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PRO-WESTERNIZATION REFLECTED IN ORHAN PAMUK’S ISTANBUL MEMOIR (2003) : A POST-COLONIAL APPROACH

RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department

by:

ANDRIANA RAHMAWATI

A320120166

ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT

SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

2017

APPROVAL

PRO-WESTERNIZATION REFLECTED IN ORHAN PAMUK’S ISTANBUL MEMOIR (2003) : A POST-COLONIAL APPROACH

Publication Article

ANDRIANA RAHMAWATI

A320120166

Aprroved by

Consultant

(Dr. Abdillah Nugroho. M. Hum.

NIK.589

ACCEPTANCE

PRO-WESTERNIZATION REFLECTED IN ORHAN PAMUK’S ISTANBUL MEMOIR (2003) : A POST-COLONIAL APPROACH

PUBLICATION ARTICLE

ANDRIANA RAHMAWATI

A320120166

Accepted by the Board of Examiner

School of Teacher Training and Education

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta

Team of Examiner:

1. Dr. Abdillah Nugroho, M.Hum

Surakarta, .Mei 2017 Muhammadiyah University School of Teacher Trainng and Education Dean,

Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M. Hum NIP. 19650428B199303 1001

PERNYATAAN

Saya yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini,

Nama : Andriana Rahmawati

NIM : A320120166

Program Studi : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Judul Proposal Skripsi : Pro-Westernization Reflacted in Orhan Pamuk’s Memoir Post- Colonial Approach

Menyatakan dengan sebenarnya bahwa naskah publikasi yang saya serahkan ini benar-benar hasil karya saya sendiri dan bebas plagiat karya orang lain, kecuali yang secara tertulis diacukan/dikutip dalam naskah dan disebutkan pada daftar pustaka. Apabila di kemudian hari terbukti skripsi ini hasil plagiat, saya bertanggung jawab sepenuhnya dan bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai peraturan yang berlaku.

Surakarta,

Yang membuat pernyatann,

ANDRIANA RAHMAWATI

A320120166

iii

PRO-WESTERNIZATION REFLECTED IN ORHAN PAMUK’S ISTANBUL MEMOIR (2003) : A POST-COLONIAL APPROACH

ABSTRACK

Westernization was becomes a trend in many places in this world. Westernization was changed many aspect in live and rule then culture that usually used in the society. One of the factors that made westernization happen is economic factor. Western culture looks so shine with their industrial that made their citizen wealth. Because of it, many countries wanted to move followed industrialization that followed with the westernization culture. Westernization came from western culture, but industrialization came to the used of machine for made handcraft changed human reproduce. Controversy happen after the successful of industrialization proved can be able to make the socialite wealthy than before. Many countries wanted to follow for the sufficient of their society. Till the end some country is able to pro with westernization or not. They were who pro with westernization, we can call pro-westernization, for they that did not agree, and we can call it contra-westernization. In Istanbul memoir, they are who did not agree with westernization we can call: istanbullus or they are who still followed Istanbul rule based on Ottoman era (before westernization that populared by Turkey Republic ). Society in pro-westernization they life by western culture and style. For the example thrower television in the hall, used fireplace and the other western behavior. They did this for followed western style that spread. Pro-westernization explained in this research paper based on the Istanbul memoir by Orhan Pamuk.

Key Study: Westernization, Industrialization, Istanbullus, Pro-westernization

1. INTRODUCTION

Orhan Pamuk’s Istanbul memoir told about the life story of a boy in the ruined city. He spent his entire life patiently and is able to enjoy his city however the condition was melancholy and the society was sad as sad as the city. Istanbul memoir told about a ruined city slowly by westernization. Their society was poor and poverty because did not ready with new colonialism created by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk as the founder of Turkey Republic and the pioneer of westernization. Maybe this was happen because Mustafa Kemal Attaturk was born in Greek: In 1955 the British Left Cyprus, and as Greece was preparing to take over the entire island, an agent of the Turkish secret service threw a bomb into the house where Ataturk was born in the Greek city of Salonika. (Pamuk, 2003 p. 173)

There was many rebellion happen attacked the city based on the researcher lifetime in the story. It was mean that Istanbul was not a peacefully place. This condition was happen because in Istanbul, found many different tribes that hard to live peacefully. From that problem we could concluded that Istanbul had many problem and in the middle of crisis:

Radical Nationalists and Pan-Turkish try to reverse the integration process into the European Union and dream of a self-sufficient Turkey as dominating power in Eurasia. At the same time they still fight the demons of World War 1 like the Armenian question, the enmity with the Greeks and the Kurdish problem (Motika p 1)

They still had many problem to be resolved first, become had a new plan for the goodness of the city. That was could be looked that the society did not ready for the change. That was the reason why a city that grow under westernization era was not successfully grow. The society was not yet has willingness for changed into a new one: The year 2007 is decisive for Turkey’s future development in many respects. We will learn if the major actors of the political arena learned their lessons and willing to act according to democratic principle and the interest of their people (Motika, p 1)

Kurdish was one of the tribe that stayed in Istanbul. They existence was obeyed because they had a terrible past fighter the colonies as the result of agains westernization. The Armenian was had problem with the new regime too. Orhan Pamuk as the researcher of Istanbul memoir talked about this problem in his memoir. He talks about it when the publication of Istanbul memoir in London: In April of 2005 Pamuk returned to London for the publication of Istanbul and we settle into the same corner of the hotel lobby to speak for two hours. At first he seemed quite strained, and with reason. Two months earlier, in an interview with the Swiss newspaper Der Tages-Anzeiger, he had said of Turkey, “thirty thousand Kurds and million Armenians were killed in these land and nobody but me dares to talk about it. (Angel-GurrAa Quintana, 2005:1)

The other minority like Kurds, Armenian and the other was forgotten from nationalism:

They were picking their way through the ruin looking for signs of a new Turkish state, a new Turkish nationalism: The Ottoman Empire might have Fallen, but the Turkish people had made it great (like the state, the two were happy to forget the Greeks, the Armenians, the Jews, the Kurds, and many of minorities), and they wanted to show that through suffused in melancholy they were still standing tall. (Pamuk, 2003: 249)

The other un-readiness of Istanbul welcomed westernization process was about the language they used. Funny explanation about this case talk about the society around the city only understands about yes and no: Of the bored high school student in never-ending English classes where after six years no one has learned to say anything but “yes” and “no”. (Pamuk, 2003 p: 98) Based on the background above, the researcher proposes to conduct a research entitled “WESTERNIZATION REFLECTED IN ORHAN PAMUK’S

ISTANBUL MEMOIR (2003): A POST-COLONIAL APPROACH”

2. RESEARCH METHOD

Research method means the way the researcher research the research paper. There is research method that the researcher will be used: Type of the Study, Object of the Study, Type of the Data and the Data Source, Technique of the Data Collection and Technique of the Data Analysis. The clear explanation will be explain above: 1. Type of the Study

In this research, researcher used qualitative research. This was one of the method could be used to explained about literature. There was some step to conduct the research paper includes: a. determined the type of the study b. determined the object of the study c. determined data and sources d. determined technique of data collection e. determined technique of data analysis. 2. Object of the study The object of this study is westernization reflected in Istanbul (2003).This research analyzed by used post-colonial approach that researched about the changing condition after colonialism. 3. Type of the Data and the Data Sources There were two kinds of data sources that needed to conduct in this research: primary data sources and secondary data sources. a. Primary Data Sources

The sources to researched this paper used Orhan Pamuk’s Istanbul memoir 2003 published by First Vintage International Edition in July 2006 book design by Robert C. Olsson. b. Secondary Data Sources The other data that used to research this paper came from books, internet, journal and dictionary. This was important to supported the researcher when looked about information that needed by completed the research paper because the data will support the primary data sources. 4. Technique of the Data Collection There was some technique that used when researched this paper. The technique would make this paper become easier to found about the point. The step when researched the impact of westernization was included: a. reading the original memoir Istanbul b. determining the character c. feeling every moment that created d. taking some notes e. classified the data 5. Technique of the Data Analysis Technique used in analyzed the data was used descriptive analysis. This was related with structural element of Istanbul memoir 2003 by Orhan Pamuk. Descriptive text could be determined by interpreted the text and the content by post-colonialism based on the content of the text. Specifically the analysis of the data donned by: a. Analyzed the memoir based on that structural elements. b. Analyzed the post-colonialism perspective by searched the impact of the new colonialism.

3. ANALYSIS OF PRO-WESTERNIZATION Westernization was spread all over the world. People try to used and imitated western culture to make their life more stylish (in their view). Actually try to be western and modern is different. People think that to be western should be modern first. It is wrong. Modern and western is quite different.

Some have assumption that the modern civilization is the same as the western civilization and consequently western civilizations are the same as modern civilization. This statement is not true. This is due to the fact that the western has always been even before modernization. (Anonym, p 4)

The major factor that made it does not clear is because modernization start in Europe, so people concept is modern have a similar meaning with western. Civilization brings about modernization; and civilization has historic start in Europe. (Anonym, p 1) Actually western was more old than modernization. A clear explanation about the different about westernization and modernization is, westernization has been seen in their philosophy and rationalism, but modernization focuses on evolution from tradition society practical’s to modern social status. It hard to make people understand about what they want will do if they want be more western or more modern. Indigenous people, before European come they have their own culture, but after the European colonized them, they should change their style of life, it does mean change culture, just change lifestyle. For modern transformation the country must therefore undergo economic, political, and cultural transformation. Economically, the country needs to transform from traditional agriculture practices to modern industrial practices. Politically, the country must move from dictatorial and feudal autocratic practices to free and fair democratic society. Culturally, the society needs to move from uncivilized groups into conscious individualism so as to have independence. ‘(Anonym, p 3) It has big damage in their life. Civilization brings about modernization, and civilization has historic start in Europe. Now it is clear about westernization and modernization. Try to modernization to make life easier it does mean leave the culture we have before, but in Istanbul memoir, traditional culture should left. But finding himself in the oppressing, centralizing, homogenizing grip that the westernizing movement brought with it, this “old- fashioned” Istanbul writer was left with very few in which to express his “socially unacceptable” tastes and obsessions.(Pamuk, 2003: 166) Turkey republic was founded on October 29, 1923, out of the ashes of Ottoman, Mustafa Kemal Attaturk want to elevate Turkey to the rank of highly civilized nation. Not all society agrees with westernization, anti westernization based on Istanbul memoir called Istanbullus but this research paper did not talk about it.

This chapter deals with post-colonial analysis. Post-colonial analysis tries to explore the political condition of Istanbul based on the memoir. This post-colonial study will explore the condition before and after the new colonalisation happen. A. Post-Colonial Study Post-colonial is the study of political condition that shifting in some period. It was studied about controlling power. In this memoir, post-colonial differentiates based on three parts. First colonial, colonialised then post-colonialism based on the explanation of Aijaz Ahmad in An Introduction to Post-Colonial theory. But I have seen articles in a great many place, in the special issue of social text on post-colonialist, with push the use of the term “colonialism” back to such configuration as the Incas, the Ottomans and the Chinese, well before the Europe colonial empire began: and then bring the term forward to cover all kinds of national oppression, as, for example, the savagery or the Indonesian government in East Timor. ‘colonialism’ then becomes a trans- historical thing, always present and always in process of dissolution in one part of the world or another, so that everyone gets the privilege, sooner or later, at one time or another, of being colonizer, colonized and post-colonial sometimes all at once, in the case of Australia for example.’ (Peter Childs and R.J. Patrick Williams, p 2)

1. Colonial

In Istanbul memoir colonialism begin with the Ottoman era. Ottoman era was took their inspiration from Persia. Ottoman miniaturist took their inspiration from Persians. (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 44)

Based on the story, Ottoman era had found from the Utsmaniah then change to the Republican era, people still call the city Istanbul. Istanbul family had a custom in their era. Their all big family would stay in one house and live in the each different of floor. My mother, my father, my older brother, my grandmother, my uncles, and my aunts-we all lived on different floors of the same five-story apartment house. Until the year before I was born, the different branches of the family had (as with so many large Ottoman families) lived together in a stone mansion, in 1951 they tended it out to a private elementary school and build on the empty lot next door the modern structure I would know as home; on the facade, in

keeping with the custom of the time, they proudly put up a plaque that said PAMUK APT.’ (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 9)

Like so many place in the world, colonialism by Ottoman Family you can find simmit as the special food in Ottoman colonialism. A youth is fishing from the old fishing station at Besiktas (and loving Melling as much as I do, I am not going to say that the sea at Besiktas is never quite so calm as he depicts it); beside this youth, only five paces away, are the two mysterious men who appear on the cover of a Turkish edition of the white castle; on the hills of Kandili is a man with a dancing bear an assistant, shaking a tambourine; in the center of Sultanahmed Square (the Hippodrome, according to Melling), seemingly unmoved by the crowds and the monuments, in the manner of all true Istanbullus, there is a man walking slowly alongside his burdened donkey; sitting in the same picture, with his back to the crowds, is a man selling the sesame rolls we still call simmit, and his three-legged table is the same as the three- legged tables some simmit sellers still use today. (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 74)

As a time walk, because of the coming of westernization and the pro contra with the west. Many people emigrated from one place to the other place in Istanbul because of many rebellion was happen. 2. Colonialised

Second process of post-colonialism was colonialised. Based on the story colonialised start from the colonialism began with westernization. Firs problem that attacked the city is the war with other country. Because of the war, many of the people were emigrated from one place to the other more save place. My grandmother’s father had immigrated to Anatolia during the Russia-Ottoman war (1877-78), settling first in Izmir (from time to time there was talk of an empty house there) and later in Istanbul, where my grandfather had studied civil engineering. (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 12).

After many of the war, Ottoman tries to entering westernization in the city. They entering western people to traveling to their place, but because of the haters of their people, they call western people by dog. Then there are the packs of dogs, mentioned by every western traveler to pass through Istanbul during the nineteenth century, from Lamartine and Gerard de Nerval

to Mark Twain; they continue to bring drama to the city’s streets. (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 42)

Because of the coming of the western travelers, Ottoman have an influent from western and becoming of the beginning of westernization in Istanbul, one of the influent is about the building. This colonnaded neoclassical building no longer exists, so we know it only from millings own paintings; it did not just express a Bosporus identity but set the standard for what the memoirist Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar (1901-1962) would later call a “hybrid style”: a new Ottoman architecture that successfully combined motifs of western and traditional origin. (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 64)

The Utsmanial didn’t exist long. When the society hear about the craziness in the palace, crazy princes, children in the attic, murdering pasha and the other craziness, the society do not believing again with the Ottoman family. It can be explained in the memoir in this paragraph: Watching the pashas mansions burn to the ground, my family maintained a stony equanimity-much as we had done in the face of all those stories about crazy princes, opium addicts in the palace harem, children locked in attics, treacherous sultan’s daughter, and exiled or murdered pasha-and ultimately the decline and fall of the empire itself. As we in Nisantasi saw it, the republic had done away with the pashas, princes, and high officials, so the empty mansions they had left behind were only decrepit anomalies.’ (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 28)

The other factor that make Ottoman more ruin is about the expected with westernization that Ottoman culture in the politics. They think that politic based on westernization knowledge will much better than their own political rule. As with many of his successors, people expected a great deal from this pasha, simply because he was more western than Ottoman or Turks. (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 27)

They intention to take the authority of industrial for better economical condition more flare up then the rebellion happen. The palace was fallen and Istanbul under the rebellion change becomes Turkey Republic under Lausanne Doctrine.

It was the Lausanne Conference that finally shaped the Pro-Western political policy of Turkey. (Jamil Hasanli p xii)

Because of many influent of westernization came to the city then influenced the political movement and make Ottoman influent weaker. Then the post- colonialism under the Attaturk era was happen. Many people support this Turkification. First, if, following the First World War, during the armistice years, Istanbul was to become a colony of the West, it was important to explain to the colonizers that this was not just a place to be remembered for Hagia Sophia and its churches; they had to be made aware of the city’s Turkish identity. And second, after the War of Independence and the founding of the Republic, Yahya Kemal emphasized Istanbul’s Turkishness to herald “the creation of a new nation.” Both writers wrote long articles that overlooked Istanbul’s multilingual, multireligious heritage to support this “Turkification.” (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 251)

3. Post-Colonialism

After colonialism by Ottoman was fall, Turkey Republic was found and carries westernization as the way out of the problem that happens in the entire city. Westernization had many influence in Turkey era. Society followed the way of Turkey Republic offered to followed westernization. They were many influents that influenced society about westernization. One of them was used electronic amusement (television and small film projector) to reflect it. So it was not just in the affluent homes of Istanbul that you saw sitting-room museums; over the next fifty years you could find this haphazard and gloomy (but sometimes also poetic) displays of western influence in sitting rooms all over Turkey; only with the arrival of television in the 1970s did they go out of fashion. (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 10)

My uncle, who around this same time had purchased a small film projector, would go during the holidays to the local photography shop, where he rented film shorts: Charley Chaplin, Walt Disney, Laurel and Hardy. (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 19)

The houses and yalis we visited were all inhabited by near and distant relations of my mother; when these

compassionate old aunts and scary hairy uncles had finished kissing us and pinching our cheeks, after they had shown us whatever strange thing in their house had attracted our attention-a German barometer that I once thought was shared by all the westernized houses of the city (a man and wife in Bavarian dress would leave and reenter their home according to the weather), or a clock with a cuckoo that would turn on its axis and retreat sharply into its cage every half hour, or a real canary warbling in response to its mechanical cousin-we would proceed to our mother’s room.’ (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 79)

The other electronic used (beside entertainment electronic) was German Barometer that used to measure the weather (too cold or too warm). The other influent that influenced the society under the westernization project was reflected in architecture side. What I enjoyed most about our family excursion to the Bosporus was to see the traces everywhere of a sumptuous culture that had been influenced by the West without having lost its originality or vitality. (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 52)

Westernization excurse the way of thinking society too. They think that sitting in their apartment would make them felt more western than before, they tries to imitate western culture as much as they can. The writer was infected with westernization influent. He was wanted to be a painter like a French painter. Because the rich of the republican era were not as powerful as the Ottoman pashas, and because they felt more westerns sitting in their apartments in the neighborhoods surrounding Taksim, viewing the Bosporus from a distance, the old Ottoman families now weakened and brought low-the pasha ‘children who had fallen into poverty, the relatives of people like A. S.’ (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 59)

I was twenty years old and had just launched into a long diatribe against the stupidities of the soulless, brainless rich, who went to such pretentious lengths to show how “western” they were, who- instead of sharing their art collection with the public, endowing a museum, or following their passions-lived timid, mediocre lives; I singled out a number of family acquaintances, several of my parents’ childhood friends, and the parents of some of my own friends. (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 198)

I wanted to paint, I wanted to live like the French painters I’d neither read about in books, but I lacked the strength to create such a world in Istanbul, nor did Istanbul lend itself to the project. (Orhan Pamuk, 2003, p 323)

What we found disillusioning was not that these artists, most of whom came from military schools and had studied in Europe, had allowed themselves to be influenced by western artists, but that they captured so little of the feel, touch, and soul of the city about which we had wandered, so in love and so cold. (Pamuk, 2003, p 336)

The other way of thinking that influenced by western influent is the society felt more impress with art and literature from western people. Society like story produce from western and their engraving too. The story that echoed by western people was Anna Karenina. Istanbul society thinks that become western was looked more beautiful than Ottoman look. At times when I was most desperate to believe in a glorious pas-and those of us overly impressed by western art and literature do often succumb to this sort of Istanbul chouvin-i found Melling’s engravings consoling. (Pamuk, 2003, p 63)

Often, too, the western longing produce tales with echoes of Anna Karenina a rich family would hire a foreign nanny to teach the children her language, only for the man of the house to run off with her. (Pamuk, 2003, p 191)

Yahya Kemal had spent ten years in Paris studying French poetry; “thinking like a Westerner,” he longed for a western-style image that would make nationalism “look more beautiful.” (Pamuk, 2003, p 250)

They also changed the way of think about the basic question of existence.

Everyone talks openly about mathematics, success at school, soccer, and having fun, but they grapple with the most basic question of existence-love, compassion, religion, the meaning of life, jealousy, hatred- in trembling confusion and painful solitude. (Pamuk, 2003, p 185)

Westernization touch in the way how they were learned. Now the city was did not used Arab for their handwriting. They use Latin handwriting. After I had finished a word containing one of the more difficult Gothic letters (a g or a k), I would do as the Safevi miniaturists did after drawing thousands of leaves of a great plane tree one by one: I would rest my eyes by

looking out through the gaps between the apartments, the empty lots, and the streets leading down to sea, and gaze at the ships passing up and down the Bosporus.’ (Pamuk, 2003, p 85)

Westernization also change from traditional method (handmade) became modern method (industrialization). Having made a great deal of money during the early 1930s, when the new Turkish Republic was investing heavily in railroad building, he built a large factory that made everything from rope to a sort of twine to dry tobacco; the factory was located on the banks of the Goksu, a stream that fed into the Bosporus. (Pamuk, 2003, p 12)

Westernization for pro-westernization had a great deal of celebrates the conquest of Istanbul city. It was westernization and Turkey nationalism that prompted Istanbul to begin celebrating the conquest. (Pamuk, 2003, p 172)

They were change their way of dressing too. Made it looked more western than before. A year after Gide’s book came out, Attaturk the greatest westernize of them all, institutes a revolution in dress, banning all clothing that wasn’t western. (Pamuk, 2003, p 237)

In the Attaturk era, women could be work, like many westerners people did. The melancholy Tanpinar first discovered in Nerval’s and Gautier’s arresting observations about the poor neighborhoods, the ruins, dingy residential districts, and city walls, he transforms into an indigenous huzun through which to apprehend a local landscape and, most particularly, the everyday life of a modern working woman. (Pamuk, 2003, p 247)

4. CONCLUSION

After analyzing Istanbul memoir the researcher describe the following conclusion. Based on the theme pro-westernization reflected in orhan pamuk’s istanbul memoir, the researcher want to give a conclusion, first westernization was change many aspect of the entire life of Istanbul society. Second they are who agree

by westernization was life peacefully because they able to adjust with westernization rule that adopted by Turkey country.

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