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Introduced Animals in the Diets of the Ogasawara Buzzard, an Endemic Insular Raptor in the Pacific Ocean

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Introduced Animals in the Diets of the Ogasawara Buzzard, an Endemic Insular Raptor in the Pacific Ocean JUNE2005 SNORTCOMMUNiCaTiOnS 173 OSTERLOFF,S. 1977. Migration,wintering areas, and site SWENSON,J.E. 1979.The relationshipbetween prey spe- tenacity of the European Osprey,Pandion haliaetus ha- cies ecologyand dive successin Ospreys.Auk 96:408- liaetus(L.). Ornis Scan&8:60-78. 412. PREVOST,Y. 1982. The wintering ecologyof Osprey in Se- THIBAULT,J.-C., R. TRIAY,P.L. BEAUBRUN,D. POUKHALFA, negambia. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Edinburgh, Ed- J.-M. DOMINICI,AND A. TORRE.1996. Osprey (Pan&on inburgh, U.K. haliaetus) in the Mediterranean: characteristics of a P•WSON,D.S. 1952. Mean depth and the fish production resident population with a patchy distribution. Pages of large lakes. Ecology33:513-521. 135-144 inJ. Muntaner andJ. Mayol lEDS.], Ecolog•a RmER, R.A. 1982. The morphoedaphic index-use,abuse, y conservacion de las rapaces Mediterraneas. SEO, and fundamental concepts. Trans.Am. Fish. Soc.111: Madrid, Spain. 154-164. V2u,•D)d•LE, LJ 2U,•DH.A. V2U,•D)d•L•. 1982. Factors af- SANCHORo¾o, F. aND C. GP,•tN•.DOS.1988. La pesca en los embalses andaluces. Instituto de Desarrollo Re- fecting the productivity of Ospreys nesting in west- central Idaho. Condor 84:292-299. gional de la Univ. Sevilla,Sevilla, Spain. V2U,•A-MtLL•R,S.L. 1987. Habitat suitabilityindex models. S^URODt,P. 1994. African non-breeding areas of Fenno- scandianOspreys (Pandion haliaetus). Ostrich 65:127- Osprey. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC U.S.A. 136. STATISTICA. 1986. Version 5. StarSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK U.S.A. Received 11 February 2004; accepted 5 March 2005 j. RaptorRes. 39(2):173-179 ¸ 2005 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc. INTRODUCED ANIMALS IN THE DIETS OF THE OGASAWARABUZZARD, AN ENDEMIC INSULAR RAPTOR IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN YUKA KATO 1 AND TADASHI SUZUKI Departmentof BiologicalSdences, Tohyo Metropolitan University, Minami-ohsawa 1-1, Hachi-ohji, Tohyo192-0397Japan KEYWORDS: CommonBuzzard; Buteo buteo toyoshimai; tal changes as are many other insular predators (e.g., gnsularsubspecies; diet;, introduced animals; Bonin Islands; Cade andJones 1993). Therefore, ecologicalinformation OgasawaraIslands. including dietary data are needed to develop conserva- tion strategiesfor the population. However, little infor- The Ogasawarabuzzard (Buteobuteo toyoshimai) is an mation on the food habits of the Ogasawarabuzzard are •nsular subspeciesof the Common Buzzard (B. buteo),en- currently available. demic to the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, in the Pacific Many researchershave investigatedthe diet of the con- Ocean (Momiyama1927, Ornithological Society of Japan tinental subspeciesof the Common Buzzard, especially 2002). This hawk may be distinguishedfrom a closely- in Europe. As a result, the Common Buzzard is well related subspecies,the Japanese Common Buzzard (B. known to capture and consume various kinds of inver- buteojaponicus), by its lessbrown or lighter plumage, a tebrates and small- to medium-sized vertebrates. Com- longer bill, and shorter wings and tarsi (Momiyama mon prey include reptiles, birds, and rodents depending 1927). The distributionof the Ogasawarabuzzard is very on environmental conditions (e.g., Cramp and Simmons restricted, and this hawk is classifiedas endangered in 1980, del Hoyo et al. 1994, Jedrzejewski et al. 1994, Japan (Ministry of Environment 2002). Recently,Suzuki Swann and Etheridge 1995, Reif et al. 2001, Sergio et al. and Kato (2000) reported on the abundance of the Oga- 2002). sawara buzzard on Chichijima, and estimated that less The native fauna of the Ogasawara(Bonin) Islandswas than 85 pairs of this subspeciesinhabited the Ogasawara originally characterized by low speciesrichness because Islands. of the island'svolcanic origin, and its small size and rel- Insular raptors are likely to be sensitiveto environmen- atively great distance from the other islands and main- land of Japan (Tsuyamaand Asami 1970). Human colo- • Email address:[email protected] nization of the islands began in the 1830s. After that 174 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS VOL. 39, NO. 2 ume, it was likely that a number of exotic animals were introduced intentionally or unintentionally. Some of these introduced specieshave become very common. Conversely,many native animals have become extinct. For example, about a third of breeding land birds have gone extinct (Ornithological Societyof Japan 2002). As a result, the present fauna of the OgasawaraIslands is composed of a mix of introduced exotic speciesand some survivingnative species. Several authors have incidentally reported that the Ogasawarabuzzard consumedrodents, some birds, green anoles (Anolis carolinensis),and marine toads ( Bufo maN- nus;Takano et al. 1970,Wild Bird Societyof Japan 1975, Nakane et al. 1980, Ueda and deforest 1988, Suzuki and Chiba 1995, Kawakami2000). Villagers alsoreported that this buzzard preyed upon domesticfowls (Suzuki 1982) and migrant egrets (Egrettasp. and Bulbulcusibis; Y. Iida pers. comm.). Despite these anecdotalreports, the food habits of the Ogasawarabuzzard have not received any ßr' , 3p_]?he quantitativestudy. Here, we provide quantitativedata on the diet of the Ogasawara buzzard, derived from a broader ecological study of this endemic insular raptor. We also describe ,• (Bonin)IIa•ds someof the basicecology of this species,information that is necessaryto provide for its conservation. METHODS Study Area. The Ogasawara(Bonin) Islands are com- posed of three island groups and situated in the Pacific 13• 140151 Ocean, ca. 1000 km south of the mainland of Japan (Fig. 1). It has a volcanicorigin and subtropicalclimates, with Figure 1. The location of the study area, Ogasawara an annual mean temperatureand rainfall of 23.0øCand (Bonin) Islands. 1333 mm, respectively(means from 1986-99 at Chichi- j•ma Observatory). Chichijima (ca. 27øN,142øE), where we studiedthe di- ets of the Ogasawarabuzzard, is the largest island of the Introduced animals (Table 1; see Tomiyama1998) are OgasawaraIslands and 24 km2 in area with a high ele- very common now in the islands as well as introduced vation of 326 m. Chichijima was extensivelydeforested invertebrates,such as European honeybees(Apis melh- from the late 1880s to the mid 1900s (Katahira 1981). fera) and African giant snails (Achatinafulica). Norway Today,Chichijima is generallycovered with relativelylow rats (Rattusnorvegicus) have also been recorded as intro- vegetation.About 73% of Chichijima is regeneratedna- duced rodents on the OgasawaraIslands, but recently uve forests and scrubs, and the rest includes coastal for- have not been found in Chichijima. ests, exotic low shrubs (Leucaenaleucocephala), grasses Data Collection. Data were collected by two methods: (Stachytarphetajamaicensis), and residentialareas; canopy (1) observationof hunting or carrying behaviorby buz- trees in all areasconsist of native and introduced species zardsfrom fixed points and (2) observationat nestsites that do not exceed 15 m in height (Shimizu and Tabata We conductedgeneral behavioralobservations, prey-car- 1991). rying and hunting behavior for 491 hr in January-June Land Animals on Chichijima. In addition to the extant in 2000, 543 hr throughout 2001, and 668 hr in 2002. native migratory and introduced land vertebrates in We alsoincluded opportunisticobservations in 1998 and Chichijima (Table 1) and accidental visitors of birds, 1999. The buzzards were observed with binoculars (8X) some breeding seabirdsare also found on the islands. and/or a telescope(60X). We pooled all data, because Nonbreeding visitorsare infrequent and breeding sea- sample size in each year was small. We observedfour birds occur in a relativelyrestricted seasonof the year nestson cliffs during 148.9 hr in May-June in 2000 and depending on the species(e.g., Momiyama 1930, Chiba one nest for a total of 28.8 hr in May-June in 2001. We and Funatsu 1991, Ornithological Societyof Japan 2002, watched those nests from hides, which were more than Kato pers. observ.). 300 m away.Prey items brought to the nestswere iden- The native land invertebratesinclude about 236 spe- tified with a telescope(60X). We took care not to disturb cies of insects and 63 speciesof land snails, although the nestingactivity; we generallystopped the observation many of these have exhibited declines in numbers or al- when a parent on the nest noticed us, or a parent outside ready have gone extinct (Kurozumi 1988, Kato 1991). the nest displayed an alarm for more than 5 min. Data JUNE 2005 SHORTCOMMUNICATIONS 175 Table 1. Presentfauna of resident land vertebrateson Chichijima, the Ogasawara(Bonin) Islands. SPECIES STATUS 1 Mammals Ogasawarafruit bat (Pteropuspeslaphon) Native Feral goat (Capra hircus) Introduced Feral cat (Felis catus) Introduced Black rat (Rattus rattus•) Introduced House mouse ( Mus musculus) Introduced Birds Brown-cheekedBulbul ( Hypsipetesamaurotis) Native Bull-headed Shrike ( Lanius bucephalus) Recent immigrant Bush Warbler (Cettia diphone) Native Japanese White-eye (Zosteropsjaponicus) Introduced Rock Thrush ( Monticola solitarius) Native White's Ground Thrush (Zootheradauma) Recent immigrant JapaneseWood Pigeon (C01umbajanthina) Native Common Buzzard ( Buteo buteo) Native Rep61es Ogasawarasnake-eyed skink (Crypt0blepharusboutonii) Native Green anole (Anolis carolinensis) Introduced House gecko (Hemidactylusfrenatus) Introduced Morning gecko ( Lepidodactyluslugubris) Introduced Brahminy blind snake (Typh010psbraminus) ? Amphibians Marine toad (Bufo marinus) Introduced Categorizationsare referredfrom Tsuyamaand Asami(1970), and the OgasawaraNatural Environment Study Group (1992). Another introducedrat,
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