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Nutrient Disorders of 'Evolution' Mealy-Cup Sage

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Nutrient Disorders of 'Evolution' Mealy-Cup Sage was important the plants be grown Nutrient Disorders of ‘Evolution’ under nutrient-stress conditions to Mealy-cup Sage add this information to the grower’s toolbox of diagnostic criterion. To quickly recognize and diagnose nu- Jared Barnes1,3, Brian Whipker1, Ingram McCall1, trient disorders, growers should have and Jonathan Frantz2 knowledge of symptoms and diagnos- tic tools. These diagnostic tools in- clude symptomology descriptions, ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. deficiency, macronutrients, micronutrients, Salvia images of the disorders, and refer- farinacea, toxicity ence tissue concentrations. Mealy-cup sage (Lamiaceae fam- SUMMARY. To produce floriculture crops like mealy-cup sage (Salvia farinacea), growers must be equipped with cultural information including the ability to ily) is a bedding annual planted by recognize and characterize nutrient disorders. ‘Evolution’ mealy-cup sage plants gardeners to provide color during the were grown in silica-sand culture to induce, describe, and photograph symptoms of summer (Armitage, 2001). Few nutri- nutritional disorders. Plants received a complete modified Hoagland’s all-nitrate ent disorders have been reported for solution of (macronutrient concentrations in millimoles) 15 nitrate-nitrogen (N), mealy-cup sage. Interveinal chlorosis 1.0 phosphorus (P), 6.0 potassium (K), 5.0 calcium (Ca), 2.0 magnesium (Mg), and was reported as a symptom for Mg 2.0 sulfur (S) plus (micronutrient concentrations in micromoles) 72 iron (Fe), 18 deficiency (SePRO, 2000). Symptoms manganese (Mn), 3 copper (Cu), 3 zinc (Zn), 45 boron (B), and 0.1 molybdenum described for high electrical conduc- (Mo). Nutrient-deficient treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula tivity (EC) included necrotic foliage minus one of the nutrients. The B-toxicity treatment was induced by increasing the (Armitage et al., 1994) and leaf cup- element 10-fold higher than the complete nutrient formula. Reagent-grade chemicals and deionized (DI) water of 18 million ohms per centimeter purity were ping (SePRO, 2000). Thick veins on used to formulate treatment solutions. We monitored plants daily to document and young leaves with a gray or brown photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomol- coloration was due to high salts or ogy of nutrient disorders and corresponding tissue concentrations were deter- ammonium toxicity (Dreistadt, 2001; mined. Out of 13 treatments, 12 exhibited symptomology; Mo was asymptomatic. SePRO, 2000). Cool temperatures Symptoms of N, P, S, Ca, and K deficiencies and B toxicity manifested early; with reduced nutrition caused chlo- therefore, these disorders may be more likely problems encountered by growers. rosis (SePRO, 2000). Unique symptoms were observed on plants grown under N-, Cu-, and Zn-deficient With the lack of knowledge of conditions. Necrosis was a common symptom observed, but use of other diagnostic other nutritional problems that may criteria about location on the plant and progression of the disorder can aid growers occur with mealy-cup sage, growers in diagnosing nutrient disorders of mealy-cup sage. may face plant loss, increased cost, and wasted time if a nutritional prob- ach essential element taken up walls, is much more immobile; thus, lem arises in the greenhouse. There- by a plant serves to fulfill a spe- symptoms will typically appear in the fore, the objectives for this research Ecific physiological role, and upper foliage (Gibson et al., 2007). were to determine what nutrient- reduced (nutrient deficiency) or ex- While it is true that across the spec- disorder symptoms occur in mealy- cess (nutrient toxicity) levels of that trum of plant species many similarities cup sage and to elucidate threshold element often result in unique symp- exist in how each nutrient is used, not nutrient levels. tomology that may be used for di- all species will develop symptomology, agnostic purposes. The differences in and some crops may actually man- Materials and methods the specificity of the roles and accom- ifest unique symptomology (Nelson, The experiment was conducted panying nutritional disorders are illus- 2012). For example, Reuther and in a glass greenhouse in Raleigh, NC, trated with N and Ca deficiencies. An Labanauskas (1973) stated a species- at 35°N latitude. ‘Evolution’ mealy- important component of amino acids, specific approach is required to de- cup sage plugs (2.7 · 2.7 · 3.6 cm cell proteins, and nucleic acids (Briskin termine symptoms of Cu deficiency. size; Raker, Litchfield, MI) were sin- and Bloom, 2010), N is able to be To evaluate crops for the unique symp- gly transplanted into 5-inch-diameter translocated to actively growing re- toms of species-specific disorders, it (0.76 L vol.) plastic pots containing gions under N-deficient conditions, and symptomology typically manifests in the lower leaves. On the other hand, Ca, an important component of cell Units To convert U.S. to SI, To convert SI to U.S., We are grateful for the funding support provided by multiply by U.S. unit SI unit multiply by USDA-ARS and the Floriculture and Nursery Re- 29.5735 fl oz mL 0.0338 search Initiative, and we would like to thank Benary 0.3048 ft m 3.2808 for the mealy-cup sage seed, and to Doug Sturtz, Russ Friedrich, and Alycia Pittenger for nutrient analysis. 3.7854 gal L 0.2642 2.54 inch(es) cm 0.3937 1 Department of Horticultural Science, North Caro- 25.4 inch(es) mm 0.0394 lina State University, Box 7609, Raleigh, NC, 27695 28.3495 oz g 0.0353 2U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Re- 28,350 oz mg 3.5274 · 10–5 search Service, Application Technology Research 1 ppm mgÁkg–1 1 Unit, 2801 W. Bancroft, MS 604, Toledo, OH 43606 1 ppm mgÁL–1 1 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. (°F – 32) O 1.8 °F °C(1.8·C) + 32 502 • August 2012 22(4) acid-washed silica sand [Millersville diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid sampling. The remaining five potted #2 (0.8–1.2 mm diameter); Southern (FeDTPA), manganese chloride tet- plants were grown to document ad- Products and Silica Co., Hoffman, rahydrate (MnCl2Á4H2O), zinc chlo- vanced symptoms. Recently matured, NC] on 11 June 2009. Seedlings ride (ZnCl2), cupric chloride dihydrate fully expanded leaves were sampled to were fertilized with each irrigation (CuCl2ÁH2O), boric acid (H3BO3), evaluate the threshold tissue concen- using 150 mgÁL–1 N from 13N– and sodium molybdate dihydrate tration for each element. Harvested 0.9P–10.8K Cal-Mag (SQM North (Na2MoO4Á2H2O). Sodium hydrox- leaves were initially rinsed with DI America, Atlanta). Plants were grown ide (NaOH) was added to adjust the water, then washed in a solution of with 70 °F day and 65 °F night air pH to 6.0 (Barnes, 2010). 0.5 N HCl for 1 min and again rinsed temperature set points and ambient To induce nutrient-deficient with DI water. The remaining shoot light and natural photoperiods. Be- treatments, the plants were irrigated tissue was harvested separately. Roots cause symptoms of N, P, and Fe with complete nutrient solution ex- were discarded. Both sets of tissue manifested too early to obtain ade- cluding one of the nutrients. For were dried at 70 °C for at least 1 week, quate tissue, we grew additional plants macronutrients, because many of the and the dry weights were recorded in complete control and N-, P-, cations and anions listed above were (Table 2). After drying, fully expanded and Fe-deficient conditions to linked to a corresponding required leaf tissue was ground in a sample obtain adequate tissue with the fol- element, we used the salts potassium mill (Foss Tecator Cyclotecä;Ana- lowing exceptions. ‘Evolution’ mealy- chloride (KCl), calcium chloride lytical Instruments, Golden Valley, cup sage seeds were sown into a dihydrate (CaCl2Á2H2O), sodium ni- MN) to pass a £0.5-mm sieve. Tissue 72-plug (4.0 · 4.0 · 5.8 cm cell trate (NaNO3), sodium phosphate analysis for N was performed with dimensions) tray containing Fafard monobasic monohydrate (NaH2- a C–H–N analyzer (model 2400 series 4P (Conrad Fafard, Agawam, MA) PO4ÁH2O), sodium sulfate anhy- II; PerkinElmer, Norwalk, CT) by root substrate. These plants were drous (Na2SO4), and magnesium weighing 3.5 mg of dried tissue into installed in the previously described chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2Á6H2O) tin cups and placing it into the ana- manner on 9 Nov. 2009 into treat- in the stock solutions to supply the lyzer. Other nutrient concentrations ments for control, N-, P-, and Fe- missing element. In each case for were determined with inductively deficient conditions. macronutrients, the salt cations were coupled plasma optical emission spec- Treatments started immediately replaced with sodium (Na), and an- troscopy [(ICP-OES (model IRIS In- upon transplanting. An automated, ions were replaced with chloride (Cl). trepid II; Thermo Corp., Waltham, recirculating irrigation system was For micronutrients, the micronu- MA)]. Tissue concentration values ob- constructed out of 4-inch-diameter trient stock solution containing the tained from this experiment were com- PVC pipe [PVC (Charlotte Plastics, micronutrient salt was omitted from pared with optimum values (Table 3) Charlotte, NC)]. The system con- the solution. The B-toxicity treat- published by Mills and Jones (1996) sisted of 18 separate irrigation lines ment was conducted by increasing B for scarlet sage (Salvia splendens), an- (each 6 ft long). Each line contained concentration to 450 mM in the other bedding sage (Dole and Wilkins, eight openings on the top that con- Hoagland’s solution. Stock solutions 2005). The first experiment for all tained PVC funnels with 5-inch- were added to a 32-gal barrel partially treatments was ended on 28 July diameter openings that held the eight filled with DI water and then topped 2009. At termination any treatments pots for the elemental treatment; 13 up to 100 L using DI water. Irriga- that were symptomless were sampled lines contained the disorder treatments tion was automated using a drip for shoot dry weight and nutrient and five lines contained the control system equipped with sump-pumps concentrations of the recently ex- treatments.
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