CONTENTS

GEOGRAPHY 2 3 POVERTY AND 6 SERVICES AND INCOME 26 INFRASTRUCTURE 48 INTRODUCTION 3 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT WATER 51 INDEX (HDI) 29 SANITATION 52 DEVELOPMENT GOALS 4 GINI COEFFICIENT 30 REFUSE 53 PEOPLE IN POVERTY 31 LIGHTING 54 1 ECONOMIC EDUCATION 32 HOUSING 55 GROWTH AND HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE 33 TELEPHONE 56 TRANSFORMATION 10 DISPOSABLE INCOME 34 REGIONAL GROSS DOMESTIC 7 HEALTH 58 PRODUCT (GDP-R) 14 4 LABOUR MARKET 36 HIV/AIDS 61 GROSS VALUE ADDED (GVA) 15 LABOUR FORCE 39 TUBERCULOSIS (TB) 62 GROSS OPERATING SURPLUS UNEMPLOYMENT 40 (GOS) 16 EMPLOYMENT 41 8 DEVELOPMENT TOTAL OUTPUT 17 INDICATORS 64 INTERMEDIATE CONSUMPTION 5 CRIME 42 EXPENDITURE 18 MURDER AND SEXUAL TRESS INDEX 19 CRIMES 45 ROBBERY 46 20 2 DEMOGRAPHICS DRIVING UNDER THE POPULATION 23 INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL AND HOUSEHOLDS 24 DRUG-RELATED CRIMES 47 2 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

GEOGRAPHY

EASTERN CAPE: DISTRICT COUNCILS ALFRED NZO DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

JOE GQABI DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

OR TAMBO DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY CHRIS HANI DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

BUFFALO CITY METRO

CACADU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

NELSON MANDELA BAY METRO

CHRIS HANI DISTRICT: MAIN PLACES

Inkwanca Local Municipality Emalahleni Local Municipality Sakhisizwe Local Municipality

Engcobo Local Municipality

Intsika Yethu Local Municipality Lukanji Local Municipality Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality Tsolwana Local Municipality 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 3

INTRODUCTION

The Chris Hani District Municipality is landlocked and is located in the north‐eastern sector of the Eastern Cape. It includes parts of the former homelands and South Africa.

The district includes major mountain ranges – the Stormberg been downward, largely because of the lower life expectancy and Bamboesberg Mountains near Sterkstroom and Molteno, resulting from the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In 2013 the district’s HDI as well as the Drakensberg north of Elliot. was 0.48 which was less than both the provincial and the South African average. Middelburg and Cradock form part of the “Karoo Heartland” tourism region which includes the Valley of Desolation, game In 2013 there were nearly 526 270 people living in poverty in reserves, mountain hiking trails, aloe trails, and heritage tours the Chris Hani district, representing 66% of the district’s local in the Graaff‐Reinet, Middelburg and Cradock areas, which population. The number of people living in poverty is declining, provide for an integrated and unique tourism zone, set in the however, and since 2005 has declined by an annual average of ‐0.8%. Karoo landscape. The illiteracy rate in the Chris Hani district is relatively high with Queenstown forms part of the “Friendly N6” and “Maluti over 21.6% of the population being functionally illiterate. The Routes” which extend from East London, northwards along the number of people aged 15 years or older without any schooling N6, through Queenstown into the scenic mountain areas of is a matter of concern. Fortunately, this has been coming down. Lady Grey, Barkly East and Maclear, including the ski slopes near In 1995 more than 107 000 adults had not received any schooling. Rhodes and the trout fishing trails. This figure dropped to just over 75 000 in 2013 or 9% of the population as opposed to 13% in 1995. This figure is higher than The economy of the Chris Hani district is relatively small, con- that of the Eastern Cape which stands at 7.2% and also higher tributing only 0.5% of the South African economy and 7.2% of than that of South Africa at 6.3%. the Eastern Cape economy. Crime in the Chris Hani district has generally been on a downward The performance of the Chris Hani district has been satisfactory trend since 2004. The unweighted decline has been 0.89% pa since over the past decade or so, with an average annual growth rate 2004, while the decline for South Africa was an average of ‐2.1% pa from 2000 to 2013 of 2.7%. The 2008–09 recession had a marginal and ‐0.3% pa for the Eastern Cape. effect on overall performance and growth rates dropped by ‐0.9%. This is in comparison with the national average at 3.2% and the The South African Constitution states that municipalities have provincial average at 3%. However, the recovery has been slower the responsibility to make sure that all citizens are provided with with a growth rate of only 1.9% in 2013 (in comparison with South services to satisfy their basic needs. Improving access to services African and Eastern Cape average annual growth rates of 3.1 and has a crucial role to play in alleviating poverty, improving health 2.4% respectively). and wellbeing and ensuring the dignity of people. The term “services” broadly refers to infrastructure, in particular, civil and The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic used electrical engineering infrastructure. Only 17% of households for ranking by level of “human development”. It is a comparative in the Chris Hani district have piped water inside their dwelling measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standard of with another 18% having piped water inside their yard. Almost a living for countries, regions, provinces, cities and even villages quarter rely on natural water sources, with the majority relying worldwide. It is therefore a standard means of measuring well- on a community tap. In the Chris Hani district the proportion of being. In South Africa the HDI dropped from 0.627 in 1995 to households with access to electricity is less than in the Eastern 0.553 in 2013. However, the index has been fairly constant for Cape, although the proportion increased from just under one‐third the past few years. The HDI in the Eastern Cape has been lower in 1995 to 70% in 2013. The number of households that rely on than South Africa’s HDI since 1995 and dropped from 0.582 paraffin has declined from 44 to 16%. (1995) to 0.503 (2013). The trend for the past five years has

6 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES 2014-2030

This district profile is being developed as the province is completing its Vision 2030 Provincial Development Plan (PDP) and there is an overall adopted National Development Plan (NDP). It is important that that the data in this plan is placed within an overall national and provincial context. This section provides brief summaries of the NDP and the PDP.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The National Development Plan was launched as an overarching Progress over the next two decades means doing things long term plan in 2011 and adopted by government in 2012. differently. Given the complexity of national development, the plan sets out six interlinked priorities: The National Development Plan aims to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 2030. The plan states that South Africa 1) Uniting South Africans of all races and classes around a can realise these goals by drawing on the energies of its people, common programme to eliminate poverty and reduce growing an inclusive economy, building capabilities, enhancing inequality. the capacity of the state, and promoting leadership and partner- 2) Encourage citizens to be active in their own development, ships throughout society. in strengthening democracy and in holding their government accountable. To accelerate progress, deepen democracy and build a more 3) Raising economic growth, promoting exports and making inclusive society, South Africa must translate political the economy more labour absorbing. emancipation into economic wellbeing for all. It is up to all 4) Focusing on key capabilities of both people and the state South Africans to fix the future, starting today. This plan • Capabilities include skills, infrastructure, social security, envisions a South Africa where everyone feels free yet bounded strong institutions and partnerships both within the to others; where everyone embraces their full potential, a country and with key international partners. country where opportunity is determined not by birth, but by 5) Building a capable and developmental state. ability, education and hard work. 6) Strong leadership throughout society that work together to solve our problems. Realising such a society will require transformation of the economy and focused efforts to build the country’s capabilities. To eliminate poverty and reduce inequality, the economy must grow faster and in ways that benefit all South Africans. In particular, young people deserve better educational and economic opportunities, and focused efforts are required to eliminate gender inequality. Promoting gender equality and greater opportunities for young people are integrated themes that run throughout this plan. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 7

THE NDP IN BRIEF

By 2030 South Africa should:

Eliminate income poverty - Reduce the proportion of households with a monthly income below R419 per person (in 2009 prices) from 39% to zero.

Reduce inequality - The Gini coefficient should fall from 0.69 to 0.60.

Enabling milestones

• Increase employment from 13 • Provide affordable access to quality • Ensure household food and million in 2010 to 24 million in 2030. health care while promoting health nutrition security. • Raise per capita income from and wellbeing. • Entrench a social security system R50 000 in 2010 to R120 000 by 2030. • Establish effective, safe and covering all working people, with • Increase the share of national affordable public transport. social protection for the poor and income of the bottom 40% from 6% • Produce sufficient energy to other groups, such as children and to 10%. support industry at competitive people with disabilities in need. • Establish a competitive base of prices, ensuring access for poor • Realise a developmental, capable infrastructure, human resources households, while reducing and ethical state that treats citizens and regulatory frameworks. carbon emissions per unit of with dignity. • Ensure that skilled, technical, power by about one-third. • Ensure that all people live safely, professional and managerial posts • Ensure that all South Africans have with an independent and fair better reflect the country’s racial, access to clean running water in criminal justice system. gender and disability makeup. their homes. • Broaden social cohesion and unity • Broaden ownership of assets to • Make high-speed broadband while redressing the inequities of historically disadvantaged groups. internet universally available at the past. • Increase the quality of education competitive prices. • Play a leading role in continental so that all children have at least • Realise a food trade surplus, with development, economic integration two years of preschool education one-third produced by small-scale and human rights. and all children in Grade 3 can farmers or households. read and write.

Critical actions

1) A social compact to reduce lower the risk of hiring younger transport, energy and water. poverty and inequality and raise workers. 8) Interventions to ensure employment and investment. 5) An education accountability chain, environmental sustainability and 2) A strategy to address poverty and with lines of responsibility from resilience to future shocks. its impacts by broadening access state to classroom. 9) New spatial norms and standards - to employment, strengthening 6) Phase in national health insurance, densifying cities, improving the social wage, improving public with a focus on upgrading public transport, locating jobs where transport and raising rural incomes. health facilities, producing more people live, upgrading informal 3) Steps by the state to professionalise health professionals and reducing the settlements and fixing housing the public service, strengthen relative cost of private health care. market gaps. accountability, improve coordination 7) Public infrastructure investment 10) Reduce crime by strengthening and prosecute corruption. at 10% of gross domestic product criminal justice and improving 4) Boost private investment in labour- (GDP), financed through tariffs, community environments. intensive areas, competitiveness public-private partnerships, taxes and exports, with adjustments to and loans and focused on 8 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The provincial vision and long term plan is intended to mobilise social and economic justice; be culturally sensitive; encourage all citizens and sectors of the Eastern Cape around a common citizen participation and co-responsibility for development; vision. The aim is to provide an opportunity for revisiting social promote ethical, integrated multi-agent action; respect evidence partnerships and develop common goals among citizens, civil and critical deliberation; and take accountability seriously, society, the state and the private sector. The plan also seeks to the following goals are core to the Eastern Cape Provincial promote mutual accountability between stakeholders and to Development Plan: enable coherence of the three spheres of the state. 1) Redistributive, inclusive and spatially equitable economic Based on the National Development Plan, the Provincial development and growth - prioritising investments in, and Development Plan seeks to outline a development path for the development of, rural regions to address need and the province. It sets the development agenda and priorities structural deficiencies, as well as tap potential. for the next 15 years (2015-2030), building on the Provincial 2) Quality Health - fundamental to human functionality Growth and Development Plan of 2004-2014. It proposes and progress. key programmes and projects for implementation up to 2030 3) Education, Training & Innovation - pivotal to human and suggests institutional arrangements for implementation, development, societal well-being and a regenerative, monitoring and reporting. This draft plan is the outcome of a two self-sustaining civilisation. year long process of engagement with people and stakeholders 4) Vibrant, cohesive communities - with access to decent of the province and beyond. housing, amenities and services. 5) Institutional Capabilities - important to underpinning Departing from a premise that the province must confront the the developmental agency of both state and non- structural features hobbling the provincial economy; privilege state institutions.

THE GOALS ARE SHOWN GRAPHICALLY IN THE FIGURE BELOW

GOAL 1 GOAL 2 GOAL 3 AN INCLUSIVE, A HEALTHY AN EDUCATED, EQUITABLE AND POPULATION INNOVATIVE GROWING ECONOMY CITIZENRY

GOAL 4 VIBRANT, COHESIVE COMMUNITIES

GOAL 5 CAPABLE, CONSCIENTIOUS AND ACCOUNTABLE INSTITUTIONS

RURAL DEVELOPMENT BIAS UNTIL SPATIAL EQUITY IS ESTABLISHED 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 9

GOALS UNPACKED

GOAL 1: AN INCLUSIVE, EQUITABLE AND GOAL 4: VIBRANT, COHESIVE COMMUNITIES GROWING ECONOMY This goal seeks to generate a shift from a focus on state-driven This goal emphasises a larger and more efficient provincial housing delivery to one that that enables people to make their economy, increased employment, and reduced inequalities. own decisions, build their own liveable places and transform This goal deals with: rural development; economic infrastructure; spatial patterns. The proposals deal with transformed human land reform; industry and enterprise support; and economic settlements, spatial planning and land use management, regional sector development. Proposals for priority interventions are development, social infrastructure and community safety. district-specific. GOAL 5: CAPABLE, CONSCIENTIOUS AND GOAL 2: A HEALTHY POPULATION ACCOUNTABLE INSTITUTIONS This goal targets a healthy population through an improved This goal seeks to build capable, resilient and accountable healthcare system. The system should move from being hospital- institutions to champion rapid inclusive development. The centric to focusing on a primary care system that is integrated proposals deal with the creation of capable provincial and local across primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. The proposals government; leadership renewal across society; citizen-centred include: primary health care and strengthening of district development and multi-agency partnerships. health systems; improvement of leadership across the sector; infrastructure and facility improvement; health workforce Achievement of the vision is impossible without concurrent, planning and the social determinants of health. systemic and continuous interaction between an inclusive and equitable economy, a healthy population, an educated, innovative GOAL 3: AN EDUCATED, INNOVATIVE CITIZENRY citizenry, vibrant communities and capable, conscientious and This goal seeks to ensure that people are empowered to define accountable institutions. There are complex interrelations their identity, are capable of sustaining their livelihoods, living between the goals, as well as the objectives and strategic actions healthy lives and raising healthy families, developing a just proposed in this plan. society and economy, and playing an effective role in the politics and governance of their communities. The proposals deal RURAL DEVELOPMENT BIAS with: access to and quality of early childhood development; Given that over 70% of the population is rural, the fortunes basic education and training, including foundation phase literacy of the province are inherently bound up with the future of its and numeracy, mother-tongue education, teacher development, rural areas. While urbanisation is an undeniable trend, we improved leadership, management and governance and infra- estimate that the majority of the population will still be outside of structure. For the post school education and training sector, it the metropolitan areas in 2030. The Eastern Cape is set to remain addresses adult education and training, community colleges, a rural province for the foreseeable future and therefore rural technical and vocational education training, universities and development is a key priority and has been integrated into all research and innovation. of the goal areas.

12 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION

The goal of a growing and inclusive economy includes a larger and more efficient provincial economy, more employment, and reduced inequalities of income and wealth.

Economic priorities in the PDP are:

• Agriculture • Mining and Energy • Construction • Manufacturing • Tourism • Social economy • Knowledge-based services

The economic potential of a region will depend on a number of things, such as:

• Natural resources (such as minerals, arable land and water). • Distance from major markets. • Existing economic infrastructure and how it will be developed in future. • Existing competitive advantages, as revealed by existing enterprise activity in the region. • How well we are able to build on existing competitive advantages and create new competitive advantages.

This last point is crucial: competitive advantages are created and dynamic, not God-given. They require, for example, careful planning, resource mobilisation, effective state support and conducive macroeconomic (and other enabling) conditions. These are impossible to predict with any degree of certainty. For example, ten years ago the “game-changing” impact of shale-gas on this province was not on anyone’s radar and remains uncertain as to its spatial footprint (because we are still at early stage exploration).

This section outlines key indicators for economic growth and transformation in the district. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 13

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES

Agriculture:

The region has high agricultural potential based on: • Dams and irrigation schemes: Ncora, Qamata, Shiloh, Bilatye • Potatoes near Elliot • Beef, dairy, sheep and goats • Lukhanji Agro-industrial SEZ • Indwe Dam and Guba farms • Cradock biofuels • Forestry

Mining and minerals:

The shale-gas industry might become active in this region. There is potential from the Molteno-Indwe Coal Field (Elitheni Coal). There are also aggregates and clay.

Construction:

This has potential based on: • Small towns development • New irrigation and cold chains • Irrigation scheme rehabilitation and extensions, de-silting and raising dam walls • Eradication of social infrastructure backlogs

Manufacturing industry:

Agro-processing and new-generation products.

Tourism:

There is potential around the District Heritage route and the Mountain Zebra National Park (and provincial nature reserves).

Knowledge-based services:

ICT, business services, FET college. 14 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

REGIONAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP­‐R)

The economy of the Chris Hani district is relatively small, REGIONAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP-R) contributing only 0.6% to the South African economy and GDP-R % CHANGE IN GDP-R (Y/Y) 7.3% to the Eastern Cape economy. The performance of the Chris Hani district has been satisfactory over the 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 past decade or so, with an average annual growth rate 12 000 7.00 6.00 from 2000 to 2013 of 2.7%. The 2008–09 recession had a 10 000 marginal effect on overall performance and growth rates 5.00 dropped by ‐0.8% compared with the national average 8 000 4.00 of ‐1.5% and the provincial average of ‐1%. However, the 3.00 6 000 recovery has been faster, with a growth rate of 2.2% in 2013 2.00 % Change (y/y) % Change (as opposed to a South African average annual growth rate R (Rm 2005 prices) ­‐ 4 000 1.00 of 1.9% and an Eastern Cape average annual growth rate GDP 0.00 2 000 of 1.6 %).The tertiary sector is themunicipality’s largest -1.00 contributor to its economy, contributing 85%. This is -2.00 followed by the secondary sector (12.2%) and the primary sector (2.2%).

REGIONAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP-R)

GDP-R PER CAPITA DISTRIBUTION OF GDP-R

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2 000 8.20

1 800 8.00 1 600 7.80 1 400

1 200 7.60 1 000 7.40 800 R as percentage of EC (%) of EC R as percentage R per Capita (R 2005 prices) Capita R per 600 7.20 ­ GDP- ­ GDP- 400 7.00 200 6.80

DEFINITION: GDP-R % Change GDP-R per GDP-R as % Market value of all final goods and services produced within a (Rm 2005 (y/y) Capita (R of Eastern region in a given period of time. Real GDP‐R is the nominal GDP prices) 2005 prices) Cape (%) adjusted for inflation. 2009 10 415 -0.80 1 651 7.41 DATA SOURCE: Quantec*; StatsSA 2010 10 615 1.92 1 683 7.55 DATA NOTE: 2011 10 938 3.05 1 734 7.78 GDP‐R is calculated using the national ratio of gross value added to GDP at market prices and gross value added (GVA) for each 2012 11 190 2.30 1 774 7.96 location. Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a 2013 11 350 1.42 1 799 8.08 percentage of the provincial total for the variable in question.

2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 15

GROSS VALUE ADDED (GVA)

GROSS VALUE ADDED (GVA) Gross value added (GVA) measures the contribution to the

GVA % CHANGE IN GVA (Y/Y) DISTRIBUTION OF GVA economy of each individual producer, industry or sector in a region. It is used in the estimation of gross domestic 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 product (GDP). 12 000 8.00 7.00 GVA = GDP – taxes on products + subsidies on products 10 000 6.00 5.00 8 000 The tertiary sector is dominated by general government 4.00 (34.%) and community, social and personal services 6 000 3.00 (11.04%). Both these sectors rely largely on government 2.00 spending in the area. The general government sector has 4 000 GVA (Rm, 2005) prices) GVA 1.00 grown an average of (3.06%) since 2005. Government 0.00 services contribute to (21%) to the sector in the Eastern 2 000 -1.00 Cape and almost (15%) to sector in South Africa. Community % Change (y/y) GVA as percentage of EC (%) of EC as percentage (y/y) GVA % Change services have exhibited strong growth since 1995 at an -2.00 average annual growth rate of 2.85.%. Business services contribute 9.4% to the economy of the Chris Hani district.

GROSS VALUE ADDED (GVA) PER SECTOR (2013)

Rm, 2005 prices

200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200 1 400

General government

Community, social and personal services Finance, insurance, real estate and business services Transport, storage and communication Wholesale and retail trade, catering and accommodation

Construction

Electricity, gas and water

Manufacturing

Mining and quarrying

Agriculture, forestry and fishing

GVA % Change GVA as % of DEFINITION: (Rm 2005 (y/y) Eastern Cape Gross value added (GVA) for a region includes the prices) (%) compensation of employees, the net operating surplus, the consumption of fixed capital (gross value added at fixed 2009 9 314 ‐0.62 7.41 costs), other taxes on production less other subsidies on 2010 9 487 1.86 7.37 production (gross value added at basic prices) in that region. SIC refers to the Standard Industrial Classification of all 2011 9 761 2.88 7.33 Economic Activities, is based upon the latest (third revision which appeared in 1990) International Standard Industrial 2012 9 983 2.27 7.30 Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC) with suitable 2013 10 123 1.40 7.29 adaptations for local conditions and is published by StatsSA. DATA SOURCE: Quantec*; StatsSA

DATA NOTE: Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a percentage of the provincial total for the variable in question. 16 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

GROSS OPERATING SURPLUS (GOS)

Profits are an important economic measure in that they GROSS OPERATING SURPLUS (GOS) reflect the extent to which firms are sustainable in the GOS % CHANGE IN GOS (Y/Y) long term. If firms are relatively more profitable in one country or region than others in the long run, new firms 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 will then tend to relocate or establish themselves in 4 500 12.00 that area. 4 000 10.00 3 500 Gross operating surplus (GOS) is the surplus generated by 8.00 an enterprise’s operations and activities after the labour 3 000 factor input has been recompensed. Although GOS is not 2 500 6.00 exactly the same as profits, it is used as a proxy and is useful 2 000 4.00 in trend and cross‐sectional analysis. It does not, however, (y/y) % Change take factors such as depreciation or tax into account. GOS (Rm, 2005 prices) 1 500 2.00 1 000 The Chris Hani district’s GOS was R4.2 billion in 2013, 0.00 contributing just over 0.5% of South Africa’s GOS and 500 6.7% of the Eastern Cape’s. -2.00

The sectors that contribute the most to the Chris Hani district’s GOS are: • Finance, insurance, real estate and business services [SIC: 8]: 27.17 % GROSS OPERATING SURPLUS (GOS) • Wholesale and retail trade, catering and accommodation [SIC: 6]: 21.63 % GOS DISTRIBUTION OF GOS • Transport, storage and communication 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 [SIC: 7]: 10.72% 4 500 8.00 • Community, social and personal services [SIC: 93-96, 98]: 14.02% 4 000 7.00 • General government [SIC: 99]: 7.78% 3 500 6.00

3 000 5.00

2 500 4.00

2 000 3.00

GOS (Rm, 2005 prices) 1 500 2.00 GOS as percentage of EC (%) of EC GOS as percentage 1 000 1.00

500 -

(1.00)

DEFINITION: GOS % Change (y/y) GOS as % of Gross operating surplus (GOS) is the income received by factors (Rm, 2005 prices) Eastern Cape (%) of production in the economy, i.e. rent, interest and profit by those who owns the production factors, taking into account 2009 3 908 ‐0.88 6.84 the value of the consumption of fixed capital. SIC refers to the 2010 4 057 3.82 6.79 Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities, is based upon the latest (third revision which appeared in 2011 4 111 1.32 6.74 1990) International Standard Industrial Classification of 2012 4 241 3.17 6.73 all Economic Activities (ISIC) with suitable adaptations for local conditions and is published by StatsSA. 2013 4 254 0.31 6.71

DATA SOURCE: Quantec*

DATA NOTE: Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a percentage of the provincial total for the variable in question. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 17

TOTAL OUTPUT

TOTAL OUTPUT Total output consists of goods and services that are produced

OUTPUT % CHANGE IN OUTPUT (Y/Y) within the economy. It involves food and services produced for own final use. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 25 000 8.00 Output has been increasing steadily since 2000, even during 7.00 2009 when the global recession had an impact on the South 20 000 6.00 African economy, the output of the district increased.

5.00 15 000 The Chris Hani district’s share of the Eastern Cape’s total 4.00 % Change (y/y) % Change output has grown from 6.29% in 2000 to just over 6.63% 10 000 3.00 Output (Rm, 2005 prices) in 2013. 2.00 5 000 1.00 The sectors with the largest output are: 0.00 - • General government [SIC: 99]: 25.68% • Finance, insurance, real estate and business services [SIC: 8]: 16.48% • Manufacturing [SIC: 3]: 15.42% • Community, social and personal services [SIC: 93-96, 98]: 13.89% TOTAL OUTPUT • Wholesale and retail trade, catering and OUTPUT DISTRIBUTION OF OUTPUT accommodation [SIC: 6]: 13.66%

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 In the Eastern Cape, the sectors with the largest 25 000 6.80 output are: 6.70 20 000 6.60 • Manufacturing [SIC: 3]: 29% 6.50 • Finance, insurance, real estate and business 15 000 6.40 services [SIC: 8]: 18% • General government [SIC: 99]: 17% 10 000 6.30 • Wholesale and retail trade, catering and

Output (Rm, 2005 prices) 6.20 accommodation [SIC: 6]: 11% 5 000 6.10 (%) of EC Output as a percentage • Community, social and personal services 6.00 - [SIC: 93-96, 98]: 9%

The sectors with the largest share of South Africa’s output are the following:

• Manufacturing [SIC: 3]: 24.7% • General government [SIC: 99]: 16% • Wholesale and retail trade, catering and accommodation [SIC: 6]: 12% • Transport, storage and communication [SIC: 7]: 8% • Mining and quarrying [SIC: 2]: 7%

Output % Change (y/y) Output as % of DEFINITION: (Rm, 2005 prices) Eastern Cape Total output of goods and services produced by a region, at basic (%) prices. SIC refers to the Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities, is based upon the latest (third revision which 2009 20 092 2.08 6.65 appeared in 1990) International Standard Industrial Classification 2010 20 773 3.39 6.67 of all Economic Activities (ISIC) with suitable adaptations for local conditions and is published by StatsSA. 2011 21 118 1.66 6.64 DATA SOURCE: Quantec*; StatsSA 2012 21 536 1.98 6.63 2013 21 916 1.76 6.63 DATA NOTE: Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a percentage of the provincial total for the variable in question. 18 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

INTERMEDIATE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE

Intermediate consumption expenditure includes the INTERMEDIATE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE inputs used to produce final goods and services. INT. CONSUMPTION % CHANGE IN INT. CONSUMPTION (Y/Y

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 The sectors with the largest intermediate consumption 10.00 expenditure include: 14 000 9.00 12 000 • General government [SIC: 99]: 22.76% 8.00 • Manufacturing [SIC: 3]: 21.11% 10 000 7.00 • Finance, insurance, real estate and business services 6.00 8 000 [SIC: 8]: 13.82% 5.00 • Community, social and personal services 6 000 4.00 % Change (y/y) % Change [SIC: 93-96, 98]: 13.80% 3.00 4 000 • Wholesale and retail trade, catering and 2.00 accommodation [SIC: 6]: 11.84% 2 000 1.00 intermediate consumption (Rm, 2005 prices) consumption intermediate 0.00 In the Eastern Cape, the sectors with the largest intermediate consumption expenditure are:

• Manufacturing [SIC: 3]: 38% • Finance, insurance, real estate and business services [SIC: 8]: 15% INTERMEDIATE CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE • General government [SIC: 99]: 14% • Wholesale and retail trade, catering and INT. CONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTION OF INT. CONSUMPTION

accommodation [SIC: 6]: 9% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 6.40 • Community, social and personal services 14 000 [SIC: 93-96, 98]: 8% 6.20 12 000

6.00 The sectors with the largest share of South Africa’s 10 000 intermediate consumption expenditure (per sector) 5.80 include: 8 000 5.60 6 000 • Manufacturing [SIC: 3]: 34.4% 5.40 • General government [SIC: 99]: 14% 4 000

• Wholesale and retail trade, catering and 5.20 2 000

accommodation [SIC: 6]: 9% (Rm, 2005 prices) consumption intermediate • Transport, storage and communication [SIC: 7]: 7% 5.00 EC (%) of as a percentage consumption Intermediate • Construction [SIC: 5]: 7%

DEFINITION: Int. consumption % Change (y/y) Int. consumption Intermediate consumption expenditure represents the value expenditure (Rm, expenditure as of goods and services that the producer purchases in order to 2005 prices) % of the Eastern produce other goods and services. SIC refers to the Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities, is based upon Cape (%) the latest (third revision which appeared in 1990) International 2009 10 777 4.54 6.11 Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC) with suitable adaptations for local conditions and is published 2010 11 286 4.72 6.18 by StatsSA. 2011 11 357 0.63 6.14 DATA SOURCE: Quantec*; StatsSA 2012 11 554 1.73 6.15

DATA NOTE: 2013 11 794 2.08 6.16 Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a percentage of the provincial total for the variable in question. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 19

TRESS INDEX

TRESS INDEX The sectoral composition of economic activity in a region

TRESS % CHANGE IN TRESS (Y/Y) is a good indication of the level of diversification or concentration of a region’s economy and can be measured 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0.80 by the so‐called tress index. A tress index of zero represents 79.50 a totally diversified economy. On the other hand, the higher 0.60 the index (closer to 100), the more concentrated or 79.00 vulnerable the region’s economy to exogenous variables, 0.40 such as adverse climatic conditions, commodity price 78.50 0.20 fluctuations, and so forth. 78.00 0.00 In 2013 the tress index for the Chris Hani district was % Change (y/y) % Change 78.90 compared to 73.0 for the Eastern Cape and 67.0 77.50 -0.20 Tress Index for 23 industries for Index Tress for South Africa. 77.00 -0.40

-0.60 76.50

INDUSTRY COMPOSITION BY SECTOR (2013)

Rm, 2005 prices

200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200 1 400 1 600

General government Community, social and personal services Finance, insurance, real estate and business services Transport, storage and communication Wholesale and retail trade, catering and accommodation Construction

Electricity, gas and water

Manufacturing

Mining and quarrying Agriculture, forestry and fishing

Tress Index % Change Tress Index % Change DEFINITION: for 23 (y/y) for 10 (y/y) The level of diversification or concentration of a region’s economy is industries industries measured by a tress index. A tress index of zero represents a totally diversified economy. On the other hand, the higher the index (closer 2009 77.90 0.52 54.10 0.93 to 100), the more concentrated or vulnerable the region’s economy 2010 77.70 ‐0.26 54.30 0.37 to exogenous variables, such as adverse climatic conditions, commodity price fluctuations, etc. 2011 78.10 0.51 54.70 0.74 DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 2012 78.50 0.51 55.10 0.73 2013 78.90 0.51 55.50 0.73 DATA NOTE: Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a percentage of the provincial total for the variable in question.

22 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

DEMOGRAPHICS

Demographics are about the population of a region and the culture of the people there. Demographic shifts tell us about the shifting composition of a region’s population. Demographic information allows us to plan for the future, allocate scarce resources and monitor the impact of policy, political and economic changes in society.

In 2014, three core demographic trends should inform planning in the Eastern Cape.

Population size has been nearly stagnant and the province has the largest outmigration of any province in the country. The Census 2011 results indicate that the Eastern Cape had a population of 6 562 053 in 2011, an increase of 6.7% on the 1996 population and 4.5% on the 2001 population. However, in relation to other provinces, the provincial share of the national population declined from 15.1% in 1996 to 12.7% in 2011. The declining proportion of the Eastern Cape population in the national total can be contrasted with increasing proportions in Gauteng and the Western Cape. These increased by 60.9% and 47.2% respectively from 1996 census figures. The declining proportion of the Eastern Cape population has already begun to impact negatively on the provincial fiscal allocation.

The Eastern Cape experiences large outmigration as evidenced by 2 million people born in the Eastern Cape now living in other provinces. Between 2001 and 2011 there was net out-migration of 325 078. The majority of those that leave the province move to Western Cape, Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal. Many rural municipalities in Chris Hani, Amathole and O R Tambo districts experienced population decline in the past ten years.

There has been a change in household structure in the past 15 years, towards smaller households, particularly in urban areas. Comparing census data from 1996, 2001 and 2011, household numbers have grown at a faster rate than the population growth rate, implying an accelerated rate of demand for household services. The Eastern Cape population grew by 5% compared to a 14% growth rate for households and the average household size has decreased from 4.7 to 3.7 persons per household. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 23

POPULATION

POPULATION Just under 12.1% of the population of the Eastern Cape

POPULATION % CHANGE IN POPULATION (Y/Y) lives in Chris Hani, representing less than 1.6% of South Africa’s population. In 2013 there were an estimated 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1.00 837 862 people living in the Chris Hani district. 842 000 840 000 The racial composition of the OR Tambo district is as follows: 838 000 836 000 0.50 • Black 94.0% 834 000 • Coloured 4.0% 832 000 • Asian 0.1% 830 000 • White 1.9% 0.00 % Change (y/y) % Change Number of people 828 000 The population of the Chris Hani district has been in 826 000 decline since 2004. The annual rate of population growth 824 000 -0.50 since 2005 has declined by about ‐0.02%. This is far below 822 000 the national and provincial averages.

From 2005 to 2013 the population groups grew at the following annual average: POPULATION BY AGE AND GENDER • Black 0.2% FEMALE 2000 MALE 2000 FEMALE 2010 MALE 2010 • Coloured -1.2% 80+ • Asian 2.7% 75-79 70-74 • White ‐2.1% 65-69 60-64 The Chris Hani district is relatively sparsely populated 2 55-59 with only 23 people per km compared to South Africa 50-54 with 42 people per km2 and the Eastern Cape with 41 45-49 people per km2. 40-44 35-39

Age group (years) group Age 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 05-09 00-04

Population % Change Population Population DEFINITION: (y/y) as % of density The population includes all inhabitants (both South African Eastern citizens and foreigners) of all races, gender and ages. Cape (%) DATA SOURCE: Quantec*; StatsSA 2009 831 634 ‐0.33 12.28 22.44 DATA NOTE: 2010 829 724 ‐0.23 12.20 22.45 Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a percentage 2011 829 229 ‐0.06 12.19 22.58 of the provincial total for the variable in question. 2012 833 405 0.50 12.25 22.69 2013 837 862 0.53 12.32 22.81

24 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

HOUSEHOLDS

In 2013 there were just over 200 000 households in the NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS DISTRIBUTION

Chris Hani district, representing 1.6% of South African HOUSEHOLDS % CHANGE IN HOUSEHOLDS (Y/Y) households and 12.54% of those in the Eastern Cape. HOUSEHOLDS DISTRIBUTION

The racial composition of households of the OR Tambo 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 14.00 district is as follows: 225 000 12.00 220 000 • Black 93.9% 10.00 • Coloured 3.4% 215 000 • Asian 0.2% 8.00 210 000 • White 2.5% 6.00 205 000 % Change (y/y) % Change

Since 2005 the number of households in the Chris Hani Number of households 4.00 district has declined marginally (0.84%), while the number 200 000 2.00 of households in South Africa has increased by an annual 195 000 average rate of 1.1% per annum and 1.% in the Eastern Cape. 0.00 190 000 From 2005 to 2013 households in the following population groups grew at the following annual average:

• Black 1.2% • Coloured -1.2% • Asian 3.1% • White ‐2.0% DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS (2013) Generally, there is a trend towards fewer people per Number of households household. 0 50 000 100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000

White households

Asian households

Coloured households

Black households

DEFINITION: Households % Change Households % Change A person, or group of persons, who occupy a common (y/y) as % of (y/y) dwelling unit (or part of it) at least four days a week on Eastern average. They live together and share resources as a unit. Cape (%) DATA SOURCE: Quantec*; StatsSA 2009 215 116 0.80 12.56 0.80 DATA NOTE: 2010 217 108 0.93 12.54 0.93 Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a 2011 219 612 1.15 12.69 1.15 percentage of the provincial total for the variable in question. 2012 220 724 0.51 12.75 0.51 2013 221 909 0.54 12.82 0.54

28 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

POVERTY AND INCOME

Poverty in South Africa and the Eastern Cape is widespread and deep, and is hence the chief target of government policy. Several studies have been conducted on the characteristics and spread of poverty in the Eastern Cape to improve planning, programming and targeting of anti-poverty interventions. The overwhelming finding is that more than a decade into democracy, the Eastern Cape Province remains trapped in structural poverty. This shows in all aspects of its demographic, health and socio- economic profiles. However there are wide intra-provincial spatial differences.

In the Eastern Cape, poverty eradication was a central part of the 2004-2014 Provincial Growth and Development Plan. The Department of Social Development was charged with coordinating the provincial “war on poverty” campaign from 2006 onwards. From 2007 a two-pronged approach was implemented, where focus in the short term was on integrating and coordinating existing poverty eradication initiatives in the 11 least developed local municipalities in the Eastern Cape. The medium to long term goals were to work towards a family-based social service model. In 2012 the province adopted an Anti-Poverty Strategy, championed by the DoSD.

The Anti-Poverty Strategy builds on the experience of government and civil society in the past 20 years and aims to change how interventions are implemented. This will be done through joined-up implementation and better targeting of interventions. Integration is important to avoid waste of scarce resources and ensure sustainability of interventions. The goals of the strategy are; i) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; ii) Promote sustainable community livelihoods and self-reliant households; and iii) ensure well targeted, joined-up implementation and service delivery by government and its social partners. Importantly, the strategy, and its implementation programme to date, emphasise that without the joint efforts of all spheres of government, NGOs, community and civil society organisations, trade unions, faith based organisations, traditional authorities, institutions of higher learning and the private sector, poverty eradication cannot be achieved. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 29

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative

HDI measure of health, education and income, measured in terms of life expectancy, literacy and level of education, 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 and GDP per capita, respectively. It is a standard means 0.530 of measuring living standards. 0.520 Although the index has also been described as “redundant” 0.510 and a “reinvention of the wheel”, measuring aspects of 0.500 development that have already been exhaustively studied,

HDI 0.490 it is useful for measuring progress over time and the impact of economic policies on quality of life. 0.480

0.470 In South Africa the HDI has dropped from 0.627 in 1995 to

0.460 0.553 in 2013, although the index has been fairly constant for the past few years. The HDI in the Eastern Cape has been 0.450 lower than South Africa’s HDI since 1995 and has dropped from 0.582 (1995) to 0.503 (2013). The trend for the past five years has been downward, largely because of lower life expectancy as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

In 2013 the district’s HDI was 0.47 which was lower than both the provincial and the South African average.

HDI DEFINITION: 2009 0.483 The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of health, education and income, measured in terms of life 2010 0.479 expectancy, literacy and level of education, and GDP per capita, 2011 0.476 respectively. It is a standard means of measuring living standards. 2012 0.472 DATA SOURCE: Quantec*; StatsSA 2013 0.47 DATA NOTE: It is important to note that the UNDP publishes an annual development report with its own HDI figures. Unfortunately the methodology changes making comparisons difficult. The latest UNDP report (2011) lists South Africa with an HDI of 0.619 and ranks it 123 in the world. The HDI presented above should therefore not be compared to the UNDP’s HDI. 30 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

GINI COEFFICIENT

Poverty and inequality remain major challenges for the GINI COEFFICIENT

Chris Hani district, the Eastern Cape and South Africa GINI COEFFICIENT as a whole. The Gini coefficient is an indicator of how equally income (or poverty) is distributed. Countries 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 that have identical Gini coefficients can differ greatly in 0.620 terms of income and quality of life. The Gini coefficient 0.615 measures the extent to which the incomes of individuals 0.610 or households in an economy deviate from a perfectly equal distribution. It is important to bear in mind that 0.605 the Gini coefficient is neither a necessary nor a sufficient 0.600 indicator or condition for improving the lives of the poor 0.595 in South Africa. Gini coefficient 0.590

Methodological differences in the available underlying 0.585 data and differences in the methodology by which the Gini coefficient is calculated, complicate comparisons. 0.580 0.575 The Gini coefficient measures inequality using a ratio analysis that makes it easy to interpret. A Gini coef- ficient of 0 represents perfect equality and 1 means perfect inequality.

Using the Gini coefficient, inequality in South Africa marginally improved from 0.664 in 2007 to 0.654 in 2013. The Eastern Cape, however, has become more unequal with a Gini coefficient of 0.636 in 2007 and 0.583 in 2013.

The Gini coefficient for the district was 0.599 in 2007 and 0.637 in 2013 indicating increasing inequality.

In the past inequality in South Africa was largely defined along racial lines. Today it has become increasingly defined by inequality within population groups, as the gap between rich and poor within each group has in- creased substantially.

DEFINITION: Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient measures the inequality as a proportion of 2009 0.594 its theoretical maximum. The Gini coefficient ranges from 0 (no inequality) to 1 (complete inequality). 2010 0.591 2011 0.588 DATA SOURCE: Quantec*; Presidency 2012 0.585 2013 0.583 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 31

PEOPLE IN POVERTY

PEOPLE IN POVERTY Poverty is notoriously difficult to define but researchers

PEOPLE IN POVERTY % CHANGE IN POVERTY (Y/Y) typically take one of two approaches; the first is the poverty-line approach and the second is the access-to- 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 3.00 services approach. Following the poverty-line approach, 580 000 the number of households that fall below a chosen 2.00 570 000 minimum income threshold are said to be living in poverty 1.00 560 000 (the minimum income threshold is the minimum level of 0.00 income that is required to meet basic needs). 550 000 -1.00 540 000 The number of people living poverty in both South Africa

-2.00 (y/y) % Change 530 000 and the Eastern Cape is declining. Of the 21 million people -3.00 in poverty in South Africa, nearly 3.8 million live in the 520 000 Eastern Cape. This means that 40% of South Africa’s Number of people living in poverty -4.00 510 000 population and 55% of the province’s population are -5.00 500 000 living in poverty.

There are an estimated 526 270 people living in poverty in the district, representing 62,8% of the district’s local population. The number of people living poverty is declining, POVERTY RATE however, and since 2005 it has declined by an annual POVERTY RATE PERCENTAGE POVERTY average of ‐0.8%.

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 70.00 842 000 69.00 840 000 68.00 838 000 67.00 836 000 66.00 834 000 832 000 65.00 Population 830 000 64.00 Poverty rate (%) rate Poverty 828 000 63.00 826 000 62.00 824 000 61.00 822 000 60.00

Number of % Change Poverty rate Population DEFINITION: people living (y/y) (%) Number of people living below the poverty line. There is no in poverty official poverty line defined in South Africa, therefore UNISA’s BMR poverty line has been used. The poverty line for Port 2009 543 377 ‐0.61 65.34 831 634 Elizabeth is R1 892 per month at 2005 prices and has been used 2010 540 183 ‐0.59 65.10 829 724 as a benchmark for all the districts in the Eastern Cape. 2011 533 729 ‐1.19 64.4 829 229 DATA SOURCE: StatsSA; Quantec; BMR

2012 530 000 ‐0.70 63.6 833 405 DATA NOTE: 2013 526 270 ‐0.70 62.8 837 862 The Minimum Living Levels were projected from calculations of previously disadvantaged households living in former segregated urban areas in Port Elizabeth in 2003/2004. The poverty rate is taken as the percentage of people in poverty relative to the population of that area. 32 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

EDUCATION

The effects of education (or non-education) are extensive NO SCHOOLING: PERSONS AGED 15+ throughout society. Education links directly to poverty- SCHOOL % CHANGE IN SCHOOL (Y/Y) reduction efforts. Poverty levels tend to be lower among 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 families in which the head of the household has had 0.00 120 000 some education than in those where the head of the -0.50 household has no education. Education is also directly 100 000 -1.00 related to improved health and impacts especially on -1.50 80 000 premature death rates among children. -2.00

60 000 -2.50 Even with improved education levels, jobs may still be -3.00 % Change (y/y) % Change hard to find, although education considerably enhances with no schooling 40 000 -3.50 -4.00 the chances of finding employment. 20 000 Number of people aged 15+ years 15+ years of people aged Number -4.50 The illiteracy rate in the Chris Hani district is high with - -5.00 over 21% of the population being functionally illiterate.

The number of people aged 15 years or older without any schooling is a matter of concern. Fortunately this has been ILLITERACY: PERSONS AGED 20+ coming down. In 1995 more than 107 000 adults had not received any schooling, although this figure dropped to ILLITERACY % CHANGE IN ILLITERACY (Y/Y) just over 75 000 in 2013, representing 9% of the population as 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0.00 opposed to 13% in 1995. This is higher than the percentage 186 000

for the Eastern Cape which stands at 7.2% and also higher -0.10 184 000 than South Africa at 6.3%. -0.20 182 000 -0.30 The number of people without schooling has, however, 180 000 been decreasing. Since 1995 the figure has dropped by -0.40 178 000 an average of ‐2.4% per annum. Since 2005, however, this 20+ years

-0.50 (y/y) % Change rate of improvement has declined to an average of ‐3.7% 176 000 -0.60 per annum. 174 000 Number of illiterate people age people age Number of illiterate -0.70 172 000 -0.80 170 000

DEFINITION: Number of % Change Number of % Change A literate adult is defined as a person 20 years and older who has people with (y/y) illiterate (y/y) achieved at least seven years of education (i.e. passed grade 7). no schooling people DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 2009 78 539 ‐3.87 178 603 ‐0.16 2010 75 410 ‐3.98 178 333 ‐0.15 DATA NOTE: Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a percentage 2011 72 357 ‐4.05 177 211 ‐0.63 of the provincial total for the variable in question. 2012 69 133 ‐4.46 176 504 ‐0.40 2013 65 908 ‐4.66 175 797 ‐0.40 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 33

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE Household expenditure in this district is estimated to be just

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE under R8.9 billion. Household income is also R8.9 billion % CHANGE IN HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE (Y/Y) – indicating very little household savings.

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Households tend to spend less on durable goods (just over 7.00 10 000 10%) and a greater percentage is spent on non‐durable 9 000 6.00 goods and services. There is consequently very little wealth

8 000 5.00 accumulation.

7 000 4.00 Household expenditure patterns are as follows: 6 000 3.00 • Durables: 13% 5 000 • Semi‐durable: 15% 2.00 • Non‐durables: 35% 4 000 (y/y) % Change 1.00 • Service: 37% 3 000 0.00 2 000 Annual total HH expenditure (Rm, 2005 prices) (Rm, HH expenditure Annual total -1.00 1 000

- -2.00

DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE (2013)

R, 2005 prices

- 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000

Services

Non-durable goods Semi-durable goods

Durable goods

Household expenditure % Change (y/y) DEFINITION: (Rm, 2005 prices) Final consumption expenditure by households.

2009 7 911 ‐0.73 DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 2010 8 109 2.50 2011 8 397 3.55 2012 8 703 3.65 2013 8 941 2.73 34 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

DISPOSABLE INCOME

Total disposable household income for 2013 in the DISPOSABLE HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Chris Hani district was estimated at R8 899 million, all HOUSEHOLD INCOME % CHANGE IN HOUSEHOLD INCOME (Y/Y) of which was used as household expenditure. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 6.00 Of total disposable income, remuneration (salaries, 10 000 wages, business proceeds etc.) accounted for 65% and 9 000 5.00 unearned income accounted for 38.9% of total income, 8 000 4.00 which suggests that considerably more than a third of 7 000 households in the district are surviving on pensions, 6 000 3.00 government grants and remittances. The percentage of 5 000 2.00 % Change (y/y) % Change total disposable income that is derived from remuneration 4 000 is declining, however. In 1995 remuneration represented 3 000 1.00 65% of total disposable income. 2 000 0.00

Annual total disposable income (Rm, 2005) (Rm, disposable income Annual total 1 000 The average household income in the Chris Hani district - -1.00 in 2013 was just over R40 102 (2013).

DISTRIBUTION OF DISPOSABLE INCOME (2013)

Number of households

- 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000

R2 457 601 or more R1 228 801- R2 457 600 R614 401- R1 228 800 R307 201- R614 400 R153 601- R307 200 R76 801- R153 600 R38 401- R76 800 R19 201- R38 Income category (R, 2005 prices) (R, category Income 400 R9 601- R19 200 R4 801- R9 600

R1- R4 800

No income

DEFINITION: Disposable income % Change (y/y) Disposable household income looks at the total household (R, 2005 prices) income for the region less the tax commitments by all the members of that household. 2009 7 942 ‐0.08 2010 8 116 2.19 DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 2011 8 339 2.74 DATA NOTE: 2012 8 669 3.96 Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a percentage of the provincial total for the variable in question. 2013 8 899 2.65

38 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

LABOUR FORCE

It is well known that South Africa and the Eastern Cape is facing a jobs crisis. There are large numbers of unemployed people, large and increasing numbers of discouraged workers and a growing non-economically active population. Official unemployment has remained around the 30% mark for more than 15 years. The Eastern Cape has the highest net out-migration of any province in SA. In the absence of high net out-migration the Eastern Cape’s unemployment rates would be much higher than they currently are. Further there is a large and steady inflow of new entrants into the labour market from our schools. The jobs crisis is compounded by a skills crisis.

The Eastern Cape government has developed a Jobs Strategy. The purpose of the Jobs Strategy is to present the provincial government’s understanding of the present provincial jobs and skills crises and explain and justify government’s comprehensive approach to tackling these crises. The strategy shows how government’s activities are being ramped up to align with the New Growth Path (NGP) jobs targets. Sectors and projects with job-creation potential are identified. Quantified and disaggregated job creation targets for 2012-15 have been developed. The strategy also identifies and defines the priority interventions necessary to achieve these targets and identifies key issues, challenges and constraints that must be addressed to optimise job creation outcomes.

The strategy has five pillars:

1) Retain existing jobs. 2) Stimulate new jobs in priority sectors. 3) Build the social economy. 4) Increase the pace of provincial economic infrastructure investments in critical areas. 5) Radically improve skills development processes.

This section outlines key indicators for the labour market in the region. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 39

LABOUR FORCE

ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION (EAP) The economically active population (EAP) includes all persons of either sex, and above a certain age, who supply ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION labour for productive activities, during a specified % CHANGE IN ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION (Y/Y) time‐reference period. Productive activities are either 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 market production activities (work done for others and 8.00 220 000 usually associated with pay or profit) or non‐market production activities (work done for the benefit of the 215 000 6.00 household, e.g. subsistence farming). The EAP therefore includes the proportion of the population from 15 to 64 210 000 4.00 years of age that is employed, self‐employed or seeking 205 000 2.00 employment. In essence, it is the number of people that are willing and able to work and generally can be 200 000 0.00 viewed as the labour force. % Change (y/y) % Change 195 000 -2.00 In 2009 the number economically active people in the 190 000 Chris Hani district was 177 000, representing 25% of

Number of economically active persons (EAP) persons active Number of economically -4.00 the region’s population. The corresponding figure for 185 000 the Eastern Cape is 30% and 38% for South Africa. In 180 000 -6.00 contrast, 30% of the population was economically active in 1995.

The labour force participation rate (LFPR) has been falling in South Africa, the Eastern Cape and Chris Hani. How- ever, the LFPR for the Chris Hani district is lower (45%) LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE than that of South Africa (59%), which in turn is higher than that of the Eastern Cape (49%). The International ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION Labour Organisation keeps statistics on LFPR and the LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE South African rate has been falling for many years. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 48.00 220 000 Although the population has been growing, the labour 47.00 force has been falling by an average 0.28% pa since 215 000 2005. Nationally, this figure is 1.5% pa. This can be -at 46.00 210 000 tributed to the growing number of the population that 45.00 can be described as “not economically active”. Since 205 000 2006 this has grown at almost 5% pa. 44.00 200 000 LFPR (%) 43.00 195 000

190 000 42.00

41.00

Number of economically active persons (EAP) persons active Number of economically 185 000

180 000 40.00

EAP % Change EAP as % LFPR (%) DEFINITION: (y/y) of Eastern Economically active population (or labour force) consists of Cape (%) employed and unemployed people. The not economically active population are people out of the labour market who are not 2009 199 241 ‐2.15 10.10 45.21 available for work and includes students, fulltime scholars, 2010 193 965 ‐2.65 10.15 43.48 fulltime homemakers, retired and those unable or unwilling to work. The labour force participation rate (LFPR) is the labour 2011 196 377 1.24 10.14 43.68 force divided by the population of working age (15 to 64 years).

2012 202 665 3.20 10.20 44.50 DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 2013 212 482 4.84 10.24 45.88 DATA NOTE: Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a percentage of the provincial total for the variable in question.

40 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

UNEMPLOYMENT

Employment is a function of economic activity. As the NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED economy grows so does the number of people employed. UNEMPLOYED % CHANGE IN UNEMPLOYED (Y/Y) In recent times, employment growth has not been 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 commensurate with economic growth rates. This is because 40.00 some sectors are able to create more employment oppor- 100 000 35.00 tunities with a given economic growth rate. 90 000 30.00 80 000 25.00 Creating jobs for unskilled labour is especially difficult, 70 000 hindering efforts to disperse the benefits of economic 20.00 60 000 growth more evenly. The number of total employed has 15.00 been increasing since 2000 and jobs have been shed at 50 000 10.00 a rate of ‐1.08% pa since 2005. In 2001, 126 000 people 40 000 (y/y) % Change were employed but this figure dropped to 121 553 in 2013. 30 000 5.00 Number of unemployed persons Number of unemployed 20 000 0.00

10 000 -5.00

- -10.00

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

POPULATION UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 45.00 842 000 842 000 40.00 842 000 35.00

834 000 30.00

834 000 25.00 832 000 20.00 Population 830 000 15.00

828 000 (%) rate Unemployment 10.00 826 000 5.00 824 000 822 000 -

DEFINITION: Unemployment % Change (y/y) Unemployment The unemployed are those people within the economically active rate (%) population who: 1) did not work during the seven days prior to the interview 2) want to work and are available to start work 2009 76 185 4.35 38.24 within two weeks of the interview 3) have taken steps to look for 2010 77 406 1.60 39.91 work or to start some form of self‐employment in the four weeks prior to the interview. The expanded definition of unemployment 2011 79 116 2.21 40.29 excludes criterion (3). The unemployment rate is the total 2012 84 344 6.61 41.62 number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the economically active population (or labour force). 2013 90 929 7.81 42.79

DATA SOURCE: Quantec*

DATA NOTE: Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a percentage of the provincial total for the variable in question. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 41

EMPLOYMENT

FORMAL AND INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT The percentage of employed people with formal jobs is

FORMAL EMPLOYED INFORMAL EMPLOYED declining slowly as more people find informal positions. % CHANGE IN EMPL (Y/Y) In South Africa formal employment fell from 80% in 1995 to 70% in 2013. The same trend is evident in the 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Eastern Cape where 78% formal employment was recorded 8.00 160 000 in 1995 and only 65% in 2013. The Chris Hani district 6.00 140 000 follows this trend with 79% formally employed in 1995 and only 66% in 2013. 4.00 120 000

2.00 100 000

0.00 80 000

-2.00 (y/y) % Change

and informal sector and informal 60 000

40 000 -4.00

20 000 -6.00 Total number of persons employed in the formal in the employed of persons number Total

- -8.00

EMPLOYMENT RATE

POPULATION EMPLOYMENT RATE

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 66.00 842 000

842 000 64.00 842 000 62.00 834 000 834 000 60.00 832 000 58.00 Population 830 000

828 000 56.00 (%) rate Employment

826 000 54.00 824 000 52.00 822 000

Formal Informal Total Employment DEFINITION: employment employment employment rate (%) The employed include all people that are employed either as % of total as % of total by the formal or the informal sector or those that are self employed. The informal economy has no formal definition and is employment employment sometimes called the unrecorded economy, shadow economy or (%) (%) hidden economy. Businesses in this sector are generally so small that they cannot or do not want to pay taxes or are engaged in 2009 67.21 32.79 123 056 61.76 illegal activities. Employers in the formal sector are businesses 2010 69.01 30.99 116 559 60.09 that generally comply with all tax and other regulations and are typically larger than those in the informal sector. 2011 69.03 30.97 117 261 59.71 2012 68.11 31.89 118 321 58.38 DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 2013 66.01 33.99 121 553 57.21 DATA NOTE: Distribution variable is calculated using variable as a percentage of the provincialtotal for the variable in question.

44 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

CRIME

High levels of crime is a concern to all South Africans. South Africa has extraordinarily high rate of murders, assault, rape and other crimes compared to many other countries. The most commonly reported crimes in the Eastern Cape are robbery, theft and property related crimes, followed by assault and sexual crimes. Commercial crimes are also of concern and drug related crimes are on the increase.

Crime statistics indicate high levels of violent crime in the province which are often illustrated through harrowing stories of gang rape, brutal attacks on children or elderly women. These attacks are not isolated events of individual victimisation but are rather a socio-structural problem embedded in social relations.

The Centre for Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) in its reports on a project to study the violent nature of crime in South Africa, sets out factors that drive the high rates of violence. These include historical brutalisation and a culture of violence during the colonial and apartheid period, particularly extraordinary levels of urban violence. Further, humiliating police harassment, a violent prison system and state sponsorship of township violence undermined the rule of law. These conditions, unique to South Africa, nurtured a culture of violence that has reproduced itself in the post-Apartheid period (CSVR 2010).

The psychological legacy of colonial racial oppression and institutionalised racial domination in the form of internalised feelings of low self-worth, is also likely to be a contributing factor to the problem of violent crime in South Africa. Other structural economic factors closely linked to violence are high levels of poverty, structural unemployment, and social and political exclusion and marginalisation as set out in the foregoing sections. These factors are shaped by the legacy of apartheid as well as by the global economic context and domestic economic policies in the post-apartheid period. This is further entrenched by easy availability of firearms and a culture of impunity in some townships (CSVR, 2020).

The crime prevention strategy for the Eastern Cape focuses on strengthening communities against crime, preventing violence, preventing corruption and strengthening the criminal justice system.

The Eastern Cape Department of Safety and Liaison reports that crimes of particular concern for the Eastern Cape are:

• Crimes involving fire-arms which have significantly increased the level of violence associated with crime; • Organised crime, including the organised smuggling of narcotics and human trafficking; • Gender Based Violence and crimes against women and children; • Violence associated with inter-group conflict, such as political conflicts, taxi violence and land disputes; • Vehicle theft and hijacking; and • Corruption within the criminal justice system. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 45

MURDER AND SEXUAL CRIMES

MURDER Crime in the Chris Hani district has generally been on a

MURDER % CHANGE IN MURDER (Y/Y) downward trend since 2004, with an unweighted decline of 0.89% pa. The decline for South Africa was an average 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 15.00 of ‐0.5% pa and ‐0.38% pa for the Eastern Cape. 620

600 MURDER 10.00 580 In 2013 there were 605 murders in the Chris Hani district compared with 582 the year before. This indicates an upward 560 5.00 trend in the number of murders, contrasting the ‐0.9% 540 annual decline since 2004. This decrease is less than the 0.00 % Change (y/y) % Change national average, which declined by‐ 2.1% pa since 2004, 520 and the provincial average decline (‐0.3% pa). Number of cases of murder Number of cases 500 -5.00 Attempted murder has also declined by ‐5% pa since 480 2004. This is below the national average (which declined -10.00 460 by ‐7%) and the provincial average (which declined by ‐7%).

Nevertheless, the murder rate in the Chris Hani district remains high at 72 murders per 100 000 people – the rate in 2013 for South Africa and the Eastern Cape was 34 and 68 murders per 100 000 respectively. SEXUAL CRIMES

SEX % CHANGE IN SEX (Y/Y) SEXUAL CRIMES

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Sexual crimes have been increasing at an average of 3.3% 60.00 2 500 pa since 2004. In 2013, 1 545 incidents were reported. 40.00 Nationally, sexual crimes have been decreasing moderately 2 000 30.00 (‐0.2% pa since 2004) but increasing in the Eastern Cape (1.5% pa since 2004). 1 500 20.00

10.00 1 000 The Chris Hani district had a rate of 184 sexual crimes per % Change (y/y) % Change 0.00 100 000 people. This is higher than the rate for South Africa

500 -10.00 (127 sexual crimes per 100 000 people) and slightly lower Number of cases of sexual crimes of sexual Number of cases than the Eastern Cape (193 sexual crimes per 100 000 people). -20. 00 -

Number % Change Number % Change DEFINITION: of cases of (y/y) of cases of (y/y) Murder is a social contact crime resulting in the loss of life of the murder sexual crime victim, but excludes cases where the loss of life occurred as a result of a response to a crime, i.e. self defence. 2009 560 0.92 2 091 -10.18 2010 509 ‐9.02 2 147 2.68 The concept of sexual crimes includes rape (updated to the new definition of rape to provide for the inclusion of male rape), sex 2011 561 10.22 1 455 -32.22 work, pornography, public indecency and human trafficking.

2012 582 3.75 1 639 12.65 DATA SOURCE: Quantec, SAPS 2013 605 3.91 1 545 -5.74 DATA NOTE: The police station areas have been generalised around point objects. 46 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

ROBBERY

COMMON ROBBERY COMMON ROBBERY

COMMON ROBBERY % CHANGE IN COMMON ROBBERY (Y/Y) Although there were 391 common robberies reported in 2013, there has been a substantial reduction since 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0.00 2004 when 3 826 common robberies were reported. 900 800 The average rate of decline has been ‐11% pa since 2004 -5.00 compared with a decline of ‐6% pa for South Africa and 700 600 ‐8% pa for the Eastern Cape. -10.00 500

The common robbery rate in the Chris Hani district (46 400 -15.00 % Change (y/y) % Change common robberies per 100 000) is less than South 300 Africa (106 common robberies per 100 000) and the 200 -20.00 Number of cases of common robbery of common of cases Number Eastern Cape (92 common robberies per 100 000). 100 -25.00 -

AGGRAVATED ROBBERY

AGGRAVATED ROBBERY % CHANGE IN AGGRAVATED ROBBERY (Y/Y)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 900 40.00

800 30.00 700

600 20.00

500 10.00 400 % Change (y/y) % Change 300 0.00

200 ‐10.00

Number of cases of aggravated robbery of aggravated Number of cases 100 ‐20.00 -

DEFINITION: Number % Change Number % Change In a common robbery incident, offenders usually do not have a of cases (y/y) of cases of (y/y) firearm. In order to execute the robbery, they use swift action common aggravated and the element of surprise to ensure that they manage to take the victim’s possessions. robbery robbery 2009 662 ‐7.69 520 ‐7.69 DATA SOURCE: Quantec, SAPS 2010 613 ‐7.41 541 4.04 DATA NOTE: 2011 531 ‐13.36 722 33.46 The police station areas have been generalised around point objects. 2012 460 ‐13.44 829 14.82 2013 391 ‐14.87 809 -2.41 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 47

DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG-RELATED CRIME

DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL

ALCOHOL % CHANGE IN ALCOHOL (Y/Y) The number of cases of driving under the influence of 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 alcohol or drugs has increased substantially over the past 100.00 1 400 few years. In 2004, 829 incidents were dealt with in the 80.00 1 200 Chris Hani district, compared with 371 in 2013. This rep- 60.00 1 000 resents an increase of 5.% pa since 2004. However, this is 40.00 lower than the increases over the same period for both 800 20.00 national (12% pa) and provincial (7% pa) contraventions.

600 0.00 % Change (y/y) % Change

influence of alcohol influence The rate of offences per 100 000 people for driving under 400 -20.00 the influence of alcohol is high in the Chris Hani district 200 -40.00 Number of cases of driving under the Number of cases (55 per 100 000 people) compared to 143 per 100 000 -60.00 - people in South Africa and 143 in the Eastern Cape.

DRUG-RELATED CRIME

In 2013, 1 696 drug related crimes were reported in the DRUG-RELATED CRIME Chris Hani district. Drug related crimes have increased in the area by an average of 10% pa since 2004 in comparison DRUGS % CHANGE IN DRUGS (Y/Y) with an increase of 15% pa since 2004 for the whole of 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 South Africa and 6% pa for the Eastern Cape. 35.00 1 800

30.00 The rate of offences per 100 000 people for drug‐related 1 600 crime is high in the Eastern Cape (254 per 100 000 people) 25.00 1 400 lower in the Chris Hani area (202 per 100 000 people). The

1 200 20.00 national rate is 407 per 100 000 people. related crimes related

1 000 15.00

800 10.00 % Change (y/y) % Change 600 5.00

400 0.00 Number of cases of drug- ­ Number of cases

200 -5.00

- -10.00

Number % Change Number % Change DEFINITION: of cases (y/y) of cases of (y/y) Driving under the influence of alcohol refers to the situation of drunk drug-related where the driver of a vehicle is found to be over the legal blood‐ alcohol limit. This is a crime detected through police activity driving crime rather than reports by members of the public. 2009 703 37.09 1 380 23.66 Drug‐related crime refers to the situation where the perpetrator 2010 1 327 88.72 1 308 5.21 is found to be in possession of, under the influence of, or selling 2011 1 058 ‐20.29 1 592 21.71 illegal drugs. This is a crime detected through police activity rather than reports by members of the public. An increase in 2012 625 ‐40.91 1 702 6.91 crimes of this nature may therefore reflect an increase in police 2013 464 ‐25.78 1 696 -0.35 activity and visibility. DATA SOURCE: Quantec, SAPS

DATA NOTE: The police station areas have been generalised around point objects.

50 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE

Ensuring availability of clean water, adequate sanitation, light and heat and decent housing, are critical in overcoming poverty. In the context of persistent inequalities and social divisions, delays in obtaining services, lower levels of service and relatively high levels of disconnection in poor communities perpetuate undignified living conditions. Basic services form an important part of a constitutionally guaranteed social safety net in South Africa. And while there has been significant progress in providing access to electricity since 2000, there are still other significant backlogs, particularly in the areas of sanitation, refuse removal and piped water.

There are also great variations across the province. Large numbers of people have no (or intermittent) access and current funding formulas are inadequate to address the historical backlog. The poor quality of low cost housing is often exacerbated by municipal failure in delivery of electricity, water and sanitation.

Spatial patterns still manifest themselves in the inherited structure of the colonial, apartheid and Bantustan economies. The greatest spatial contrasts are between the former homeland areas and those of the former South Africa; between rural and urban areas; and between townships and suburbs. These have largely been exacerbated by spatial and human settlement policy since 1994.

Factors that undercut the impact on poverty of basic-service programmes include:

• Service delivery is driven by agencies organised on sectoral lines and co-ordination is difficult. Moreover, municipalities with a particularly large number of poor households typically have lower incomes, making it more difficult to manage assets, operations and maintenance. • Rural-urban migration and the rapid growth in the number of households continues to increase the demand for services, particularly around the urban areas. • The failure to overcome apartheid settlement patterns, with townships largely distant from economic centres and spread out, raises the cost of infrastructure and transport and generally adds to residents’ cost of living and the difficulty of finding employment. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 51

WATER

ACCESS TO WATER Piped water is accessed by 39% of South African house-

WATER RATIO holds and a further 26% have piped water inside their yard. A further 11% have piped water on a community 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 stand – half of these are more than 200m from their 20.00 dwellings. A tenth relies on a natural water supply (bore- 18.00 holes, rainwater tanks, dams, rivers, streams, or springs).

16.00 The Eastern Cape lags behind the South African average 14.00 with 24% enjoying piped water and 17% having piped water inside their yards. Almost a quarter relies on 12.00 dams, rivers, streams, or springs, while only 8 000 rely 10.00 on a water‐carrier, tanker or water vendor for their water requirements. the dwelling (%) dwelling the 8.00

6.00

4.00 Proportion of households with piped water inside water with piped of households Proportion

2.00

-

ACCESS TO WATER BY CATEGORY (2013)

Percentage of total (%)

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

Other/unspecified/dummy

Water-carrier/tanker/water vendor

Dam/river/stream/spring

Borehole/rain-water tank/well

Piped water on community stand: distance greater than 200m from dwelling Piped water on community stand: distance less than 200m from dwelling

Piped water inside yard

Piped water inside dwelling

Number of households Proportion of houses with piped DEFINITION: water inside dwelling (%) The relevant basic service levels (RDP service levels) are defined as a minimum quantity of 25 litres of potable water 2009 215 116 16.98 per person per day within 200 meters of a household not 2010 217 108 17.50 interrupted for more than seven days in any year and a minimum flow of 10 litres per year for communal water points. 2011 219 612 17.70 This is a substantially higher standard than the basic services 2012 220 724 17.90 defined by MDGs as 20 litres of potable water per person per day within 1 000 metres of a household. 2013 221 909 18.11 DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 52 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

SANITATION

Sanitation service levels reflect those of water as flush ACCESS TO SANITATION toilets tend to be more closely aligned to the establishment SANITATION RATIO of formal housing. Therefore buckets are usually provided to informal settlements as an interim measure until the 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 establishment of a formal human settlement. 30.00

29.00 In 2013 South Africa had 58% flush or chemical toilets, 26% pit latrines and 3% buckets, while the Eastern Cape 28.00 had only 39% flush or chemical toilets, 27% pit latrines and 4% buckets. 27.00

Only 29% of households in the Chris Hani district had 26.00 flush or chemical toilets, 26% had pit latrines and 3% (%) toilet chemical relied on bucket latrines. 25.00 Proportion of households with a flush of households Proportion or 24.00

23.00

ACCESS TO SANITATION BY CATEGORY (2013)

Percentage of total (%)

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00

Unspecified/dummy

None of the above

Bucket latrine

Pit latrine

Flush or chemical toilet

DEFINITION: Number of households Proportion of households with a A basic acceptable sanitation facility is defined as a ventilated flush or chemical toilet (%) improved pit latrine. Millennium Development Goal (Target 10): Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable 2009 215 116 28.08 access to improved sanitation. 2010 217 108 28.40

DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 2011 219 612 28.71 2012 220 724 29.02 2013 221 909 29.33 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 53

REFUSE

ACCESS TO REFUSE REMOVAL Refuse removal is essential for safe and healthy living conditions. This is especially true in urban areas. However, REFUSE RATIO there are many households that have provided for their 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 own refuse removal or use a communal refuse dump. 30.00 There has nevertheless been an improvement in service delivery. However, there are still 7% of South African 29.00 households and 13% of Eastern Cape households that do not have access to rubbish disposal services, although 28.00 the proportion of households that dispose of their own refuse is declining. 27.00

26.00 In the Chris Hani district service delivery levels have improved. The proportion of households without rubbish of refuse removal (%) removal of refuse

25.00 disposal has decreased from 33% in 1995 to 21% in 2013,

Proportion of households with no form with no of households Proportion although more households make use of their own rubbish 24.00 dumps. Nevertheless, local authorities are now removing a greater proportion of household rubbish. 23.00

ACCESS TO REFUSE REMOVAL BY CATEGORY (2013)

Percentage of total (%)

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

No rubbish disposal

Own refuse dump

Communal refuse dump

Removed by local authority less often Removed by local authority at least once a week

Unspecified/other

Number of households Proportion of houses with no DEFINITION: form of refuse removal (%) The availability of refuse removal services to the household, categorised according the nature and timing of the refuse 2009 215 116 21.66 removal service. 2010 217 108 21.47 DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 2011 219 612 21.36 2012 220 724 21.31 DATA NOTE: *Please consult the attached metadata documents 2013 221 909 21.28 54 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

LIGHTING

Everyone needs energy for cooking and for warmth ENERGY FOR LIGHTING during cold spells. Electricity is an important source LIGHTING RATIO of energy in that it is safe and the easiest source to use. Although there are efforts to provide electricity 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 universally, there are still shortfalls. Nevertheless, it 80.00 is encouraging to see the proportion of households 70.00 that use electricity. Electricity usage for South Africa increased from about 60% in 1995 to over 80% in 2013. 60.00

50.00 Electricity usage in the Eastern Cape is not as high as for South Africa as a whole. The table below shows that 40.00 electricity usage for the Eastern Cape increased from 30.00 about 35% in 1995 to over 71.% in 2013. Nevertheless, (%) of lighting a source many households are still reliant on paraffin and even 20.00 candles.

Proportion of households not using electricity as of households Proportion 10.00

In the Chris Hani district the proportion of households - with access to electricity is less than in the Eastern Cape, although the proportion increased from just under one‐ third in 1995 to 70% in 2013. The number of households that still rely on paraffin has declined from 44% to 16%. ENERGY FOR LIGHTING BY CATEGORY (2013)

Percentage of total (%)

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00

Candles

Paraffin

Gas

Electricity

Solar/other/unspecified

DEFINITION: Number of households Proportion of electrified The source of lighting in a household, categorised by type. The households (%) lighting ratio refers to the number of households which derive lighting from electricity. 2009 215 116 65.93 2010 217 108 67.82 DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 2011 219 612 68.60 2012 220 724 69.40 2013 221 909 70.20 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 55

HOUSING

ACCESS TO HOUSING In 2013, informal structures (either a house/flat/room in

DWELLING RATIO a backyard or informal dwelling/shacks) in the Chris Hani district comprised 0.7% of total dwellings. In contrast, in- 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 formal structures made up 2.1% of housing units in 1995. 4.50

4.00 On average, 46% of housing units are formal houses or brick structures on separate yards or stands. This com- 3.50 pares with 58% for South Africa and 46% for the Eastern 3.00 Cape. The number of brick structures has increased by 1.1% pa since 2005 compared with South Africa and the 2.50 Eastern Cape at 1.4% and 1.7% respectively. 2.00

1.50 Traditional dwellings make up 44% of total housing units. The number of traditional units has grown by 1.3% pa for Proportion of informal dwellings (%) dwellings of informal Proportion 1.00 the past five years.

0.50 On average, 2.6% of Chris Hani’s housing units are flats in - blocks of flats compared to 5% of the province’s housing units and 5% of South Africa’s housing units. There has been a small decline in the number of flats in blocks of flats since 2005. ACCESS TO HOUSING BY CATEGORY (2013)

Percentage of total (%)

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00

Other/unspecified/NA

Room/flatlet not in backyard but on a shared property Informal dwelling/shack, NOT in backyard, e.g. in an informal settlement Informal dwelling/shack, in backyard

House/flat/room, in backyard Town/cluster/semi-detached house (simplex, duplex or triplex)

Flat in a block of flats

Traditional dwelling/hut/ structure made of traditional materials House or brick structure on a separate stand or yard

Number of households Proportion of dwelling which are DEFINITION: classified as informal (%) The total number of dwellings of any kind, categorised by type of dwelling. The population to dwelling ratio gives an indication 2009 215 116 3.00 of the number of people per dwelling, which represents a 2010 217 108 2.89 measure of the burden on housing services.

2011 219 612 2.92 The dwelling ratio gives an indication of the households that 2012 220 724 2.96 live in informal dwellings or shacks in an informal settlement or backyard. 2013 221 909 2.99 DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 56 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

TELEPHONE

Modern communication technology plays a critical role ACCESS TO TELEPHONE in both the economic and social lives of a region’s citizens. PHONE RATIO A well‐established telecommunications network can 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 improve both the competiveness and efficiency of local 9.00 business while it also encourages the development of new 60.00 8.00 business ventures. Telecommunications also improve the 50.00 ability of people to find employment. 6.00 40.00 5.00

4.00 In 2010 there was one phone (either a private telephone 30.00 or one nearby) per 3.78 people in Chris Hani. The number 3.00 % Change (y/y) % Change of telephones in the area has increased from 172 000 in 20.00 2.00 1995 to 223 652 in 2013. However, mobile phones are 10.00 1.00 more common as many people do not have access to phone (%) cellular and/or dwelling the Proportion of households with a phone in with a phone of households Proportion fixed landlines. - 0.00

ACCESS TO TELEPHONE BY CATEGORY (2013)

Percentage of total (%)

- 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00

NA (institution)/ unspecified/none At another location nearby At another location, not nearby At a neighbour nearby At a public telephone nearby In this dwelling and/ or cellular phone

DEFINITION: Number of households Proportion of households The number of households with access to a telephone, with a phone in the dwelling categorised by the relative location of the telephone. The and/or cellular phone population to telephone ratio gives an indication of the number of people per telephone, which represents a measure of the 2009 215 116 43.78 burden on telephone services. 2010 217 108 46.81 The phone ratio refers to the proportion of households with a 2011 219 612 47.35 phone inside the dwelling and/or cellular phone. 2012 220 724 47.90 DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 2013 221 909 48.45

60 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

HEALTH

The South African Constitution and the Bill of Rights uphold the right to health as a fundamental human right. One of the fundamental principles informing the new system of healthcare for the province is the aim of providing universal healthcare services. For 88 percent of people in the province, their source of health services is almost exclusively the public health system. Access to good quality healthcare services, equity in health services, and affordability of healthcare services are the goals of the PDP.

The province suffers from a quadruple burden of disease: HIV and AIDS and Tuberculosis; maternal and child mortality; non-communicable diseases; and injury and violence. Health system challenges pertain to leadership, poor financial resourcing and management and dilapidated infrastructure and loss of a caring ethos.

The provincial development plan suggests a shift from curative to a preventative primary healthcare focus with a well-developed district health system. The central challenges of the provincial health system are the poorly functioning primary healthcare system and the district health system within a generally hospi-centric health system.

To achieve this, the health system requires increased resources, infrastructure upgrades, a greater fiscal allocation, workforce skills, and investment in technology, health facilities, and equipment. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 61

HIV/AIDS

HIV INFECTIONS South Africa faces one of the highest HIV‐prevalence

HIV % CHANGE IN HIV (Y/Y) rates in the world and is home to the world’s largest population of people living with HIV. In 2013 there were 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 an estimated 6.3 million people infected with HIV/AIDS. 12.00 90 000 This represented over 12.5% of the population. The 80 000 10.00 infection rate is lower in the Eastern Cape (10.2% of 70 000 the population) and the Chris Hani district (10.% of 60 000 8.00 the population). In 2013, the Eastern Cape accounted

50 000 for 11% of South Africa’s HIV‐positive people while the 6.00 district accounted for 11.8%. 40 000 4.00 (y/y) % Change 30 000 In South Africa, the number of HIV‐positive people has Number of people with HIVNumber 20 000 2.00 risen, but at a declining rate. From 1995 to 2005 the 10 000 number of new infections decreased by 1.2% pa while 0.00 - it increased to 2.3% pa from 2005 to 2013. New infections in the Eastern Cape increased by 2.9% pa from 1995 to 2005 and 3% from 2005 to 2013. In the district the corresponding figures are 2.2% for the 1995 to 2005 period and 2.8% from 2005 to 2013. The table below shows the number of new infections. AIDS-­RELATED DEATHS

AIDS‐RELATED DEATHS AIDS/DEATH RATIO

% CHANGE IN AIDS‐RELATED DEATHS (Y/Y)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 9.00 8 000 8.00 7 000 7.00 6 000 6.00 5 000 5.00 4 000 4.00

3 000 3.00

Number of AIDS related deaths of AIDS related Number 2 000 2.00

1 000 1.00 (%) ratio deaths total (y/y) AIDS to % Change

- 0.00

Number of % Change Number of Ratio of DEFINITION: new cases of (y/y) AIDS-related AIDS-related The estimated number of people who have been infected with HIV/AIDS deaths deaths to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or the number of people total deaths who have died from AIDS‐related deaths. 2009 75 340 2.46 6 218 0.14 DATA SOURCE: Quantec* 2010 77 282 2.58 6 436 0.14 2011 79 988 3.50 6 625 0.16 2012 81 394 1.76 6 730 0.17 2013 84 005 3.21 6 971 0.18 62 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

TUBERCULOSIS (TB)

The country is also struggling with tuberculosis (TB). TUBERCULOSIS (TB)

South Africa is ranked fifth by the WHO on the list of 22 TUBERCULOSIS (TB) countries in the world with a high-burden of TB, with the prevalence of TB now being closely associated with HIV. 2007 2008 2009 2010 The TB situation has been aggravated by the emergence 8 000 of new drug‐resistant strains. 7 000 6 000

In 2010 there were just over 400 000 people suffering 5 000 from TB in South Africa. 15% or just over 62 000 lived in 4 000 the Eastern Cape and 7 200 (1.8%) live in Chris Hani. The 3 000 infection rate is growing by 4.3% pa in South Africa, but is higher in the Eastern Cape (4.5% pa) and considerably of people with TBNumber 2 000 higher in the Chris Hani district (9.8% pa). 1 000 -

DEFINITION: Number of new cases of % Change (y/y) The estimated number of people who have been infected with tuberculosis (all TB) tuberculosis bacterium. 2009 7 252 6.90 DATA SOURCE: HST 2010 7 203 ‐0.68

66 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

SOUTH AFRICA 2003 2008 2013 “AVE. “AVE. TREND* GROWTH GROWTH RATE RATE (5-YEAR)” (10-YEAR)” ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) Rm, 2005 1 427 322 1 814 603 1 993 433 1.90 p 3.40 p Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) R, 2005 226 263 287 656 316 004 1.90 p 3.40 p per Capita Gross Value Added (GVA) Rm, 2005 1 273 129 1 619 801 1 777 954 1.88 p 3.40 p Gross Operating Surplus (GOS) Rm, 2005 600 306 801 996 881 492 1.91 p 3.92 p Total Output Rm, 2005 2 946 289 3 790 162 4 160 336 1.88 p 3.51 p Intermediate Consumption Rm, 2005 1 673 160 2 170 360 2 382 382 1.88 p 3.60 p Tress Index for 10 Industries Index 40.00 42.40 43.20 0.37 p 0.77 p Tress Index for 23 Industries Index 65.70 65.50 66.90 0.42 p 0.18 p DEMOGRAPHICS Population Number 45 997 195 48 909 060 51 836 958 1.17 p 1.20 p Number of Households Number 12 077 903 12 853 944 13 552 821 1.06 p 1.16 p POVERTY AND INCOME Human Development Index (HDI) Index 0.56 0.56 0.55 -0.16 q -0.18 q Gini Coefficient Coefficient 0.67 0.66 0.65 -0.25 q -0.23 q Number of People in Poverty Number 23 972 713 22 554 986 20 986 593 -1.43 q -1.32 q Poverty rate % 52.12 46.12 40.49 -2.57 q -2.49 q No Schooling: Persons Aged 15+ Years Number 3 921 340 3 366 419 2 848 054 -3.29 q -3.15 q Illiteracy: Persons Aged 20+ Years Number 7 723 078 7 699 071 7 682 173 -0.04 q -0.05 q Population Density Persons per 37.82 40.05 42.45 1.17 p 1.16 p km² Total Household Disposable Income Rm, 2004 884 196 1 143 667 1 324 696 2.98 p 4.13 p Total Household Expenditure Rm, 2005 878 682 1 157 715 1 325 105 2.74 p 4.19 p LABOUR MARKET Economically Active Population (EAP) Number 17 332 357 18 827 058 19 750 374 0.96 p 1.31 p Labour Force Participation Rate Rate (%) 61.18 61.46 59.26 -0.73 q -0.32 q Number of Unemployed Number 5 114 796 4 246 163 4 886 047 2.85 p -0.46 q Rate of Unemployment Rate (%) 29.51 22.55 24.74 1.87 p -1.75 q Number of Formally Employed Number 10 049 041 10 588 303 10 443 596 -0.27 q 0.39 p Number of Informally Employed Number 2 168 520 3 992 592 4 420 731 2.06 p 7.38 p Total Number of Employed Number 12 217 561 14 580 895 14 864 327 0.39 p 1.98 p Employment Rate Rate (%) 70.49 77.45 75.26 -0.57 q 0.66 p CRIME * Number of Cases of Murder Number - 19 997 17 597 -2.52 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Sexual Crimes Number - 70 212 - -100.00 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Common Robbery Number - 67 840 55 086 -4.08 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Drug-related Crimes Number - 112 007 211 194 13.52 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Driving Under the Number - 50 661 73 967 7.86 p - ¬ Influence of Alcohol INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Proportion of Houses With Piped Water Ratio (%) 34.13 37.29 38.55 0.67 p 1.23 p Inside Dwelling Proportion of Households With a Flush or Ratio (%) 55.63 57.40 57.70 0.10 p 0.37 p Chemical Toilet Proportion of Houses With No Form of Ratio (%) 8.01 7.39 7.27 -0.32 q -0.96 q Refuse Removal Proportion of Electrified Households Ratio (%) 73.11 78.93 80.83 0.48 p 1.01 p Proportion of Dwellings Which are Ratio (%) 14.98 14.28 14.02 -0.37 q -0.66 q Classified as Informal Proportion of Households With a Phone in Ratio (%) 45.63 54.25 57.56 1.19 p 2.35 p the Dwelling and/or Cellular Phone HEALTH Number of New Cases of HIV Number 4 461 275 5 363 188 5 943 590 2.08 p 2.91 p Number of AIDS Related Deaths Number 336 469 403 858 464 570 2.84 p 3.28 p AIDS Related Deaths as a Proportion of All Rate (%) 45.78 51.60 70.23 6.36 p 4.37 p Deaths Number of New Cases of Tuberculosis Number - 388 782 - -100.00 q - ¬ (All TB) *

* Notes: 1. Crime data only available from 2004 onwards. Crime trend graphs from 2004 onwards. 2. Trend graphs show trend for the last 10 years. 3. TB data only available from 2007 onwards. Trend graph from TB from 2007 onwards. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 67

EASTERN CAPE 2003 2008 2013 “AVE. “AVE. TREND* GROWTH GROWTH RATE RATE (5-YEAR)” (10-YEAR)” ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) Rm, 2005 113 449 141 911 155 705 1.87 p 3.22 p Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) R, 2005 17 984 22 496 24 683 1.87 p 3.22 p per Capita Gross Value Added (GVA) Rm, 2005 101 193 126 677 138 874 1.86 p 3.22 p Gross Operating Surplus (GOS) Rm, 2005 42 845 57 277 63 419 2.06 p 4.00 p Total Output Rm, 2005 241 895 301 294 330 347 1.86 p 3.17 p Intermediate Consumption Rm, 2005 140 701 174 618 191 473 1.86 p 3.13 p Tress Index for 10 Industries Index 49.50 50.30 51.20 0.36 p 0.34 p Tress Index for 23 Industries Index 71.40 71.20 73.00 0.50 p 0.22 p DEMOGRAPHICS Population Number 6 562 581 6 739 564 6 901 350 0.48 p 0.50 p Number of Households Number 1 596 460 1 695 510 1 769 347 0.86 p 1.03 p POVERTY AND INCOME Human Development Index (HDI) Index 0.53 0.52 0.50 -0.62 q -0.56 q Gini Coefficient Coefficient 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.54 p 0.51 p Number of People in Poverty Number 4 041 486 3 925 773 3 780 924 -0.75 q -0.66 q Poverty rate % 61.58 58.25 54.79 -1.22 q -1.16 q No Schooling: Persons Aged 15+ Years Number 641 428 529 154 420 755 -4.48 q -4.13 q Illiteracy: Persons Aged 20+ Years Number 1 236 998 1 216 690 1 204 813 -0.20 q -0.26 q Population Density Persons per 38.55 39.65 40.82 0.58 p 0.57 p km² Total Household Disposable Income Rm, 2004 80 586 110 687 136 904 4.34 p 5.44 p Total Household Expenditure Rm, 2005 79 567 110 202 133 235 3.87 p 5.29 p LABOUR MARKET Economically Active Population (EAP) Number 1 914 421 2 002 846 2 074 996 0.71 p 0.81 p Labour Force Participation Rate Rate (%) 51.43 51.11 48.96 -0.85 q -0.49 q Number of Unemployed Number 586 668 504 818 584 742 2.98 p -0.03 q Rate of Unemployment Rate (%) 30.64 25.21 28.18 2.26 p -0.83 q Number of Formally Employed Number 1 055 096 997 874 973 256 -0.50 q -0.80 q Number of Informally Employed Number 272 657 500 154 516 998 0.66 p 6.61 p Total Number of Employed Number 1 327 753 1 498 028 1 490 254 -0.10 q 1.16 p Employment Rate Rate (%) 69.36 74.79 71.82 -0.81 q 0.35 p CRIME * Number of Cases of Murder Number - 5 011 4 697 -1.29 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Sexual Crimes Number - 11 398 - -100.00 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Common Robbery Number - 9 926 6 317 -8.64 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Drug-related Crimes Number - 10 903 17 510 9.94 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Driving Under the Number - 8 327 10 580 4.91 p - ¬ Influence of Alcohol INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Proportion of Houses With Piped Water Ratio (%) 19.76 22.38 23.68 1.13 p 1.82 p Inside Dwelling Proportion of Households With a Flush or Ratio (%) 36.69 38.28 38.75 0.24 p 0.55 p Chemical Toilet Proportion of Houses With No Form of Ratio (%) 15.62 13.86 13.31 -0.81 q -1.59 q Refuse Removal Proportion of Electrified Households Ratio (%) 54.28 64.44 68.59 1.25 p 2.37 p Proportion of Dwellings Which are Ratio (%) 10.40 9.20 8.79 -0.91 q -1.67 q Classified as Informal Proportion of Households With a Phone in Ratio (%) 33.28 44.73 49.91 2.21 p 4.14 p the Dwelling and/or Cellular Phone HEALTH Number of New Cases of HIV Number 492 827 622 657 708 036 2.60 p 3.69 p Number of AIDS Related Deaths Number 36 019 48 412 57 207 3.39 p 4.73 p AIDS Related Deaths as a Proportion of All Rate (%) 33.18 41.70 57.26 6.55 p 5.61 p Deaths Number of New Cases of Tuberculosis Number - 63 533 - -100.00 q - ¬ (All TB) *

* Notes: 1. Crime data only available from 2004 onwards. Crime trend graphs from 2004 onwards. 2. Trend graphs show trend for the last 10 years. 3. TB data only available from 2007 onwards. Trend graph from TB from 2007 onwards. 68 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

CHRIS HANI 2003 2008 2013 “AVE. “AVE. TREND* GROWTH GROWTH RATE RATE (5-YEAR)” (10-YEAR)” ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) Rm, 2005 8 443 10 499 11 350 1.57 p 3.00 p Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) R, 2005 1 338 1 664 1 799 1.57 p 3.00 p per Capita Gross Value Added (GVA) Rm, 2005 7 530 9 372 10 123 1.55 p 3.00 p Gross Operating Surplus (GOS) Rm, 2005 2 952 3 942 4 254 1.53 p 3.72 p Total Output Rm, 2005 15 222 19 681 21 916 2.17 p 3.71 p Intermediate Consumption Rm, 2005 7 691 10 309 11 794 2.73 p 4.37 p Tress Index for 10 Industries Index 53.20 53.60 55.50 0.70 p 0.42 p Tress Index for 23 Industries Index 78.60 77.50 78.90 0.36 p 0.04 p DEMOGRAPHICS Population Number 838 002 834 358 837 862 0.08 p 0.00 q Number of Households Number 201 651 213 400 221 909 0.79 p 0.96 p POVERTY AND INCOME Human Development Index (HDI) Index 0.50 0.49 0.47 -0.79 q -0.56 q Gini Coefficient Coefficient 0.61 0.60 0.58 -0.47 q -0.43 q Number of People in Poverty Number 567 860 546 727 526 270 -0.76 q -0.76 q Poverty rate % 67.76 65.53 62.81 -0.84 q -0.76 q No Schooling: Persons Aged 15+ Years Number 98 839 81 705 65 908 -4.21 q -3.97 q Illiteracy: Persons Aged 20+ Years Number 184 016 178 893 175 797 -0.35 q -0.46 q Population Density Persons per 22.65 22.45 22.81 0.32 p 0.07 p km² Total Household Disposable Income Rm, 2004 6 879 7 949 8 899 2.28 p 2.61 p Total Household Expenditure Rm, 2005 6 713 7 969 8 941 2.33 p 2.91 p LABOUR MARKET Economically Active Population (EAP) Number 201 332 203 611 212 482 0.86 p 0.54 p Labour Force Participation Rate Rate (%) 45.65 46.68 45.88 -0.35 q 0.05 p Number of Unemployed Number 72 905 73 010 90 929 4.49 p 2.23 p Rate of Unemployment Rate (%) 36.21 35.86 42.79 3.60 p 1.68 p Number of Formally Employed Number 103 395 87 511 80 239 -1.72 q -2.50 q Number of Informally Employed Number 25 032 43 090 41 314 -0.84 p 5.14 p Total Number of Employed Number 128 427 130 601 121 553 -1.43 p -0.55 q Employment Rate Rate (%) 63.79 64.14 57.21 -2.26 q -1.08 q CRIME * Number of Cases of Murder Number - 555 605 1.76 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Sexual Crimes Number - 2 328 - -100.00 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Common Robbery Number - 717 391 -11.41 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Drug-related Crimes Number - 1 116 1 696 8.73 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Driving Under the Number - 513 464 -1.99 q - ¬ Influence of Alcohol INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Proportion of Houses With Piped Water Ratio (%) 14.36 16.50 17.50 1.18 p 1.99 p Inside Dwelling Proportion of Households With a Flush or Ratio (%) 25.79 27.71 28.35 0.46 p 0.95 p Chemical Toilet Proportion of Houses With No Form of Ratio (%) 24.52 21.89 21.02 -0.81 q -1.53 q Refuse Removal Proportion of Electrified Households Ratio (%) 54.51 64.03 67.82 1.16 p 2.21 p Proportion of Dwellings Which are Ratio (%) 3.97 3.13 2.89 -1.60 q -3.13 q Classified as Informal Proportion of Households With a Phone in Ratio (%) 27.70 40.76 46.81 2.81 p 5.39 p the Dwelling and/or Cellular Phone HEALTH Number of New Cases of HIV Number 58 717 73 530 84 005 2.70 p 3.65 p Number of AIDS Related Deaths Number 4 505 5 969 6 971 3.15 p 4.46 p AIDS Related Deaths as a Proportion of All Rate (%) 0.10 0.13 0.18 6.83 p 6.77 p Deaths Number of New Cases of Tuberculosis Number - 6 784 - -100.00 q - ¬ (All TB) *

* Notes: 5.39 1. Crime data only available from 2004 onwards. Crime trend graphs from 2004 onwards. 2. Trend graphs show trend for the last 10 years. 3. TB data only available from 2007 onwards. Trend graph from TB from 2007 onwards. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 69

EMALAHLENI LOCAL MUNICIPALITY 2003 2008 2013 “AVE. “AVE. TREND* GROWTH GROWTH RATE RATE (5-YEAR)” (10-YEAR)”

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) Rm, 2005 632 643 608 -1.12 q -0.39 q Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) R, 2005 100 102 96 -1.12 q -0.39 q per Capita Gross Value Added (GVA) Rm, 2005 564 574 542 -1.14 q -0.39 q Gross Operating Surplus (GOS) Rm, 2005 198 229 232 0.25 p 1.59 p Total Output Rm, 2005 1 110 1 213 1 211 -0.02 q 0.88 p Intermediate Consumption Rm, 2005 546 639 669 0.94 p 2.05 p Tress Index for 10 Industries Index 63.20 59.90 57.30 -0.88 q -0.98 q Tress Index for 23 Industries Index 84.90 83.10 82.00 -0.27 q -0.35 q

DEMOGRAPHICS Population Number 130 232 129 783 129 886 0.02 p -0.03 q Number of Households Number 30 295 32 342 33 747 0.85 p 1.08 p

POVERTY AND INCOME Gini Coefficient Coefficient 0.53 0.46 0.39 -3.42 q -2.98 q Number of People in Poverty Number 92.764 87.038 81.217 -1.37 q -1.32 q Poverty rate % 71.23 67.06 62.53 -1.39 q -1.29 q No Schooling: Persons Aged 15+ Years Number 19.202 15.152 11.347 -5.62 q -5.12 q Illiteracy: Persons Aged 20+ Years Number 31.832 31.200 30.988 -0.14 q -0.27 q Population Density Persons per 36.41 36.13 36.51 0.21 p 0.03 p km² Total Household Disposable Income Rm, 2004 528 433 405 -1.29 q -2.61 q Total Household Expenditure Rm, 2005 507 439 433 -0.23 q -1.55 q

LABOUR MARKET Economically Active Population (EAP) Number 20.606 21.208 23.037 1.67 p 1.12 p Labour Force Participation Rate Rate (%) 33.03 35.33 36.68 0.76 p 1.05 p Number of Unemployed Number 11.166 11.706 14.706 4.67 p 2.79 p Rate of Unemployment Rate (%) 54.19 55.20 63.84 2.95 p 1.65 p Number of Formally Employed Number 7.548 5.897 4.819 -3.96 q -4.39 q Number of Informally Employed Number 1.892 3.605 3.512 -0.52 q 6.38 p Total Number of Employed Number 9.440 9.502 8.331 -2.60 q -1.24 q Employment Rate Rate (%) 45.81 44.80 36.16 -4.19 q -2.34 q

CRIME * Number of Cases of Murder Number - 53 60 2.71 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Sexual Crimes Number - 1 026 - -100.00 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Common Robbery Number - 50 36 -6.35 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Drug-related Crimes Number - 100 94 -1.37 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Driving Under the Number - 25 52 15.88 p - ¬ Influence of Alcohol

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Proportion of Houses With Piped Water Ratio (%) 3.53 6.15 7.57 4.25 p 7.93 p Inside Dwelling Proportion of Households With a Flush or Ratio (%) 6.19 5.94 5.84 -0.32 q -0.58 q Chemical Toilet Proportion of Houses With No Form of Ratio (%) 39.48 37.10 36.12 -0.54 q -0.89 q Refuse Removal Proportion of Electrified Households Ratio (%) 48.17 59.59 64.02 1.45 p 2.88 p Proportion of Dwellings Which are Ratio (%) 1.35 0.77 0.62 -4.29 q -7.57 q Classified as Informal Proportion of Households With a Phone in Ratio (%) 23.01 37.44 43.96 3.26 p 6.69 p the Dwelling and/or Cellular Phone

* Notes: 1. Crime data only available from 2004 onwards. Crime trend graphs from 2004 onwards. 2. Trend graphs show trend for the last 10 years. 70 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

ENGCOBO LOCAL MUNICIPALITY 2003 2008 2013 “AVE. “AVE. TREND* GROWTH GROWTH RATE RATE (5-YEAR)” (10-YEAR)”

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) Rm, 2005 857 1 236 1 463 3.43 p 5.50 p Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) R, 2005 136 196 232 3.43 p 5.50 p per Capita Gross Value Added (GVA) Rm, 2005 764 1 104 1 305 3.41 p 5.50 p Gross Operating Surplus (GOS) Rm, 2005 273 439 540 4.21 p 7.04 p Total Output Rm, 2005 1 460 2 176 2 647 4.00 p 6.13 p Intermediate Consumption Rm, 2005 695 1 073 1 342 4.58 p 6.80 p Tress Index for 10 Industries Index 59.40 56.40 58.50 0.73 p -0.15 q Tress Index for 23 Industries Index 84.40 82.70 83.40 0.17 p -0.12 q

DEMOGRAPHICS Population Number 152 960 145 945 141 911 -0.56 q -0.75 q Number of Households Number 34 143 36 838 38 736 1.01 p 1.27 p

POVERTY AND INCOME Gini Coefficient Coefficient 0.62 0.66 0.72 1.67 p 1.60 p Number of People in Poverty Number 107 361 101 469 96 538 -0.99 q -1.06 q Poverty rate % 70.19 69.53 68.03 -0.43 q -0.31 q No Schooling: Persons Aged 15+ Years Number 23 436 19 346 15 755 -4.02 q -3.89 q Illiteracy: Persons Aged 20+ Years Number 36 221 34 391 33 076 -0.78 q -0.90 q Population Density Persons per 67.01 63.11 62.78 -0.11 q -0.65 q km² Total Household Disposable Income Rm, 2004 846 1 157 1 391 3.76 p 5.10 p Total Household Expenditure Rm, 2005 808 1 097 1 304 3.52 p 4.90 p

LABOUR MARKET Economically Active Population (EAP) Number 24 389 27 093 27 634 0.40 p 1.26 p Labour Force Participation Rate Rate (%) 35.00 40.00 39.70 -0.15 q 1.27 p Number of Unemployed Number 12 907 10 784 11 545 1.37 p -1.11 q Rate of Unemployment Rate (%) 52.92 39.80 41.78 0.97 p -2.34 q Number of Formally Employed Number 9 007 10 666 10 330 -0.64 q 1.38 p Number of Informally Employed Number 2 475 5 643 5 759 0.41 p 8.81 p Total Number of Employed Number 11 482 16 309 16 089 -0.27 q 3.43 p Employment Rate Rate (%) 47.08 60.20 58.22 -0.66 q 2.15 p

CRIME * Number of Cases of Murder Number - 77 110 7.55 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Sexual Crimes Number - 256 - -100.00 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Common Robbery Number - 76 34 -14.88 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Drug-related Crimes Number - 30 40 5.83 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Driving Under the Number - 7 10 6.47 p - ¬ Influence of Alcohol

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Proportion of Houses With Piped Water Ratio (%) 1.93 3.79 4.78 4.75 p 9.53 p Inside Dwelling Proportion of Households With a Flush or Ratio (%) 7.18 8.26 8.78 1.24 p 2.04 p Chemical Toilet Proportion of Houses With No Form of Ratio (%) 37.89 28.64 25.27 -2.47 q -3.97 q Refuse Removal Proportion of Electrified Households Ratio (%) 24.06 35.93 41.53 2.94 p 5.61 p Proportion of Dwellings Which are Ratio (%) 2.22 1.31 1.09 -3.57 q -6.84 q Classified as Informal Proportion of Households With a Phone in Ratio (%) 20.57 35.92 43.60 3.95 p 7.80 p the Dwelling and/or Cellular Phone

* Notes: 1. Crime data only available from 2004 onwards. Crime trend graphs from 2004 onwards. 2. Trend graphs show trend for the last 10 years. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 71

INKWANCA LOCAL MUNICIPALITY 2003 2008 2013 “AVE. “AVE. TREND* GROWTH GROWTH RATE RATE (5-YEAR)” (10-YEAR)”

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) Rm, 2005 263 266 274 0.61 p 0.42 p Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) R, 2005 42 42 43 0.61 p 0.42 p per Capita Gross Value Added (GVA) Rm, 2005 234 237 244 0.59 p 0.42 p Gross Operating Surplus (GOS) Rm, 2005 105 104 100 -0.80 q -0.50 q Total Output Rm, 2005 515 524 539 0.59 p 0.47 p Intermediate Consumption Rm, 2005 280 286 295 0.60 p 0.52 p Tress Index for 10 Industries Index 42.20 45.60 53.60 3.29 p 2.42 p Tress Index for 23 Industries Index 77.90 79.00 82.60 0.90 p 0.59 p

DEMOGRAPHICS Population Number 20 378 17 502 15 860 -1.95 q -2.48 q Number of Households Number 5 876 5 864 5 867 0.01 p -0.02 q

POVERTY AND INCOME Gini Coefficient Coefficient 0.63 0.62 0.60 -0.68 q -0.62 q Number of People in Poverty Number 13 620 9 707 6 564 -7.53 q -7.04 q Poverty rate % 66.83 55.46 41.38 -5.69 q -4.68 q No Schooling: Persons Aged 15+ Years Number 2 214 1 574 1 048 -7.81 q -7.20 q Illiteracy: Persons Aged 20+ Years Number 5 275 4 364 3 663 -3.44 q -3.58 q Population Density Persons per 5.58 4.63 4.42 -0.93 q -2.30 q km² Total Household Disposable Income Rm, 2004 151 117 119 0.38 p -2.29 q Total Household Expenditure Rm, 2005 152 133 141 1.05 p -0.77 q

LABOUR MARKET Economically Active Population (EAP) Number 8 590 5 738 5 571 -0.59 q -4.24 q Labour Force Participation Rate Rate (%) 67.15 54.51 51.98 -0.95 q -2.53 q Number of Unemployed Number 1 553 1 518 1 939 5.02 p 2.24 p Rate of Unemployment Rate (%) 18.08 26.46 34.81 5.64 p 6.77 p Number of Formally Employed Number 5 865 2 915 2 459 -3.35 q -8.33 q Number of Informally Employed Number 1 172 1 305 1 173 -2.11 q 0.01 p Total Number of Employed Number 7 037 4 220 3 632 -2.96 q -6.40 q Employment Rate Rate (%) 81.92 73.54 65.19 -2.38 q -2.26 q

CRIME * Number of Cases of Murder Number - 33 19 -10.33 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Sexual Crimes Number - 115 - -100.00 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Common Robbery Number - 32 21 -7.83 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Drug-related Crimes Number - 76 76 -0.14 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Driving Under the Number - 59 34 -10.34 q - ¬ Influence of Alcohol

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Proportion of Houses With Piped Water Ratio (%) 21.81 32.04 37.85 3.39 p 5.67 p Inside Dwelling Proportion of Households With a Flush or Ratio (%) 58.73 79.37 84.04 1.15 p 3.65 p Chemical Toilet Proportion of Houses With No Form of Ratio (%) 2.70 2.47 2.38 -0.80 q -1.29 q Refuse Removal Proportion of Electrified Households Ratio (%) 75.45 79.58 80.80 0.31 p 0.69 p Proportion of Dwellings Which are Ratio (%) 3.66 1.76 1.38 -4.71 q -9.29 q Classified as Informal Proportion of Households With a Phone in Ratio (%) 31.43 35.11 36.44 0.75 p 1.49 p the Dwelling and/or Cellular Phone

* Notes: 1. Crime data only available from 2004 onwards. Crime trend graphs from 2004 onwards. 2. Trend graphs show trend for the last 10 years. 72 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

INTSIKA YETHU LOCAL MUNICIPALITY 2003 2008 2013 “AVE. “AVE. TREND* GROWTH GROWTH RATE RATE (5-YEAR)” (10-YEAR)”

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) Rm, 2005 894 1 348 1 607 3.57 p 6.04 p Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) R, 2005 142 214 255 3.57 p 6.04 p per Capita Gross Value Added (GVA) Rm, 2005 798 1 204 1 433 3.55 p 6.03 p Gross Operating Surplus (GOS) Rm, 2005 254 437 499 2.71 p 7.01 p Total Output Rm, 2005 1 535 2 544 3 202 4.71 p 7.63 p Intermediate Consumption Rm, 2005 737 1 340 1 769 5.70 p 9.15 p Tress Index for 10 Industries Index 63.90 60.00 65.90 1.89 p 0.31 p Tress Index for 23 Industries Index 85.60 82.80 85.00 0.53 p -0.07 q

DEMOGRAPHICS Population Number 182 401 186 628 189 883 0.35 p 0.40 p Number of Households Number 43 129 45 464 47 014 0.67 p 0.87 p

POVERTY AND INCOME Gini Coefficient Coefficient 0.46 0.34 0.20 -9.94 q -7.89 q Number of People in Poverty Number 132 034 135 081 136 730 0.24 p 0.35 p Poverty rate % 72.39 72.38 72.01 -0.10 q -0.05 q No Schooling: Persons Aged 15+ Years Number 23 248 20 779 18 422 -2.38 q -2.30 q Illiteracy: Persons Aged 20+ Years Number 41 251 42 572 43 977 0.65 p 0.64 p Population Density Persons per 59.68 61.03 62.36 0.43 p 0.44 p km² Total Household Disposable Income Rm, 2004 1 042 1 560 1 918 4.22 p 6.30 p Total Household Expenditure Rm, 2005 1 011 1 517 1 872 4.30 p 6.35 p

LABOUR MARKET Economically Active Population (EAP) Number 27 250 31 394 34 048 1.64 p 2.25 p Labour Force Participation Rate Rate (%) 32.74 36.89 37.29 0.22 p 1.31 p Number of Unemployed Number 14 723 14 397 16 948 3.32 p 1.42 p Rate of Unemployment Rate (%) 54.03 45.86 49.78 1.65 p -0.82 q Number of Formally Employed Number 10 127 11 625 11 553 -0.12 q 1.33 p Number of Informally Employed Number 2 400 5 372 5 547 0.64 p 8.74 p Total Number of Employed Number 12 527 16 997 17 100 0.12 p 3.16 p Employment Rate Rate (%) 45.97 54.14 50.22 -1.49 q 0.89 p

CRIME * Number of Cases of Murder Number - 131 142 1.61 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Sexual Crimes Number - 211 - -100.00 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Common Robbery Number - 93 60 -8.58 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Drug-related Crimes Number - 201 259 5.23 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Driving Under the Number - 36 59 10.56 p - ¬ Influence of Alcohol

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Proportion of Houses With Piped Water Ratio (%) 1.38 1.85 2.03 1.85 p 3.91 p Inside Dwelling Proportion of Households With a Flush or Ratio (%) 3.48 2.29 1.99 -2.70 q -5.41 q Chemical Toilet Proportion of Houses With No Form of Ratio (%) 34.43 31.17 29.87 -0.85 q -1.41 q Refuse Removal Proportion of Electrified Households Ratio (%) 36.45 49.02 54.67 2.21 p 4.14 p Proportion of Dwellings Which are Ratio (%) 1.40 1.34 1.32 -0.36 q -0.62 q Classified as Informal Proportion of Households With a Phone in Ratio (%) 19.70 40.84 51.98 4.94 p 10.19 p the Dwelling and/or Cellular Phone

* Notes: 1. Crime data only available from 2004 onwards. Crime trend graphs from 2004 onwards. 2. Trend graphs show trend for the last 10 years. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 73

INXUBA YETHEMBA LOCAL 2003 2008 2013 “AVE. “AVE. TREND* GROWTH GROWTH MUNICIPALITY RATE RATE (5-YEAR)” (10-YEAR)”

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) Rm, 2005 1 432 1 688 1 758 0.81 p 2.07 p Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) R, 2005 227 268 279 0.81 p 2.07 p per Capita Gross Value Added (GVA) Rm, 2005 1 278 1 507 1 568 0.79 p 2.07 p Gross Operating Surplus (GOS) Rm, 2005 551 686 693 0.20 p 2.33 p Total Output Rm, 2005 2 680 3 198 3 411 1.30 p 2.44 p Intermediate Consumption Rm, 2005 1 403 1 690 1 843 1.74 p 2.77 p Tress Index for 10 Industries Index 47.50 50.20 53.60 1.32 p 1.22 p Tress Index for 23 Industries Index 75.70 75.40 76.90 0.39 p 0.16 p

DEMOGRAPHICS Population Number 61 283 55 249 50 924 -1.62 q -1.83 q Number of Households Number 16 777 16 185 15 557 -0.79 q -0.75 q

POVERTY AND INCOME Gini Coefficient Coefficient 0.56 0.53 0.50 -1.11 q -1.01 q Number of People in Poverty Number 36 286 26 475 17 931 -7.50 q -6.81 q Poverty rate % 59.21 47.92 35.21 -5.98 q -5.06 q No Schooling: Persons Aged 15+ Years Number 5 286 3 960 2 977 -5.55 q -5.58 q Illiteracy: Persons Aged 20+ Years Number 13 799 10 772 8 284 -5.12 q -4.97 q Population Density Persons per 5.16 4.55 4.39 -0.70 q -1.61 q km² Total Household Disposable Income Rm, 2004 925 931 984 1.10 p 0.62 p Total Household Expenditure Rm, 2005 923 987 1 054 1.32 p 1.34 p

LABOUR MARKET Economically Active Population (EAP) Number 31 685 23 758 23 183 -0.49 q -3.08 q Labour Force Participation Rate Rate (%) 74.73 66.05 61.44 -1.44 q -1.94 q Number of Unemployed Number 4 131 4 253 5 954 6.96 p 3.72 p Rate of Unemployment Rate (%) 13.04 17.90 25.68 7.49 p 7.01 p Number of Formally Employed Number 22 821 13 401 11 694 -2.69 q -6.47 q Number of Informally Employed Number 4 733 6 104 5 535 -1.94 q 1.58 q Total Number of Employed Number 27 554 19 505 17 229 -2.45 q -4.59 q Employment Rate Rate (%) 86.96 82.10 74.32 -1.97 q -1.56 q

CRIME * Number of Cases of Murder Number - 70 67 -0.79 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Sexual Crimes Number - 130 - -100.00 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Common Robbery Number - 102 76 -5.77 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Drug-related Crimes Number - 242 447 13.07 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Driving Under the Number - 41 27 -7.57 q - ¬ Influence of Alcohol

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Proportion of Houses With Piped Water Ratio (%) 47.27 44.67 42.30 -1.08 q -1.10 q Inside Dwelling Proportion of Households With a Flush or Ratio (%) 72.34 78.90 80.52 0.41 p 1.08 p Chemical Toilet Proportion of Houses With No Form of Ratio (%) 3.56 1.65 1.31 -4.55 q -9.53 q Refuse Removal Proportion of Electrified Households Ratio (%) 86.31 92.20 93.61 0.30 p 0.82 p Proportion of Dwellings Which are Ratio (%) 1.87 2.72 3.57 5.60 p 6.70 p Classified as Informal Proportion of Households With a Phone in Ratio (%) 39.53 44.70 45.57 0.39 p 1.43 p the Dwelling and/or Cellular Phone

* Notes: 1. Crime data only available from 2004 onwards. Crime trend graphs from 2004 onwards. 2. Trend graphs show trend for the last 10 years. 74 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

LUKANJI LOCAL MUNICIPALITY 2003 2008 2013 “AVE. “AVE. TREND* GROWTH GROWTH RATE RATE (5-YEAR)” (10-YEAR)”

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) Rm, 2005 3 478 4 303 4 564 1.19 p 2.75 p Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) R, 2005 551 682 724 1.19 p 2.75 p per Capita Gross Value Added (GVA) Rm, 2005 3 102 3 841 4 071 1.17 p 2.75 p Gross Operating Surplus (GOS) Rm, 2005 1 260 1 684 1 821 1.58 p 3.75 p Total Output Rm, 2005 6 352 8 170 8 859 1.63 p 3.38 p Intermediate Consumption Rm, 2005 3 250 4 329 4 788 2.04 p 3.95 p Tress Index for 10 Industries Index 56.00 58.80 61.10 0.77 p 0.88 p Tress Index for 23 Industries Index 78.00 78.30 79.50 0.30 p 0.19 p

DEMOGRAPHICS Population Number 193 121 208 302 221 281 1.22 p 1.37 p Number of Households Number 47 104 51 050 54 109 1.17 p 1.40 p

POVERTY AND INCOME Gini Coefficient Coefficient 0.50 0.47 0.44 -1.41 q -1.27 q Number of People in Poverty Number 121 005 130 089 137 088 1.05 p 1.26 p Poverty rate % 62.66 62.45 61.95 -0.16 q -0.11 q No Schooling: Persons Aged 15+ Years Number 14 982 12 427 9 715 -4.81 q -4.24 q Illiteracy: Persons Aged 20+ Years Number 34 243 35 418 36 586 0.65 p 0.66 p Population Density Persons per 45.23 49.22 51.91 1.07 p 1.39 p km² Total Household Disposable Income Rm, 2004 2 666 3 017 3 293 1.77 p 2.13 p Total Household Expenditure Rm, 2005 2 616 3 054 3 331 1.75 p 2.45 p

LABOUR MARKET Economically Active Population (EAP) Number 61 820 71 101 74 275 0.88 p 1.85 p Labour Force Participation Rate Rate (%) 53.04 55.80 53.88 -0.70 q 0.16 p Number of Unemployed Number 20 278 21 190 27 456 5.32 p 3.08 p Rate of Unemployment Rate (%) 32.80 29.80 36.97 4.40 p 1.20 p Number of Formally Employed Number 32 343 32 663 30 368 -1.45 q -0.63 q Number of Informally Employed Number 9 199 17 248 16 451 -0.94 q 5.99 p Total Number of Employed Number 41 542 49 911 46 819 -1.27 q 1.20 p Employment Rate Rate (%) 67.20 70.20 63.03 -2.13 q -0.64 q

CRIME * Number of Cases of Murder Number - 133 130 -0.40 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Sexual Crimes Number - 434 - -100.00 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Common Robbery Number - 285 135 -13.85 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Drug-related Crimes Number - 342 643 13.47 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Driving Under the Number - 316 254 -4.23 q - ¬ Influence of Alcohol

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Proportion of Houses With Piped Water Ratio (%) 33.43 37.71 39.64 1.00 p 1.72 p Inside Dwelling Proportion of Households With a Flush or Ratio (%) 54.47 60.34 62.74 0.78 p 1.42 p Chemical Toilet Proportion of Houses With No Form of Ratio (%) 9.50 6.53 5.56 -3.16 q -5.22 q Refuse Removal Proportion of Electrified Households Ratio (%) 76.34 84.24 86.79 0.60 p 1.29 p Proportion of Dwellings Which are Ratio (%) 8.67 6.73 6.02 -2.21 q -3.58 q Classified as Informal Proportion of Households With a Phone in Ratio (%) 38.52 45.89 48.61 1.16 p 2.36 p the Dwelling and/or Cellular Phone

* Notes: 1. Crime data only available from 2004 onwards. Crime trend graphs from 2004 onwards. 2. Trend graphs show trend for the last 10 years. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 75

SAKHISIZWE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY 2003 2008 2013 “AVE. “AVE. TREND* GROWTH GROWTH RATE RATE (5-YEAR)” (10-YEAR)”

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) Rm, 2005 575 646 669 0.69 p 1.52 p Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) R, 2005 91 102 106 0.69 p 1.52 p per Capita Gross Value Added (GVA) Rm, 2005 513 577 597 0.68 p 1.52 p Gross Operating Surplus (GOS) Rm, 2005 195 224 227 0.23 p 1.50 p Total Output Rm, 2005 1 007 1 164 1 258 1.57 p 2.25 p Intermediate Consumption Rm, 2005 494 587 661 2.42 p 2.95 p Tress Index for 10 Industries Index 51.80 57.10 61.80 1.59 p 1.78 p Tress Index for 23 Industries Index 80.70 82.10 84.10 0.48 p 0.41 p

DEMOGRAPHICS Population Number 63 944 59 670 57 997 -0.57 q -0.97 q Number of Households Number 15 776 16 964 17 994 1.19 p 1.32 p

POVERTY AND INCOME Gini Coefficient Coefficient 0.97 0.98 1.01 0.46 p 0.43 p Number of People in Poverty Number 43 796 39 156 35 669 -1.85 q -2.03 q Poverty rate % 68.49 65.62 61.50 -1.29 q -1.07 q No Schooling: Persons Aged 15+ Years Number 6 070 4 510 3 084 -7.32 q -6.55 q Illiteracy: Persons Aged 20+ Years Number 12 965 12 030 11 199 -1.42 q -1.45 q Population Density Persons per 28.10 25.79 25.78 -0.01 q -0.86 q km² Total Household Disposable Income Rm, 2004 484 468 495 1.10 p 0.21 p Total Household Expenditure Rm, 2005 459 461 488 1.16 p 0.62 p

LABOUR MARKET Economically Active Population (EAP) Number 16 403 15 045 16 087 1.35 p -0.19 q Labour Force Participation Rate Rate (%) 48.34 47.17 47.22 0.02 p -0.24 q Number of Unemployed Number 5 548 6 295 8 525 6.25 p 4.39 p Rate of Unemployment Rate (%) 33.82 41.84 52.99 4.84 p 4.59 p Number of Formally Employed Number 8 842 6 221 5 371 -2.90 q -4.86 q Number of Informally Employed Number 2 013 2 529 2 191 -2.83 q 0.85 p Total Number of Employed Number 10 855 8 750 7 562 -2.88 q -3.55 q Employment Rate Rate (%) 66.18 58.16 47.01 -4.17 q -3.36 q

CRIME * Number of Cases of Murder Number - 31 46 8.06 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Sexual Crimes Number - 90 - -100.00 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Common Robbery Number - 50 19 -17.35 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Drug-related Crimes Number - 44 38 -2.81 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Driving Under the Number - 15 13 -2.60 q - ¬ Influence of Alcohol

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Proportion of Houses With Piped Water Ratio (%) 6.92 11.46 14.05 4.17 p 7.35 p Inside Dwelling Proportion of Households With a Flush or Ratio (%) 24.51 22.58 21.64 -0.84 q -1.24 q Chemical Toilet Proportion of Houses With No Form of Ratio (%) 18.34 23.41 25.91 2.05 p 3.52 p Refuse Removal Proportion of Electrified Households Ratio (%) 57.75 67.54 70.92 0.98 p 2.08 p Proportion of Dwellings Which are Ratio (%) 7.98 6.54 6.05 -1.54 q -2.72 q Classified as Informal Proportion of Households With a Phone in Ratio (%) 27.08 41.89 48.54 2.99 p 6.01 p the Dwelling and/or Cellular Phone

* Notes: 1. Crime data only available from 2004 onwards. Crime trend graphs from 2004 onwards. 2. Trend graphs show trend for the last 10 years. 76 | 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT

TSOLWANA LOCAL MUNICIPALITY 2003 2008 2013 “AVE. “AVE. TREND* GROWTH GROWTH RATE RATE (5-YEAR)” (10-YEAR)”

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) Rm, 2005 301 359 398 2.06 p 2.82 p Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP-R) R, 2005 48 57 63 2.06 p 2.82 p per Capita Gross Value Added (GVA) Rm, 2005 269 321 355 2.05 p 2.82 p Gross Operating Surplus (GOS) Rm, 2005 111 135 138 0.52 p 2.25 p Total Output Rm, 2005 548 675 769 2.63 p 3.44 p Intermediate Consumption Rm, 2005 279 354 414 3.14 p 4.01 p Tress Index for 10 Industries Index 53.50 54.80 60.90 2.13 p 1.30 p Tress Index for 23 Industries Index 81.90 81.70 84.70 0.72 p 0.34 p

DEMOGRAPHICS Population Number 33 508 31 125 29 980 -0.75 q -1.11 q Number of Households Number 8 502 8 647 8 841 0.45 p 0.39 p

POVERTY AND INCOME Gini Coefficient Coefficient 0.52 0.48 0.43 -1.94 q -1.73 q Number of People in Poverty Number 22 051 19 187 16 937 -2.46 q -2.60 q Poverty rate % 65.81 61.64 56.49 -1.73 q -1.51 q No Schooling: Persons Aged 15+ Years Number 4 389 3 946 3 551 -2.09 q -2.10 q Illiteracy: Persons Aged 20+ Years Number 8 404 8 123 8 002 -0.30 q -0.49 q Population Density Persons per 5.49 5.01 4.97 -0.15 q -0.98 q km² Total Household Disposable Income Rm, 2004 231 258 284 1.96 p 2.12 p Total Household Expenditure Rm, 2005 232 276 311 2.43 p 2.94 p

LABOUR MARKET Economically Active Population (EAP) Number 10 503 8 158 8 548 0.94 p -2.04 q Labour Force Participation Rate Rate (%) 52.78 47.14 45.18 -0.84 q -1.54 q Number of Unemployed Number 2 573 2 838 3 820 6.12 p 4.03 p Rate of Unemployment Rate (%) 24.50 34.79 44.69 5.14 p 6.20 p Number of Formally Employed Number 6 795 4 068 3 607 -2.38 q -6.14 q Number of Informally Employed Number 1 135 1 252 1 121 -2.19 q -0.12 q Total Number of Employed Number 7 930 5 320 4 728 -2.33 q -5.04 q Employment Rate Rate (%) 75.50 65.21 55.31 -3.24 q -3.06 q

CRIME * Number of Cases of Murder Number - 27 29 1.81 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Sexual Crimes Number - 59 - -100.00 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Common Robbery Number - 28 10 -18.72 q - ¬ Number of Cases of Drug-related Crimes Number - 79 97 4.23 p - ¬ Number of Cases of Driving Under the Number - 15 14 -1.03 q - ¬ Influence of Alcohol

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES Proportion of Houses With Piped Water Ratio (%) 7.48 8.28 8.59 0.73 p 1.39 p Inside Dwelling Proportion of Households With a Flush or Ratio (%) 13.19 14.03 14.26 0.33 p 0.78 p Chemical Toilet Proportion of Houses With No Form of Ratio (%) 17.85 25.53 28.94 2.54 p 4.95 p Refuse Removal Proportion of Electrified Households Ratio (%) 87.65 90.89 91.80 0.20 p 0.46 p Proportion of Dwellings Which are Ratio (%) 4.21 2.71 2.38 -2.53 q -5.55 q Classified as Informal Proportion of Households With a Phone in Ratio (%) 29.01 37.14 39.73 1.36 p 3.20 p the Dwelling and/or Cellular Phone

* Notes: 1. Crime data only available from 2004 onwards. Crime trend graphs from 2004 onwards. 2. Trend graphs show trend for the last 10 years. 2014 | SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE REPORT | 77

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This socio-economic profile was compiled by ECSECC ’s Information and Knowledge Management Unit, supported by a team of student volunteer researchers from the Department of Economics, University of Fort Hare.

ECSECC would like to thank Tinashe Mugumo Zimucha, Mpumelelo Booi, Nozuko Lawana, Phillip Ngonisa and Nyasha Mpofu for their hard work and dedication in the compilation of this district profile.

Andrew Murray, CEO ECSECC

DISCLAIMER: While every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the data in this publication data or calculation errors may have occurred. ECSECC is not liable or responsible for any damages which may result from the use of this data.

ISBN: 978-1-77593-020-4