A Hybrid Theory of Metaphor
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A Review of Relevance STEPHEN C
J. Linguistics 25 (1989), 455-472. Printed in Great Britain REVIEW ARTICLE A review of Relevance STEPHEN C. LEVINSON Department of Linguistics, University of Cambridge (Received 31 March 1989) Dan Sperber & Deirdre Wilson, Relevance: communication and cognition. Oxford: Blackwell, 1986. Pp. viii + 279. In this bold and highly controversial book, Sperber and Wilson attempt to shift the whole centre of gravity of pragmatic theory by locating it firmly in a general theory of cognition. Outlining that general theory takes the bulk of the book, so those who have followed technical developments in pragmatics will not find those issues much advanced here. For the purpose of the book is otherwise, to outline a single cognitive principle which (it is held) will give us, along with a theory of attention, almost all we need in the way of a theory of communication, such a theory in turn having linguistic applications merely sketched here.1 The book is written in a fluid argumentative style; easy to read, it is not easy to understand, presuming much that the central thesis depends on. Perhaps because of the global and speculative aims, there is little or no reference to recent developments in the theory of meaning.2 This book has already aroused much passion for and much passion against. Cited by its authors as long ago as 1979, the ideas have been trailered in a series of articles, with both critics and protagonists taking up provocative positions (see for example the still useful exchange in Smith, 1982). Thus when the book finally appeared, extensive airings of these passions were inevitable (see the peer review in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (BBS) 10 (1987), or the exchange in Journal of Semantics 5 (1988)).3 The views have [1] A second and third volume on pragmatics and rhetoric were projected (vii-viii) and this reviewer had hoped for some glimpse of these applications before passing judgment on a disembodied principle, as it were. -
Epsiode 20: Happy Birthday, Hybrid Theory!
Epsiode 20: Happy Birthday, Hybrid Theory! So, we’ve hit another milestone. I’ve rated for 15+ before like 6am, when it made 20 episodes of this podcast – which becomes a Top 50 countdown. When I was is frankly very silly – and I was trying younger, it was the quickest way to find to think about what I could write about new music, and potentially accidentally to reflect such a momentous occasion. see something that would really scar I was trying to think of something that you, music-video wise. Like that time I was released in the year 2000 and accidentally saw Aphex Twin’s Come to was, as such, experiencing a similarly Daddy music video. momentous 20th anniversary. The answer is, unsurprisingly, a lot of things But because I was tiny and my brain – Gladiator, Bring It On and American was a sponge, it turns out a lot of what Psycho all came out in the year 2000. But I consumed has actually just oozed into I wasn’t allowed to watch any of those every recess of my being, to the point things until I was in high school, and they where One Step Closer came on and I didn’t really spur me to action. immediately sang all the words like I was in some sort of trance. And I haven’t done And then I sent a rambling voice memo a musical episode for a while. So, today, to Wes, who you may remember from we’re talking Nu Metal, baby! Hell yeah! such hits as “making this podcast sound any good” and “writing the theme tune I’m Alex. -
Hybrid Dynamic Density Functional Theory for Polymer Melts and Blends
Hybrid Dynamic Density Functional Theory for Polymer Melts and Blends Takashi Honda ∗ Japan Chemical Innovation Institute, and Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan Toshihiro Kawakatsu Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan Abstract We propose a high-speed and accurate hybrid dynamic density functional theory for the computer simulations of the phase separation processes of polymer melts and blends. The proposed theory is a combination of the dynamic self-consistent field (SCF) theory and a time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau type theory with the random phase approximation (GRPA). The SCF theory is known to be accurate in evaluating the free energy of the poly- mer systems in both weak and strong segregation regions although it has a disadvantage of the requirement of a considerable amount of computational cost. On the other hand, the GRPA theory has an advantage of much smaller amount of required computational cost than the SCF theory while its applicability is limited to the weak segregation region. To make the accuracy of the SCF theory and the high-performance of the GRPA theory compati- ble, we adjust the chemical potential of the GRPA theory by using the SCF theory every constant time steps in the dynamic simulations. The performance of the GRPA and the arXiv:cond-mat/0609081v1 [cond-mat.soft] 5 Sep 2006 hybrid theories is tested by using several systems composed of an A/B homopolymer, an AB diblock copolymer, or an ABC triblock copolymer. Using the hybrid theory, we succeeded in reproducing the metastable complex phase-separated domain structures of an ABC triblock copolymer observed by experiments. -
7 Relevance Theory and Shared Content Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore
7 relevance theory and shared content herman cappelen and ernie lepore Speakers share content when they make the same assertion (claim, conjecture, proposal, etc). They also share content when they propose (entertain, discuss, etc.) the same hypothesis, theory, and thought. And again when they evaluate whether what each says (thinks, claims, suggests, etc.) is true, false, interesting, obscene, original or offensive. Content sharing, so understood, is the very foundation of communication. Relevance theory (RT), however, implies that content sharing is impossible; or at least, we will argue as much in what follows. This chapte is divided into three sections. In section 1, we amplify on what we mean by ‘shared content’ and its roles in how we think about language and communication; we discuss various strategies RT might invoke to account for shared content and why all these strategies fail. Section 2 is exegetical; there we show why RT must deny the possibility of shared content. The denial is a direct consequence of some of the most central tenets of RT. It is, however, a consequence downplayed by RT proponents. Our goal in section 2 is to show how central the denial of shared content is to RT. In section 3 we outline how we think a pragmatic theory should account for shared content. question: good enough? According to RT, interpreters follow ‘the least effort strategy’ (LES): (LES) Check interpretive hypotheses in order of their accessibility, that is, follow a path of least effort, until an interpretation which satisfi es the expectation of relevance is found; then stop. (Carston 2001, 6) In section 2 we elaborate on how exactly to interpret (LES) and its RT defence. -
A Hybrid Theory of Environmentalism Steve Matthews Charles Sturt University
Essays in Philosophy Volume 3 Article 10 Issue 1 Environmental Aesthetics 1-2002 A Hybrid Theory of Environmentalism Steve Matthews Charles Sturt University Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.pacificu.edu/eip Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Matthews, Steve (2002) "A Hybrid Theory of Environmentalism," Essays in Philosophy: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 10. Essays in Philosophy is a biannual journal published by Pacific nivU ersity Library | ISSN 1526-0569 | http://commons.pacificu.edu/eip/ Matthews -- Essays in Philosophy Essays in Philosophy A Biannual Journal Vol. 3 No. 1 A Hybrid Theory of Environmentalism Abstract The destruction and pollution of the natural environment poses two problems for philosophers. The first is political and pragmatic: which theory of the environment is best equipped to impact policymakers heading as we are toward a series of potential eco- catastrophes? The second is more central: On the environment philosophers tend to fall either side of an irreconcilable divide. Either our moral concerns are grounded directly in nature, or the appeal is made via an anthropocentric set of interests. The lack of a common ground is disturbing. In this paper I attempt to diagnose the reason for this lack. I shall agree that wild nature lacks features of intrinsic moral worth, and that leaves a puzzle: Why is it once we subtract the fact that there is such a lack, we are left with strong intuitions against the destruction and/or pollution of wild nature? Such intuitions can be grounded only in a strong sense of aesthetic concern combined with a common-sense regard for the interests of sentient life as it is indirectly affected by the quality of the environment. -
Linguistic Returns: the Currency of Sceptical-Rhetorical Theory and Its Stylistic Inscription in the Platonic and Derridian Text
Linguistic Returns: the currency of sceptical-rhetorical theory and its stylistic inscription in the Platonic and Derridian text by Monina Wittfoth B.A., The University of Toronto, 2000 M.A., The University of British Columbia, 2003 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (English) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) October 2010 © Monina Wittfoth, 2010 ii Abstract Based on the premise that modernity’s understanding of the linguistic sign has a long history dating back to ancient Greece when the linguistic mediation of knowledge preoccupied thinkers like Parmenides and Plato, this dissertation synthesizes contemporary post-structuralist and rhetorical understandings of language with like-minded findings of other fields of language study. It sees post-structuralist and deconstructive understandings of language as being congruent with the long tradition of rhetorical theory and the infamous linguistic turn in philosophy, that was initiated by the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, as a turn away from the actual phenomena of language towards an idealization of it. Nevertheless the thesis discovers recent findings by some of the beneficiaries of the “philosophy of language” that corroborate rhetorical theory’s insights. Inspired by both Derrida and Plato, this dissertation presents a rhetorical-deconstructive image of language that, recalling the root of the term skopevw (‘I look,’ ‘behold,’ ‘contemplate’), I characterize as sceptical. -
Travel Tracker
Travel Tracker Consumer Behavior Patterns Around the World October 2020 COVID-19: June 1 – Sept 30, 2020 Travel Tracker As the COVID-19 pandemic reaches its eighth month, global sentiment towards the virus has shifted depending on a variety of factors. The weather, rises/falls in cases, and regional policies have all impacted the ways people have responded to the pandemic and their behavior as consumers. This past summer, when people around the world typically take their vacations, was a time of reckoning for many. How would people make their escapes while balancing safety and practicality? Hybrid Theory is here to help travel marketers better understand previous consumer trends and where the industry is going. We are constantly analyzing data from online behavior across 18M websites to determine key travel consumption habits. With these insights, we can help travel marketers convert challenges into opportunities. Key Takeaways 1 2 3 4 Americans and Australians Searches for “hotels” in 58% of travelers around Vacation house rentals appear more interested Great Britain saw a the globe plan to take a worldwide are down only than their counterparts significant peak in late domestic trip (either by 6% year-to-date. around the world to travel summer, while interest plane or car) in the by car instead of plane. from other regions remainder of 2020. remained constrained. Hybrid Theory Research Highlights Road Trip Australians and Americans 350 searched for “Road Trip” this past summer at much higher 300 rates than their counterparts around the world. 250 A possible explanation is that 200 people in countries with large landmasses (like AU and US) 150 might be more interested in traveling by road. -
Relevance Theory and Metaphor. Linguagem Em (Dis)Curso – Lemd, Tubarão, SC, V
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-4017-140303-0314 RELEVANCE THEORY AND METAPHOR Esther Romero Belén Soria University of Granada Granada, Spain Abstract: In this article we show the evolution of the view of metaphor in relevance theory and challenge its deflationary account of metaphor, defended from its inception, as loosening in a continuum. In current relevance theory, loose uses not only convey implicatures but also explicatures in which ad hoc concepts appear (CARSTON, 2002, 2010a; SPERBER; WILSON, 2008). These, in the case of metaphor, cause the emergent property issue which, according to them, is solved taking into account that a loose use may be included in a loose use (WILSON; CARSTON, 2008). In addition, the most creative cases have to be explained considering an interpretation route different from ad hoc concept construction (CARSTON, 2010b). These moves generate new problems and thus we argue that metaphorical interpretation can be better explained resorting to metaphorical ad hoc concepts that result from a partial mapping from one conceptual domain into another (ROMERO; SORIA, 2005). Keywords: Relevance Theory. Metaphor. Ad Hoc Concept. Metaphorical Mechanism. Analogy. Pragmatic Derivation. 1 INTRODUCTION1 Relevance theory (henceforth RT) has defended from its inception a deflationary account of metaphor as a consequence of defending a continuity view, on which metaphor is interpreted in the same way as other loose uses (SPERBER; WILSON, 1986/1995, p. 233-237). As Sperber and Wilson (2008, p. 84) have recently stated, “„metaphor‟ is not a theoretically important notion in the study of verbal communication. […] there is no mechanism specific to metaphors, and no interesting generalization that applies only to them”. -
Nu-Metal As Reflexive Art Niccolo Porcello Vassar College, [email protected]
Vassar College Digital Window @ Vassar Senior Capstone Projects 2016 Affective masculinities and suburban identities: Nu-metal as reflexive art Niccolo Porcello Vassar College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalwindow.vassar.edu/senior_capstone Recommended Citation Porcello, Niccolo, "Affective masculinities and suburban identities: Nu-metal as reflexive art" (2016). Senior Capstone Projects. Paper 580. This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Window @ Vassar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of Digital Window @ Vassar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! AFFECTIVE!MASCULINITES!AND!SUBURBAN!IDENTITIES:!! NU2METAL!AS!REFLEXIVE!ART! ! ! ! ! ! Niccolo&Dante&Porcello& April&25,&2016& & & & & & & Senior&Thesis& & Submitted&in&partial&fulfillment&of&the&requirements& for&the&Bachelor&of&Arts&in&Urban&Studies&& & & & & & & & _________________________________________ &&&&&&&&&Adviser,&Leonard&Nevarez& & & & & & & _________________________________________& Adviser,&Justin&Patch& Porcello 1 This thesis is dedicated to my brother, who gave me everything, and also his CD case when he left for college. Porcello 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1: Click Click Boom ............................................................................................. -
Feminist Theory, Autobiography, Edith Wharton, and Me Susan L
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1994 The solace of separation: feminist theory, autobiography, Edith Wharton, and me Susan L. Woods Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Woods, Susan L., "The os lace of separation: feminist theory, autobiography, Edith Wharton, and me" (1994). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 16093. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/16093 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The solace of separation: Feminist theory, autobiography, Edith Wharton, and me. by Susan L. Woods A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department: English Major: English Approved: Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1994 i i Angie, Olivia, Lance, Jason, and Jerry-- encouragement, patience, and understanding. Kathy Hickok, Dorothy Schwieder, Connie Post, and Katharine Joslin- instruction, comments, and insights. Brenda Daly-- It would come on her all of a sudden, a sense of dizzying growth, as if she had been given a special kind of eyesight so that things looked different to her than they did to other people .... She wanted to see how everything was. Joyce Carol Oates A Garden of Earthly oelights To all those who weren't there-- Your absence made this writing possible. -
Relevance Implicatures
Relevance Implicatures Robert van Rooy∗ ILLC/University of Amsterdam [email protected] Abstract According to standard pragmatics, we should account for conversational implicatures in terms of Grice’s (1967) maxims of conversation. Neo-Griceans like Atlas & Levinson (1981) and Horn (1984) seek to reduce those maxims to the so-called Q and I-principles. In this paper I want to argue that (i) there are major problems for reducing Gricean pragmatics to these two principles, and (ii) in fact, we can better account for implicatures by means of an exhaustivity operator defined in terms of a relevance-based ordering relation. 1 Introduction In most circumstances we infer from the fact that the (a) sentences of the following examples are uttered that the (b) sentences are true: (1) a. John ate some of the cookies. b. John didn’t eat all of the cookies (2) a. John is coming or Mary is going. b. John is coming or Mary is going, but not both. (3) a. John is walking, if Mary is talking. b. John is walking if and only if Mary is talking. ∗This note reports on work in progress on the use of relevance for the semantic analysis of natural language. Parts of this paper was presented at the second workshop on Optimality Theoretic Semantics at OTS in Utrecht (2000) and at the Formal Pragmatics conference in Berlin (2001). I would like to thank the participants of those events for their comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers, Reinhard Blutner and expecially Katrin Schulz. -
1 RELEVANCE THEORY Deirdre Wilson to Appear in Y. Huang (Ed.)
1 RELEVANCE THEORY Deirdre Wilson To appear in Y. Huang (ed.) Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford University Press. Published online Jan 2016: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.25 Abstract This paper outlines the main assumptions of relevance theory (while attempting to clear up some common objections and misconceptions) and points out some new directions for research. After discussing the nature of relevance and its role in communication and cognition, it assesses two alternative ways of drawing the explicit–implicit distinction, compares relevance theory’s approach to lexical pragmatics with those of Grice and neo- Griceans, and discusses the rationale for relevance theory’s conceptual–procedural distinction, reassessing the notion of procedural meaning in the light of recent research. It ends by looking briefly at the relation between the capacity to understand a communicator’s meaning, on the one hand, and the capacity to assess her reliability and the reliability of the communicated content, on the other, and considers how these two capacities might interact. Keywords: Relevance, communication, explicatures, lexical pragmatics, procedural meaning 1. Introduction One of the most original features of Grice’s approach to communication was his view that meaning is primarily a psychological phenomenon and only secondarily a linguistic one: for him, speaker’s meanings are basic and sentence meanings are ultimately analysable in terms of what speakers mean (Grice 1957, 1967). Despite this reference to psychology, Grice’s goals were mainly philosophical or semantic: his analysis of speaker’s meaning was intended to shed light on traditional semantic notions such as sentence meaning and word meaning, and his accounts of the derivation of implicatures were rational reconstructions of how a speaker’s meaning might be inferred, rather than empirical hypotheses about what actually goes on in hearers’ minds.