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Design and Development of a Telexistence System to Experience Extended Human Body Schema

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Design and Development of a Telexistence System to Experience Extended Human Body Schema Doctoral Thesis Science / Engineering Design and Development of a Telexistence System to Experience Extended Human Body Schema by Charith Lasantha Fernando Submitted to the Graduate School of Media Design in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF MEDIA DESIGN at the KEIO UNIVERSITY Academic Year 2013 c Graduate School of Media Design, 2013. All rights reserved. Design and Development of a Telexistence System to Experience Extended Human Body Schema by Charith Lasantha Fernando M.MdDesign., Keio University. Japan, 2010 B.Sc.(Hons.), The University of Moratuwa. Sri Lanka, 2007 Submitted to the Graduate School of Media Design in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF MEDIA DESIGN at the KEIO UNIVERSITY Academic Year 2013 c Graduate School of Media Design, 2013. All rights reserved. Certified by................................................................... Masahiko Inami Professor, Graduate School of Media Design Thesis Supervisor Certified by................................................................... Susumu Tachi Professor, Graduate School of Media Design Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Thesis Co-Supervisor Accepted by.................................................................. Masahiko Inakage Professor, Graduate School of Media Design Thesis Co-Supervisor, Chair Design and Development of a Telexistence System to Experience Extended Human Body Schema by Charith Lasantha Fernando Submitted to the Graduate School of Media Design on August 28, 2013, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Media Design Abstract Telepresence and Telexistence are technologies that allow a user to experience a sense of presence in teleoperations where the operator was provided with an immersive stereoscopic display, auditory feedback and the ability to move arms hands and head according to his/her postural changes. Teleoperations in daily life is helpful in visiting hazardous sites, remote surgery, sightseeing without spending much time on travelling, Micro manipulation such as Biotechnology, Microsurgery, Micro assembly and Microchip manufacturing at nanometer scale, etc. “Body Schema” allows a human to keep an up-to-date representation of the positions of the different body parts in space. In teleoperations, “Body Schema” can be used to understand the posture of remote body and perform actions with the awareness thinking that the remote body is your own. Telepresence and Telexistence robots allow having some body schema experience during manipu- lation. However, in current experience, operator would not feel the entire upper body. Moreover, it is limited to body parts such as arms and head only. Sec- ondly, body schema in teleoperation is not clearly defined. Depending on the manipulation type, the sensations that are needed to build the body schema are unknown, and the advantages of body schema over teleoperation have not been discussed in depth. This thesis contributes to defining “Body Schema” in teleoperations, designing a “Body Schema Transfer Model” for teleoperations where the model can be used to model Body Schema depending on the teleoperation type, the body parts involved, etc. The model is used to create cross modal perception sensations to achieve the body schema transfer experience in telexistence. By applying the model a telexistence master-slave robot system called “TELESAR V” was designed and implemented with the development of a high speed, robust, full upper body, mechanically unconstrained master cockpit and a 53 degrees of freedom (DOF) anthropomorphic slave robot. TELESAR V was able to provide an experience of user’s body in space and that’s the most simple and fundamental experience for feeling to be someone somewhere. “TELESAR V” system was evaluated technically to find out the speed limita- tions, reaching, and grasping capabilities. With the existing system, an initial Abstract evaluation was carried out to prove the effectiveness of “Body Schema Transfer Model”. The effectiveness was evaluated based on the advantage of multi DOF (53) synchronization of master to slave in telexistence, Body schema transfer er- ror and the required training. Conducting a High Precision Peg-in-Hole insertion task and comparing with a standard data set, it was evidenced that the higher dexterity in telexistence systems with no force feedback will have a significant performance increment compared to conventional teleoperated robots with force feedback. Furthermore, this method can be used to compare any telexistence system built with different dynamics under a common index. It was also found that, non-expert subjects natural body schema error shows significant coherent relationship to telexistence mode body schema error. Up to date the system was tried with more than 100 first time users during demonstrations, lab visits, press releases, and media coverage events. The effectiveness of body schema to teleoperations and quality of body schema experience was further discussed through qualitative observations, questionnaires and some unique tasks that the robot can perform. With some case studies, how the subjects perform manipula- tions without prior training, eye-hand coordination and effectiveness of different subjects with various backgrounds was studied and discussed. “Body Schema Transfer Model” proposed in this thesis can be used as a frame- work to build new systems that provides new experiences and raising aesthetic qualities and new operating environments. “Body Schema Transfer Experience” can be used in other disciplinary outside teleoperation giving new experience of controlling devices on personal space, games, next generation computing, etc. The ultimate proposal of this dissertation aims towards creating a new type of experience where users are not afraid of interacting with remote spaces and feel that what you see, hear, feel is real regardless of the provided stimuli. With the new experience, people will feel engaged in activities and the enjoyment that they will have might allow them to embed the remote space to their body. Keywords: Body Schema, Consciousness, Telexistence, Body Map, Master-Salve Robot Manipulation Thesis Supervisor: Masahiko Inami Title: Professor, Graduate School of Media Design iii Design and Development of a Telexistence System to Experience Extended Human Body Schema by Charith Lasantha Fernando This doctoral thesis has been examined by a Committee of Graduate School of Media Design as follows: Thesis Reader........................................................... Hideki Sunahara Professor, Graduate School of Media Design Internal Examiner Thesis Reader........................................................... Michiteru Kitazaki Professor, Toyohashi University of Technology External Examiner Thesis Reader........................................................... Suranga Nanayakkara Professor, Singapore University of Technology and Design External Examiner Table of Contents Abstract ................................... ii Table of Contents .............................. v List of Tables ................................ ix List of Figures ................................ x Acknowledgements ............................. xiii 1 Introduction ............................... 1 1.1 SenseofPresence .......................... 1 1.1.1 ExpandingtheSenseofPresence . 1 1.2 Teleoperations ............................ 1 1.3 BodyConsciousness ......................... 3 1.3.1 Artificial Consciousness and Brains . 3 1.3.2 Visual Mirror Self Recognition . 4 1.3.3 Rubber Hand Illusion and Full body Illusion . 5 1.4 BodySchema............................. 6 1.4.1 ExtendedBodySchemaandToolUse . 7 1.4.2 Phantom Limb Sensation . 8 1.4.3 Extended Body Schema in Teleoperation . 9 1.5 Telepresence and Telexistence . 11 1.5.1 TelepresenceSystems . 12 1.5.2 Telexistence Systems . 13 1.6 ThesisOverview ........................... 15 2 Body Schema Transfer System Design .............. 17 2.1 WhatisIdealBodySchema . .. .. .. .. .. 17 v Table of Contents 2.1.1 Effect of Extended Human Body Schema . 17 2.2 Defining Body Schema in Teleoperation . 18 2.3 Body Schema Transfer Model for Teleoperation . 19 2.3.1 Visual and Kinesthetic Sensation Mapping . 22 2.4 Requirements for a Body Schema Transfer System . 23 2.5 Inspection .............................. 24 2.5.1 Ungrounded Master Cockpit . 24 2.5.2 Visual Information Transmission System . 24 2.5.3 Binaural Auditory Experience . 25 2.5.4 RobotDynamics ....................... 25 2.6 Reaching ............................... 26 2.6.1 Multi DOF Anthropomorphic Robot Body, Arm . 26 2.7 Grasping ............................... 27 2.7.1 CapturingHandPostures . 27 2.7.2 Multi DOF Anthropomorphic Robot Hand . 27 2.8 DesignSummary ........................... 28 3 System Construction .......................... 29 3.1 SystemOverview .......................... 29 3.2 MeasurementSystem ........................ 31 3.2.1 Opti Track Motion Capture System . 32 3.2.2 5DT 14 Data Glove System . 36 3.3 Audio/VideoTransmissionSystem . 41 3.3.1 Audio / Video Setup on Robot Head . 41 3.3.2 Head Mounted Display . 42 3.4 Mechanical Architecture . 44 3.4.1 6DOFTorsoand3DOFHead . 44 3.4.2 7 DOF Anthropomorphic Robot Arm . 48 3.4.3 15 DOF Anthropomorphic Robot Hand . 52 3.5 Electrical System Architecture . 54 3.5.1 Arm / Hand Controller Electrical Wiring Diagram . 56 3.5.2 Arm Hybrid Control Logic Block . 59 3.5.3 Hand Hybrid Control Logic Block . 60 vi Table of Contents 3.6 RobotDynamics ..........................
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