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Huang Grad.Sunysb 0771E 10211
SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Development of a quantitative assay for mitochondrial fusion and characterization of a lipid signaling pathway on the mitochondrial surface A Dissertation Presented by Huiyan Huang to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Stony Brook University August 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Huiyan Huang We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Michael A. Frohman, M.D., Ph.D. - Dissertation Advisor Professor Department of Pharmacological Sciences Daniel F. Bogenhagen, MD - Chairperson of the Defense Professor Department of Pharmacological Sciences Robert S. Haltiwanger, Ph.D. Professor Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology Deborah A. Brown, Ph.D. Professor Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School. Lawrence Martin Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Development of a quantitative assay for mitochondrial fusion and characterization of a lipid signaling pathway on the mitochondrial surface by Huiyan Huang Doctor of Philosophy in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Stony Brook University 2010 Mitochondria continuously undergo fusion and fission, the relative rates of which define their morphology. Mitochondrial fusion is currently assayed by fusing together cells expressing GFP or RFP in their mitochondria and then scoring the frequency of cells with yellow mitochondria (representing fused green and red mitochondria). -
Characterization of the Matrix Proteins of the Fish Rhabdovirus, Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Patricia A. Ormonde for the degree of Master of Science presented on April 14. 1995. Title: Characterization of the Matrix Proteins of the Fish Rhabdovinis, Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Jo-Ann C. ong Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (1HNV) is an important fish pathogen enzootic in salmon and trout populations of the Pacific Northwestern United States. Occasional epizootics in fish hatcheries can result in devastating losses of fish stocks. The complete nucleotide sequence of IHNV has not yet been determined. This knowledge is the first step towards understanding the roles viral proteins play in IHNV infection, and is necessary for determining the relatedness of IHNV to other rhabdoviruses. The glycoprotein, nucleocapsid and non-virion genes of IHNV have been described previously; however, at the initiation of this study, very little was known about the matrix protein genes. Rhabdoviral matrix proteins have been found to be important in viral transcription and virion assembly. This thesis describes the preliminary characterization of the M1 and M2 matrix proteins of IHNV. In addition, the trout humoral immune response to M1 and M2 proteins expressed from plasmid DNA injected into the fish was investigated. This work may prove useful in designing future vaccines against IHN. The sequences of M1 phosphoprotein and M2 matrix protein genes of IHNV were determined from both genomic and mRNA clones. Analysis of the sequences indicated that the predicted open reading frame of M1 gene encoded a 230 amino acid protein with a estimated molecular weight of 25.6 kDa. Further analysis revealed a second open reading frame encoding a 42 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 4.8 kDa. -
Viral Strategies to Arrest Host Mrna Nuclear Export
Viruses 2013, 5, 1824-1849; doi:10.3390/v5071824 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Nuclear Imprisonment: Viral Strategies to Arrest Host mRNA Nuclear Export Sharon K. Kuss *, Miguel A. Mata, Liang Zhang and Beatriz M. A. Fontoura Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.A.M.); [email protected] (L.Z.); [email protected] (B.M.A.F) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-214-633-2001; Fax: +1-214-648-5814. Received: 10 June 2013; in revised form: 27 June 2013 / Accepted: 11 July 2013 / Published: 18 July 2013 Abstract: Viruses possess many strategies to impair host cellular responses to infection. Nuclear export of host messenger RNAs (mRNA) that encode antiviral factors is critical for antiviral protein production and control of viral infections. Several viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to inhibit nuclear export of host mRNAs, including targeting mRNA export factors and nucleoporins to compromise their roles in nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of cellular mRNA. Here, we present a review of research focused on suppression of host mRNA nuclear export by viruses, including influenza A virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, and the impact of this viral suppression on host antiviral responses. Keywords: virus; influenza virus; vesicular stomatitis virus; VSV; NS1; matrix protein; nuclear export; nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking; mRNA export; NXF1; TAP; CRM1; Rae1 1. Introduction Nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of proteins and RNA is critical for proper cellular functions and survival. -
Mitochondrial Rhomboid PARL Regulates Cytochrome C Release During Apoptosis Via OPA1-Dependent Cristae Remodeling
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Mitochondrial Rhomboid PARL Regulates Cytochrome c Release during Apoptosis via OPA1-Dependent Cristae Remodeling Sara Cipolat,1,7 Tomasz Rudka,2,7 Dieter Hartmann,2,7 Veronica Costa,1 Lutgarde Serneels,2 Katleen Craessaerts,2 Kristine Metzger,2 Christian Frezza,1 Wim Annaert,3 Luciano D’Adamio,5 Carmen Derks,2 Tim Dejaegere,2 Luca Pellegrini,6 Rudi D’Hooge,4 Luca Scorrano,1,* and Bart De Strooper2,* 1 Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy 2 Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory 3 Membrane Trafficking Laboratory Center for Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB4) and K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 4 Laboratory of Biological Psychology, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 5 Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA 6 Centre de Recherche Robert Giffard, Universite` Laval, G1J 2G3 Quebec, Canada 7 These authors contribute equally to this work. *Contact: [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (B.D.S.) DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.021 SUMMARY been identified in D. melanogaster (Freeman, 2004), where they function as essential activators of the epidermal Rhomboids, evolutionarily conserved integral growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway, proteolytically membrane proteases, participate in crucial sig- cleaving the EGF receptor ligands Spitz, Gurken, and naling pathways. Presenilin-associated rhom- Keren. Since all Rhomboids share a conserved serine boid-like (PARL) is an inner mitochondrial protease catalytic dyad (Lemberg et al., 2005), it has membrane rhomboid of unknown function, been suggested that they are able to cleave proteins in whose yeast ortholog is involved in mito- the transmembrane domain. -
Synthesis and Processing of the Transmembrane Envelope Protein of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus NANCY R
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Aug. 1990, p. 3770-3778 Vol. 64, No. 8 0022-538X/90/083770-09$02.00/0 Copyright C 1990, American Society for Microbiology Synthesis and Processing of the Transmembrane Envelope Protein of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus NANCY R. RICE,'* LOUIS E. HENDERSON,' RAYMOND C. SOWDER,1 TERRY D. COPELAND,' STEPHEN OROSZLAN,1 AND JOHN F. EDWARDS2 Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Carcinogenesis, ABL-Basic Research Program, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21701,1 and Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 778432 Received 22 December 1989/Accepted 10 May 1990 Downloaded from The transmembrane (TM) envelope protein of lentiviruses, including equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), is significantly larger than that of other retroviruses and may extend in the C-terminal direction 100 to 200 amino acids beyond the TM domain. This size difference suggests a lentivirus-specific function for the long C-terminal extension. We have investigated the synthesis and processing of the EIAV TM protein by immune precipitation and immunoblotting experiments, by using several envelope-specific peptide antisera. We show that the TM protein in EIAV particles is cleaved by proteolysis to an N-terminal glycosylated 32- to 35-kilodalton (kDa) segment and a C-terminal nonglycosylated 20-kDa segment. The 20-kDa fragment was isolated from virus fractionated by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and its N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined for 13 residues. Together with the known nucleotide sequence, this fixes the cleavage http://jvi.asm.org/ site at a His-Leu bond located 240 amino acids from the N terminus of the TM protein. -
Solution Structure of the KIX Domain of CBP Bound to the Transactivation Domain of C-Myb
doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.038 J. Mol. Biol. (2004) 337, 521–534 Solution Structure of the KIX Domain of CBP Bound to the Transactivation Domain of c-Myb Tsaffrir Zor, Roberto N. De Guzman, H. Jane Dyson and Peter E. Wright* Department of Molecular The hematopoietic transcription factor c-Myb activates transcription of Biology and the Skaggs target genes through direct interactions with the KIX domain of the Institute for Chemical Biology co-activator CBP. The solution structure of the KIX domain in complex The Scripps Research Institute with the activation domain of c-Myb reveals a helical structure very simi- 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La lar to that adopted by KIX in complex with the phosphorylated kinase Jolla, CA 92037, USA inducible domain (pKID) of CREB. While pKID contains two helices, aA and aB, which interact with KIX, the structure of bound c-Myb reveals a single bent amphipathic helix that binds in the same hydrophobic groove as the aB helix of pKID. The affinity of c-Myb for KIX is lower than that of pKID, and relies more heavily on optimal interactions of the single helix of c-Myb with residues in the hydrophobic groove. In particular, a deep hydrophobic pocket in KIX accounts for more than half the inter- actions with c-Myb observed by NMR. A bend in the a-helix of c-Myb enables a critical leucine side-chain to penetrate into this pocket more deeply than the equivalent leucine residue of pKID. The components that mediate the higher affinity of pKID for KIX, i.e. -
Adaptive Evolution of the SIV Envelope Protein During Early SIV Infection
Adaptive Evolution of the SIV Envelope Protein During Early SIV Infection The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Ita, Sergio. 2016. Adaptive Evolution of the SIV Envelope Protein During Early SIV Infection. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493399 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Adaptive Evolution of the SIV Envelope Protein during Early SIV Infection A dissertation presented by Sergio Ita to The Division of Medical Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Virology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts January 2016 © 2016 Sergio Ita All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Welkin E. Johnson Sergio Ita Adaptive Evolution of the SIV Envelope Protein during Early SIV infection Abstract Primate lentiviruses (PLVs), including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV type 2 (HIV-2), and the simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), cause persistent lifelong infections despite the presence of virus-specific adaptive immune responses. The target of antibodies is the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), which is expressed on the surface of virions and infected cells as a trimer of gp120:gp41 heterodimers. SIV env sequence variation arising from evasion of antibodies is well established and closely mimics the pattern observed in HIV-infected human patients, yet despite the experimental advantages of the macaque model, the viral dynamics during acute and early infection leading to escape within env have not been well defined. -
Supplementary A
Genomic Analysis of the Immune Gene Repertoire of Amphioxus Reveals Extraordinary Innate Complexity and Diversity Supplementary A Content 1 TLR system....................................................................................................................................2 2 NLR system ...................................................................................................................................4 3 LRRIG genes .................................................................................................................................5 4 Other LRR-containing models.......................................................................................................6 5 Domain combinations in amphioxus C-type lectins ......................................................................8 References.........................................................................................................................................9 Table S1. Cross-species comparison of the immune-related protein domains................................10 Table S2. Information of 927 amphioxus CTL gene models containing single CTLD domain. ....11 Table S3. Grouping of the amphioxus DFD gene models based on their architectures..................12 Figure S1. Two structural types of TLR. ........................................................................................13 Figure S2. Phylogenetic analysis of amphioxus P-TLRs and all vertebrate TLR families.............14 Figure S3. Phylogenetic analysis of amphioxus TLRs -
Aberrant Activity of Histone–Lysine N-Methyltransferase 2 (KMT2) Complexes in Oncogenesis
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Aberrant Activity of Histone–Lysine N-Methyltransferase 2 (KMT2) Complexes in Oncogenesis Elzbieta Poreba 1,* , Krzysztof Lesniewicz 2 and Julia Durzynska 1,* 1 Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Pozna´nskiego6, 61-614 Pozna´n,Poland 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Pozna´nskiego6, 61-614 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (J.D.); Tel.: +48-61-829-5857 (E.P.) Received: 19 November 2020; Accepted: 6 December 2020; Published: 8 December 2020 Abstract: KMT2 (histone-lysine N-methyltransferase subclass 2) complexes methylate lysine 4 on the histone H3 tail at gene promoters and gene enhancers and, thus, control the process of gene transcription. These complexes not only play an essential role in normal development but have also been described as involved in the aberrant growth of tissues. KMT2 mutations resulting from the rearrangements of the KMT2A (MLL1) gene at 11q23 are associated with pediatric mixed-lineage leukemias, and recent studies demonstrate that KMT2 genes are frequently mutated in many types of human cancers. Moreover, other components of the KMT2 complexes have been reported to contribute to oncogenesis. This review summarizes the recent advances in our knowledge of the role of KMT2 complexes in cell transformation. In addition, it discusses the therapeutic targeting of different components of the KMT2 complexes. Keywords: histone–lysine N-methyltransferase 2; COMPASS; COMPASS-like; H3K4 methylation; oncogenesis; cancer; epigenetics; chromatin 1. -
Creb5 Establishes the Competence for Prg4 Expression in Articular Cartilage
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01857-0 OPEN Creb5 establishes the competence for Prg4 expression in articular cartilage Cheng-Hai Zhang1, Yao Gao1, Unmesh Jadhav2,3, Han-Hwa Hung4, Kristina M. Holton5, Alan J. Grodzinsky4, ✉ Ramesh A. Shivdasani 2,3,6 & Andrew B. Lassar 1 A hallmark of cells comprising the superficial zone of articular cartilage is their expression of lubricin, encoded by the Prg4 gene, that lubricates the joint and protects against the devel- opment of arthritis. Here, we identify Creb5 as a transcription factor that is specifically expressed in superficial zone articular chondrocytes and is required for TGF-β and EGFR signaling to induce Prg4 expression. Notably, forced expression of Creb5 in chondrocytes 1234567890():,; derived from the deep zone of the articular cartilage confers the competence for TGF-β and EGFR signals to induce Prg4 expression. Chromatin-IP and ATAC-Seq analyses have revealed that Creb5 directly binds to two Prg4 promoter-proximal regulatory elements, that display an open chromatin conformation specifically in superficial zone articular chondrocytes; and which work in combination with a more distal regulatory element to drive induction of Prg4 by TGF-β. Our results indicate that Creb5 is a critical regulator of Prg4/lubricin expression in the articular cartilage. 1 Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 2 Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. 3 Departments of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 4 Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. -
Mitochondrial Network Fragmentation Modulates Mutant Mtdna Accumulation Independently of Absolute Fission-Fusion Rates
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/409128; this version posted September 5, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Mitochondrial network fragmentation modulates mutant mtDNA accumulation independently of absolute fission-fusion rates Juvid Aryaman1, Charlotte Bowles2, Nick S. Jones1,3*, Iain G. Johnston2,3,4† 1 Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom 2 School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom 3 EPSRC Centre for the Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom 4 Lead Contact *[email protected] †[email protected] Summary Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations cause severe congenital diseases but may also be associated with healthy aging. MtDNA is stochastically replicated and degraded, and exists within organelles which undergo dynamic fusion and fission. The role of the resulting mitochondrial networks in determining the time evolution of the cellular proportion of mutated mtDNA molecules (heteroplasmy), and cell-to-cell variability in heteroplasmy (heteroplasmy variance), remains incompletely understood. Heteroplasmy variance is particularly important since it modulates the number of pathological cells in a tissue. Here, we provide the first wide- reaching mathematical treatment which bridges mitochondrial network and genetic states. We show that, for a range of models, the rate of increase in heteroplasmy variance, and the rate of de novo mutation, is proportionately modulated by the fraction of unfused mitochondria, independently of the absolute fission- fusion rate. -
PINK1 and Parkin Mitochondrial Quality Control: a Source of Regional Vulnerability in Parkinson’S Disease Preston Ge1,2,3,4,5,6, Valina L
Ge et al. Molecular Neurodegeneration (2020) 15:20 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-020-00367-7 REVIEW Open Access PINK1 and Parkin mitochondrial quality control: a source of regional vulnerability in Parkinson’s disease Preston Ge1,2,3,4,5,6, Valina L. Dawson1,2,3* and Ted M. Dawson1,2,3* Abstract That certain cell types in the central nervous system are more likely to undergo neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease is a widely appreciated but poorly understood phenomenon. Many vulnerable subpopulations, including dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, have a shared phenotype of large, widely distributed axonal networks, dense synaptic connections, and high basal levels of neural activity. These features come at substantial bioenergetic cost, suggesting that these neurons experience a high degree of mitochondrial stress. In such a context, mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control play an especially important role in maintaining neuronal survival. In this review, we focus on understanding the unique challenges faced by the mitochondria in neurons vulnerable to neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s and summarize evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to disease pathogenesis and to cell death in these subpopulations. We then review mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control mediated by activation of PINK1 and Parkin, two genes that carry mutations associated with autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease. We conclude by pinpointing critical gaps in our knowledge of PINK1 and Parkin function, and propose that understanding the connection between the mechanisms of sporadic Parkinson’sand defects in mitochondrial quality control will lead us to greater insights into the question of selective vulnerability. Keywords: Parkinson disease, Parkin, PINK1, Mitochondria, Mitophagy, Selective vulnerability, Substantia nigra Background symptoms, and that the selective SNpc DA neuron toxin Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a late-onset neurodegenerative MPTP recapitulates the clinical phenotype of PD [2].