First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

FIRST ADDENDUM EIA for Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo

Addendum Proposal: Additional Works

August 2017

Prepared for: SAS e Senok JV Pvt. Ltd. Prepared by: Mohamed Zuhair (EIA01/15) First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS

...... 9

1. NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY ...... 11 2. INTRODUCTION ...... 13 2.1 BACKGROUND ...... 13 2.2 PROPONENT AND CONTRACTOR ...... 14 2.3 RATIONALE ...... 15 2.4 SCOPE AND APPROACH ...... 16 2.4.1 Review of Relevant EIAs ...... 16 2.5 ADDENDUM STRUCTURE ...... 16 2.6 IMPACT PREDICTION AND EVALUATION ...... 17 2.7 CONSULTANTS ...... 17 3. STUDY AREA ...... 19 4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 22 4.1 PROJECT LOCATION ...... 22 4.2 PROJECT OUTLINE ...... 22 4.2.1 Mobilization ...... 22 4.2.2 Excavation Works ...... 23 4.2.3 Backfilling Works ...... 23 4.2.4 Extended 15m Long Arm ...... 25 4.2.5 Additional 35m Revetment to Connect with Harbour ...... 27 4.2.6 Project Duration ...... 28 4.3 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ...... 28 4.4 MATERIAL INPUT AND OUTPUT ...... 29 4.4.1 Main Project Inputs ...... 29 4.4.2 Main Project Outputs ...... 30 4.5 KEY IMPACTS AND IMPACT BOUNDARY ...... 30 5. LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS ...... 32 6. EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 33 6.1 METHODOLOGY ...... 33 6.1.1 Uncertainty on Data Collection Methods ...... 34 6.2 GENERAL SETTING OF THE PROJECT SITE ...... 34 6.2.1 Geography ...... 34 6.2.2 Topography and Geomorphology ...... 35 6.3 COASTAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 36 6.3.1 Shoreline of the Project Area ...... 36

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6.3.2 Lagoon Bathymetry ...... 41 6.3.3 Currents ...... 42 6.4 MARINE ENVIRONMENT...... 42 6.4.1 Lagoon Benthic Conditions ...... 43 6.4.2 Marine Protected Areas ...... 44 6.5 PRESENT CONDITIONS ...... 44 6.5.1 Northern Tip Area ...... 45 6.5.2 Eastern Side ...... 45 6.5.3 Existing Sand Stockpile ...... 46 6.6 HAZARD VULNERABILITY ...... 47 6.6.1 Major Natural Hazards ...... 47 6.6.2 Distribution Pattern of Natural Hazards ...... 48 7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 51 7.1 METHODOLOGIES ...... 51 7.1.1 Impact Prediction ...... 51 7.1.2 Impact Significance Analysis ...... 51 7.1.3 Limitations and Uncertainties ...... 53 7.1.4 Justification of the Method Used ...... 53 7.2 IMPACT PREDICTION ...... 54 7.3 DESCRIPTION OF IMPACTS ...... 55 7.3.1 Construction Phase Environmental Impacts ...... 55 7.3.2 Post Construction Environmental Impacts ...... 58 7.4 IMPACT ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION ...... 58 8. MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 60 8.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 60 8.1.1 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Sedimentation ...... 60 8.1.2 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Backfilling Related Impacts ...... 61 8.1.3 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Construction Vehicle Impacts ...... 61 8.1.4 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Impacts from Geo-Bag Revetment Extension and Arm ...... 62 8.2 POST CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 63 8.2.1 Mitigation Measures for Post Construction Phase ...... 63 8.3 COMMITMENT ...... 63 9. ALTERNATIVES ...... 64 9.1 NO DEVELOPMENT OPTION ...... 64 9.2 ALTERNATIVE CONSIDERATIONS ...... 65 9.2.1 Beach Nourishment ...... 65 9.2.2 Development of Offshore Breakwaters ...... 65 10. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ...... 66 10.1 MODE OF CONSULTATIONS ...... 66

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10.2 KEY STAKEHOLDERS ...... 66 10.3 SUMMARY OF MAJOR DISCUSSIONS ...... 66 10.4 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ...... 67 11. MONITORING PLAN ...... 68 11.1 BACKGROUND ...... 68 11.1.1 Aim ...... 68 11.1.2 Objective ...... 68 11.2 MONITORING REPORT...... 69 11.2.1 Report Format...... 69 11.2.2 Reporting Frequency ...... 69 11.3 MONITORING PLAN AND COSTS ...... 69 11.4 COMMITMENT ...... 70 12. CONCLUSIONS ...... 71 13. REFERENCES ...... 73 14. APPENDICES ...... 74

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of the proposed project area ...... 20 Figure 2: Proposed additional work areas ...... 21 Figure 3: Details of the backfilling area ...... 23 Figure 4: Location of the 15m long arm ...... 25 Figure 5: Location of the additional 35m revetment area ...... 27 Figure 6: Design details of the revetment ...... 27 Figure 7: Impact boundaries (red = activity area; orange = anticipated impact boundary) ...... 30 Figure 8: Location (left) and aerial view (right) of Kandoodhoo ...... 34 Figure 9: Narrow beaches found in Kandoodhoo island ...... 35 Figure 10: Changes in the shoreline of project area in 2000 (left), 2014 (middle) and 2015 (right) .... 36 Figure 11: The extent of erosion in the project area based on shoreline surveys in 2015 and shoreline of 2000...... 37 Figure 12: Impacts of beach erosion on the NE shoreline including an abandoned fish drying area (bottom right), which is right on the shoreline now ...... 38 Figure 13: Beaches in many areas along the NE shore are lost ...... 38 Figure 14: Beach profiles taken along the northern half of the project site ...... 39 Figure 15: Beach profiles taken along the southern half of the project site ...... 40 Figure 16: Lagoon bathymetry of the proposed project area ...... 41 Figure 17: A northerly current flow was recorded from the site ...... 42 Figure 18: Fine sand at the lagoon bottom of the proposed burrow site...... 43 Figure 19: Benthic condition of outer lagoon with dead corals and rock ...... 43 Figure 20: Seabed conditions of outer lagoon ...... 44 Figure 21: Northern tip of the island by the revetment ...... 45 Figure 22: Erosion along the eastern shoreline that requires to be backfilled ...... 46 Figure 23: Erosion in the gap area ...... 46 Figure 24: Condition of the existing sand stockpile...... 47 Figure 25: Relationship between hazard intensity and frequency of ...... 48 Figure 26: Latitudinal variations of major natural hazards across the Maldives (UNDP, 2008)...... 49 Figure 27: Longitudinal variations of major natural hazards across the Maldives (UNDP, 2008) ...... 49

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Key project inputs ...... 29 Table 2: Key project outputs ...... 30 Table 3: Impact significance criteria ...... 52 Table 4: Significance rating matrix ...... 52 Table 5: Significance colour scale ...... 52 Table 6: Impact prediction table ...... 54 Table 7: Impact analysis table ...... 58 Table 8: List of stakeholders consulted ...... 67 Table 9: Environmental monitoring and costs ...... 70

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

CONSULTANT DECLARATION

I, Mohamed Zuhair, Registered EIA Consultant at the Ministry of Environment and Energy of Maldives with the Registration Number EIA 01/15, hereby declare that the statements in this First Addendum to the EIA Report for Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo, which involves changing of the approved burrow sites to a new site are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and abilities.

Name: Mohamed Zuhair (EIA01/15) Signature: Date: 15 August 2017

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

1. NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY

This is the First Addendum to the project’s approved main EIA, which has been prepared for obtaining permit and environmental clearance for additional works to be carried out as part of the proposed coastal protection works in Th. Kandoodhoo island including excavation of 10,484m3 fill material, backfilling works on 320m long eastern shoreline, development of a 15m long geo-bag arm to protect the northern tip of the revetment and extension of a 35m long area between the proposed revetment and existing harbor. The Proponent of the project is Ministry of Environment and Energy and the contractor of the project is SAS e Senok JV Pvt. Ltd.

It is a legal requirement under the Amended EIA Regulation 2012 EIAs/Addendums for projects that are believed to generate negative environmental impacts. This Addendum has been prepared as per the approved Terms of Reference (TOR) on 10 August 2017.

The scope of this Addendum is to address the existing environmental condition of the proposed project areas and surrounding environment, identify potential environmental impacts, and propose environmental management and mitigation measures to minimize environmental impacts as well as propose an environmental monitoring plan with appropriate environmental parameters to monitor changes on a regular basis.

A detailed environmental assessment was undertaken as part of the main EIA and marine and coastal environmental assessments relevant for the proposed project have been used as the baseline environmental condition along with some recent observations in this Addendum.

The major environmental impact is believed to occur from excavation of fill material from the burrow site including sedimentation within the surrounding environment, direct destruction of some of the lagoon habitats as well as increased turbidity in seawater due to sedimentation. Impacts from other activities such as backfilling and geo-structures development have been identified to be minimal.

Careful planning and scheduling of the proposed activities to coincide with calm days and low tide operations has been proposed as the main mitigation measures in addition to regular monitoring of the various aspects of the environment.

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Although there some environmental impacts from the proposed additional works, some of these can bring permanent changes to the environment of the island, other impacts can be reduced and mitigated by use of appropriate methodology. The effectiveness of these methodologies can be documented by implementing the environmental monitoring programme. Also, with the long-term need to maintain the coastal protection of the project area, the proposed additional works has been considered an important requirement for the overall project.

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2. INTRODUCTION

2.1 BACKGROUND

Sas e Senok JV Pvt. Ltd. has been awarded the Contract of Design and Build Coastal Protection Structures in Th. Kandoodhoo and Th. Veymandoo on 10 March 2015 by Ministry of Environment and Energy. As part of the Contract, Sas e Senok JV Pvt. Ltd. proposes to design and develop a Geo Bag Revetment along the areas that are affected by coastal erosion in Th. Kandoodhoo and Th. Veymandoo.

The beach erosion affected area in Th. Kandoodhoo Island is approximately 706m on the NE side of the island. In order to protect the area from further beach erosion, a Geo Bag Revetment will be developed on the area having a total length of 706m.

The required sand for filling geo bags and backfilling are proposed to be obtained from a proposed burrow site located on the north of the island about 200m away within the shallow lagoon. The required sand will be excavated from the lagoon.

The main components of the project is currently ongoing as per the approval of the EIA report carried out for the project.

This is the First Addendum to the project’s approved EIA, which has been prepared for approval to undertake some additional activities required to be undertaken as part of the project.

The island has ongoing erosion along the NE shoreline even during the inception of the project and over the last few months, erosion on parts of the proposed revetment area has been severely affected where there is an important requirement for backfilling the area with sand right up to the proposed revetment.

It is estimated that around 11,648m3 fill material will be required for backfilling the eroded area along the eastern shoreline.

Initially sand was excavated from the approved burrow site and was stockpiled on the island for the project requirement. However, a large amount of sand from the sand stock was used by locals. It is estimated that only 800m3 of sand now remains in the stock. Thus, overall sand requirement for backfilling with the available sand on the stockpile is estimated to be 10,848m3.

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This sand will be obtained from the approved burrow site for the project in Kandoodhoo island.

On the northern tip of the island where proposed revetment has been constructed, scouring on the beach by the revetment tip is now observed, which may lead to further erosion on the northern side of the island. Thus, it is proposed to construction a 15m long arm by geo-bags to protect the tip area of the revetment from further scouring.

As part of the additional works, a 35m long gap between the existing harbor and the proposed revetment has been proposed to be connected as this gad is believed to have potential to affect the revetment by scouring leading to erosion.

This addendum document is prepared as per the approved Terms of Reference for the Addendum by EPA on 10 August 2017. (Appendix 1: EIA Addendum Terms of Reference).

This Addendum is part of the approved main EIA for the project, hence it shall be read in conjunction with the approved EIA for Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo, which contains detailed information on the project and site conditions.

2.2 PROPONENT AND CONTRACTOR

The proponent of the proposed project is Ministry of Environment and Energy, Government of Maldives.

Ministry of Environment and Energy Green Building, Handhuvaree Hingun, Maafannu, Male', 20392, Republic of Maldives

The contractor of the proposed project, who is responsible for getting environmental clearance for the project, is SAS e Senok JV Pvt. Ltd., a private company registered in the Maldives having the following contact details;

SAS E Senok JV Pvt. Ltd. M. Ibage, 1st Floor Iramaa Magu Male’ Maldives Tel: 333 1682; Fax: 330 1682; Email: [email protected]

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2.3 RATIONALE

The main reasons for the additional works proposed are to protect the shoreline of the gap between the existing harbor and the proposed geo-bag revetment. If this 35m long gap is left without any protection, there is greater chance of impacting this area, where parts of the harbor and the proposed revetment could be affected eventually.

Approximately 320m long shoreline on the NE side of the island has been affected as a result of enhanced erosion from the time of the initial assessments during revetment design stage until to date. During this period it is estimated that around 4,900m3 of sand is lost from the shoreline and the new shoreline requires to be backfilled right up to the proposed revetment. Although required sand for backfilling the area (6,748m3) was initially stockpiled on the island at the beginning of the project, sand from this stockpile was used by local community for various purposes and this has reduced the volume of the stockpile to 800m3. Thus, in order to bring the new shoreline right up to the proposed geo-bag revetment extent, there is a requirement of 10,484m3 backfill sand. As the project already has approved burrow site on the northern side of the island and a dredging permit to excavate, the required backfill material will be obtained from the approved burrow site only.

The northern tip of the island where the proposed geo-bag revetment began is currently experiencing some erosion, which is believed to damage parts of the revetment that is already constructed in the area. In order to protect further erosion of the area and potential damage to the revetment, it is proposed to extend a 15m long arm to cover the exposed area.

Although 3 burrow sites around the island lagoon for the project were initially identified to be approved, only 2 sites were approved by EPA, which are the located and on the western and southern sides of the island.

Based on extensive discussions and consultations among Kandoodhoo Island Council, Ministry of Environment and Energy and SAS e Senok JV Pvt. Ltd., it is agreed that the proposed additional work is within the scope of the project and is an important requirement in terms of implementing proposed coastal protection of the island.

Hence, this Addendum to the approved main EIA has been prepared in order to obtain approval and environmental clearance for the additional works proposed as part of the project.

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2.4 SCOPE AND APPROACH

The main scope of this Addendum is to address the existing environmental conditions of the island in general as outlined in the main EIA and in particular existing condition of the additional work required sites, predict and evaluate environmental impacts, propose environmental management and mitigation measures to minimize environmental impacts as well as propose additional monitoring requirements if any to the projects’s environmental monitoring plan to monitor changes on a regular basis as a result of additional works.

This Addendum has been prepared based on information collected from the baseline environmental assessments undertaken to prepare the project’s EIA as well as information collected on the existing site conditions.

2.4.1 Review of Relevant EIAs

The main EIA prepared for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo has been the main source of information.

Additionally the Consultant’s previous experience in preparing EIAs in similar environmental settings and similar projects has been used in this report.

 Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Proposed Coastal Protection Works in AA Ukulhas, prepared by Mohamed Zuhair and Ibrahim Shakir in 2015.  Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Coastal Protection Measures in Veymandoo, Thaa Atoll, prepared by Mohamed Zuhair and Ibrahim Shakir in 2015

These EIAs prepared for the above mentioned projects outlines development of revetments for coastal protection of these islands. The environmental impacts identified from these projects are similar, however, their extent and magnitude have been identified to be different due to the scale of the development. Major environmental impacts discussed in the studies as a result of coastal protection is immediate changes to the nearshore hydrodynamics of the island and potential impacts to adjacent areas.

2.5 ADDENDUM STRUCTURE

A summary of the main contents of this EIA Addendum is presented below;

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o Project Description: A description of the overall project proposal including justification, main project inputs and outputs, project schedule; o Legal Considerations: An assessment of the most relevant laws and regulations that the proposal has to comply with; o Existing Environment: Relevant parts of the existing environment as outlined in the main EIA Report and existing site conditions of the additional work areas; o Potential Environmental Impacts: Prediction of potential environmental impacts and evaluation of the magnitudes of environmental implications that will be associated; o Mitigation Measures: Identification and assessment of the ways in which the environment of the project site be appropriately managed and minimized; o Alternatives: Assessment of alternatives and no development option, o Stakeholder Consultation: Presentation of views of important stakeholders with regards to the overall project; and o Environmental Monitoring: Development of an environmental monitoring plan with regards to long-term monitoring of various environmental aspects related to the project.

2.6 IMPACT PREDICTION AND EVALUATION

The key environmental impacts from the proposed new burrow site have been identified by means of simple descriptive check list and evaluated by using comparative matrices. These methods are widely used for identifying and evaluating environmental impacts and their magnitudes, and based on these assessments, environmental management and mitigation measures have been proposed. Additionally, Expert judgment and professional opinion have also been widely used throughout the impact assessment and evaluation process.

2.7 CONSULTANTS

This EIA Addendum was prepared by Mr. Mohamed Zuhair, a registered EIA Consultant.

Mr. Mohamed Zuhair, EIA Consultant (EIA01/15) is a freelance Environment Consultant who has many years of experience in the field of environmental management, assessment and

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017 monitoring, implementation of environmental laws and regulations and has involved as lead consultant and a team member in preparing several EIAs in the Maldives.

Mr. Ibrahim Shakir, Registered Land and Hydrographic Surveyor, who is an experienced Land Survey Consultant who has undertaken a number of land surveys for the purpose of land registration and development, undertaken many hydrographic surveys for development of important facilities such as jetties, harbours, water villas, coastal protection as well as other water-associated facilities in many islands in the Maldives.

Curriculum Vitae of the Consultants have been annexed to this report.

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3. STUDY AREA

The main focus of this Addendum is to present existing environmental status of the proposed additional work areas on the NE side of the island.

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Figure 1: Location of the proposed project area First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

Revetment arm development area

Backfill required area

Gap connection area between harbor and proposed revetment

Figure 2: Proposed additional work areas

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4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1 PROJECT LOCATION

The proposed additional works are located within the boundary of the proposed coastal protection development area (Figure 1).

A 15m long arm made up of geo-bag will be developed on the northern tip of the island by the existing revetment (Figure 2).

Backfilling will be undertaken on the eastern side of the island where erosion continues along the proposed revetment development area (Figure 2).

A 35m gap exists between the harbor and proposed revetment, which requires to be connected by extending the geo-bag revetment to connect with the harbor, which is also located on the eastern side of the island (Figure 2).

The required fill material for backfilling works will be obtained from the approved burrow for the project.

4.2 PROJECT OUTLINE

4.2.1 Mobilization

Mobilization of the project in terms of required machinery and equipment has already been done at the site. However, the project is waiting for the approval and environment clearance for the additional works from EPA.

Additional works design and concept has been approved by Ministry of Environment and Energy and is attached in Appendix 2 (Additional works approved design).

First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

4.2.2 Excavation Works

It is estimated that around 10,484m3 of fill material will be required to undertake the backfilling works, which will be obtained from the approved burrow site for the project located on the northern side lagoon.

Approval for the burrow site and dredging works is attached in Appendix 3 (Dredging and approval).

4.2.3 Backfilling Works

Location

Backfilling will be undertaken on the eastern side of the island where erosion continues along the proposed revetment development area (Figure 2). The extent and details of the backfilling area is outlined in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Details of the backfilling area

Justification for Backfilling

As the proposed project for developing geo-bag revetment on the NE side of Kandoodhoo has not been completed, erosion continues to affect along the area where revetment has not been developed.

Approximately 320m long shoreline on the NE side of the island has been affected as a result of enhanced erosion from the time of the initial assessments during revetment design stage until

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017 to date. During this period it is estimated that around 4,900m3 of sand is lost from the shoreline and the new shoreline requires to be backfilled right up to the proposed revetment. Although required sand for backfilling the area (6,748m3) was initially stockpiled on the island at the beginning of the project, sand from this stockpile was used by local community for various purposes and this has reduced the volume of the stockpile to 800m3. Thus, in order to bring the new shoreline right up to the proposed geo-bag revetment extent, there is a requirement of 10,484m3 backfill sand. As the project already has approved burrow site on the northern side of the island and a dredging permit to excavate, the required backfill material will be obtained from the approved burrow site only.

Quantity, Quality and Characteristics of Fill Material

The required backfill material volume has been estimated to be 10,484m3. The key characteristics of the fill material required is a mixture of coral rubble sand and fine beach sand.

Indication of Availability of Sufficient Fill Material

Since the project involves excavation/dredging, initially a dredging permit to excavate/dredge required amount of sand has been obtained as per the requirements of the Reclamation and Dredging Regulation from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The location of the burrow site and the amount of sand has been approved by EPA on 18 March 2015 from EPA letter number 203-ADMIN/PRIV/2015/158 (Appendix 3).

The required fill material will be obtained from the approved burrow site having 70m by 70m within the north lagoon about 200m away from the shoreline. The proposed location is within the extensive lagoon found on the northern side of the island that is predominantly composed of sand and to some extent rubble. This area was extensively studies during the EIA assessments and was found that the area has a very good sand source that can be used for backfilling works.

Method and Equipment and Justification

The required backfilling material will be obtained by using excavators, which are already available at the project site in the island.

The project is fully mobilized, hence there is no need for additional machinery requirement to do the required excavation works.

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Duration of Excavation and Backfilling Works

It is estimated that the required excavation works can be undertaken within a period of 25 days and backfilling works can be undertaken within 20 days. Thus, the overall time period for the backfilling works is estimated to be 45 days.

Labour Requirements

During execution of backfilling works, 2 operators, 2 assistants and 4 labourers will be used, hence a total of 8 staff will be used.

Emergency Plan in case of Spills

Although fuel related emergencies are unlikely, the following measures will be undertaken immediately during an emergency of an oil spill. These include, immediately confining the spilled oil by use of floating boom, in order to control its spread. Immediately removing oil within the boom by use of vacuum and transporting the oil to the island in closed containers.

4.2.4 Extended 15m Long Arm

Details

Figure 4: Location of the 15m long arm

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A 15m long arm has been proposed as part of additional works of the project to protect the northern tip of the island where the revetment has been initiated. This arm will be connected to the existing revetment and will follow the same design.

Justification

Construction Methodology

The area will be initially marked by using pegs which will be geo referenced. A sand bed by using excavator will be laid by the required area as the core of the arm. A geotextile layer will be placed on top the sand bed where dry mix geo-bags will be placed in layers until it reaches required height and length.

Duration of the Work

It is estimated that the arm can be constructed within a period of 15 – 20 days.

Labour Requirements

Around 10 - 12 persons will be engaged in the work.

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4.2.5 Additional 35m Revetment to Connect with Harbour

Details

Figure 5: Location of the additional 35m revetment area

Figure 6: Design details of the revetment

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

The design of the additional 35m revetment will also follow the same revetment design proposed along the eastern shoreline of the island, which is initially proposed. Thus, the extended part will not look different from the rest of the revetment.

Justification

Construction Methodology

As the proposed revetment will be done by use of dry mix geo-bags, the filled bags will be immediately transferred to the required areas by the truck and the excavator. The placement of geo-bags will continue as planned until it is connected with the existing harbour. Necessary adjustments and aligning will be done during the placement of the geo bags.

4.2.6 Project Duration

As part of this Addendum, the project contractor proposes to complete obtaining the required fill and core material in 2 – 4 weeks period.

Duration of the Work

It is estimated that the additional revetment can be constructed within a period of 30 – 40 days.

Labour Requirements

Around 10 - 12 persons will be engaged in the work.

4.3 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

Beach erosion in Kandoodhoo is observed to be quite serious. Over 706m of shoreline on the NE side is affected by beach erosion. Large trees including palm trees are observed to be lost and some others are currently at risk as a result. Effects of beach erosion are observed to be reaching up beyond historical beach areas. From most areas, dark inland soil with humus

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017 content are been washed away into the lagoon. The nearshore lagoon areas have very low visibility and murky waters.

Since Kandoodhoo is primarily an agricultural island, continuation of beach erosion may pose a serious threat to agricultural production of the island due to saltwater intrusion into the groundwater aquifer. Some agricultural plots are located quite close to the coast in the NE side. Hence, continued erosion is a serious concern, not only to agriculture, but the natural coastal vegetation that acts as protection buffers as well as areas that can otherwise be used for various other purposes. The northern side of the island has vast lagoon areas that have tremendous potential for implementing various economic development projects.

It is important to protect the area from further erosion as it may impact more land, agriculture and potential other development areas and the impact area may get bigger if unattended. The purpose of the proposed project is to protect the affected beach areas from further erosion by means of a shore-based coastal protection methodology by developing a geo-bag revetment along the affected area.

4.4 MATERIAL INPUT AND OUTPUT

Following are the key project inputs and outputs.

4.4.1 Main Project Inputs

Project Input Type Source Labor Foreign and local Contractor (5 – 10 persons) Technical personnel Foreign and local Contractor (2 persons) Excavator 330 and dump Machinery Contractor’s machinery truck, 660 – 700 Geofabrics Geo Bags Contractor supplied Elcorock Spare parts for all Spare parts Contractor and local suppliers machineries Water supply During construction From the island Contractor and locally Fuel supply Diesel, petrol, lubricants purchased Locally arranged from the Food and accommodation During construction island Fire extinguishers, first aid, Health and safety Contractor safety equipment

Table 1: Key project inputs

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4.4.2 Main Project Outputs

Quantity Disposal Method Project Output Used as fill material and core Excavated material 10,484 cbm material for the arm and revetment Placed in layers along the required 15m Arm Geo-Bags area Placed in layers along the required 35m Revetment Extension Geo-Bags area Stocked to transfer for final Oil and lubricant waste Small disposal in Thilafushi Air and Noise Pollution Small Fixed working hours

Table 2: Key project outputs

4.5 KEY IMPACTS AND IMPACT BOUNDARY

The key environmental impacts from proposed additional works are believed to occur from excavation works to obtain fill material as well as during backfilling works. Both activities are believed to generate some sedimentation that will be mostly spread within the lagoon.

Figure 7: Impact boundaries (red = activity area; orange = anticipated impact boundary)

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The burrow site located on the northern side of the island has already been used to obtain fill material for the project, hence direct damage to the site will be minimal. The most notable environmental impact will be from sedimentation during excavation works, which is believed to affect parts of the internal reef found in the deep lagoon as well as backfilling works where sedimentation may be spread within the eastern side lagoon.

Also, development of the arm on the northern tip and extension of the revetment to connect the existing harbor is believed to alter nearshore currents, however is believed to get adjusted once the works are completed.

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5. LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS

A detailed legal, administrative and policy framework relevant for the proposed project have been outlined in the main EIA; Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo, which was prepared as per the approved Terms of Reference on 13 April 2015. All major activities of the proposed project as outlined in the main EIA including excavation, development of geo-bag revetments and backfilling works have been approved by Environment Protection Agency (EPA) in November 2015.

The approval was granted by the EIA Regulation 2012. The Dredging and Reclamation Permit was granted in 18 March 2015 under the Dredging and Reclamation Regulation 2013. These regulations are developed under the main Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (Law No. 4/93). The Environment Act and regulations developed under the Act are regulated and implemented by EPA on behalf of Ministry of Environment and Energy.

Amendments to the EIA Regulation 2012 is now under enforcement since 2015 and 2017. As part of this Amendments, application for permit of dredging and reclamation works can now be submitted together with EIAs/Addendums to the Environment Protection Agency.

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6. EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

This section outlines the key existing environmental conditions relevant for the proposed additional works to be carried out in Kandoodhoo, which was mainly drawn from the main EIA Report for the coastal protection works to be carried out in the island. Additionally, some recent observations on the existing conditions of the additional work areas has also been presented to outline the general site conditions now.

6.1 METHODOLOGY

The main EIA discussed in detail the types of the methods used to gather data from the existing environment of the island. For the purpose of this EIA Addendum, only relevant information for the proposed dredging works in the new burrow site has been used.

Beach Profiles - Beach profiles around the island were undertaken by using a standard leveler and profile locations were geo-referenced. Information on two beach profiles can be used as part of this Addendum.

Currents – current speed and direction was collected by drogue technique from the eastern side of the island.

Bathymetry – echo sounder was used to collect depth information from the main project site, hence from the proposed additional work areas.

Seawater Quality – a seawater sample was collected from the southern side of the island and analysed from the laboratory of MWSC.

Marine Environment - mostly lagoon environments that may be impacted from the proposed activities were assessed visually and by use of several and random photo quadrats on the northern and eastern side of the lagoon. Some information of the lagoon is used in this Addendum.

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6.1.1 Uncertainty on Data Collection Methods

Limited time spent on site has been the key limiting factor to get a more detailed assessment on all environmental aspects surrounding the project area. Some of the methods used are quite rapid, such as those undertaken on the marine and lagoon environment. Nonetheless, most of the assessments, including seawater, beach profiles, reef health, bathymetry and drogue were done in accordance with the TOR and reflect the general existing environment of the island at the time of these assessments.

6.2 GENERAL SETTING OF THE PROJECT SITE

6.2.1 Geography

Kandoodhoo Island is located at 2°19'16.30"N and 72° 55'47"E in large reef system found on the western rim of Thaa Atoll. This large reef system (approx. 24.5km long) occupies most of the western side of the atoll and the island is found on the southern tip of the reef. The island is elliptical in shape and is found in a north-south orientation. A harbor is found on the NE side of the island just before area affected by beach erosion. Kandoodhoo is fairly large in size having approximately 79.70ha with 1,650m in length and 533m in width.

The nearest inhabited islands are Vandhoo and Hirilandoo Islands situated about 3.4km and 4.5km south respectively. Thimarafushi Island currently has the regional airport, which is found on the SE of Kandoodhoo at 27.7km.

Figure 8: Location (left) and aerial view (right) of Kandoodhoo

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

6.2.2 Topography and Geomorphology

Kandoodhoo island is no different than any other island in the Maldives in its topography with limestone structure and coralline topsoil forming the basis of the island. The main island building material consists of sand, mixed sand and rubble and portions of beachrock found on the southern and western sides of the island. Both southern and northern sides of the island are observed to be highly dynamic. Kandoodhoo is a large island and it is almost saturated with mature vegetation cover. The island has very rich and dark humus soil.

The northern side of the island has extensive lagoon areas that are quite shallow and the lagoon bottom consists of aged rocks, rubble and sand. As the island occupies a length of over 1.4km, the westerly currents are more directed towards the northern part of the island towards the extensive lagoon areas, hence the northern tip of the island is observed to be dynamic in nature and may have seasonal shifts in its formation. On the NE lagoon of the island, a large deep lagoon area is also found, which continues starting from the NE side lagoon by the island towards the north. Its formations are almost natural harbor-like. The reef extent is fairly constant on the eastern side of the island having 235m, however, the reef extent gets wider towards north on the western side and from the northern tip of the island, the reef extent is about 1.2km.

As the island is mature and almost saturated with vegetation, narrow beach areas are observed from areas where beaches are present, except for the northern tip of the island. The average beach length is about 5m during low tide.

Figure 9: Narrow beaches found in Kandoodhoo island

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

6.3 COASTAL ENVIRONMENT

The following account on the coastal environment of the project area has been obtained from the main EIA of the project.

6.3.1 Shoreline of the Project Area

Visual observations of the aerial photographs of the proposed project site taken in 2000 and 2014 and 2015 what has happened to the NE shoreline of the island over the years.

Figure 10: Changes in the shoreline of project area in 2000 (left), 2014 (middle) and 2015 (right)

The project area in 2000 is observed to have fairly good beaches, however, in 2014 and 2015, the beaches are observed to be completely lost. In 2000, as can be seen from the above figure, there was no harbor hence, no hindrance for sand movement along the beach. However, the northern tip of the island is observed to be slightly smaller than that of 2014 and 2015 photographs. In 2014 and 2015, a developed harbor is observed on the eastern side, which is believed to be the primary cause of erosion on the NE shoreline. The northern tip of the island has grown slowly from 2000 to 2015. It is believed that a large amount of sand previously found on the beach may have moved and accumulated at the tip of the island as a result of harbor development.

In order to understand the magnitude of impact on the shoreline of the project site, shoreline assessments were done by using GPS and compared to the shoreline of 2000, which quantifies themagnitude of change.

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Figure 11: The extent of erosion in the project area based on shoreline surveys in 2015 and shoreline of 2000.

As per the above figure, the shoreline changes from 2000 to 2015 are quite visible from the survey. The light blue areas are shoreline of 2000 and the light green areas are present day shoreline. It is estimated that around 25m of coastal areas have been lost over the last 15 years.

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

Beach erosion in the area is now at a serious stage where a number of vegetation have already been lost due to erosion and others are risk. A fish-drying area built in 2012 on land near the coast is now seriously damaged by erosion and cannot be used as a result.

Figure 12: Impacts of beach erosion on the NE shoreline including an abandoned fish drying area (bottom right), which is right on the shoreline now

Figure 13: Beaches in many areas along the NE shore are lost

Beach profiles were undertaken to further assess the general condition on the shoreline. 5 beach profiles were undertaken and its findings are presented below.

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Figure 14: Beach profiles taken along the northern half of the project site

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Figure 15: Beach profiles taken along the southern half of the project site

The beach profiles taken from the project site in the first three show very limited beach areas with immediate drop-offs and the last two profiles show some beach areas, which is observed to be slightly increased towards the northern side of the island where fairly good beaches were observed.

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6.3.2 Lagoon Bathymetry

Lagoon bathymetry of the project area was taken as part of the field assessments. The depth of the nearshore lagoon was 0.4m – 0.8m at MSL. Depths increase towards the inner lagoon areas having 1.6m – 2m. However, these areas are not within the scope of the coastal protection works to be carried out in Kandoodhoo.

Figure 16: Lagoon bathymetry of the proposed project area

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6.3.3 Currents

Current measurements from one location from the middle parts of the project area was taken at 2°19'37.91"N / 72°55'4.81"E. A northerly current flow at a speed of 0.09m/s was recorded from the area.

Figure 17: A northerly current flow was recorded from the site

6.4 MARINE ENVIRONMENT

The following account on the marine environment of the project area has been obtained from the main EIA of the project.

As the proposed project is not believed to generate significant environmental impacts on the marine environment of the region especially to the lagoon environment, marine environmental assessments were only confined to the immediate lagoon environments.

Only visual assessments of the lagoon benthic condition was undertaken in the proposed burrow site on the northern side of the island within the lagoon about 200m away from the island and both inner and outer lagoons of the proposed project area, mainly to identify substrate content and benthic conditions.

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6.4.1 Lagoon Benthic Conditions

Burrow Site

The sandy sea bed of the proposed burrow site contains predominantly fine sand and very little rubble.

Figure 18: Fine sand at the lagoon bottom of the proposed burrow site.

Inner Lagoon, Project Site

The lagoon bottom of the inner lagoon mostly had fine sand. However, large number of plant debris washed from the shore is observed as a result of erosion. No fish or any other life forms were observed from the nearshore environment. This is believed to be due to the presence of high debris content murky water conditions.

Figure 19: Benthic condition of outer lagoon with dead corals and rock

Outer Lagoon

The outer lagoon areas, close to the deep lagoons have a different seabed condition. Large areas are covered with rubble and patches of seagrass colonization are observed on fine sandy areas.

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Patches of dead corals are also observed on certain areas. Very few reef fishes including some surgeon fish and wrasses are observed from the outer lagoon.

Figure 20: Seabed conditions of outer lagoon

6.4.2 Marine Protected Areas

Currently there are no Marine Protected Areas in Thaa Atoll protected under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93).

6.5 PRESENT CONDITIONS

The coastal protection works in Kandoodhoo is an ongoing project, however, it has been delayed due to various reasons.

The following account on the present condition of proposed additional work areas is based on observations undertaken recently. The additional works are within the scope of the original project.

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6.5.1 Northern Tip Area

On the northern tip of the island where proposed revetment has been constructed, scouring on the beach by the revetment tip is now observed, which may lead to further erosion on the northern side of the island, particularly by the area where the revetment has started extending to the north-western side of the island. Thus, it is proposed to construction a 15m long arm by geo-bags to protect the tip area of the revetment from further scouring.

Figure 21: Northern tip of the island by the revetment

6.5.2 Eastern Side

Two additional works are proposed to be undertaken on the eastern side of the island. Firstly, backfilling of the area that is currently undergoing erosion and extending the proposed revetment to a further 35m to connect the gap with the existing harbor area.

Since the design phase of the original project, the shoreline on the eastern side has been receding due to erosion. It is estimated that around 4,900m3 of sand is lost from the beach over the project inception in 2015 until to date in 2017. The continued erosion on this area is believed to be due exposure as well as due to delaying of the project where the affected area was not reached by the proposed revetment.

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

Figure 22: Erosion along the eastern shoreline that requires to be backfilled

As part of the additional works on the eastern side, a 35m long gap between the existing harbor and the proposed revetment has been proposed to be connected as this gap is believed to have potential to affect the revetment by scouring leading to further erosion and eventually may impact the revetment as well as the harbour. This area is also under heavy erosion.

Figure 23: Erosion in the gap area

6.5.3 Existing Sand Stockpile

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017 required sand for backfilling the area (6,748m3) was initially stockpiled on the island at the beginning of the project, sand from this stockpile was used by local community for various purposes and this has reduced the volume of the stockpile to 800m3. Thus, in order to bring the new shoreline right up to the proposed geo-bag revetment extent, there is a requirement of 10,484m3 backfill sand. As the project already has approved burrow site on the northern side of the island and a dredging permit to excavate, the required backfill material will be obtained from the approved burrow site only.

Figure 24: Condition of the existing sand stockpile

6.6 HAZARD VULNERABILITY

The following information on the vulnerability of the islands in the Maldives are taken from published literature such as Natural Hazard and Physical Vulnerability Assessment Report by UNDP (2008) as site –specific information on vulnerability of the lagoon was not available. According to the UNDP (2008) the natural vulnerability of the islands and atolls of the country to potential environmental hazards have been modeled to understand the risk factors of the country.

6.6.1 Major Natural Hazards

According to the UNDP assessment report, the natural hazards prevailing in the Maldives can be classified into 4 categories. These are;

 Geological hazards i.e. earthquakes and coastal erosion;  Meteorological hazard i.e. tropical cyclones and storms, thunder storms, waterspouts, heavy rainfall, and drought;

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 Hydrological hazards i.e. floods induced by heavy rainfall, storm surges, swell waves, udha, and tsunamis;  Climate-related hazards i.e. accelerated sea level rise, sea surface temperature rise, changes in monsoon pattern.

Among those listed above, floods (induced by tsunamis, abnormal swell waves, and heavy rainfall), windstorms, droughts, and earthquake are counted as major natural hazards prevailing in the Maldives.

The general patterns of the major natural hazards prevailing in the Maldives is summarised in Figure 25.

Figure 25: Relationship between hazard intensity and frequency of major natural hazards in the Maldives (UNDP, 2008)

6.6.2 Distribution Pattern of Natural Hazards

The major natural hazards in the Maldives are strictly controlled by their geophysical and climatic settings and show quite different patterns in their distribution, as shown in Figures 26 and 27. Tropical cyclones and correspondingly storm surges and droughts predominantly prevail in the north of the Maldives. In contrast, swell waves and heavy rainfalls are more prominent in the southern and western islands of the Maldives. The southern islands of the Maldives are threatened earthquakes from the seismic zone of Carlsberg Ridge.

There are also longitudinal variations in hazard distribution. The most notable is the occurrence of tsunami waves and their impacts. The eastern rim islands are subject to tsunamis and waves of a higher intensity due to their direct exposure to these hazards, whereas the western rim and atoll lagoon islands are protected by the atoll formation patterns. Impacts of swell waves and

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017 udha events are also expected to be highest on the western rim island due to the south westerly and westerly approach of these events. However, their impacts aren’t totally reduced on the eastern rim islands due to the propagation of swell waves through reef passes and fetch within atoll lagoon.

Figure 26: Latitudinal variations of major natural hazards across the Maldives (UNDP, 2008).

Figure 27: Longitudinal variations of major natural hazards across the Maldives (UNDP, 2008)

Based on the above analysis, it can be said that as Th Atoll is located on the south central parts of the country, there are potential risks of natural hazards such as rainfall and swells (Figure 26).

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

The Atoll is quite open to the ocean on the western side, hence has moderate risks from Udha and swells (Figure 27).

As there are no site specific data on site vulnerability of Kandoodhoo island, the above analysis have been used to understand natural hazard factors in a relative manner. As the coastal protection of the island is undertaken on the north and eastern sides of the island, natural risks from westerly Udha and swells may a little impact on the project site.

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7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The following section predicts potential environmental impacts from excavation works to obtain fill material, backfilling works, as well as revetment extension of 35m and construction of a 15m long arm to protect the northern tip of the revetment to be carried out as part of Kandoodhoo coastal protection project. Once the potential environmental impacts are identified, the impacts are evaluated to identify their significance. In order to identify and analyze environmental impacts, the following methods have been used.

7.1 METHODOLOGIES

7.1.1 Impact Prediction

First of all, most of the environmental impacts that may be generated as a result of the project is predicted and is distinguished from construction and operation phases of the project. The impacts have been predicted by using simple matrix method. The prediction of environmental impacts also to a great extent incorporated expert judgment and professional opinions of the EIA consultant involved in the preparation of the report as well as statements addressed in the EIA reports reviewed in this Addendum.

7.1.2 Impact Significance Analysis

The environmental impacts are assessed in terms of significance. Significance is the function of magnitude of the impact and the likelihood of the impact occurring and the impact magnitude is a function of the extent, duration and intensity of the impact. The criteria used to determine impact significance are summarized in the following table (adapted from Environmental Resource Management, 2008). First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

Table 3: Impact significance criteria

Once a rating has been determined for magnitude and likelihood, the following matrix has been used to determine the impact significance.

Table 4: Significance rating matrix

The different ratings of impact significance are then given a colour scale for easily understanding the overall magnitude of the impact. The following colour scale has been used.

Negative Ratings Positive Ratings Negligible Negligible Minor Minor Moderate Moderate Major Major

Table 5: Significance colour scale

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7.1.3 Limitations and Uncertainties

The potential environmental impacts from the proposed project are all predicted, hence there may be variables affecting the accuracy of these impacts due to natural variations such as site conditions and uncertainties in scales and magnitudes. Also the limited time available for undertaking baseline environmental assessments is also key limiting factor in terms of determining the accuracy of the environmental impacts. The assessments were done during one season and impacts are predicted based on these assessments, however, how the magnitudes of these impacts and how they behave in nature during the other season are quite uncertain.

EIA studies undertaken in similar environmental settings and technical experience as well as professional judgment of the EIA team have been used as support while predicting and evaluating these environmental impacts.

Since the environmental, geomorphological and physical oceanography of the islands of the Maldives are unique, the degree and accuracy of the predicted impacts when applied even in other islands of the Maldives in similar project settings, may differ in accuracy, magnitude and significance.

7.1.4 Justification of the Method Used

There are many ways and a number of methods in which environmental impacts that arise from development projects can be assessed and evaluated. The methods used for the purpose of predicting and evaluating the significance of environmental impacts is an accepted and internationally recognized as well as widely used methods throughout the world in a number of development projects. Although it is adapted for the condition of the project by the EIA consultant from Environmental Resource Management, 2008 literature, the approach as well as intended outcomes still remain same. The method used are quite easy to be understood by non-technical personnel.

EIAs and subsequent studies are a decision-making tool, hence, needs to be understood by both technical and non-technical people. The use of colour codes for determining the significance of each and every impact related to the proposed project in the methods used has been demonstrated to be quite effective, especially with non-technical people.

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

7.2 IMPACT PREDICTION

The environmental impacts that may be associated with the additional works are predicted in this section by using a simple descriptive matrix. The following matrix distinguishes the types of environmental impacts that may be associated with various project actions on key environmental components.

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS AND IMPLICATIO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS N PERIOD PROJECT Lagoon Reef ACTIONS Beach Habitat Habitat Shoreline Oceanography Seawater Direct destruction of Direct and indirect lagoon habitats, Dredging and impacts to reef changes in seawater excavation from habitats and organisms During quality from approved due to sedimentation, construction sedimentation and burrow site turbid seawater changes in conditions oceanography Due to the operation of excavator and Minor sedimentation Operation of dump trucks on the and turbid water During construction beaches, the area condition in the construction vehicles may have some lagoon negative implications Due to sudden change in the shoreline from Minor sedimentation Backfilling backfilling, shoreline turbid water During

works may be affected from condition in the construction natural shaping due lagoon to changes in nearshore dynamics Extension of 35m long Minor changes in During revetment to nearshore dynamics construction connect with harbour Minor changes in Construction of nearshore dynamics 15m long arm to During and may affect other protect tip of construction areas on the western revetment side beach Filling of sand Burrow site Long-term changes Post naturally due to after dredging in the shoreline construction currents Table 6: Impact prediction table

The above table shows the main project activities and the environmental components upon which the environmental impacts are predicted to occur. As the Addendum only deals with additional activities proposed, impacts arising only from these activities have been predicted.

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7.3 DESCRIPTION OF IMPACTS

7.3.1 Construction Phase Environmental Impacts

7.3.1.1 Impacts from Dredging / Excavation

Excavation to obtain required fill material will be undertaken from the approved burrow site. This site has already been used to obtain material previously for development of the proposed revetment on the island.

The most significant direct cause of dredging is sedimentation and consequential turbidity, benthic destruction and changes in reef communities, dredge spoil as well as its impacts on the environment such as water quality deterioration, changes in light intensity, habitat destruction as well as species loss and reef damage. Some impacts to the shoreline are also anticipated.

Shoreline

The approved burrow site is located 200m away from the island on the northern side lagoon. The dredging in the area is believed to alter the oceanography of the lagoon, hence may have some implications on the existing shoreline on the western half on the northern side. The sudden increased depths in the area may be forced to vary the hydrodynamics of the area, which may lead to further loss of already affected beach area by the tip of the existing revetment. However, fill material from this site was previously obtained to construct the ongoing revetment works on the island as well as parts of the northern and eastern sides is already constructed with revetment, hence, implications on the shoreline from excavation works may be minimal.

Sedimentation

This is the most significant contributing factor to reef damage from dredging as it releases large amounts of sediments into the environment. Large volumes of sediment released into ambient environment including to the lagoon and reef, as a result of activities such as dredging is harmful to establishment, development and survival of many corals both in the lagoon and reef.

The ecological effects of sedimentation on coral reefs range from a temporary slow-down in coral growth to gradual dying and permanent changes in community structure and species

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017 diversity. This indicates that corals itself as well as coral communities are highly susceptible to changes that will occur from sedimentation. Concerning the settlement of sediment particles, a big quantity of different sized corals will bury them as well as will fill in all crevices and cavities together with numerous species and organisms that live there and which are indispensable to the structure and functioning of the whole ecosystem.

The capacity of corals to remove fine sediments falling on them depends on the type of coral. The ability of corals to reject sediments is limited by several factors such as excessive sediments and complete burial for more than several hours is lethal to most corals and coral colonies. Ciliary movements cause the rejection of sediment in corals. Branching species are more advantageous than other flat and massive growth forms in remaining viable in situations of prolonged sediment deposition.

The proposed burrow site is located far from the reef, hence impacts on the reef may be minimal. However, impacts on isolated coral colonies found in the lagoon may be affected.

Turbidity and Changes in Light Intensity

Light for organisms in seawater is a very complex problem as coral reefs are very sensitive to changes that occur within the environment in which they are found. Fine particles in suspension in the water column will contribute to a decrease in light intensity. Visibility in normal conditions in the Maldives range between 10-15m, however, it may drop to 2m during the operation of dredging, hence, drastically cuts down the light intensity, which will affect the growth of autotrophic organisms such as corals which depend on sunlight for its growth, reproduction and survival.

In the case Kandoodhoo, less sedimentation is believed to reach the reef areas, hence impacts related to turbidity are also believed to be minimal.

Seawater Quality Deterioration

As it is clear that abiotic and biotic reef conditions are modified by sedimentation, it also alters certain parameters of water. For instance, suspension of sediments, in addition to problems of turbidity and siltation, will produce dirtier water, noxious odours and significantly decrease the dissolved oxygen in water and the results can be severe for fish and other very active organisms. However, this will depend on the site itself and will reduce such problems in open areas where

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017 there is an adequate current flow. The proposed dredging site is quite open, hence, the impact on water quality is envisaged to be on an average scale.

7.3.1.2 Operation of Construction Vehicles

As part of the proposed additional works on Kandoodhoo coastal protection project including dredging works, some construction vehicles such as an excavator and a dump truck will be used in the operations. During the operation of these vehicles, impacts from noise and dust may be generated. Also, operation of these vehicles on the beach may affect the area, however, will be of short-term in nature. No Major environmental impacts are anticipated.

These impacts will be restricted to vehicle operation periods and specific project locations only. Minor sedimentation within the lagoon during operating hours are also envisaged.

7.3.1.3 Backfilling Works

Backfilling works require large amounts of sand to be placed and spread in erosion affected areas on the eastern side of the island. Material obtained from excavation will be used for all backfilling works. As a result of backfilling on a large area (approx. 320m), the nearshore hydrodynamics as a result of immediate change is believed to alter. As the area is already experiencing severe erosion, the backfilled area will also be prone to erosion if immediate protection measures are not placed.

During backfilling works, minor sedimentation may occur in the lagoon, however will be only for the duration of the works. As excavated material will be initially harvested, the sediment content will be greatly reduced, thus impacts from sedimentation in the lagoon will also be minimal.

7.3.1.4 Extension of 35m Long Revetment

A 35m gap exists between the existing harbor and proposed revetment on the eastern side of the island, which is an area that is currently undergoing severe erosion. It is proposed to connect the proposed revetment with the harbor, hence there will be no gap to further damage the area. During placement of revetment on the extension part, no major environmental impacts are envisaged, rather the area will be entirely protected. However, minor changes in the lagoon hydrodynamics are possible due to the revetment, which is believed to adjust over time. Once

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017 this gap is connected, the entire NE side will have revetment to protect the ongoing erosion, which is the main purpose of the project.

7.3.1.5 Construction of 15m Long Arm

The ongoing revetment works started from the shoreline on parts of the northern tip of the island. Parts of the beach where the revetment has started is currently affected by erosion, which has the potential to damage the revetment. It is proposed to develop a 15m arm with go- bags into the lagoon to cover the affected area.

Once the arm is developed, some minor changes in the nearshore environment may occur as the currents will require to be adjusted to the new condition. However, no environmental impacts are envisaged except for minor sedimentation in the lagoon during placement of geo- bags in the arm.

7.3.2 Post Construction Environmental Impacts

7.3.2.1 Burrow Site after Dredging

After the dredging has taken place, the substrate becomes lifeless, and rock surfaces will be covered by sessile organisms only if larvae can settle and survive. Some areas may be non colonisable as the lagoon bottom may be completely covered with sand. However, it is believed that some sort of coral recolonisation will start even though not immediately after dredging but several years after the operation has taken place and when the condition becomes favourable for corals to restart establishment.

7.4 IMPACT ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

The following section analyses and evaluates the previously described environmental impacts in order to identify their significance.

Table 7: Impact analysis table

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The dredging and excavation related impacts such as sedimentation are spread within the lagoon having permanent changes and having a medium intensity. The nearby areas within the lagoon will be permanently affected. Thus, the impact significant has been scaled as having moderate implications, which is the most significant environmental impact from the proposed additional works of the project.

Also, operation of construction vehicles in the adjacent beach areas have been identified have site-specific impacts which are of short-term in nature and have a low intensity. Thus, it has been scaled as having minor implications.

Backfilling, extension of revetment and construction of the arm to protect the northern tip of the island are not believed to generate major environmental impacts and will be mostly confined to the project site, hence their significance has been identified to be minor.

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8. MITIGATION MEASURES

The main purpose of the following section is to outline environmental management and mitigation measures that will be undertaken and followed with regards to minimizing and reducing environmental impacts from proposed additional works of the coastal protection project in Th. Kandoodhoo. Mitigation measures have been addressed for all environmental impacts identified in the previous section.

8.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

8.1.1 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Sedimentation

As can be seen from the previous section on environmental impacts from the proposed activity, sedimentation as a result of excavation to obtain necessary backfill material has been identified as the major cause of environmental impacts from the project including seawater quality deterioration, impacts to lagoon environment as well as habitat destruction.

The following measures will be used to reduce impacts from sedimentation and reducing spread of sedimentation within and around the surrounding environment.

 In order to reduce effects of sedimentation, consideration has been given to undertake the dredging activity in the shortest possible time, thus sedimentation will be exposed only for a short period of time.  It is proposed to undertake the activity mostly at low tide and on calm days, to ensure that the sedimentation does not reach far distances as well as for easy operation of the activity. It is believed that during low tides and calm days, transport of sedimentation will not reach far distances, hence its effects on the environment can be minimized.  The turbid waters will be directed into the deep lagoon bottom in order to reduce the spread since bottom waters are less disturbed by winds; this combined with a shorter distance for sediments to settle may help to minimize the turbidity effects around the area. The burrow site itself can be made into the sedimentation sink location.

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Key considerations; Consideration Detail Reduce spread of sedimentation Project implementation plan Cost 0 Expected benefits Reduced spread of sedimentation within the surrounding environment Expertise Sediment control Required Manpower 3 - 5 Equipment/Technology Excavator Timing During dredging and excavation

8.1.2 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Backfilling Related Impacts

Backfilling is only required in areas currently affected by erosion on the eastern shoreline. The new shoreline will be brought right up to the proposed revetment. During backfilling works, minor sedimentation is envisaged, however, its spread will be localized.

In order to reduce spread of sedimentation, backfilling works will be undertaken on calm days. Also, in order to reduce impacts on backfilled areas, the revetment works will be immediately started to cover the area. Furthermore, only harvested sand will be used to for all backfilling works.

Key considerations; Consideration Detail Reduce spread of sedimentation Project implementation plan Cost 0 Expected benefits Reduced spread of sedimentation within the surrounding environment Expertise Sediment control and protection of beaches Required Manpower 3 - 5 Equipment/Technology Excavator, geo-bags Timing During backfilling works

8.1.3 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Construction Vehicle Impacts

Vehicles such as excavator and dump trucks will be regularly used during dredging and transport of dredged material to the island. Noise and dust are expected during the operations of these vehicles. However, these impacts will be minimal and is not expected to disturb the island community as the operations will be undertaken in the project area only. Minor sedimentation during vehicle operation are believed to occur, but no major spreading is envisaged.

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Also, as an important measure, the operations will be undertaken during day time and in the designated area only.

Key considerations; Consideration Detail Reduce impacts from construction vehicle operation Mark and locate desired areas Cost 0 Expected benefits Reduced noise dust and shoreline impacts from vehicle operations Expertise Vehicle operators Required Manpower 4 Equipment/Technology Well maintained and serviced vehicles Timing During excavation, backfilling revetment works

8.1.4 Mitigation Measures to Reduce Impacts from Geo-Bag Revetment Extension and Arm

In order to reduce impacts during construction of the geo bag revetment to connect with the harhour and construction of geo-bag arm on the northern tip of the island, the operation will be coincided with low tide and calm days. Once, these geo bag structures are constructed on the affected areas, minor changes in the hydrography of the immediate area are believed to occur. In order to reduce the impacts, the construction of the extension works will be done along with the ongoing revetment development works. Regular monitoring of current movement and patterns will be undertaken during the operation.

Also, a geotextile layer will be placed under the geo bags for both revetment and the arm, hence, even if there are stronger currents after the development, no further erosion or sedimentation from these structures are expected to occur.

Key considerations; Consideration Detail Reduce impacts from construction vehicle operation Mark and locate desired areas Cost 0 Expected benefits Reduced sedimentation and protect beaches Expertise Project management Required Manpower 5 - 7 Equipment/Technology Environmental engineering Timing During revetment and arm construction

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8.2 POST CONSTRUCTION PHASE

8.2.1 Mitigation Measures for Post Construction Phase

It is believed that the site after dredging will be completely dead covered with sand, hence it will be difficult for recolonisation of corals. Once dredging from the site is completed, the area can be filled with rocks and rubble brought from nearby areas. This will help in establishing and colonizing new corals in a relatively short period of time.

8.3 COMMITMENT

The proponent fully recognizes the importance of protecting the environment and ensures that the proposed mitigation measures will be implemented throughout the project implementation.

Commitment letter from the proponent is attached in Appendix 4.

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9. ALTERNATIVES

The following section outlines some alternative means to the proposed additional works of the project. Also, a “No Development Option” has been considered as an alternative.

9.1 NO DEVELOPMENT OPTION

Kandoodhoo coastal protection project is currently ongoing and additional works have been proposed to undertake some additional activities that are quite relevant for the project. For instance, backfilling on the eastern side has been proposed since continued erosion has severely affected the area and has receded shoreline since the time of project design. Without backfilling works, a proper revetment cannot be constructed at the site, thus will not be effectively protected.

Connection of the proposed revetment with the existing harbor is also an important component of the additional works. A 35m gap exists between the proposed revetment and the harbor. This area is already affected by erosion, thus requires protection. If this area is left without any protection, there is greater potential to further damage the area as well as affect the revetment once completed and also affect the harbor as this gap will remain exposed.

Construction of a 15m long arm at the tip of the revetment on the northern side has been proposed to protect the tip from scouring. If this protective arm is not constructed, the area affected by scouring will get bigger and there will be greater potential to damage the revetment as well as continue erosion on the western side of the island.

Thus, the no development option has not been considered as an alternative for the project, as this alternative will only bring greater potential for further damage to the already ongoing project site. As there are no significant environmental impacts from proposed additional works, there will be practical issues on the effectiveness of the proposed revetment if the no development alternative has been considered.

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9.2 ALTERNATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

9.2.1 Beach Nourishment

As an alternative to the proposed 35m revetment extension to connect with the harbor and development of the 15m long arm at the northern tip, these areas can be nourished with material obtained from the approved burrow site and leave without any protection.

Since beach erosion is prone in the NE shoreline, only replenishing the affected areas may not suffice restoration. The NE side of the island is exposed to strong currents generated from the eastern side through the existing inner lagoons during NE monsoon as well as exposures to western swells during SW monsoon, hence, sand from the replenished areas have greater potential to be washed away without further protection measures. Due to the above reasons, the beach replenishment alternative is less favourable.

9.2.2 Development of Offshore Breakwaters

Another alternative considered is development of offshore rock boulder breakwater on the north-western side to protect the northern tip of the revetment and to protect the gap area between the proposed revetment and the existing harbor on the eastern side.

Developing breakwater systems by use of rock boulders on parts of the north-western and eastern sides to cover the eroded beaches is an expensive alternative option. However, it may be an effective alternative given that the exposure level of the affected beach can be reduced to a great extent, hence is believed to minimize further erosion. In order to effectively work this option, the eroded areas by the tip of the revetment and gap area will require to be nourished with sand.

Since the average depth of the outer lagoon is over 1.5m, the cost of the breakwater system may be quite expensive, which is believed to go beyond the limits of the project scope and budget. Also, with the development of the breakwater system, beach replenishment may need to be undertaken to sustain the areas. Beach replenishment will be an added cost in addition to the development of the breakwater system.

Since this option will go beyond the project limits, it has not been considered.

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10. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

During preparation of the main EIA for the proposed coastal protection project to be carried out in Kandoodhoo Island has undertaken an extensive consultation with a number of parties from the island.

As the additional works has been proposed by the Island Council and approved by Ministry of Environment and Energy, it does not go beyond the scope of the project, thus stakeholder views on the overall project still remains the same.

10.1 MODE OF CONSULTATIONS

Consultations with the key stakeholders has been undertaken through direct meetings with the Island Council and project personnel as well as communication and direct meetings with the Ministry of Environment and Energy with Island Council and project personnel.

10.2 KEY STAKEHOLDERS

Following are the key stakeholders that have been widely engaged throughout the process of stakeholder consultation for the purpose of this Addendum.

1. Th. Kandoodhoo Island Council 2. Ministry of Environment and Energy 3. Environment Protection Agency 4. Sas e Senok JV Private Limited 5. EIA Consultant

10.3 SUMMARY OF MAJOR DISCUSSIONS

1. The project contractor expressed that there is an important requirement for backfill material for the eastern side as there is no sufficient sand available from the existing sand stockpile.

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2. Island council expressed need to protect the scouring area at the northern tip and eroded gap area between the proposed revetment and the existing harbor. 3. MEE considered the need for addressing the concerns of the Island Council 4. MEE considered that the additional works are within the scope of the project 5. A layout for the additional works was communicated with the Island Council and the island council is in agreement with the additional works layout 6. MEE endorses the additional works layout and contractor agrees to undertake the additional works 7. As the regulator of the EIA process implementation, EPA informs that an Addendum has to be done and approved for the additional works. 8. As the contractor of the project, Sas e Senok JV Pvt Ltd informs that they are also in agreement with the additional works provided that MEE takes into consideration any scope and financial alteration.

10.4 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

NAME DESIGNATION CONTACT Vice President Idrees Ali 7995958 Kandoodhoo Island Council Member Abdulla Shafar 9693969 Kandoodhoo Island Council Member Mohamed Adam 7903198 Kandoodhoo Island Council Senior Admin Officer Ahmed Mohamed 9922292 Council Secretariat Minister of State, Ministry of Abdulla Ziyad 7781502 Environment and Energy Riffath Naeem Senior Environment Analyst, EPA 9889987 Saudulla Ahmed SAS e Senok JV Pvt. Ltd. 7771682 Mohamed Zuhair EIA Consultant 7776800 Table 8: List of stakeholders consulted

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11. MONITORING PLAN

11.1 BACKGROUND

Environmental monitoring is important part of the whole EIA. It ensures that how the project has or is impacting the baseline environmental conditions that have been assessed as part of the EIA. It identifies the degrees and magnitudes of the predicted environmental impacts for the project are felt on the environment as a result of project implementation. Thus, it will help in implementing the mitigation measures that are already identified in this report or implement further measures if the impacts are identified to be bigger than anticipated.

The main EIA for the proposed project has already identified an environmental monitoring plan and it is suitable to address the additional works as it is within the scope and boundary of the project.

11.1.1 Aim

The primary aim of the monitoring is to provide information that will aid impact management, and secondarily to achieve a better understanding of cause-effect relationship and to improve impact prediction and mitigation methods.

11.1.2 Objective

The following monitoring plan is used to measure impacts that occur during the proposed project activities and determine the accuracy of impacts that are predicted and the effectiveness of mitigation measures that are relevant for the proposed project. The objectives of the monitoring plan are to measure:

• Coral reef health (main EIA baseline) • Seawater quality (main EIA baseline) • Beach Profiles (main EIA baseline) • Currents (main EIA baseline) • Bathymetry (main EIA baseline)

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The monitoring will also ensure that these measurements are kept within the baseline limits and predicted impacts are accurate and mitigation measures taken are effective.

11.2 MONITORING REPORT

A detailed environmental monitoring report will be compiled and submitted to all concerned agencies during construction and post-construction periods of the project based on the data collected for monitoring the parameters included in the monitoring plan outlined for the project. An Addendum Monitoring Report and an EIA Monitoring Report will be done simultaneously.

11.2.1 Report Format

The Environment Monitoring Report will be developed in accordance with the following format; i) Introduction ii) Aims and Objectives iii) Environmental Conditions a. Coastal environment including shoreline, bathymetry, beach profiles, currents b. Marine environment including coral reef assessments, reef fish assessments and other benthos iv) Comparison of data over different time periods v) Conclusion and Recommendations

11.2.2 Reporting Frequency

It is important to ensure that monitoring of the environmental parameters mentioned above will be initiated during construction periods, which will be continued throughout the operation life cycle of the project. In this regard, the following measures will be followed.

 During Construction Phase – For 3 months  During Operation Phase – Every 6 months for every operation year for 2 years

11.3 MONITORING PLAN AND COSTS

The following Environmental Monitoring Plan is taken from the main EIA as there are no additional requirements for monitoring from the additional works.

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Monitoring Indicators Baseline Technique Frequency Approx Cost Requirements Reference (US$) Values Coral cover % live coral cover EIA Qualitative & Construction 2 100.00 and substrate Baseline Quantitative and operation 4 Reef fish Population EIA Qualitative & Construction 2 100.00 populations structure Baseline quantitative and operation 4 methods Fish census Marine water Turbidity, TSS, EIA Laboratory Construction2 200.00 quality Salinity Baseline Analysis and operation 4 Current Seasonal changes EIA Drought Construction2 100.00 patterns Baseline technique and operation 4 Bathymetry Changes in depths EIA Echo sounder Construction 2 500.00 Baseline And operation 4 TOTAL COST PER MONITORING TRIP 1,000.00 Table 9: Environmental monitoring and costs

11.4 COMMITMENT

The proponent recognizes the important of environmental monitoring and commits to undertake the monitoring programme during construction and operation periods.

Commitment letter from the Project Proponent is attached in Appendix 4.

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12. CONCLUSIONS

Following are the main conclusions of the proposed new burrow site based on the EIA Addendum undertaken for the project.

1. This is the First Addendum to the EIA undertaken for coastal protection works to be carried out in Th. Kandoodhoo, hence it shall be read in conjunction with the main EIA.

2. The Addendum is submitted to EPA as per the Amended EIA Regulation 2012. Thus, it has been prepared to fulfil the requirements of the Regulation.

3. This Addendum only covers proposed additional works as part of the proposed coastal protection project carried out in Kandoodhoo island including excavation of fill material, backfilling on the eastern side, 35m extension of revetment to connect with the existing harbor and construction of a 15m long arm to protect the tip of the revetment from scouring.

4. A dredging permit is already obtained for the project and is annexed to the Addendum Report.

5. The major environmental impact is believed to occur from excavation of fill material from the burrow site including sedimentation within the surrounding environment, direct destruction of some of the lagoon habitats as well as increased turbidity in seawater due to sedimentation. Impacts from other activities such as backfilling and geo-structures development have been identified to be minimal.

6. Careful planning and scheduling of the proposed activities to coincide with calm days and low tide operations has been proposed as the main mitigation measures in addition to regular monitoring of the various aspects of the environment.

7. All additional works are generally accepted by all concerned stakeholders of the project.

8. There are no additional requirements for environmental monitoring, hence, the monitoring programme outlined in the main EIA can be continued.

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9. Although there some environmental impacts from the proposed additional works, some of these can bring permanent changes to the environment of the island, other impacts can be reduced and mitigated by use of appropriate methodology. The effectiveness of these methodologies can be documented by implementing the environmental monitoring programme. Also, with the long-term need to maintain the coastal protection of the project area, the proposed additional works has been considered an important requirement for the overall project.

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13. REFERENCES

Regulations on Environmental Impact Assessment, 2012, MEE

Dredging and Reclamation Regulation, 2013, EPA

Environmental Resource Management, 2008, Solaire Direct Drennan Deir, Rev 2

EIA Regulation (Amended), 2015, EPA

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Th. Veymandoo by Mohamed Zuhair in 2015.

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Th, Kandoodhoo Island by Mohamed Zuhair, EIA01/15.

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Proposed Coastal Protection Works in AA Ukulhas, prepared by Mohamed Zuhair and Ibrahim Shakir in 2015.

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14. APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: EIA Addendum TOR

APPENDIX 2: Additional Works Approved Design

APPENDIX 3: Dredging Permit

APPENDIX 4: Commitment Letter

APPENDIX 5: CVs of Consultants

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APPENDIX 1: EIA Addendum TOR

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APPENDIX 2: Additional Works Approved Design

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APPENDIX 3: Dredging and Reclamation Permit

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APPENDIX 4: Commitment Letter

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APPENDIX 5: CVs of Consultants

Mr. Mohamed Zuhair

Personal Details

Full Name: Mohamed Zuhair

ID Card: A-045870

Date of Birth: 18 December 1971

Address (Home): H. Eforniumge (South), 4th Floor, Moonlight Hingun/Lonuziyaarai Hingun, Male’ 20023, Rep of Maldives Mobile: (960) 777 6800 EMail: [email protected]

Marital Status: Married with 3 children

Languages: English (Professional) Dhivehi (Native)

Education and Training

 Master of Applied Science (Protected Area Management), 2003 James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia

 Certificate in Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Protected Areas, 1998 South Asia Cooperative Environment Program (SACEP) in collaboration with Great Barrier Reef Marine Mark Authority, Male’ Maldives

 Certificate in Coral Reef Survey Methods, 1998 IOCUNESCO/UNEP/IUCN, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) in collaboration with Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, Male’, Maldives

 B.Sc (Hons) Combined Studies (Major: Environmental Biology), 1994 Bath College of Higher Education, Newton Park, Bath BA2 9BN United Kingdom

 Certificate in Coral Reef Ecology, Theory and Practice, 1990 International Center for Ocean Development and Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, Male’, Maldives

Employment

 Freelance Environmental Consultant (2011 - Present)

Provide technical consultancy on environment-related work including development of environmental management plans, preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and environmental monitoring plans, field assessment and environmental analysis of potential development sites, technical input for proposed development projects, as well as assist in project development, etc

Recent Clients: Hotel and Resorts Construction, Leisure Horizons, Amin Construction, Malahini Holdings, Cocoon

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Investments, Akirifushi Investments, Hanimaadhoo City Hotel Investments, Mr. Ali Zahir, Mr. Hassan Moosa, Mr. Ali Moosa, ABN, CPM Consultants, Cowrie Investments, Oliva Efficient, Island Channels, Sandcays, Beachrock, SAS e Senok JV, Group X, Coastline Investments, Sanken Overseas

 Director General (2009 – 2011) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 4th Floor, Jamaaluddin Complex, Nikagas Magu, Male’, Rep. of Maldives

Duties: Overall in charge of the Environmental Protection Agency directly reports to Minister and Deputy Minister. Direct, supervise and technical input to the work of the Sections including Environmental Impact Assessment, Biodiversity Conservation, Coastal Zone Management, Waste Management, Water and Sanitation, Physical Oceanography, Resource Valuation and support to implementation of Environmental Protection Act and subsequent Regulations and develop national Environmental Standards, etc.

Recent Consultancies Undertaken

 Project Proposal Establishment of a Seaweed Mariculture Farm on Funagaadhoo Island, Laamu Atoll, Maldives, 2011

 Project Proposal Community Development in Thaa Atoll and Establishing a Tourist Resort on Thaa. Fushifaru Island, Maldives, 2011

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Harbour Development in Noonu Magoodhoo Island, Maldives, 2011

 Project Proposal Establishment of a Jetty on the Eastern Side of Noonu Henbadhoo Island, Maldives, 2011  Marine Environmental Assessment for the Environmental Impact Assessment Coastal Developments at Thulhaagiri Island Resort and Spa, Maldives, 2011

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Supply and Sewerage System in Haa Dhaalu Vaikaradhoo, Maldives, 2012

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development on Banana Island, Qatar, 2012

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Airstrip Development on Maavarulla Island, G.Dh. Atoll, Maldives, 2012

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development on Kodhipparu Island, K. Atoll, Maldives, 2014

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed City Hotel Development on Hanimaadhoo, H. Dh Atoll, Maldives, 2014

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Proposed Tourist Resort Development on Maamunagau Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2014

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development on Akirifushi Island, K. Atoll, Maldives. 2014

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development on Kuda Bandos, K. Atoll, Maldives, 2014

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development on Kudafushi Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2014

 Project Proposal Establishment of Marine Finfish Aquaculture Farm on Fonagaadhoo Island, Laamu Atoll, Maldives, 2014

 Project Concept Development of Aquaculture, Aquarium Fish Culture, Hydroponics, and Organic Farming in Huruvalhi Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2014

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 Project Proposal Development of Agriculture, Hydroponics, Organic Farming, and Fish Drying in Maarehaa Island, GA Atoll, Maldives, 2014

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development on Ookolhu Finolhu Island, Lhaviyani Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Harbour Development in Himandhoo Island, AA Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Kottafaru Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Harbour Rehabilitation in Thoddoo Island, AA Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Aarah Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection Measures in Plam Beach Resort and Spa, Lh. Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment Sunken Excavator near Havodda Island, GDh. Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environmental Impact Assessment Coastal Modifications at LUX Maldives, South Ari Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Agriculture Product Development in Hulhudhoo Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Ukulhas Island, AA Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Mariculture, Hydroponics, Aquaponics and Boatyard Development in Vihamaafaru, AA Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Maaenboodhoo, Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Situation Analysis Report EIA for Proposed Coastal Modification and Partial Renovation Project, LUX South Ari, ADh. Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Technical Study of Erosion and Coastal Protection Measures Northern side of Dharavandhoo Island, B. Dharavandhoo, Malrives, 2015

 First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Maaenboodhoo, Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in R. Filaidhoo Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2015

 Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Agriculture, Water Sports and Training Facility Development in Faadhoo Island, Maldives, 2016

 Environment Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Vashugiri Island, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Sunny Lagoon in South Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Access Channel and Mooring Area Deepening in B. Fehendhoo Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives 2016

 Environmental Analysis Report

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For Tourist Resort Development in Ethigili Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 First Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection Works in Ukulhas Island, AA Atoll, Maldives 2016

 Environment Monitoring Land Reclamation Works at Bodufinolhu, ADh Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Uthuruboduveli, Uthurugasveli, Hurasveli, Meemu Atoll, Maldives 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Maniyafaru Lagoon, South Male’ Atoll, Maldives 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Beach Nourishment Works at Ayada Maldives, GDh. Mugudhuvaa Island, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Beach and Swimming Area Development in K. Himmafushi Island, Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 11 Storey Building Development at H. Finimaage Aage, Male’, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Land Reclamation and Tourist Resort Development in Maavaru Lagoon, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Monitoring Land Reclamation Works at Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Third Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives. 2016

 Second Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Resort Development in Kodhipparu Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Aerodrome and Access Channel in the Lagoon near St. Regis Vommuli Resort, Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives, 2016  Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 20-Storey Rehendhi 5 Building, Male’, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Hanimaadhoo, HDh. Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Hoarafushi, HA Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Farming Development Project at Aidhoo Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Villingili, GA. Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Ungoofaaru, Raa. Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Milandhoo, Sh. Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Guraidhoo, Th. Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Kudahuvadhoo, Dh. Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment

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Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Naifaru, Lh. Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Water Production and Distribution Facility at Villingili, GA. Atoll, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in the Lagoon Plot 4.155882 / 73.251890, North Male Atoll, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Amingiri Lagoon, Kodhipparu Falhu, North Male’ Atoll, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 10-Storey Mixed Use Residential Complex in Block D10-4C, Hulhumale’, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Mixed Use Residential Complex in Block C4-3, Hulhumale’, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed 10-Storey Building with Basement at H. Loveside, Male’, Maldives, 2016

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Dhidhoofinolhu Lagoon, Kodhipparu Falhu, North Male’ Atoll, 2017

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Dhigudhefaru Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives, 2017

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Maarandhoo Island, GA Atoll, Maldives, 2017

 Environmental Impact Assessment Proposed Coastal Protection Project at Hulhudhoo Island, Addu City, Maldives, 2017

 First Addendum to the Environment Impact Assessment Report Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Uthuruboduveli, Uthurugasveli and Hurasveli Islands in Meemu Atoll, Maldives, 2017

 Environmental Audit Report Powerhouse Registration at Malahini Kuda Bandos, North Male Atoll, Maldives, 2017

 Environmental Impact Assessment Report Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Aanugandufalhu, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives, 2017

 Fourth Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Report Proposed Tourist Resort Development in Akirifushi Island, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives. 2017

Professional Certifications

 Registered EIA Consultant (2015) Registration (EIA01/15) at Environmental Protection Agency 3rd Floor, Green Building Male’ Republic of Maldives

 PADI Research Diver (1998-Present) Sea Explorers Dive School, 2nd Floor, Ma. Thuniveli, Male' 2001 Republic of Maldives

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

Ibrahim Shakir (Shark)

Date of Birth: 18 July 1967

Contact Address: Ma Sharky Shark

Koarukendi Magu

Male’ 20-30

Maldives

E-mail: [email protected]

Nationality: Maldivian

Contact no: +9607759695

Qualifications

Associate Diploma of Land information Management Systems

(Surveying) South Australian Institute of vocational Education (1994), Australia

Certificate from the Group Training Course in Hydrographic Survey (international accredited Category B Course) –

Conducted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency under the International Cooperation Programme of the Government of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (1996)

Certificate of participation in Environment Management at Singapore Environmental Management and Engineering Services Pte Ltd (January 2000)

Relevant Experience

Surveying projects

Current______

AA.Fesdhoo 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

Completed ______

K.Fulmoon 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

K.Velassaru 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

K.Kurumba 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

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K.Baros 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

M.Hakuraa Huraa 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

K.Dhonveli 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

AA.Ehlidhoo 2012 PSM survey to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

N.fushivellavaru 2012 Control and as built survey, after establishing PSM to surveying and land surveying standard to tourist properties of Maldives ref to technical brief 2011.

Gdh.Dhigulaabadhoo Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey.

K.Kaashidhoo set-out survey for tourist hotel

B.Vakkaru Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey including set-out survey for Back of the house

Laguna Maldives (Male’ Atoll) managed by Universal Enterprises

Topographic Survey, Hydrographic Survey, Tree Survey, Set out Survey & Environment impact assessment study.

Konnota Island (Gaafu Dhaal atoll) managed by PCH

Topographic Survey, Hydrographic Survey, Tree Survey and Setout Survey.

Maavelavaru Island (Noonu atoll) managed by Athama Marine

Topographic Survey, Hydrographic Survey and Setout Survey.

Halaveli Tourist Resort (Ari Atoll) / Waterfront Pvt Ltd.

Topographic Survey, Hydrographic Survey, Tree Survey and Setout Survey.

HANDHUFUSHI (Herathere) ADDU Atoll / managed by Yatch tours

Hydrographic Survey of the proposed water villa site

Madoogali Island (Ari atoll)

Topographic survey includes buildings, structures and water villas.

Ariyadhoo Island (North Male’ atoll) / managed by VB

Topographic survey and Hydrographic survey, includes buildings, structures and water villas.

Full Moon Maldives / Universal Enterprises

Topographic survey and Hydrographic survey, includes set-out survey for all buildings, structures and water villas.

Baros island Resort / Universal Enterprises

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

Topographic survey and Hydrographic survey, includes set-out survey for all buildings, structures and water villas.

Dhigufinolhu island Resort / Universal Enterprises

Topographic survey and Hydrographic survey, includes set-out survey for all buildings, structures and water villas.

Palm Beach Resort, Lhaviyani Atoll, Maldives

Provided all consultancy work including equipment layout design and procurement analysis for all F&B areas and laundry

Ari Beach Resort, Ari Atoll, Maldives

Topographic survey and Hydrographic survey, includes set-out survey for all buildings, structures and water villas.

Coco Palm Resort, / Sunland Travels, Baa Atoll, Maldives

Provided all consultancy work including equipment layout design and procurement analysis for all F&B areas, Environment design, Water & Waste Management, Project Management and Laundry Design and Layout in addition, the project included the supervision of the installation of the designed system, surveying and instructing the contractors on construction methodology.

Veligandu Huraa, Maafushivaru (Twin island)

Tree survey, including identification of species and their respective locations through out the island, set-out survey for all structures.

Fesdu Fun island / Universal Enterprises

Reef survey, identification of coral species and condition of the reef with regard to coral bleaching, Tree survey including detailed layout of vegetation line and shoreline, set-out survey.

NakatchaaFushi / Huvafenfushi

Topographic survey, Hydrographic Survey, Tree survey, set-out survey for water bungalows and land villas.

Hilton on Rangali / Crown company

Topographic Survey, Hydrographic survey and set-out survey for water villas, land bungalows, current and wave action surveys, tide measurements for the under water restaurant.

Reethi Rah Resort / One & Only

Environment impact assessment study.

Moofushi island Resort

Topographic survey, including vegetation, shore line, High tide and Low tide line and all structures.

Villivaru & Biyadhoo / Ministry of Tourism

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

Environment impact assessment study for the bidding project includes Plant identification survey, soil contamination survey, Ground water monitoring, coral diversity and abundance survey, coastal erosion survey, sediment movement and setting studies, beach profiles and land topography survey.

Mushimas Migilli / Dhoani Migilli

Environment impact assessment study including Harbour development.

Keekimini / Fisheries Project

Environment impact assessment study including, Harbour development and set-out survey for infrastructure development.

Hudhufushi island Resort / Abdul Rauf

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey including set-out survey for all buildings and villas.

Ministry of Health, Malé Maldives

Development of a master plan for the provision of safe, adequate and affordable freshwater for Malé (Maldives) including the designing of processes to harness and distribute water on a commercial basis. Includes study on sustainability of utilizing the freshwater aquifer of Malé as well as utilizing airport runway and a loating collector (shallow lagoon) for rainwater catchments vis-à-vis desalination of seawater.

Hinnavaru island, Lhaviyani Atoll, Maldives

Provision of a wastewater collection and disposal systems for a densely populated island.. Design to overcome the problems associated with a high water table and flat low lying island with limitations for proper gradients.

Maadhoo island, Maldives

Environmental impact study on Harbour Development and Recreational Boating Activity for the Management Kandooma island Resort, Republic of Maldives.

Fuah Mulaku

Hydrographic study and Environment impact study on harbour development and commercial boating activity.

Mirihi island Resort

Hydrographic Study, Land survey / and Environmental impact assessment on harbour Development.

Hebadhoo island Resort

Hydrographic Study and Environmental impact assessment on harbour Development.

Embudhoo Finolhu island Resort / Taj

Hydrographic Study and Environmental impact assessment on harbour Development.

Shaviyani Atoll (all inhabited islands)

Hydrographic Study and Environmental impact assessment on Harbour Development.

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

Hulhumeedu island

Hydrographic Study and Environmental impact assessment on Harbour Development.

Kulhuduffushi island Harbour

Hydrographic Study and Environmental impact assessment on Harbour Development.

Vangaaru(shaviyani atoll)

Dh.Eboodhoo/Olhuveli

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey including set-out survey for all buildings and villas.

Gdh.Gazeera

Topographic survey for resort construction

ADh.Athurugaa

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey

AA.Thundufushi

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey

Ha.Uligamu

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey including set-out survey for buildings.

STO Building

Set-out survey in Male’,Maldives.

Velaanaage office Building

Set-out survey in Male’,Maldives.

K.Giraavaru

Topographic survey for Resort Construction

Ga.Handahaa

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey including set-out survey for all buildings, Beach Villa and Water Villa.

N.Huivani

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey.

N.Minaavaru

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey.

Gdh.Baulhagilaa

Topographic survey and Hydrograhic Survey.

Rendheli Island (Noonu atoll) managed by INT Management Pvt Ltd.

Setout Survey of Rendheli Island, Noonu Atoll.

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First Addendum: EIA for Coastal Protection Works in Th. Kandoodhoo August 2017

Finolhas Island (Baa atoll) managed by Coastline Maldives

Topographic & Hydrographic Survey of Finolhas Island, Baa Atoll.

Kuramathi Maldives (Ari Atoll) managed by Universal Resorts, Maldives.

Topographic Survey (update the site plan) of Kuramathi Maldives, Ari Atoll.

EIA Projects Participated

Environmental Impact Assessment for Tourist Resort Development in Kudafushi Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, Mr. Ali Zahir

Environmental Impact Assessment for Tourist Resort Development in Kottafaru island, Raa Atoll, Maldives, ABN Pvt Ltd

Environmental Impact Assessment for Tourist Resort Development in Ookolhu Finolhu Island, Lhaviyani Atoll, Maldives, Cocoon Investments, Pvt. Ltd.

Environmental Impact Assessment for Resort Development in K. Kuda Bandos, North Male Atoll, Maldives, Malahini Holdings Pvt. Ltd.

Environmental Impact Assessment for Resort Development in K.Akirifushi, North Male Atoll, Maldives, Akirifushi Investment Pvt. Ltd.

Environmental Impact Assessment for Development of a CityHotel Hanimaadhoo, H.Dh. Atoll, Maldives, Island Expert Pvt. Ltd.

Environmental Impact Assessment for Resort Development in K. Kodhipparu, North Male Atoll, Maldives, Kodhipparu Investment Pvt.Ltd.

Environmental Impact Assessment for Proposed Tourist Resort Development on Raa. Maamanagau Island, Maldives, Bir Hotel Management Pvt. Ltd.

Employment

Managing Director of Beach Rock Investment Pvt Ltd. Ma Sharky Shark, Male’, Maldives.

Managing Director of Beach Marine Pvt Ltd. Ma Sharky Shark, Male’ , Maldives.

Managing Partner of Sharkventures LLP, Ma Sharky Shark, Male’, Maldivesharkventures LLP, Ma Sharky Shark, Male’, Maldives

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