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Sustaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Soils and Sediments Scope 64.Qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page Iv Scope 64.qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page i Scope 64.qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page ii About Island Press Island Press is the only nonprofit organization in the United States whose principal purpose is the publication of books on environmental issues and natural resource management. We provide solutions-oriented information to professionals, public officials, business and com- munity leaders, and concerned citizens who are shaping responses to environmental problems. In 2004, Island Press celebrates its twentieth anniversary as the leading provider of timely and practical books that take a multidisciplinary approach to critical environmental concerns. Our growing list of titles reflects our commitment to bringing the best of an expanding body of literature to the environmental community throughout North America and the world. Support for Island Press is provided by The Nathan Cummings Foundation, Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, Educational Foundation of America, The Charles Engelhard Foundation, The Ford Foundation, The George Gund Foundation, The Vira I. Heinz Endowment, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Henry Luce Foundation, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, The Moriah Fund, The Curtis and Edith Munson Foun- dation, The New-Land Foundation, Oak Foundation, The Overbrook Foundation, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, The Pew Charitable Trusts, The Rockefeller Foun- dation, The Winslow Foundation, and other generous donors. The opinions expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of these foundations. About SCOPE The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) was established by the International Council for Science (ICSU) in 1969. It brings together natural and social sci- entists to identify emerging or potential environmental issues and to address jointly the nature and solution of environmental problems on a global basis. Operating at an interface between the science and decision-making sectors, SCOPE’s interdisciplinary and critical focus on available knowledge provides analytical and practical tools to promote further research and more sustainable management of the Earth’s resources. SCOPE’s members, forty national science academies and research councils and twenty-two international scientific unions, committees, and societies, guide and develop its scientific program. Scope 64.qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page iii SCOPE 64 Sustaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Soils and Sediments Scope 64.qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page iv The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) SCOPE Series SCOPE 1–59 are now out of print. Selected titles from this series can be downloaded free of charge from the SCOPE Web site (http://www.icsu-scope.org). SCOPE 60: Resilience and the Behavior of Large-Scale Systems, edited by Lance H. Gunderson and Lowell Pritchard Jr. SCOPE 61: Interactions of the Major Biogeochemical Cycles: Global Change and Human Impacts, edited by Jerry M. Melillo, Christopher B. Field, and Bedrich Moldan SCOPE 62: The Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Humans, Climate, and the Natural World, edited by Christopher B. Field and Michael R. Raupach SCOPE 63: Invasive Alien Species: A New Synthesis, edited by Harold A. Mooney, Richard N. Mack, Jeffrey A. McNeely, Laurie E. Neville, Peter Johan Schei, and Jeffrey K. Waage SCOPE 64: Sustaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Soils and Sedi- ments, edited by Diana H. Wall SCOPE 65: Agriculture and the Nitrogen Cycle, edited by Arvin R. Mosier, J. Keith Syers, and John R. Freney Scope 64.qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page v SCOPE 64 Sustaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Soils and Sediments Edited by Diana H. Wall A project of SCOPE, the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, of the International Council for Science Washington • Covelo • London Scope 64.qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page vi Copyright © 2004 Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 1718 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009. ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of The Center for Resource Economics. Permission requests to reproduce portions of the book should be addressed to SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 51 Boulevard de Montmorency, 750176 Paris, France). Inquiries regarding licensing publication rights to this book as a whole should be addressed to Island Press (1718 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009, USA). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data. Sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services in soils and sediments / edited by Diana H. Wall. p. cm.––(SCOPE ; 64) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-55963-759-5 (cloth : alk. paper)––ISBN 1-55963-760-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Soil ecology––Economic aspects. 2. Biological diversity–– Economic aspects. 3. Ecosystem management. I. Wall, Diana H. II. SCOPE report ; 64 QH541.5.S6 S87 2004 577.5/7––dc22 2004008096 British Cataloguing-in-Publication data available. Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Scope 64.qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page vii Contents Figures and Tables . .xi Foreword . .xv Preface . .xvii Acknowledgments . .xix 1. The Need for Understanding How Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning Affect Ecosystem Services in Soils and Sediments . .1 Diana H. Wall, Richard D. Bardgett, Alan P. Covich, and Paul V.R. Snelgrove Part I. Ecosystem Processes and the Sustainable Delivery of Goods and Services . .13 Alan P. Covich 2. The Sustainable Delivery of Goods and Services Provided by Soil Biota . .15 Wim H. van der Putten, Jonathan M. Anderson, Richard D. Bardgett,Valerie Behan-Pelletier, David E. Bignell, George G. Brown,Valerie K. Brown, Lijbert Brussaard, H. William Hunt, Phillip Ineson,T. Hefin Jones, Patrick Lavelle, Eldor A. Paul, Mark St. John, David A. Wardle,Todd Wojtowicz, and Diana H. Wall 3. Ecosystem Services Provided by Freshwater Benthos . .45 Alan P. Covich, Katherine C. Ewel, Robert O. Hall, Jr., Paul S. Giller, Willem Goedkoop, and David M. Merritt Scope 64.qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page viii viii | Contents 4. Marine Sedimentary Biota as Providers of Ecosystem Goods and Services . .73 Jan Marcin Weslawski, Paul V.R. Snelgrove, Lisa A. Levin, Melanie C. Austen, Ronald T. Kneib,Thomas M. Iliffe, James R. Garey, Stephen J. Hawkins, and Robert B. Whitlatch Part II. Assessment of the Vulnerability of Critical Below-Surface Habitats, Functions, and Taxa . .99 Paul V.R. Snelgrove 5. Vulnerability to Global Change of Ecosystem Goods and Services Driven by Soil Biota . .101 David A. Wardle,Valerie K. Brown,Valerie Behan-Pelletier, Mark St. John,Todd Wojtowicz, Richard D. Bardgett, George G. Brown, Phillip Ineson, Patrick Lavelle, Wim H. van der Putten, Jonathan M. Anderson, Lijbert Brussaard, H. William Hunt, Eldor A. Paul, and Diana H. Wall 6. Vulnerability and Management of Ecological Services in Freshwater Systems . .137 Paul S. Giller, Alan P. Covich, Katherine C. Ewel, Robert O. Hall, Jr., and David M. Merritt 7. Vulnerability of Marine Sedimentary Ecosystem Services to Human Activities . .161 Paul V.R. Snelgrove, Melanie C. Austen, Stephen J. Hawkins, Thomas M. Iliffe, Ronald T. Kneib, Lisa A. Levin, Jan Marcin Weslawski, Robert B. Whitlatch, and James R. Garey Part III. Connections Between Soils and Sediments: Implications for Sustaining Ecosystems . .191 Richard D. Bardgett 8. Connecting Soil and Sediment Biodiversity: The Role of Scale and Implications for Management . .193 Patrick Lavelle, David E. Bignell, Melanie C. Austen,Valerie K. Brown,Valerie Behan-Pelletier, James R. Garey, Paul S. Giller, Stephen J. Hawkins, George G. Brown, Mark St. John, H. William Hunt, and Eldor A. Paul Scope 64.qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page ix Contents | ix 9. Cascading Effects of Deforestation on Ecosystem Services Across Soils and Freshwater and Marine Sediments . .225 Phillip Ineson, Lisa A. Levin, Ronald T. Kneib, Robert O. Hall, Jr., Jan Marcin Weslawski, Richard D. Bardgett, David A. Wardle, Diana H. Wall, Wim H. van der Putten, and Holley Zadeh 10. Understanding the Functions of Biodiversity in Soils and Sediments Will Enhance Global Ecosystem Sustainability and Societal Well-Being . .249 Diana H. Wall, Richard D. Bardgett, Alan P. Covich, and Paul V.R. Snelgrove Contributors . .255 SCOPE Series List . .261 SCOPE Soil and Sediment Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning (SSBEF) Committee Publications . .265 SCOPE Executive Committee 2001–2004 . .269 Index . .271 Scope 64.qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page x Scope 64.qxd 10/6/04 11:34 AM Page xi Figures and Tables Figures 1.1. Schematic depiction of relative importance of different ecosystem goods and processes in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine sediments 3 2.1. Hierarchy of the determinants of soil processes that provide ecosystem services 17 3.1. Schematic overview of a functional food web showing the linkages between food web processes and services provided by sediment and above-surface biota in freshwater ecosystems 46 4.1. Schematic depiction of interrelated nature of soil, freshwater, and coastal marine sedimentary ecosystems prior to and following deforestation 89 5.1. Different response dynamics of soil biota to disturbance 109 6.1. The interaction between six major ecosystem services, provided by freshwater systems, and fourteen potential threats in the freshwater domain 140 6.2. Conceptual diagram illustrating the concept of a disservice for humans, through the potential negative effect of implementation of management on an ecosystem function to enhance an ecosystem service 142 7.1. Schematic summary of the major threats to ecosystem goods and services in estuarine and coastal ecosystems 162 7.2. Scales of threats to marine sedimentary habitats 163 8.1a.
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