the soft-bound volume. Several of the author's steamboat and old St. Louis illustrations are included in the Fine Arts Collection of the Boatmen's National Bank, St. Louis. 386 Missouri Historical Review

The First 100 Years ... A Souvenir History of the City of Higginsville, Missouri (Higginsville: Advance Publishing and Printing Co., Box 422, 1969). 76 pp. Illustrated. $1.54. Higginsville, a railroad town and the agricultural center of Lafayette County, struggled, grew and prospered as did the rail­ road along whose right of way it was built. In 1869 the land was deeded to Harvey J. Higgins, a farmer with outside interests in banking and railroading. A few years after the founding of the town, rich veins of coal were discovered and coal mining, along with the railroads, became a major industry in the growing city. In Higginsville was located the State Confederate Home, State School for Retarded Children and the Meyer Rest Home. Their histories, along with the school and church histories, are included in this booklet. Pictures of the past as well as current centennial photographs add interest to Higginsville's Souvenir History.

Fairport Centennial, August 8 to 10. By Fairport Centennial, Inc. (Maryville: Rush Printing Co., 1969). 96 pp. Illustrated. $3.50. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the DeKalb County town, Fairport Centennial, Incorporated, published this illustrated historical booklet. A school was first built on the site of Fairport's present school in 1868, and one year later John G. Barton erected a trading post at the site of the future town. Fairport is located some seven miles north of the county seat of Maysville. Without the benefit of a railroad, the town has maintained a population of well over one hundred persons, along with its churches, school, bank and various other business establishments. A history of many of the pioneer families, their businesses and other organizations are included in the booklet. Numerous rare old photographs illustrate the volume which may be purchased through the DeKalb County Historical Society, Maysville.

Spelling Can Be Complicated Green Castle Journal, January 3, 1908. "Dukg Hegs Knewly Lade" is a sign which graces the window of a dairy shop in London. Harper's Weekly, July 27, 1872

History of Mosquito Occurrence in Missouri

BY L. W. SMITH,, JR.*

Early newspaper accounts of insect plagues indicated that mosquitoes were perhaps a greater enemy of the pioneers than the Indians. Countless references to mosquitoes may be found in early journals and diaries. Bradbury (1819) who traveled in the western part of the United States from 1809-1811, recorded in his diary that he had to keep one hand free at all times to brush away the mosquitoes from his body while traveling in certain regions of the Missouri River. Prince Paul of Wurttemberg, some years later, fought mosquitoes through­ out the entire length of his trip up the Missouri and was eventually forced to cancel his exploration of Kansas. On the Missouri River near Council Bluffs he recorded seeing a mosquito 1 inch long. He also noted that mosquitoes were so thick in certain places that one could scarcely see his companions at a distance of twenty paces. In times of flood when the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers inundated large sections of the country, the mosquitoes spread from the river lowlands to the highlands. An interesting account of such an invasion was described in a letter by Gottfried Duden (1826) . Duden stated . . .

#Present address: Research Entomologist, Applied Entomology Group, Pio­ neering Research Laboratory, U. S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, Massa­ chusetts 01760. This investigation was supported by Grant No. WP. 00718, U. S. Public Health Service. This article, published in Mosquito News, Vol. 29, No. 2, June, 1969, is reprinted here with the permission of Donald L. Collins, editor, Mosquito News. 387 388 Missouri Historical Review

"Now I can tell you something about the plague of mosquitoes. About six weeks ago, I experienced something which, judging from all my former experiences, I should have regarded as something simply impossible. Everywhere in valleys and on highlands, there were such swarms of mosquitoes that in shady places, one could scarcely keep them from ones nose and mouth. . . . They are found over the whole earth but in such numbers I should have expected them only in swamps and never in highlands. That their presence was quite unusual during other years I had noticed nothing whatever of such a thing." . . .

Pioneer settlers looked upon the mosquitoes, then unknown as the carriers of malaria, as evils to be philosophically endured. Duden (1826) related how "the little pests" could be dispersed by simply building a fire before the en­ trance to a house. The "Jeffersonian Republican" of September 3, 1836, com­ mented in a lighter vein similar to that of Duden's: . . . "Shocking! We see it stated in some of the papers that the mosquitoes are making terrible work among the emigrants in Arkansas . . . killing some by inches and swallowing the others whole" . . .

From 1824 to 1827 Gottfried Duden visited Warren County in order to determine its suitability as a goal for emigration from Germany. He wrote in his diary the following remarks: . . .

"After the ticks come the mosquitoes, that is, our common "Schnaken," "Sing Mucken," (Culex pipiens) ; there are no other mosquitoes here. Hardly anyone thinks about snakes, wolves, bears, or tigers. The mosquitoes are, however, hardly any worse than they are during the warm summers in Germany. But summer is warm here every year so people have learned to protect themselves from them. The beds are covered with gauze curtains and a person sleeps more comfortably here in a swarm of mosquitoes than in a room with only two in Germany."

To the pioneer the disease of the nineteenth century was malaria, and its favorite hunting ground was the valley of the Mississippi. The months of July, August, and September were called the "sickly season." Malaria was so wide­ spread that it affected nearly every section of the state and was an important factor in shaping the everyday life of the settlers. Locally the disease was called the "Shakes" or "Missouri Chills" (Lanser, 1949) . According to Acker- knecht (1945) the initial increase of malaria in the state came between 1805 and 1815. By 1820 a high endemic-epidemic level was reached and maintained for fifty years until a decrease began in the seventies. Between 1910 and 1920, malaria had disappeared from most of the state except the southeastern counties.

The writings of the physicians who lived in the developing west and south during the first half of the nineteenth century gave some indications as to the prevalence of malaria in the mid-west. The well-known Daniel Drake, M.D., of Cincinnati, Ohio (1830)) stated . . . "that there is a noxious gas given out throughout the great Mississippi Valley system which affects the people of the west and the south. ..." The same author, in his "Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America (1850-1854) ," ranked malaria as one of the most im­ portant diseases, and described it as prevailing extensively throughout the Mis­ sissippi Valley, extending from Wheeling on the upper Ohio to New Orleans, Chicago on the Great Lakes, Burlington and Galena and the upper Mississippi, and the western towns of Arrow Rock and Lexington on the Missouri River. In Saline County, Missouri during 1812- 1820, one of the early settlements was abandoned because of the prevalence of "shaking agues." Similarly, a history of Howard County revealed that during its development, a town on the Missouri River with a population of approximately 1,000 was deserted because of malaria sick­ ness. Although the proper treatment of malaria was known by some during this period, its cause was not (Shyrock, 1936).

Dr. John Sappington (1844), of Saline Dr John Sappington County, made an extensive study of this disease and theorized that low, marshy lands and stagnant water were the casual agents of malaria. This pioneer Missouri physician contributed much to the cure and prevention of malaria through the use of quinine. Sappington was early convinced of the benefits of quinine in the treatment of malaria and soon established a reputa­ tion for the treatment of this disease from Lexington to Jefferson City. In 1872, Dr. Sappington began the wholesale manufacture of his famous "Anti- Fever-Pills." Each pill contained one gram of quinine, three-fourths of a grain of licorice, one-fourth grain of myrrh, and enough sassafras oil to give the mixture a pleasant taste. The prescription suggested that the pills be taken every 2 hours, day and night, at any stage of the fever until the fever was broken and thereafter at greater intervals until the debility and anemia had subsided. Sappington concluded that the universal practice of purging, vomit­ ing, and bleeding was unnecessary and harmful. It was not surprising that the pills found a ready and growing market throughout the intensely malarious districts of the west and south, and at times the demands greatly exceeded the supply. Dr. Sappington constructed a small house in which to manufacture the pills and employed 15 to 25 agents to distribute the pills among storekeepers and the general public. The healing effects of the medicine were widespread in Missouri as well as in Arkansas, Alabama, Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana, Michigan, Tennessee, and the Republic of Texas. The total number of pounds of quinine that Dr. Sappington used in the preparation of his pills was not known. His letters, preserved in the State His­ torical Society of Missouri, show that he dealt with John Farr, of Philadelphia, the first chemist in this country to manufacture quinine. Farr expressed great surprise at the amount of his orders, e.g., a single order for 500 pounds, and had difficulty in providing supplies. Quinine, indeed, was a gift from the gods to many of the early pioneers in Missouri. Mosquitoes, presumably less abundant now than in the pioneer period of Missouri, are still important pests. Their greatest abundance today may be found in the lowlands of southeastern Missouri, in those counties bordering the Mis­ souri and Mississippi rivers, and in the vicinity of certain oxidation lagoons throughout the state. Smith and Enns (1967 and 1968) recorded nine genera and 53 mosquito species for the state. Aedes hendersoni and Aedes riparius were reported for the 390 Missouri Historical Review

first time. Two genera, Culex and Culiseta, and at least four species have readily adapted their breeding habits to sewage lagoons having high organic content and emergent vegetation. Of these four species, two, namely, the Culex pipiens complex and Culex tarsalis are the most important species associated with sewage lagoons since both species are excellent vectors of arboviruses. Although malaria does not occur in Missouri today, the anopheline group is well represented by six species including Anopheles barberi, A. crucians, A. pseudopunctipennis, A. punctipennis, A. quadrimaculatus, and A. walkeri. Public health problems associated with mosquitoes today are those of mosquito annoyance and the potential for encephalitis epidemics. These threats to the populace of Missouri are held in check by organized mosquito control supported by various public health agencies together with the research facilities of the Universitv of Missouri.

Dr. Sappington's Pill Rollers

Literature Cited ACKERKNECHT, E. H. 1945. Malaria in the upper Mississippi Vallev. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (1931-1951) . 39:546-565. BRADBURY, JOHN. 1819. Travels in the interior of America in the years 1809, 1810, and 1811; including a description of upper Louisiana, together with the states of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Tennessee with the Illinois and Western Territories, and containing remarks and observations useful to persons emigrating to those countries. Pub. Sherwood, Neeley, and Jones: London. 155 pp. DUDEN, GOTTFRIED. 1826. Gottfried Duden views Missouri. In MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. F. C. Shoemaker, Editor. 44:8-21. LANSER, ROLAND. The pioneer physician in Missouri. 1820-1850. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. 44 (I) :33. SAPPINGTON, JOHN, M.D. 1844. The theory and treatment of fevers. Pub by the author. Arrow Rock, Missouri. 216 pp. SHYROCK, RICHARD H. 1936. The development of modern medicine. Univ Penn. Press. 278 pp. SMITH, L. W., JR. and ENNS, W. R. 1967. Laboratory and field investiga­ tions of mosquito populations associated with oxidation lagoons in Missouri Mos. News 27 (4) :462-466. SMITH, L. W., JR., and ENNS, W. R. 1968. A list of Missouri mosquitoes Mos. News 28(1):50-51. H Missouri Women In History

Dr. Mary Hancock McLean

Dr. Mary Hancock McLean, the daughter of Dr. Elijah and Mary (Staf­ ford) McLean, was born in Washington, Missouri, February 28, 1861. She was enrolled as a pupil at Lindenwood College at the age of 13 and from 1879 to 1880 attended Vassar. In 1883 she received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the University of Michigan. Within a few months after she began the practice of medicine in St. Louis in 1884 she was appointed physician at the 300-bed St. Louis Female Hospital. Two years later she was elected to member­ ship in the St. Louis Medical Society, and became the first woman member of the Society.

From 1887 to 1889 she was associated with N. M. Leavell, another St. Louis woman doctor. Afterward she established her own medical practice. A surgeon as well as a general practitioner, she treated principally women and children. Dr. McLean performed operations in many of the hospitals of the city. Her first operation was on a Negro woman who had been her servant. She spent $250 to arrange the woman's house as a hospital, engaged the services of two trained nurses and for three days after the operation lived in a state of anxiety. The woman recovered and Dr. McLean said that after this success no later operation seemed so difficult.

In the early 1900s she went to Japan, hoping to establish herself as a surgeon, but because of ill health soon returned to the United States. She brought with her some Japanese students whom she encouraged to receive training as physicians and surgeons.

During the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904 she was one of the sponsors of the Emmaus Home for Girls, organized to care for unfortunate young women. Dr. McLean died May 17, 1920, in St. Louis.