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Waimea's Heritage Landscape: Using Gis to Communicate Change

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Waimea's Heritage Landscape: Using Gis to Communicate Change WAIMEA’S HERITAGE LANDSCAPE: USING GIS TO COMMUNICATE CHANGE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN SOUTH KOHALA, HAWAIʻI A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT HILO IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HERITAGE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY JUNE 2018 By Samuel Plunkett Jr. Thesis Committee: Kathleen Kawelu, Chairperson Jack Rossen Momi Naughton UMI Number: Copyright 2018 Samuel Plunkett Jr. All rights reserved. ii Dedicated in loving memory to family whom passed during this academic journey, Gleni, Cooper, and Glory, And To the Future Heritage Managers of Pae ʻĀina Hawaiʻi – Preserve Heritage by Protecting Hope iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: THESIS COMMITTEE: Kathleen Kawelu Jack Rossen Momi Eileen Naughton PAST INSTRUCTORS: Kalani Meineike Emalia Keahokalole Kekuewa Kikiloi Kelley Uyeoka EXPERT AND COMMUNITY COLLABORATORS Pomai Bertlemen Roland Reeves Keomailani Case Rick Gmirkin Charlie Kimura Lisa Marrack Gary Rapozo Chad Wiggins Kalani Flores OTHER ADVISORS Peter Mills Joseph Genz FOR KINDNESS AND ENCOURAGEMENT: Kamana Beamer iv ABSTRACT Hawaiʻi County’s Land Use Pattern Allocation Guideline map (LUPAG) show an increase in lands being allocated for urban development in the South Kohala District of Hawaiʻi Island. Being that land allocations, and subsequent zoning is created by a combination of Hawaiʻi State Land Use designations, and the Hawaiʻi County General Plan, this thesis addresses preservation and restoration of a region’s natural and cultural resources, and sense of place from a planning approach. In order to incorporate both cultural and environmental resources into an integrated plan, that also accounts for community input, I combine a cultural landscape approach with geographic information systems (GIS) to produce a Heritage Landscape Resource Inventory Model. Through this model I spatially re-present Waimea Kālana, a traditional land unit that occupied most of modern day South Kohala. In re-presenting Waimea Kālana, a geographic and cultural baseline was created which challenges current perceptions of place in order to invite planning participants (community and governmental) to consider layers of landscape significance from an earlier point in time. This project argues that this geo-cultural baseline could be used by the Waimea community to raise its collective heritage awareness and participate in land-use planning. By re-presenting cultural landscape attributes of Waimea Kālana on a GIS format, this project will spatially model interconnections between a variety of resources, articulate its cultural and natural significance, and exemplify how a community might turn statements of significance into community derived land-use guidelines. In effect this model aims help a community preserve its sense of place and sustainably manage its cultural, and natural resources for their benefit, and for the benefit of the future generations of Waimea, South Kohala, Hawaiʻi. v CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: ............................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTIONS ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 TEMPORAL PERCEPTION OF PLACE ................................................................................ 6 1.1.1. A Community, its Landscape and Sense of Place ............................................................ 7 1.2 WHAT IS A KĀLANA ............................................................................................................ 9 1.2.1 Network of Major Hawaiian Land Divisions................................................................... 11 1.2.2. Archipelago, Island, District, Ahupuaʻa and ʻIli............................................................. 12 1.2.3. Kālana and Moku ............................................................................................................ 12 1.3 RE-PRESENTING WAIMEA KĀLANA .............................................................................. 16 1.3.1 Method ............................................................................................................................. 16 1.3.2. Using GIS to Reflect Hawaiian Kingdom Land Records ............................................... 17 1.4 HERITAGE AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPES .................................................................. 24 1.4.1. Heritage ........................................................................................................................... 25 1.4.2. Cultural Landscapes and Heritage .................................................................................. 26 1.4.3. Waimea’s Heritage Landscape: Hawaiian Themes and Attributes ................................. 29 1.4.4. Why does Waimea need a Heritage Landscape Model? ................................................. 32 CHAPTER 2. LAND USE BACKGROUND .............................................................................. 34 2.1 ARRIVAL OF CATTLE AND JOHN PALMER PARKER I ............................................... 35 2.1.1. The First Cattle: From Kealakekua to Waimea .............................................................. 35 2.1.2. Parker Ranch: From Kamoku to Waimea Village .......................................................... 37 2.2 RICHARD SMART, MODERNIZATION, AND GROWTH: .............................................. 42 2.2.1. Parker Ranch Succession of Ownership and Management............................................. 43 2.2.2. Richard Smart ................................................................................................................. 45 2.3 DISCOURSE OF GROWTH AND CHANGE: PAKA PANIOLO ....................................... 46 2.3.1. Socio-Political and Economic Influences: 1957 – 1963 ................................................. 47 vi 2.3.2. Land Use and Politics: Tourism comes to the South Kohala Coastline ......................... 47 2.3.3. Local Drought and Economic Diversification ................................................................ 49 2.3.4. Growth: Discourse and a Shift in Community Composition .......................................... 51 2.4 POPULATION GROWTH AND LANDSCAPE PERCEPTION ......................................... 54 2.4.1. CDP and Apportionment................................................................................................. 54 2.4.2. TMKs and Piecemeal Historic Preservation ................................................................... 56 2.4.3. Perception of Place After 1960 and Summary ................................................................ 59 CHAPTER 3. GEO-CULTURAL BASELINE LAYERS ........................................................... 60 3.1 HERITAGE LANDSCAPE MAPPING METHODS ............................................................. 62 3.1.1. GIS, GPS, and Shapefile Resources ............................................................................... 62 3.1.2. Georeferencing Maps – Method ..................................................................................... 65 3.1.3. Inventory and Connectivity of an HLRIM...................................................................... 69 3.2 FABRIC OF WAIMEA’S LANDSCAPE .............................................................................. 69 3.2.1 Topography: Waimea Plain-Plateau and Visual Resource Management ........................ 71 3.2.2. Fabric: Puʻu and Boundaries ........................................................................................... 76 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION ......................................................................... 79 3.3.1 Historic Vegetation Patterns and Land Use ..................................................................... 82 3.4 ʻIlI CONFIGURATION: WATERSHEDS & AQUIFERS .................................................... 85 3.4.1. ʻIli of Waimea Kālana Share Resource Characteristics of Ahupuaʻa ............................. 86 3.4.2. Puʻukapu as a Lateral, Capping, and Forested Watershed.............................................. 88 3.4.3. Mauka – Makai Water Resources: Watersheds and Aquifers ........................................ 91 3.4.4. Water at the Coast: Bays, Anchialine Pools, and Fishponds .......................................... 96 3.5 TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE (SCALABLE CASE STUDY) .................................... 100 3.5.1. Method of Georeferencing Maps and Drawing Polygons ............................................ 101 3.5.2. Four Field Complexes: Polygons and Descriptions ...................................................... 102 3.5.3. Field Complex 3: Waimea’s Unique Supplemental Irrigation System ......................... 114 3.5.4. Akona ʻAuwai: Irrigation, Place Names, and Land Use Case Study............................ 115 CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................
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