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20 2018 Changing Values on Water in Delta Cities The case of Guangzhou in China’s Pearl River Delta Yuting Tai Changing Values on Water in Delta Cities The case of Guangzhou in China’s Pearl River Delta Yuting Tai Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Department of Urbanism TOC abe.tudelft.nl Design: Sirene Ontwerpers, Rotterdam Cover image: Exhibition at the East Moat Museum, Guangzhou (photo by author) ISBN 978-94-6366-071-6 ISSN 2212-3202 © 2018 Yuting Tai All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the author. Unless otherwise specified, all the photographs in this thesis were taken by the author. For the use of illustrations effort has been made to ask permission for the legal owners as far as possible. We apologize for those cases in which we did not succeed. These legal owners are kindly requested to contact the publisher. TOC Preface Pursuing a PhD in a foreign country is a lonely and tough journey with a lot of challenges and ups and downs. Looking back these years of effort and achievement, I cherish this invaluable experience that has greatly shaped and trained me to be an independent, strong and grateful person who appreciate every thing that I have and every tough moment that I’ve been through. Above all, I’m very thankful to many people who accompany, support and help me through those difficult periods, and share memorable moments with joys and tears. Firstly my gratitude goes to my promoter - Prof. Han Meyer, who brought me into this amazing “delta” world where multi-disciplinary and worldwide experiences and knowledge are shared. Thank you for influencing me through your inspirational guidance, wisdom and patience. Your profound knowledge and expertise in the Dutch method of delta management has inspired me to shape my research ideas, methods and empirical studies. I am sincerely grateful to my daily supervisor - Dr. Lei Qu, who is always so kind to talk with. You have constantly guided me with patience, sharp perception and inspiring ideas and more importantly, encouraged me to overcome those difficult moments. I am also very grateful to the committee members, Prof. Shifu Wang, Prof. Wil Zonneveld, Prof. Carola Hein, Prof. Luuk Boelens, and Prof. Martin de Jong, who spared time during the summer holiday to read the manuscript and brought up sharp and constructive comments that helped to improve the academic quality of my thesis. I have received generous support from many people in the department of Urbanism. I would like to thank Vincent for your kind advice on my research and Machiel for your support and encouragement when I lost motivation. I’m very grateful to be part of the multi-disciplinary research group of “Delta Urbanism”. Thank my research peers: Chenkun, Liang, Veronica, Taneha, Peter, Nikki, Fransje, Steffen, Diego, Inge, who enriched my understanding and knowledge on this interesting topic by sharing their work. I am very thankful to my colleagues from the chair of urban design, especially Els and Teake for inspiring me with the fine Dutch tradition of morphological analysis and mapping skills. I am greatly thankful to my colleagues and PhD buddies at Urbanism: Sitong, Meltem, Jiaxiu, Luiz, Daniele, Ana Maria, Marcin, Mei, Yan, Azadeh, Cinco, Nurul, Bardia, Rachel, Birgit, Alex, Claudiu, Dominic, Akkie and Victor. It’s great to have a community and receive all kinds of support in this journey. I also want to thank our lovely secretaries TOC at Urbanism: Linda, Amber, Danielle, Karin, Margo, Annemieke and Astrid for all the kind help and support over the years. Thank Véro for helping with the final layout and printing of the book, as well as Neil and Amanda for the English editing. I would like to thank some people from my former university - SCUT for sharing their expertise and insights on urban issues of Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta: Prof. Ye Liu, Prof. Yinsheng Tian, Prof. Yimin Sun, Prof. Jing Wang and Prof. Jianyun Zhou. Besides, my research can not be done without support from my friends in China: Xiaoye, Xiaofang, Qing, Xiaodong, and Chenghui, who helped to collect data and search for important documents and books for my case studies. Life in a foreign country is not so easy. I’m lucky to have met many friends who are always cheering and sharing the same "values": Lijie, Xialu, Desirée, James, Chingwen, Leilei, Hoho, Yaya, Doreen, Astor, Yu, Jinghuan, Aura, Peiwen, Jing, Stefania, Pia and many others. Our friendship will never fade through distance and time. Finally, I would like to extend my ultimate gratitude to my wonderful parents, who are always kind, supportive, encouraging and caring. My mum is my role model who teaches me the value of being a kind-hearted, optimistic, grateful and independent person. Thank both of you for shaping my personality and giving me freedom to live my life, even this life takes me so far away from you. Sorry for spending so little time with you these years. Thank you all for every bit of help and encouragement, and I will pass on this positive energy to the future. I sincerely value the days and moments that we spend together. Yuting Tai July 2018, Delft TOC Contents Summary 13 Samenvatting 15 PART I The concept of water values and research methodology 1 Introduction 19 1.1 Research subject and problem statement 19 1.1.1 Flooding issues in urbanising deltas 19 1.1.2 Other water related urban issues in delta cities 20 1.1.3 Complexity of urbanising deltas 21 1.1.4 “Water values” as a connecting point 23 1.1.5 The role of urban planning and design in shaping values 26 1.2 Introduction to the case of Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta, China 28 1.2.1 The urban water environment of Guangzhou 28 1.2.2 Impact of urbanisation processes on the water-city interrelationship 32 1.2.3 Changing development ideologies and the way forward 35 1.3 Research questions and the structure 37 1.3.1 Research questions 37 1.3.2 Research structure 38 2 Water Values in Theory and Practice 41 2.1 Introduction 41 7 Contents TOC 2.2 The value concept 42 2.2.1 Basic values 42 2.2.2 Values in planning 43 2.3 Value transitions from the 1960s 45 2.3.1 Value transitions in spatial development 46 2.3.2 Value transitions in water management 48 2.4 Underlying water values in urban planning and design practices 51 2.4.1 “Water sensitive urban design” and “low impact design” 52 2.4.2 The Dutch delta management 54 2.4.3 China’s “Sponge City” Programme (SCP) 55 2.5 Water values as a conceptual framework 56 2.5.1 Flood safety 59 2.5.2 Economic values 61 2.5.3 Environmental values 61 2.5.4 Social values 62 2.5.5 The main aspects of water values in this research 64 2.6 Conclusion 66 3 Analytical Framework and Research Methodology 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Analytical framework 70 3.2.1 Existing analytical tools 70 3.2.2 Morphological study and the Dutch "layer approach" 71 3.2.3 Analytical framework 78 3.3 Research methods 81 8 Changing Values on Water in Delta Cities TOC 3.3.1 Literature review 81 3.3.2 Historical review 81 3.3.3 Case study of Guangzhou 83 3.3.4 Data acquisition 84 3.4 Methodological challenges and limitations 87 PART II Empirical studies of Guangzhou 4 The Waterways City (before the 1920s) 91 4.1 The delta landscape 91 4.2 Morphological analysis of water and the city 95 4.2.1 City site planning in the water environment 95 4.2.2 Inner city development and the canal system 97 4.2.3 Urban expansion in Xiguan 99 4.3 The changing values of water 110 4.3.1 Flood safety – flood-stricken delta city 110 4.3.2 Economy – prosperous treaty port 113 4.3.3 Environment – beauty of the delta landscape 114 4.3.4 Society – social diversity and vitality 115 4.4 Conclusion and discussion 117 4.4.1 Transitions of water values 117 4.4.2 Underlying forces of the transitions 119 5 The Functional City (1920s-1970s) 121 9 Contents TOC 5.1 Urban development background 121 5.1.1 Political and socio-economic background 121 5.1.2 Urban planning sectors and spatial strategies 122 5.1.3 Water management sectors and spatial strategies 125 5.2 Morphological analysis of water and the city 127 5.2.1 Spatial structure and transport guided urban expansion 127 5.2.2 Land use change 129 5.2.3 Urban fabric of the dike road and the central axis 131 5.3 The changing values of water 136 5.3.1 Flood safety – regional engineered defence 136 5.3.2 Economy – industry-driven economy 137 5.3.3 Environment – conquering nature 138 5.3.4 Society – from diversity to uniformity 139 5.4 Conclusion and discussion 141 5.4.1 Transitions of water values 141 5.4.2 Underlying forces of the transitions 144 6 The Pluralistic City (after the 1970s) 147 6.1 Urban development background 147 6.1.1 Context of rapid urbanisation 147 6.1.2 Urban planning sectors and spatial strategies 149 6.1.3 Water management sectors and spatial strategies 151 6.2 Morphological analysis of water and the city 153 6.2.1 Current spatial structure of Guangzhou 153 6.2.2 Port-oriented urban expansion 156 6.2.3 Waterfront (re)development 157 6.3 Pilot water projects 160 10 Changing Values on Water in Delta Cities TOC 6.3.1 Canal revitalisation as a catalyst for urban regeneration 161 6.3.2 Artificial lake creation 163 6.4 The changing values of water 166 6.4.1 Flood safety – increasing pluvial flooding 166 6.4.2 Economy – land finance 168 6.4.3 Environment – environmental alert

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