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Tallinna Ülikool Sotsiaalteaduste Dissertatsioonid TALLINNA ÜLIKOOL SOTSIAALTEADUSTE DISSERTATSIOONID TALLINN UNIVERSITY DISSERTATIONS ON SOCIAL SCIENCES 115 1 2 EMILIA PAWŁUSZ IN SEARCH OF AN ESTONIAN IDENTITY: (FORMAL AND INFORMAL) MECHANISMS OF IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN ESTONIA. THE ROLE OF SONG FESTIVALS, POPULAR MUSIC AND NATION BRANDING Tallinn 2017 3 TALLINNA ÜLIKOOL SOTSIAALTEADUSTE DISSERTATSIOONID TALLINN UNIVERSITY DISSERTATIONS ON SOCIAL SCIENCES 115 Emilia Pawłusz IN SEARCH OF AN ESTONIAN IDENTITY: (FORMAL AND INFORMAL) MECHANISMS OF IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN ESTONIA. THE ROLE OF SONG FESTIVALS, POPULAR MUSIC AND NATION BRANDING School of Law, Governance and Society, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia. The dissertation was accepted for the defense of the degree of Doctor Philosophiae in Government and Politics by the Doctoral Committee of Social Sciences of Tallinn University on April 10th, 2017. Supervisors: Abel Polese, PhD, Senior Researcher at Tallinn University Opponents: Marcello Mollica, PhD, Professor at the University of Pisa Rico Isaacs, PhD, Reader at Oxford Brookes University The defense will take place on June 12, 2017 at 14 o’clock at Tallinn University lecture hall M-649, Uus-Sadama 5, Tallinn. This research was funded by the REA/EC under Marie Curie grant MCA-ITN-2012- TENSIONS. Copyright: Emilia Pawłusz, 2017 Copyright: Tallinn University, 2017 ISSN 1736-3632 (printed publication) ISBN 978-9949-29-325-4 (printed publication) ISSN 1736-793X (pdf) ISBN 978-9949-29-326-1 (pdf) Tallinn University 25 Narva Rd 10120 Tallinn www.tlu.ee 4 CONTENTS LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ..................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. 10 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 12 1. IDENTITY AND NATION-BUILDING: CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES ............... 17 1.1. Nation-building: definition applied in this thesis ....................................................... 17 1.2. Nation-building as a top-down political project ......................................................... 19 1.3. Banal nationalism ...................................................................................................... 21 1.4. Spontaneous nation-building ..................................................................................... 23 1.5. Everyday nation-building........................................................................................... 24 1.6. The informal and everyday – a change in epistemology? .......................................... 27 1.7. National identity ........................................................................................................ 28 2. POST-SOVIET NATION-BUILDING ............................................................................. 31 2.1. Legacies of Soviet nation-building ............................................................................ 31 2.2. Identity politics from the top ...................................................................................... 33 2.3. Research into non-elite views on the nation............................................................... 34 3. IDENTITY POLITICS IN ESTONIA ............................................................................... 37 3.1. Institutional measures of nation-building after 1991 ................................................. 37 3.2. Contemporary scholarship on identity and integration in Estonia ............................. 39 4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 44 4.1. Research design ......................................................................................................... 44 4.2. Types of data and its generation ................................................................................ 45 4.2.1. Living in the field ............................................................................................... 46 4.2.2. Observation ........................................................................................................ 47 4.2.3. Interviewing ....................................................................................................... 48 4.2.4. Secondary sources .............................................................................................. 50 4.3. Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 52 4.4. Trustworthiness .......................................................................................................... 53 4.5. Problems and limitations............................................................................................ 54 5. OVERVIEW OF ARTICLES ............................................................................................ 56 DISCUSSION AND PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS ..................................................... 60 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 63 PUBLICATIONS .................................................................................................................. 73 I. Everyday Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Space ..................................................... 75 II. The Estonian song festival and the affective practice of joint singing ......................... 95 III. Can musicians build the nation? Popular music and identity in Estonia ................... 127 IV. 'Scandinavia's Best Kept Secret': Tourism Promotion, Nation Branding and Identity Construction in Estonia (with a free guided tour of Tallinn airport) ................. 151 KOKKUVÕTE .................................................................................................................... 173 ELULOOKIRJELDUS ........................................................................................................ 175 CURRICULUM VITAE ..................................................................................................... 176 5 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS The dissertation is based on these four papers, which are referred to in the analytical overview by Roman numerals: I. Pawłusz, Emilia, Seliverstova, Oleksandra. (2016). Everyday Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Space. Methodological Reflections. Studies for Transition States and Societies, 8(1), 69–86. II. Pawłusz, Emilia. (2017) (forthcoming). The Estonian song festival and the affective practice of joint singing. In: Language Policy Beyond the State?, edited by Maarja Siiner, Kara Brown and Kadri Koreinik, Springer. III. Pawłusz, Emilia. (2017) (forthcoming). Can musicians build the nation? Popular music and identity in Estonia. In: The national in everyday life. Identity and nation-building in post-socialist spaces, edited by Abel Polese, Jeremy Morris, Oleksandra Seliverstova and Emilia Pawłusz, Routledge. IV. Pawłusz, Emilia, Polese, Abel. (2017). 'Scandinavia's Best Kept Secret': Tourism Promotion, Nation Branding and Identity Construction in Estonia (with a free guided tour of Tallinn airport). Nationalities Papers, 1–20. Author’s contribution I. Conducted fieldwork for one of the two case studies, did data analysis and interpretation; both authors equally contributed to writing the manuscript and revising it critically for intellectual content, and giving final approval to the manuscript. IV. Conducted fieldwork and gathered data, did data analysis and interpretation, wrote the empirical part of the paper and conclusions, gave final approval to the manuscript. Additional publications of relevance Pawłusz, Emilia. (2016). The Estonian Song Celebration (Laulupidu) as an Instrument of Language Policy. Journal of Baltic Studies, DOI: 10.1080/01629778.2016.1164203 Related conference presentations Pawłusz, Emilia. (2016). 'Projections of Estonianness in popular music', presented at ‘Lived experiences of the everyday nation' Workshop, 9–10 June, University of Oslo, Norway. Pawłusz, Emilia. (2016). “'Scandinavia’s Best Kept Secret’ – Imagining the Estonian Nation in Tourism and Nation-Branding”, presented at the biannual conference of the Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies, 26–28 May, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. Pawłusz, Emilia. (2015). 'Negotiation of modernity in Estonian song celebrations', presented at Songs of Social Protest Conference, 29 April–1 May, University of Limerick, Ireland. 6 Pawłusz, Emilia. (2015). 'Negotiation of modernity in Estonian song celebration', presented at the 20th Annual World Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities (ASN), 23–25 April, Columbia University, New York, USA. Pawłusz, Emilia. (2015). 'Estonian identity in a global context. The case of song celebrations', presented at Doctoral Workshop: Research Methodology and Data Collection Methods, 13–14 February, University of Latvia, Latvia. Pawłusz, Emilia. (2014). 'Between the global and the national: the tradition of choral singing in contemporary Estonia', presented at Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES) Annual Conference, 2–4 December, Södertörn University, Stockholm, Sweden. Pawłusz, Emilia. (2014). 'In Search for Collective Identity. The Production of Estonianness by
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