Resources Management the L,N5.Versity of I'r.Anitoba Winn
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DEVELOP¡4ENT OF A FISHERIES MÀ,NAGEMENT PLAN FOR LAC SEUL, NORTHWESTERN ONTARÏO by Stephen P. McGovern A Practicum Submitted In Partial FulfilIment of the Requirements for the Degree, Master of Natural- Resources Management Natural Resources fnstitute The l,n5.versitY of I'r.anitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada December, l9B3. DEVELOPMENT OF A FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR LAC SEUL, NORTHI,JESTERN ONTARIO by SËephen P. McGovern A practicrrm submitted to tÌre Facrrlty of Graduace Studies of ttrc {Jnivcrsity of. Il¿rnitoba in p:rrtiaL fulFillme-nt of the rerlr.rirenrerlts of thc dcgree of Master of Natural Resources Management, L9B4 o Permission has becn grante<i to Lhe I.IBRAIìY Oi" TIIE Ul'IIVERSITY OF II.\NITOIIA to lend or sell copies of this PracLicitm, Lo tlre NÂTIONAL LIBRARY OF CÂllADA fo tnicrofilm this practicr-rm ¿r¡rd Lo lend or sell copies of the f ilm, and UNIVERSITY I'fICIIO- lilLfls to publish an abstract of rhis 1>r;rcticr-rnl . 'lhc auLhoi- l.-cscr:ves otiler publicatiort righrs, and neither rhc pract icurn nor e)iLetìsi.ve cxt.r¿ìcts f rotn it rnay lte ¡;rirrt-ed or otheru'ise rc:procìrrcecl r.¡ithotrt the author's ¡lerntissi-orl. ABSTRACT Recent fish harvest levels in Lac seul (50"20'N, 90" 30'lV) appear to be Ín excess of the lakes morphoedaphic index (I'IEI) determined potentiat yieId. The l-ake also experiences marked annual water level fluctuations due to its function as a hydro-electric power reservoir. Although several authors note stable fish communities t¿ithin the lake, in spite of annual water leve1 fluctuations, this author suggests that these fluctuations may incur physical loss of spawning and nursery habitat of certain species within the Lac Seul fish community. The existence of Overharvest conditions and spawning/nursery habitat loss would seriously impede the ability of,Lac Seul fish stocks to contribute economic bene- fits to the local and regional economies of northwestern Ontario. Historically, coÍÌmercial fish harvests are within existing guota limits (42,935 kg whitefish, 9,092 kg walleye) ' However, sportfish harvests exhibit marked overharvests, with respect to potential yield, in particular basins--notably those basins in nearest proximity to developments ' Walleye stocks for the lake as a whol-e are within MEI determined potential yield levels, although B of Lac seul's 23 basins experience overharvest. Northern pike sportfish harvest exceeds the lake,s potential yielcl by 28,633 kg. The major- ity of northern pike sportfish harvest is caught by non- resident anglers. The levels of domestic harvest by natives l_ of Lac seul Indian Reserve 28 is estimated at L8,795 kg fish per year, 6,202 kg of which are walleye' sportfÍsh angler catch (based on number of fish caught per angler-day) is very high 5.07 kg fish,/angl-er day. Future harvest targets, aiming at an angler satisfaction level of 2 kg fish/angle::-day, necessitate the implementa- tion of management strategies to reduce harvest leveIs with- out limiting angling opportunities' ManagementstrategiesaresuggestedforLacSeulbasins resuiring maintenanee or rehabilitative management. Strate- gies are grouped as foll-ows: strategies reouiring immediate implementation, monitoring strategies designed to establish a trend-through-time data base, and Iag or contingency strate- gies--the imp]-ementation of which wilI be contingent upon the relative success or failure of preceding management strategies. These strategies include: the implementation of a crown Land Access Permit intended to transform non-resident' non-contri- butor anglers into contributors; reduced sportfish harvest Iimits on northern pike for non-resident anglers on Lac Seul only; basin restrictive management to divert non-resident northern pike angling effort to water bodies in proximity to Lac seul cagable of sustaining additional pressure- FinaIlv, the Lac Seul fisheries management strategies are priorized, and fish stocks allocated to the user-groups -l_ l- - of the fish resource: domestic fishery, resident sPort fishery, non-resident contributor anglers, and the commercial fishery. For the purpose of allocation, the Lac SeuI fish community is comprised of: waIleYe, whitefish and northern pike. a 1l- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was made possible by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) bV supplying the author with data and financial assistance. In oarticular, I would like to thank Mr. John McDonaId, Fisheries Management Officer, OIUNR Sioux Lookout District and lrfr. Nevilte VJard, Regional Fisheries Biologist, OMNR Kenora for providing data, critical review and encouragement throughout the production of this papeï. I woul-d like to acknowledge contributions made by Dr. R.A. Bodaly, Físheries Scientist, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, Dr. l/,1 . R. Henson, Director, Natural Resources rnstitute, Prof. T.J. HenIey, Àssistant Director, Natural Resources Institute, DI.. R.R. Riewe, Department of zoology, University of ì4anitoba and Ì{r. Randy Wepruk and ltls- Mary Elten Stoll. I thank ¡'Irs. Emilie Novotnv for her prompt and professional expertise in the t¡rping of this report. Finally, I wish to dedicate this practicum to the memorv of mV mother, Mrs. l{ancy Biggs-lr{cGovern (I918 1982) -- who always encouraged mr¡ endeavours and who served as a fine example of hard work and perseverance ' av TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRÀCT I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS l-v LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES xll- CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Preamble I I.2 Study Area 2 1? Problem Statement 10 L.4 Obj ectives ll 1.5 Limitations. I2 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVÏEW 2.I The MorphoedaPhic Index 15 2.I.L Fundamental Concept I6 T7 2 .r.2 Advantages and Disadvantages - 2.L"3 Substitutes and Surrogates I9 2.I.4 Conclus ions 2L 2.2 Water Level Fluctuation Effects on Fish ProductivitY 22 2.2.I ResPonse of a natural lake to imPoundment. 22 2.2.2 Northern Pike - sPawning and nursery habitat requirements. 25 2.2 -3 Water level fluctuation imPacts on Northern Pike--the case of Lac Seul 25 1)Å. Conclus ion 27 2-3 Economic PersPectives 27 2.3 I Commercial Fisheries. ¿o 2.3 2 Recreational Fishing' 33 2.3.2 I Information Reguirements for Demand AnalYsis 34 2.3.2 2 Yaluation Methods for Demand AnaIYsis 35 Page 2.3.2.3 Externalities and Costs. 37 2.3 .2.4 Pricing as an alternative to ProxY valuation 4l 2-3 3 Conclusions 42 -\,{ CHAPTER IIT: METHODS ANALYSIS OF CHAPTER IV RESOURCE INVENTORY AND LAC SEUL 4B 4.1 User GrouPs and the Resource 4.t 1 Users 4B 4B 4.1.1.1 Anglers 49 4 .r.I.2 Commercial Fishermen 4.1.1.3 Tourist Ooerators ' 54 4.r.1.4 Native PeoPle- . 56 4.I.2 The Resource 57 Climate.. 5l 4.r.2.L 5B 4 . L.2.2 PhysiograPhY and LimnologY' 59 4.I.2.3 HyãrologY 6l 4 .I.2 .4 Potential Yield Rivers and Streams 63 4 .L.2.5 ormation 66 4 . L.2.6 ri""a-tftrough-time Inf 4.2 Resource Use and Projections 4.2.L Use Commercial Fisheries 6B 4.2.r.L 70 4 .2.r.2 Anglers 4.2.2 Projections BO B2 4.3 Present Fisheries Management Strategres. and Public Relations. B2 4.3.1 Enforcement B3 4.3.2 Habitat Management' B4 4.3.3 Population Management- Limits B6 4"3.3 1 Catch B6 4.3.3 2 Seasons B6 4.3.3 3 Sanctuary B6 4.3.3 4 Access - va 4.3.3.s Enforcement B7 4.3.3.6 Regulation of the Sport Fish fndustry and Commercial Fishery B1 4.3 .4 Conclus ions B9 4.4 fssues and Problems 90 4.4.L Issues 90 4 4.1 I Loss of Fish and Fishing Opportunities 90 4 4.I 2 Loss of Environmental QualitY 92 4.1_ 3 Confl-icts Among Users of the ^ Environment and the FisherY Resources . 94 4.4.2 Problems 96 4 .4.2.r Inadequate Scíentific or Technical Knowledge 96 4. 4 .2.2 Lack of Public Awareness 101 4.5 Projected Yield Based on Present Management Practices r02 CHAPTER V MANAGEMENT DIRECTIVES trl Introduction 104 5.2 Fish Communities 104 5.2.I Sport Fish 106 5.2.1.1 Objective and Target 106 5.2.I.2 Management Strategies IT2 5.2.2 Commercial Fish 11s 5.2.2.I Objective and Target- lts 5.2.2.2 l4anagement Strategies Commercial Fish 117 5.2.3 Domestic FisherY tlB 5.2.3.r Objective and Target 119 5.?..3.2 I.4anagement Strategies Domestic Fishery. L20 vI l- 5.3 Water QuaIitY and Fish Habitat 12p s. 3.1 Water Quality t20 5.3.1.1 Objective and Target' I2L s.3.L.2 l4anagement Strategies Water Quality L2L r22 5. 3. 2 Fish llabitat 5.3.2.L Objective and Target' 122 5.3.2.2 I"Iañagement Strateg ies Fish Habitat" L22 5.4 Contributions to SocietY L23 5.4.1 Objective and larget 123 Strategies Contri- 5.4.2 Management L24 butions to SocietY ' l.25 5.5 Public -Awareness and Scientif ic Knowledge ' l-25 5.5. 1 Public Awareness ' 5.5.1,1 Objective L25 s.5.I.2 Management Strategres Public Awareness l.25 5.5.2 Scientific Knowledge L26 5 .5 .2 -?. l"lanagement Strategies - Scientific Knowledge l-26 CHAPTER VI: ALLOCATION AND SUMI'IÀRY L21 6.r Introduction r29 6.2 Priorization o{ New Management Tactics 6 -2.I Immediate Implementation Strategres Time Frame I 130 Strategies 131 6.2.2 Monitoring j'es. L32 6.2.3 Lag/ContingencY Strateg : 6.2.4 Management Strategies Requrrrng ruither Consideration 134 6.2-4 I Establishment of a Lac SeuI Fisheries Assessment Unit' 134 Areas 6 .2.4 2 Assessment of Embayment (Potential Northern Pike Spawning Grounds) Using LANDSAT ImagerY 135 VII I Page 6.3 Projected YieId Based on New lr4anagement Strategies 136 6.3.r Commercial FisherY r37 6.3.2 Sport FisherY l_37 6.4 Allocation r39 6.5 Concluding Comments 145 t41 LITERATURE CITED APPENDICES IX LIST OF TABLES TabIe Page l.I Physicat and chemical characteristics of Lac Seul :l 4.1 History of cornmercial harvests on Lac SeuI, L924-r979.