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Result and Discussion-Factors Influencing Adoption of SWC Practices

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Result and Discussion-Factors Influencing Adoption of SWC Practices COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES CENTER FOR FOOD SECURITY STUDIES CONTRIBUTION OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TO FOOD SECURITY IN LEMAN WATERSHED, DEGEM WOREDA, OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE. By: Zerihun Mekuria June 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Contribution of Natural Resource Management to Food Security in Leman Watershed, Degem woreda, Oromia National Regional state. By: Zerihun Mekuria Supervisor: Degefa Tolossa (PhD) A Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate studies of the Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Food Security and Development Studies Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa June 2019 Declaration I declared this thesis is my original work and it was done in collaboration with my advisors. All sources of materials that used for this thesis have been dully acknowledged. Zerihun Mekuria Signature Date As thesis advisor, I hereby confirm that this thesis is the output of research undertaken by Zerihun Mekuria under my supervision and that it be submitted for the M.Sc. degree award. Confirmed by Advisor: Degefa Tolossa (PhD) Signature: __________________________ Date: _______________________ Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. July 2019. Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Zerihun Mekuria, entitled: Contribution of Natural Resource Management to Food Security in Leman Watershed, Degem woreda, Oromia Region. and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Food Security and Development Studies) compiles with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by Examining Committee Chairperson __________________________ Signature___________ Date________________ External Examiner__________________________ Signature___________ Date_____________ Internal Examiner_________________________ Signature ____________ Date______________ Advisor________________________________ Signature ____________ Date _____________ Abstract The overriding objective of this study is to explore the of participation of households in different soil and water conservation practices in enhancing their production and food security and examine their production efficiency Thus, this study analyzes farmer’s choice of single and combination choice of SWC practices (i.e. stone bund, soil bund, stone bund and soil bund, soil bund with plantation and all conservation practices) and evaluates the impact of these technologies on households food security and also assess their production efficiency and determinants of inefficiency. The necessary data were generated principally from primary and to some extent secondary sources to answer the research question. Thus, household survey involving 290 households was done using questionnaires. Multinomial logit and endogenous switching regression models were employed to achieve the above objectives. In addition, the study employed one stage approach in which both technical efficiency and factors of inefficiency are analyzed simultaneously. The result of endogenous switching model reveals that adoption of SWC practices have a positive and significant impact on household’s food security. Moreover, the result of the study also shows that households adopting all conservation practices are more food secure than other alternative adopters. Failure to adopt SWC practices leads to lower food security status. According to the multinomial logit result, technology adoption is positively related with education/ training, soil fertility, access to extension services, land size and livestock holding. But adoption of agriculture technologies has negative and significant relation with non-marriage status, and distance to the input and out market. On the other hand, study revealed nearly half of households produce with only 50% percent efficiency and there is a room to improve production efficiency. Slope of farmland, livestock possession, agricultural tools ownership and SWC participation are factors that significantly determine efficiency. Increased effort on physical SW conservation activities along with biological, investing more education and training, improving infrastructure/access to services are key recommendation in improving production efficiency and food security are stemmed out of the study. Key Words: Food security, Multinomial endogenous, Soil and water conservation, Switching regression, Technical efficiency, Acknowledgement First and foremost, I thank the Almighty God for giving me the wisdom, strength and power throughout my MSc studies in general and preparation of my thesis work in particular. My honest and deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Degefa Tolossa for sharing his invaluable comments, suggestions and advices. I really appreciate his commitment in carefully reviewing my drafts and his ability to point out detail gaps within the thesis and suggestions for improvement. Each moment I sit down with him I get a great deal of knowledge and critical advices which I used it not only for enhancing this thesis but found them extremely useful for my individual and academic personalities. Special thanks to my wife Abaynesh Tegene and children; Dibora Zerihun, Samuel Zerihun and Eyana Zerihun for the energy and enthusiasm I obtained with their understanding of time I spent on my study and encouragement. My sincere thanks to Dr. Solomon Tsehay who encouraged me to attempt a research on this theme and gave me pieces of advices on some technical matters on the paper. Thanks to FEWS NET colleague, Mandefro Mekete for unreserved support with his advises and used his access to subscribed references to provide me necessary materials. Thank you, Getachew Abate for your GIS inputs, on this thesis. I am grateful to Ambassador Kassa Teklebrehan and Zewditu Tegene for their critical and useful intervention that enabled me to maintain my study. I take this moment to extend my gratitude to FEWS NET SMT for encouragement, positive attitude for my master‘s study and finance support for the courses of the study. Last but not least, I would like to thank staff members of Degem Woreda Agriculture Office in particular Dereje and Eshetu Hunde for their continuous moral support in my research work. Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. vii Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................. viii Glossary ...................................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Research Objective ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 General Objective ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Specific Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Significance of the Study .................................................................................................................. 6 1.6 Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.7 Ethical Consideration ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.8 Limitations of the Study ................................................................................................................... 7 1.9 Organization of the Thesis ............................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Review of Conceptual Literatures ................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Land Degradation ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Food Security ............................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.3 Production Efficiency ............................................................................................................. 18 2.2.4 Approaches of Production Efficiency ....................................................................................
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