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Shortnose Sturgeon, Acipenser Brevirostrum in Canada, Prepared Under Contract with Environment Canada

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Shortnose Sturgeon, Acipenser Brevirostrum in Canada, Prepared Under Contract with Environment Canada COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum in Canada SPECIAL CONCERN 2015 COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC. 2015. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xii + 48 pp. (www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default_e.cfm). Previous report(s): COSEWIC 2005. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 27 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Dadswell, M.J. 1980. COSEWIC status report on the shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 18 pp. Production note: COSEWIC acknowledges Dr. Matthew K. Litvak for writing the status report on the Shortnose Sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada. This status report was overseen and edited by Dr. Rick Taylor, Co-chair of the COSEWIC Freshwater Fishes Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: 819-938-4125 Fax: 819-938-3984 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Ếvaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur L’esturgeon à museau court (Acipenser brevirostrum) au Canada. Cover illustration/photo: Shortnose Sturgeon — Cover image by Couch, Karen J., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2015. Catalogue No. CW69-14/427-2015E-PDF ISBN 978-0-660-02603-9 COSEWIC Assessment Summary Assessment Summary – May 2015 Common name Shortnose Sturgeon Scientific name Acipenser brevirostrum Status Special Concern Reason for designation This large-bodied, slow-growing, late-maturing fish is found only in a single river estuary system in Canada where spawning fish aggregate in a single known location. Although there are no imminent threats toward the species, its limited distribution makes the species vulnerable to becoming Threatened if conditions thought to negatively impact it (variable flow patterns, pollution, bycatch in commercial fisheries, and poaching) are not managed effectively. Occurrence New Brunswick, Nova Scotia Status history Designated Special Concern in April 1980. Status re-examined and confirmed in May 2005 and in May 2015. iii COSEWIC Executive Summary Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum Wildlife Species Description and Significance The Shortnose Sturgeon is one of five species of sturgeon in Canada. It has an elongate body, which is cylindrical at the abdomen, a heterocercal tail, and stiff paired fins. The Shortnose Sturgeon has four barbels that hang down in front of the mouth and is distinguished from the co-occuring Atlantic Sturgeon by a relatively short snout. The mouth is ventrally located and is protrusible. The Shortnose Sturgeon is a small-sized sturgeon growing to a maximum fork length of about 125 cm and may live to be over 60 years old. Distribution The Shortnose Sturgeon is distributed across 25 rivers along the east coast of North America from New Brunswick south to Florida, but in Canada it is known only from the Saint John River system in New Brunswick. Habitat The Shortnose Sturgeon spawns in fast flowing water over boulder and gravel substrates. In the Saint John River, Shortnose Sturgeon are suspected to spawn within a 10 km stretch below the Mactaquac Dam, which is 138 km upstream from the mouth of the Saint John River estuary. One major overwintering site has been confirmed in Canada; adults overwinter in fast moving water at the junction of the Kennebecasis and Hammond rivers at depths of 3 to 6 m. Little is known about the juveniles, but they have been caught between 35 and 120 km upstream from the mouth of the Saint John River estuary. Mean size of juveniles is smaller in upriver samples suggesting that younger fish use more upstream habitats. iv Biology Shortnose Sturgeon are relatively long-lived fishes; the oldest female and male Shortnose Sturgeon recorded from the Saint John River were 67 and 32 years of age, respectively. The largest recorded specimen captured in the Saint John River was 23.6 kg with a fork length of 122 cm. Males are generally lighter than females at the same lengths. The weight-length relationship is allometric, with larger fish being relatively heavier than smaller fish. The growth rate of adults is between 490-540 g per year. Males and females first become reproductive at 12 and 18 years old, respectively. Females produce up to 200,000 eggs and appear to spawn every three years. Shortnose Sturgeon spawn from mid-April to June and the eggs are demersal and adhesive. As is typical for sturgeons, survival through the early life history stages has been identified as a key factor controlling recruitment. Population Sizes and Trends There has been no total population estimate of the lower Saint John River estuary population of Shortnose Sturgeon since the 1970s when a population size of 18,000 adult fish was estimated over the 1973-1977 time period. Recent work on the overwintering population at the confluence of the Hammond and Kennebecasis rivers, however, suggests that the numbers at this site have been stable since 2005; abundance ranged between 3,852 and 5,222 fish greater than 50 cm in length. Catch per unit effort, using 5-6” stretched-mesh gill nets, at this site has not changed appreciably over the past 26 years. By contrast, some Aboriginal traditional knowledge suggests that there has been a decline in abundance across the entire river since the Mactaquac Dam was completed in 1968. Threats and Limiting Factors There are no well-documented imminent threats towards the Shortnose Sturgeon, but several potential threats exist. The Mactaquac Dam prevents the potential for migration and spawning upstream of the dam. There is currently no effective way to allow passage of Shortnose Sturgeon over this dam. The dam controls water flow and, therefore, some aspects of habitat availability and quality including water temperature. The Saint John River is a highly developed area with residential and industrial activities all impacting water quality. Because Shortnose Sturgeon are long-lived, bottom-dwelling fish and consume prey living in the sediments, they are exposed to contaminants in both sediments and the prey items. Shortnose Sturgeon are subject to by-catch in the Gaspereau, American Shad, American Eel and Atlantic Sturgeon fisheries. They are also caught in a recreational fishery, but the minimum size for retention (120 cm) protects the majority of the population. Muskellunge, an invasive, predatory fish species in the Saint John River, may prey upon Shortnose Sturgeon juveniles. v Protection, Status, and Ranks The Shortnose Sturgeon was assessed as a species of Special Concern in Canada in 1980 and reassessed as such in 2005. The Shortnose Sturgeon was listed as Special Concern under Schedule 1 of the Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) in 2009 and under New Brunswick’s SARA in 2013. Fisheries and Oceans Canada is currently developing a management plan for Shortnose Sturgeon as required under Canada’s SARA. Recreational fishing activities on the river are regulated; the Maritime Provinces Fishery Regulations (SOR/93-55) Section 97 includes size restrictions for retention, and gear and seasonal closures. Angling closures are in effect for all non-tidal waters frequented by the Shortnose Sturgeon. The Shortnose Sturgeon has been listed as Endangered by the Endangered Species Act in the United States since March 1967. The Shortnose Sturgeon has had IUCN Red Book Status since 1996, when it was assessed as Vulnerable, and is listed on Appendix 1 of CITES. vi TECHNICAL SUMMARY Acipenser brevirostrum Shortnose Sturgeon Esturgeon à museau court Range of occurrence in Canada (province/territory/ocean): New Brunswick (Saint John River and estuary) and Nova Scotia (Minas Basin). Demographic Information Generation time (usually average age of parents in the population; indicate 20.1 years if another method of estimating generation time indicated in the IUCN guidelines (2008) is being used) Determined by calculating the average age of mature fish (see Table 3 in Dadswell 1979). Is there a continuing decline in number of mature individuals? Unknown Appears stable in some areas (overwintering habitat) Estimated percent of continuing decline in total number of mature Unknown individuals Appears stable in some areas (overwintering habitat) Percent change in total number of mature individuals over the last 10 Unknown years Last population size estimate for entire river was in 1979; therefore, changes in total abundance are unknown. There has been little change in numbers at the one confirmed overwintering site over the past 10 years. Projected percent change in total number of mature individuals over the Unknown next 10 years, or 3 generations. Percent change in [reduction or increase] in total number of mature Unknown individuals over any [10 years, or 3 generations] period, over a time period including both the past and the future. Some ATK suggests that a decline may have occurred since completion of the Mactaquac Dam (1968). Are the causes of the decline clearly reversible and understood and NA ceased? No detectable decline at one overwintering site. If ATK suggestion of decline is correct, causes are not understood. Are there extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals? Unknown, but probably not Extent and Occupancy Information Estimated extent of occurrence Saint John River, estuary and adjacent lands only. 6,532 km² If the record from the Minas Basin (Dadswell et al. 2013) represents a Saint John River fish, the EO would be approximately 14,576 km² of which about 3,550 km² encompasses aquatic habitat.
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