DOCSLIB.ORG

GIS Use in the Map Chart and Data Production Community

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GIS Use in the Map Chart and Data Production Community GIS Use in Map, Chart & Data Production TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 Welcome to the MAPS Community Esri designs and develops the world’s leading geographic information system 4 Topographic Mapping (GIS) technology. GIS is an important 5 Geoscience Australia tool used by national mapping int 6–7 Natural Resources Canada agencies, aeronautical and nautical organizations, and commercial map 8–9 TASMAP and chart publishers around the world. FOR PR 10 Department of Sustainability and Y For more information about Esri, Environment, Victoria, Australia OR please visit esri.com. To learn more T about GIS for the MAPS community, 11 Spatial Data Infrastructure visit esri.com/maps. 12–13 Geospatial One-Stop YOUR S YOUR If you are interested in learning more 14–15 GEOSS GEO Portal mit about the solutions in this booklet or 16–17 Center for GIS, Qatar would like to submit your own solution SUB story, please e-mail [email protected]. 18–19 Small Island SDI 20 Geospatial Intelligence 21 National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency 22 United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire 23 North Atlantic Treaty Organization International Security Assistance Force 24 Imagery 25 Foreign Agricultural Service 26 Woods Hole Research Center 27 Indian Space Research Organization 28 Nautical 29 The Marine Chart Division at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 30–31 Portuguese Instituto Hidrografico 32–33 New York Ocean and Great Lakes Ecosystem Council 34 Aeronautical 35 International Civil Aviation Organization 36–37 French Aeronautical Information Service 38–39 Romanian Civil Aeronautical Authority 40 Cartography 41 Swiss Federal Office of Topography 42 Good Shepherd Engineering and Computing 43 Mapping Specialists, Ltd. Welcome to the MAPS Community Organizations are under great pressure to generate more products and services in less time and with fewer resources. Esri® software helps meet these requirements, no matter the size of the organization, through a database-centric workflow. The database acts as the hub to coordinate activities, from capture through production, data dissemination, and maintenance. Changes can be made at any step in the process. Compared with traditional linear workflows, this unified approach increases return on investment, improves data integrity and decreases risk. Using GIS to collect, manage, produce, and share information makes the ability to create maps, charts, data, and Web services an achievable goal for any organization. Esri’s ArcGIS® system of software ties workflows with tried-and-true GIS methodologies, ensuring a streamlined production environment. The software’s ability to handle the specific data, products, data models, and symbology of different industries means that aeronautical, nautical, topographic, and other agencies can create their own unique information using the same geographic database. To find out more about Esri’s solutions, please visit esri.com/maps. 3 Topographic Mapping 4 GIS Automates National Mapping in Australia Geoscience Australia Highlights Checks for completeness, positional accuracy, attribute • GIS enables faster workflow. accuracy, and logical consistencies are performed. • Maintenance and data costs decreased. On passing validation, the data is checked back into the • Multiple products can be generated. national database, and a largely push-button approach is undertaken to output print files for color maps. • The group now attracts young, technically savvy staff. Using a geodatabase allows Geoscience Australia to create Australia has a land area of more than 7.5 million square nonstandard maps as they are requested. An example kilometers and an exclusive economic zone of a further is the recently released West MacDonnell National Park 8 million square kilometers. Australia’s coastline (including series, developed to satisfy land management, emergency 8,000 islands) is almost 60,000 kilometers long. Readily management, and tourism needs. In this particular case, accessible fundamental information and knowledge a number of customizations were made including the about this area is essential for national security, public addition of a satellite image map on the reverse side, safety, resource management, agricultural production, nonstandard map extents, and a customized map surround. environmental management, infrastructure development, recreation, and many other uses by government, business, Implementing GIS throughout the Geographic Information and the community. Group has enabled faster workflow, easier maintenance of data, and cost efficiencies in terms of the ability to generate For 47 years, the Geographic Information Group of multiple products—digital and hard copy—from a single Geoscience Australia has mapped the country at scales database. The organization is now able to generate a suite of 1:100,000 to 1:20,000,000. For many years, Geographic of digital products including GIS-ready vector data, raster Information Group used manual methods of cartography maps, and PDF format maps suitable for backdrops in a to produce paper maps. This was a time-consuming and broad range of new technologies such as GPS receivers and exacting blend of art and science undertaken by teams of personal computing or telephony devices. cartographers using pens, ink, and scribe tools. GIS has also made it easier to attract younger staff who In the last 20 years, digital methods of cartography and a see the potential of the new technology and the broader broader range of products, many of which are also digital, range of career options it offers them, such as in the fields of have been introduced. Recent advances in database analytic GIS, map production, and data management. technology for managing GIS spatial data have been embraced by Geoscience Australia and promise to further In the case of the West MacDonnell National Park maps, revolutionize the way the group fulfills its national mapping Geoscience Australia has been able to easily generate a obligations. For instance, it has created an object-oriented number of potential mock-ups of the map face and print, seamless topographic database for the entire continent and inspect, and improve them efficiently until the desired developed tools in ArcObjects™ for the automated push- product was achieved. button production of hard-copy maps. Geoscience Australia relies on Esri’s ArcGIS system for map production, from data extraction to data production. First, data is extracted from existing databases. The data is then checked for position against satellite imagery or aerial photography and for attribution against intelligence gathered from a variety of sources including state and local governments; publications; and older, large-scale maps. Field mapping is undertaken to upgrade the accuracy of roads and other infrastructure features and to broadly check the validity of the data. Formal data validation is undertaken to ensure that the data meets quality requirements as defined in the database specification. 5 Generating New Canadian Topographic Maps APPING M Natural Resources Canada IC H Highlights that were previously unmapped are also included. These AP R • Automated symbolization, text placement, and map are the first of 2,500 new topographic maps of Canada G to be produced by NRCan over a three-year period. The O surround creation P map publishing process has been automated to the point • Easier text placement for maps TO where each new map requires less than half a person-day, • Quadrupled capacity for cartographic editing including text placement, for completion. Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) provides various types The initial objectives were to develop a map generator to of geospatial data for Canada including topographic maps automate cartographic symbolization, text placement, and at 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 scales. Over the past 15 years, the building of the map surround so that the map technician NRCan has focused on building and improving national would be able to publish two 1:50,000-scale maps per day. coverage of vector topographic data, including integrating Since users of NRCan’s topographic maps expect a high updated data from the GeoBase initiative (GeoBase.ca) caliber of cartographic quality and content, there were several and legacy data from the National Topographic Database challenges to overcome. Initial challenges were twofold. (NTDB). Topographic products are distributed online The first was to manage the map content in a way that takes through the GeoGratis Web portal (GeoGratis.gc.ca) at no advantage of the newly acquired GeoBase data for roads cost and with no restrictions. and hydrography, integrate this data with a large number Since 2009, a new program of topographic map revision of other feature classes drawn from the NTDB data, and and production has used this vector database to produce update the place-names and administrative boundaries. The a new generation of 1:50,000-scale maps covering selected second challenge was the integration of datasets originating areas of Canada. The map sheets chosen for production are from a variety of sources having various data formats, scales, those deemed most in demand by the public and various and collection techniques to allow manipulation to achieve a government agencies. Areas of Canada’s northern region high cartographic standard output. Center for Topographic Information Map Production Other Sources Map Generator • Extraction to PGDB (FME) • Integration (ArcInfo, ArcEditor, .NET) • Geospatial Editing (ArcEditor) • Format Manipulation Cartographic • Labeling (Label-EZ) • Data
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Planar Maps: an Interaction Paradigm for Graphic Design
    CH1'89 PROCEEDINGS MAY 1989 PLANAR MAPS: AN INTERACTION PARADIGM FOR GRAPHIC DESIGN Patrick Baudelaire Michel Gangnet Digital Equipment Corporation Pads Research Laboratory 85, Avenue Victor Hugo 92563 Rueil-Malmaison France In a world of changing taste one thing remains as a foundation for decorative design -- the geometry of space division. Talbot F. Hamlin (1932) ABSTRACT Compared to traditional media, computer illustration soft- Figure 1: Four lines or a rectangular area ? ware offers superior editing power at the cost of reduced free- Unfortunately, with typical drawing software this dual in- dom in the picture construction process. To reduce this dis- terpretation is not possible. The picture contains no manipu- crepancy, we propose an extension to the classical paradigm lable objects other than the four original lines. It is impossi- of 2D layered drawing, the map paradigm, that is conducive ble for the software to color the rectangle since no such rect- to a more natural drawing technique. We present the key angle exists. This impossibility is even more striking when concepts on which the new paradigm is based: a) graphical the four lines are abutting as in Fig. 2. We feel that such a objects, called planar maps, that describe shapes with multi- restriction, counter to the traditional practice of the designer, ple colors and contours; b) a drawing technique, called map is a hindrance to productivity and creativity. In this paper sketching, that allows the iterative construction of arbitrarily we propose a new drawing paradigm that will permit a dual complex objects. We also discuss user interface design is- interpretation of Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Texture / Image-Based Rendering Texture Maps
    Texture / Image-Based Rendering Texture maps Surface color and transparency Environment and irradiance maps Reflectance maps Shadow maps Displacement and bump maps Level of detail hierarchy CS348B Lecture 12 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2005 Texture Maps How is texture mapped to the surface? Dimensionality: 1D, 2D, 3D Texture coordinates (s,t) Surface parameters (u,v) Direction vectors: reflection R, normal N, halfway H Projection: cylinder Developable surface: polyhedral net Reparameterize a surface: old-fashion model decal What does texture control? Surface color and opacity Illumination functions: environment maps, shadow maps Reflection functions: reflectance maps Geometry: bump and displacement maps CS348B Lecture 12 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2005 Page 1 Classic History Catmull/Williams 1974 - basic idea Blinn and Newell 1976 - basic idea, reflection maps Blinn 1978 - bump mapping Williams 1978, Reeves et al. 1987 - shadow maps Smith 1980, Heckbert 1983 - texture mapped polygons Williams 1983 - mipmaps Miller and Hoffman 1984 - illumination and reflectance Perlin 1985, Peachey 1985 - solid textures Greene 1986 - environment maps/world projections Akeley 1993 - Reality Engine Light Field BTF CS348B Lecture 12 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2005 Texture Mapping ++ == 3D Mesh 2D Texture 2D Image CS348B Lecture 12 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2005 Page 2 Surface Color and Transparency Tom Porter’s Bowling Pin Source: RenderMan Companion, Pls. 12 & 13 CS348B Lecture 12 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2005 Reflection Maps Blinn and Newell, 1976 CS348B Lecture 12 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2005 Page 3 Gazing Ball Miller and Hoffman, 1984 Photograph of mirror ball Maps all directions to a to circle Resolution function of orientation Reflection indexed by normal CS348B Lecture 12 Pat Hanrahan, Spring 2005 Environment Maps Interface, Chou and Williams (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • December 2011 ISSN: 0195-4857
    TECHNICAL SERVICE S LAW LIBRARIAN Volume 37 No. 2 http://www.aallnet.org/sis/tssis/tsll/ December 2011 ISSN: 0195-4857 INSIDE: Management From the Officers Do We Mean It or Does OBS-SIS ..................................... 4 Mary Lippold TS-SIS ........................................ 3 It Just Sound Good? South Texas College of Law Announcements These columns will be about some of the management issues that I ponder over. Seeking Nominations for the Renee I’ll be writing about those things that confuse me, that just don’t seem to make D. Chapman Memorial Award ... 5 sense to me, while occasionally throwing in a little bit about what experts who are Joint Research Grant ................ 16 much smarter than I are saying. So while there will be questions - lots of questions, Marla Schwartz Grant .............. 22 musings, and plenty of my personal opinions, I can pretty much guarantee there will be no answers. Columns Acquisitions ............................... 6 “Team” is a big word in the library world. We like the idea of our library staff being Classification .............................. 7 a team and working as a team to meet our goals and mission. We say we value Collection Development ............ 8 “team work” and people who are “team players.” But wait-- it’s now performance Description & Entry ................. 12 review time and no one is talking much about teams. We ask people what their The Internet .............................. 14 goals are for the coming year and to list their accomplishments and successes of Management ............................... 1 the past year. So if we’re all about teamwork, why do we still evaluate and reward OCLC ....................................... 16 individual performance? Are we talking the talk, but not walking the walk? Preservation .............................
    [Show full text]
  • State Security and Mapping in the GDR Map Falsification As A
    State Security and Mapping in the GDR Map Falsification as a Consequence of Excessive Secrecy? Archiv zur DDR-Staatssicherheit on behalf of the Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic edited by Dagmar Unverhau Volume 7 LIT Dagmar Unverhau (Ed.) State Security and Mapping in the GDR Map Falsification as a Consequence of Excessive Secrecy? Lectures to the conference of the BStU from 8th –9th March 2001 in Berlin LIT Any opinions expressed in this series represent the authors’ personal views only. Translation: Eubylon Berlin Copy editor: Textpraxis Hamburg, Michael Mundhenk Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de. ISBN 3-8258-9039-2 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © LIT VERLAG Berlin 2006 Auslieferung/Verlagskontakt: Grevener Str./Fresnostr. 2 48159 Münster Tel.+49 (0)251–620320 Fax +49 (0)251–231972 e-Mail: [email protected] http://www.lit-verlag.de Distributed in the UK by: Global Book Marketing, 99B Wallis Rd, London, E9 5LN Phone: +44 (0) 20 8533 5800 – Fax: +44 (0) 1600 775 663 http://www.centralbooks.co.uk/acatalog/search.html Distributed in North America by: Phone: +1 (732) 445 - 2280 Fax: + 1 (732) 445 - 3138 Transaction Publishers for orders (U. S. only): Rutgers University toll free (888) 999 - 6778 35 Berrue Circle e-mail: Piscataway, NJ 08854 [email protected] FOREWORD TO THE ENGLISH EDITION My maternal grandmother liked maxims, especially ones that rhyme.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Mapping & Spatial Analysis
    Digital Mapping & Spatial Analysis Zach Silvia Graduate Community of Learning Rachel Starry April 17, 2018 Andrew Tharler Workshop Agenda 1. Visualizing Spatial Data (Andrew) 2. Storytelling with Maps (Rachel) 3. Archaeological Application of GIS (Zach) CARTO ● Map, Interact, Analyze ● Example 1: Bryn Mawr dining options ● Example 2: Carpenter Carrel Project ● Example 3: Terracotta Altars from Morgantina Leaflet: A JavaScript Library http://leafletjs.com Storytelling with maps #1: OdysseyJS (CartoDB) Platform Germany’s way through the World Cup 2014 Tutorial Storytelling with maps #2: Story Maps (ArcGIS) Platform Indiana Limestone (example 1) Ancient Wonders (example 2) Mapping Spatial Data with ArcGIS - Mapping in GIS Basics - Archaeological Applications - Topographic Applications Mapping Spatial Data with ArcGIS What is GIS - Geographic Information System? A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes. With this unique capability, GIS reveals deeper insights into spatial data, such as patterns, relationships, and situations - helping users make smarter decisions. - ESRI GIS dictionary. - ArcGIS by ESRI - industry standard, expensive, intuitive functionality, PC - Q-GIS - open source, industry standard, less than intuitive, Mac and PC - GRASS - developed by the US military, open source - AutoDESK - counterpart to AutoCAD for topography Types of Spatial Data in ArcGIS: Basics Every feature on the planet has its own unique latitude and longitude coordinates: Houses, trees, streets, archaeological finds, you! How do we collect this information? - Remote Sensing: Aerial photography, satellite imaging, LIDAR - On-site Observation: total station data, ground penetrating radar, GPS Types of Spatial Data in ArcGIS: Basics Raster vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating the Impact of Concentration on Anti-Fungal Property of CEM Cement
    Evaluating the impact of concentration on anti-fungal property of CEM cement 514 Evaluación del impacto de la concentración en las propiedades antifúngicas del cemento CEM Fatemeh Ayatollahi1, Mahdi Tabrizizadeh2, Hossein Sadeghi Tafti3, Sara Rashidian4, Ali Arab Sheibani5* 1Assistant Professor, Department of Endodontics, Dental Faculty, ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9304-0081 2Professor, Department of Endodontics, Dental Faculty, Yazd ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0413-5805 3Medical mycologist, Department of Paramedical, Yazd ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7840-7319 4Medical mycologist, Department of Medical, Yazd ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Yazd, Iran. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7492-1011 5Dentist, Faculty of Dentistry, DaheyeFajrBoulv, Imam Ave, Yazd, Iran. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7271-6049 *corresponding author: Ali Arab Sheibani, Faculty of Dentistry, DaheyeFajrBoulv, Imam Ave, Yazd, Iran, Tel: 09135163050 - Fax: 035-36212222 Email: [email protected] Resumen Abstract nti-fungal property is regarded as one a propiedad antifúngica se considera una de of the appropriate proprieties of ret- las propiedades apropiadas de los materiales rograde filing materials. It has been de presentación retrógrada. Se ha encontra- found that the anti-fungal property of MTA is influenced do que la propiedad antifúngica de MTA está influenciada by its concentration. The objective of current research was por su concentración. El objetivo de la investigación actual to evaluate the impact of concentration on anti-fungal fue evaluar el impacto de la concentración en las propie- property of CEM cement .The anti-fungal properties of dades antifúngicas del cemento CEM.
    [Show full text]
  • Chartmaking in England and Its Context, 1500–1660
    58 • Chartmaking in England and Its Context, 1500 –1660 Sarah Tyacke Introduction was necessary to challenge the Dutch carrying trade. In this transitional period, charts were an additional tool for The introduction of chartmaking was part of the profes- the navigator, who continued to use his own experience, sionalization of English navigation in this period, but the written notes, rutters, and human pilots when he could making of charts did not emerge inevitably. Mariners dis- acquire them, sometimes by force. Where the navigators trusted them, and their reluctance to use charts at all, of could not obtain up-to-date or even basic chart informa- any sort, continued until at least the 1580s. Before the tion from foreign sources, they had to make charts them- 1530s, chartmaking in any sense does not seem to have selves. Consequently, by the 1590s, a number of ship- been practiced by the English, or indeed the Scots, Irish, masters and other practitioners had begun to make and or Welsh.1 At that time, however, coastal views and plans sell hand-drawn charts in London. in connection with the defense of the country began to be In this chapter the focus is on charts as artifacts and made and, at the same time, measured land surveys were not on navigational methods and instruments.4 We are introduced into England by the Italians and others.2 This lack of domestic production does not mean that charts I acknowledge the assistance of Catherine Delano-Smith, Francis Her- and other navigational aids were unknown, but that they bert, Tony Campbell, Andrew Cook, and Peter Barber, who have kindly commented on the text and provided references and corrections.
    [Show full text]
  • A Ten-Year Bibliometric Analysis of the Journal Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology (2003 – 2012) Saravanan G Mr
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln 5-12-2014 A ten-year bibliometric analysis of the journal Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology (2003 – 2012) Saravanan G Mr. French Institute of Pondicherry, [email protected] saravanan g Mr. Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, [email protected] Dominic J Dr. Karunya University, Coimbatore, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac Part of the Library and Information Science Commons G, Saravanan Mr.; g, saravanan Mr.; and J, Dominic Dr., "A ten-year bibliometric analysis of the journal Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology (2003 – 2012)" (2014). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 1109. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1109 A ten-year bibliometric analysis of the journal Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology (2003 – 2012) G. Saravanan 1 and J. Dominic 2 1Librarian, French Institute of Pondicherry, # 11, Saint Louis Street, Pondicherry - 605 001, India & Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science, Karpagam University, Coimbatore – 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India, Email: [email protected] 2University Librarian, Karunya University, Coimbatore - 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The present work is a bibliometric analysis of a leading journal in Palaeobotany and Palynology, ‘Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology’. The study, based on Web of Science TM as the tool reveals that 1821 authors have contributed 903 papers during the years 2003 to 2012. Our analysis includes the publications output, exponential growth rate, authorship patterns, collaborative co-efficient and prolific authors, country wise and organization- wise distribution of contributions.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 13.2: Topographic Maps 1
    Chapter 13.2: Topographic Maps 1 A map is a model or representation of objects and terrain in the actual environment. There are numerous types of maps. Some of the types of maps include mental, planimetric, topographic, and even treasure maps. The concept of mapping was introduced in the section using natural features. Maps are created for numerous purposes. A treasure map is used to find the buried treasure. Topographic maps were originally used for military purposes. Today, they have been used for planning and recreational purposes. Although other types of maps are mentioned, the primary focus of this section is on topographic maps. Types of Maps Mental Maps – The mind makes mental maps all the time. You drive to the grocery store. You turn right onto the boulevard. You identify a street sign, building or other landmark and know where this is where you turn. You have made a mental map. This was discussed under using natural features. Planimetric Maps – A planimetric map is a two dimensional representation of objects in the environment. Generally, planimetric maps do not include topographic representation. Road maps, Rand McNally ® and GoogleMaps ® (not GoogleEarth) are examples of planimetric maps. Topographic Maps – Topographic maps show elevation or three-dimensional topography two dimensionally. Topographic maps use contour lines to show elevation. A chart refers to a nautical chart. Nautical charts are topographic maps in reverse. Rather than giving elevation, they provide equal levels of water depth. Topographic Maps Topographic maps show elevation or three-dimensional topography two dimensionally. Topographic maps use contour lines to show elevation.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping the Literature of GIS
    Mapping the Literature of GIS Edith A. Scarletto This study analyzed citations in four journals, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Cartography and Geographic Information Science, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, and Cartographic Journal, using Bradford’s Law of Scattering to identify three influence zones indicating core and peripheral titles in the study areas of GIS. Journals were ranked resulting in twenty-three core journals and 187 secondary journals. Scores for relevant indexing/abstracting services are also given to describe access points and coverage. The results can assist librarians and collection managers to support research in their institutions where GIS is both used and studied. cademic librarians have tra- to support research and to contribute ditionally fit emerging dis- additional knowledge to their discipline. ciplines into their existing Academic libraries support research by structure, and Geography collecting and providing access to journal and Map Librarians (among others) have literature in their institutions. The chal- integrated Geographic Information Sci- lenge of selecting journals is exacerbated ence (GIS) into their duties as quickly as as budgets shrink and is especially dif- faculty and students have adopted them. ficult for a multidisciplinary research The ARL (Association of Research Librar- area like GIS. ies) GIS Literacy Project began during the This article examines and creates a early 1990s to recognize the increasing list of the GIS journals in three ranked interest in GIS, and several SPEC KITS zones of influence using Bradford’s Law have been issued about its support includ- of Scattering.4 Analyzing citations in four ing Davie1 and Salem.2 Using a working source journals, Annals of the Association definition from the Encyclopedia of GIS, of American Geographers, Cartography and GIS is “knowledge acquired through Geographic Information Science, Interna- processing geographically referenced tional Journal of Geographical Information data.
    [Show full text]
  • 3B – a Guide to Pictograms
    3b – A Guide to Pictograms A pictogram involves the use of a symbol in place of a word or statistic. Why would we use a pictogram? Pictograms can be very useful when trying to interpret data. The use of pictures allows the reader to easily see the frequency of a geographical phenomenon without having to always read labels and annotations. They are best used when the aesthetic qualities of the data presentation are more important than the ability to read the data accurately. Pictogram bar charts A normal bar chart can be made using a set of pictures to make up the required bar height. These pictures should be related to the data in question and in some cases it may not be necessary to provide a key or explanation as the pictures themselves will demonstrate the nature of the data inherently. A key may be needed if large numbers are being displayed – this may also mean that ‘half’ sized symbols may need to be used too. This project was funded by the Nuffield Foundation, but the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Foundation. Proportional shapes and symbols Scaling the size of the picture to represent the amount or frequency of something within a data set can be an effective way of visually representing data. The symbol should be representative of the data in question, or if the data does not lend itself to a particular symbol, a simple shape like a circle or square can be equally effective. Proportional symbols can work well with GIS, where the symbols can be placed on different sites on the map to show a geospatial connection to the data.
    [Show full text]
  • Array Databases: Concepts, Standards, Implementations
    Baumann et al. J Big Data (2021) 8:28 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-020-00399-2 SURVEY PAPER Open Access Array databases: concepts, standards, implementations Peter Baumann , Dimitar Misev, Vlad Merticariu and Bang Pham Huu* *Correspondence: b. Abstract phamhuu@jacobs-university. Multi-dimensional arrays (also known as raster data or gridded data) play a key role in de Large-Scale Scientifc many, if not all science and engineering domains where they typically represent spatio- Information Systems temporal sensor, image, simulation output, or statistics “datacubes”. As classic database Research Group, Jacobs technology does not support arrays adequately, such data today are maintained University, Bremen, Germany mostly in silo solutions, with architectures that tend to erode and not keep up with the increasing requirements on performance and service quality. Array Database systems attempt to close this gap by providing declarative query support for fexible ad-hoc analytics on large n-D arrays, similar to what SQL ofers on set-oriented data, XQuery on hierarchical data, and SPARQL and CIPHER on graph data. Today, Petascale Array Database installations exist, employing massive parallelism and distributed processing. Hence, questions arise about technology and standards available, usability, and overall maturity. Several papers have compared models and formalisms, and benchmarks have been undertaken as well, typically comparing two systems against each other. While each of these represent valuable research to the best of our knowledge there is no comprehensive survey combining model, query language, architecture, and practical usability, and performance aspects. The size of this comparison diferentiates our study as well with 19 systems compared, four benchmarked to an extent and depth clearly exceeding previous papers in the feld; for example, subsetting tests were designed in a way that systems cannot be tuned to specifcally these queries.
    [Show full text]