Transportes Em Copas Do Mundo Fifa: Um Procedimento Para O Cálculo E a Minimização Da Pegada De Carbono

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Transportes Em Copas Do Mundo Fifa: Um Procedimento Para O Cálculo E a Minimização Da Pegada De Carbono TRANSPORTES EM COPAS DO MUNDO FIFA: UM PROCEDIMENTO PARA O CÁLCULO E A MINIMIZAÇÃO DA PEGADA DE CARBONO Rodrigo Pinheiro Tóffano Pereira Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Transportes, COPPE, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Doutor em Engenharia de Transportes. Orientador: Glaydston Mattos Ribeiro Rio de Janeiro Fevereiro de 2018 TRANSPORTES EM COPAS DO MUNDO FIFA: UM PROCEDIMENTO PARA O CÁLCULO E A MINIMIZAÇÃO DA PEGADA DE CARBONO Rodrigo Pinheiro Tóffano Pereira TESE SUBMETIDA AO CORPO DOCENTE DO INSTITUTO ALBERTO LUIZ COIMBRA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA DE ENGENHARIA (COPPE) DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO COMO PARTE DOS REQUISITOS NECESSÁRIOS PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE DOUTOR EM CIÊNCIAS EM ENGENHARIA DE TRANSPORTES. Examinada por: RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ - BRASIL FEVEREIRO DE 2018 ii Pereira, Rodrigo Pinheiro Tóffano Transportes em Copas do Mundo FIFA: Um procedimento para o cálculo e a minimização da pegada de carbono / Rodrigo Pinheiro Tóffano Pereira. – Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/COPPE, 2018. XVI, 224 p.: il.; 29,7 cm. Orientador: Glaydston Mattos Ribeiro Tese (doutorado) – UFRJ/ COPPE/ Programa de Engenharia de Transportes, 2018. Referências Bibliográficas: p. 183-203. 1. Transporte sustentável. 2. Pegada de Carbono. 3. Copas do Mundo FIFA. I. Ribeiro, Glaydston Mattos. II. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, COPPE, Programa de Engenharia de Transportes. III. Título. iii “Um homem precisa viajar. Por sua conta, não por meio de histórias, imagens, livros ou TV. Precisa viajar por si, com seus olhos e pés, para entender o que é seu. Para um dia plantar as suas árvores e dar-lhes valor. Conhecer o frio para desfrutar o calor. E o oposto. Sentir a distância e o desabrigo para estar bem sob o próprio teto. Um homem precisa viajar para lugares que não conhece para quebrar essa arrogância que nos faz ver o mundo como o imaginamos, e não simplesmente como é ou pode ser; que nos faz professores e doutores do que não vimos, quando deveríamos ser alunos, e simplesmente ir ver”. Amyr Klink iv AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente a Deus pelo dom da vida, pela força e sabedoria. Agradeço aos meus pais Joaquim e Angélica, por todo o amor e incentivo. Ao Prof. Glaydston pela orientação e pela chance de realizar este trabalho. Aos demais professores do PET/COPPE pela base e pelo ensino de qualidade. Ao Prof. Viachaslau Filimonau por todo este novo aprendizado e evolução. E a Bournemouth University por permitir a realização de um sonho de anos. Aos membros da banca pelas preciosas contribuições dadas a este trabalho. As servidoras Dona Helena e Jane Correa por serem sempre muito solicitas. Ao Prof. Henriques do PPGEEA da UFMT por me impulsionar ao doutorado. A Prof.ª. Fernanda Furtado da UFF pelo incentivo de abrir novos horizontes. Ao CAPES / CNPq pela bolsa e apoio financeiro durante todo o doutorado. Aos colegas de doutorado pelos momentos e conhecimentos compartilhados. Em especial aos parceiros: Marcus Vinicius Oliveira e Vanessa Guimarães. Aos meus amigos de sempre pelo companheirismo, o estímulo e paciência. Em especial a Cinthia Rodrigues, a Pinho, que me ajudou a me reerguer. E a todos que colaboraram de uma forma, ou de outra na realização desta. v Resumo da Tese apresentada à COPPE/UFRJ como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências (D.Sc.) TRANSPORTES EM COPAS DO MUNDO FIFA: UM PROCEDIMENTO PARA O CÁLCULO E A MINIMIZAÇÃO DA PEGADA DE CARBONO Rodrigo Pinheiro Tóffano Pereira Fevereiro/2018 Orientador: Glaydston Mattos Ribeiro Programa: Engenharia de Transportes O impacto ambiental proporcionado pelos transportes em megaeventos é relevante, em especial quando se trata das Copas do Mundo da Federação Internacional de Futebol - FIFA, a maior celebração mundial em prol de uma única modalidade esportiva. A Copa do Mundo FIFA Brasil 2014TM foi a primeira, na história, a ter sua pegada de carbono completa calculada e divulgada por sua Instituição organizadora. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor e aplicar um procedimento capaz de mensurar a pegada de carbono oriunda dos transportes e das acomodações dos participantes de uma Copa do Mundo FIFATM. Foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas, assim como o levantamento de dados da Copa do Mundo FIFA Brasil 2014TM para fins de aplicação do procedimento proposto. Os resultados obtidos permitiram análises comparativas e a verificação de tendências em prol da proposição de medidas gerais de minimização para futuros eventos. O procedimento proposto foi eficaz e se constitui como uma alternativa a metodologia empregada pela FIFA. No entanto, os valores totais encontrados são quase 2,15 vezes menores que os oficiais publicados, à medida que muitos dados utilizados pela FIFA são médias globais e não específicos da realidade do país sede. Assim, os resultados expõem a importância de se utilizar dados locais para uma obtenção precisa das emissões de Gases do Efeito Estufa (GEE) oriundas de eventos esportivos e; consequentemente, o correto planejamento dos meios de transportes utilizados pelo público em geral durante a competição. vi Abstract of Thesis presented to COPPE/UFRJ as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) TRANSPORTATION AT THE FIFA WORLD CUPS: A PROCEDURE FOR THE CALCULATION AND MINIMISATION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT Rodrigo Pinheiro Tóffano Pereira February/2018 Advisor: Glaydston Mattos Ribeiro Department: Transportation Engineering The environmental impact of transportation in mega-events is relevant, especially when it comes to the World Cup of the International Football Federation (FIFA), the biggest celebration in the world for a single sport. The 2014 FIFA World Cup BrazilTM was the first event ever to have its full carbon footprint calculated and reported by its respective organisation. Therefore, the objective of this work is to propose and apply a procedure capable of measuring the carbon footprint of the transportation and accommodation of the participants of a FIFA World CupTM event. Bibliographical research was carried out, as well as data collection from the 2014 FIFA World Cup BrazilTM for purposes of applying the proposed procedure. The results obtained allowed comparative analyses and the verification of trends in favor of proposing general measures of minimisation for future events. The proposed procedure was effective and constitutes an alternative to the methodology used by FIFA. However, the total standards found are almost 2.15 times lower than the official ones published, as much data used by FIFA is based on global averages and not specific to the reality of the host country. Thus, the results show the importance of using local data to obtain accurate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from sporting events; and consequently, the importance of correctly planning the means of transportation used by the general public during the competition. vii SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................... 01 1.1. HIPÓTESES .................................................................................................... 03 1.2. OBJETIVOS GERAL E ESPECÍFICOS ........................................................ 03 1.3. JUSTIFICATIVA ............................................................................................ 04 1.4. DELIMITAÇÃO DO TRABALHO ................................................................ 05 1.5. ESTRUTURA DA PESQUISA ....................................................................... 07 2. MEGAEVENTOS E INFRAESTRUTURAS DE TRANSPORTES .................. 09 2.1. MEGAEVENTOS: IMPACTOS E LEGADOS .............................................. 09 2.2. OS DESAFIOS DA MOBILIDADE EM MEGAEVENTOS ......................... 12 2.3. O PAPEL DO TRANSPORTE EM UMA COPA DO MUNDO FIFA .......... 16 2.4. O PROGRAMA FOOTBALL FOR THE PLANETTM PARA TRANSPORTES ............................................................................................. 31 2.4.1. A FIFA e o Football for the PlanetTM ………………………………..……. 32 2.4.2. A Evolução do Football for the PlanetTM em Mundiais da FIFA ................. 35 2.5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS .......................................................................... 44 3. PEGADA DE CARBONO: CONCEITOS GERAIS ........................................... 45 3.1. CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO HISTÓRICA ........................................................ 45 3.2. PRINCIPAIS ABORDAGENS DE AVALIAÇÃO DE GEE ......................... 49 3.2.1. Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) .............................................................. 50 3.2.2. Organização Internacional para Padronização (ISO) ................................... 53 3.2.3. Protocolo dos Gases do Efeito Estufa (GHG Protocol) ............................... 54 3.2.4. Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC) .................. 60 3.2.5. Departamento Britânico para o Meio Ambiente, Alimentação e Assuntos Rurais (DEFRA) ......................................................................... 62 3.2.6. Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 2050:2011 ..................................... 63 3.2.7. O Método Filimonau (DEFRA + ACV) ....................................................... 64 3.3. CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE A TEMÁTICA ................................................. 66 4. PROCEDIMENTO METODOLÓGICO PROPOSTO ............................................. 67 4.1. ETAPA 1 -
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