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Anthropology 334 Dr. Judkins Fall 2017 SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY Anthropology 334 Dr. Judkins Fall 2017 SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY The contributions of British Social Anthropology are firmly and liberally, if with all too little recognition, woven into the very fabric of American Cultural Anthropology. Indeed the central method of Anthropology, i.e., “ethnography,” reached the culmination of its development in British Social Anthropology - even though it was invented here in the U.S., actually right here in the “Genesee Country” of western New York. Understanding and appreciating the subsequent emergence of Social Anthropology in Britain, the development and elaboration of its pre-eminent paradigm of fieldwork and social systems analysis there, and its ultimate and significant impact throughout the anthropologically-aware world is the central purpose of this course. Understanding British Social Anthropology as a unique, historical school is particularly important for American Anthropology students. Since at least the mid-1950s there has been an ever increasing, ever more complete reintegration of British with American styles of Anthropology (“Social/Cultural Anthropology”). This has resulted in making the unique orientations and contributions of a distinct British Social Anthropology ever less obvious, though actually of increased importance, as “Social/Cultural” Anthropology increases its presence in the curriculum of departments of Anthropology throughout North America. PREREQUISITES (6 hours minimun) - PLEASE NOTE: Anth 100 or Anth 101, plus at least one other cultural anthropology or area- studies course N.B.: This is a Seminar-style course. It is designed as a high-intensity reading, high- intensity engagement/participation/and verbal contribution class. Non-participation/non- engagement in the classroom will be penalized in the final grade. This is a course for prepared, committed upper-division majors…others please speak with the instructor for permission to enter. GRADING: Individual classroom participation and contributions: 25% of the course grade Assigned classroom presentations and short papers: 50% of the course grade Final Exam = 25% of the course grade OFFICE HOURS: Bailey 149 T/Th 11:30 – 1:00 or Wed (by appt only) phone x5433 e-mail: [email protected] TEXTS: (* means purchase required) de Coulanges, F. The Ancient City. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1980 [1864] *Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger. Durkheim, E. and M. Mauss. Primitive Classification. U of Chicago Press. Rodney Needham, translation and “Introduction.” 1963 [1903] *Evans-Pritchard, E.E.Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande. Oxford UP. 1969 [1940] *Judkins, R.A. Morgan’s League of the Iroquois. Persimmon Press. 2004 [1851] Maine, Sir H.S. Ancient Law. Book Jungle. 2006 [1861] Mauss, M. The Gift. W. W. Norton. 2000 [1923-24] *Radcliffe-Brown. The Andaman Islanders. *Turner, Victor W. The Forest of Symbols. Cornell University Press. 1990 [1967] van Gennep, A. The Rites of Passage. University of Chicago Press. 1961 [1909] FINAL EXAM Friday December 15 at Noon COURSE PROGRAM * Key Concepts: Ethnography: holistic cultural and social systems description - Society = patterns of behavior (relationships of persons & groups) - Culture = patterns for behavior (axiomatic collective meaning) Social Anthropology: intensive, holistic social systems analysis - Structure & Function - Process - System - Homeostasis - Adaptation Systems analysis: open-ended, self-regulating systems Systems analysis: society and adaptation//culture and adaptation *Readings, theories and concepts marked with asterisks are of the highest priority AND are the primary assigned material for the course section in which they appear. They are “must read/must do” material. EARLY FIELDWORK: OBSERVATIONS & ETHNOGRAPHY Week 1 (Aug 29 & Sept 1) Heritage of the Age of Exploration: Capt. Cook to Alfred Russel Wallace * A. R. Wallace. The Malay Archipelago, chapt. 11, “Lombok - Manners and Customs” (compare carefully with the quote from Darwin’s account of his observations on the people of Tierra del Fuego, in Lienhardt 1988) cf: Mark Twain. Roughing It, chapt. 9, compared with Maj. Howard Egan’s observations of Paiute, in C. Coon, A Reader in General Anthropology J.W. Powell. exploration and anthropology of the Colorado River Basin; Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin Series and Annual Reports, a monumental archive of American ethnography and ethnology Aldof Bastian: Elementary Folk Ideas & the Psychic Unity of Mankind R. H. Lowie. The History of Ethnological Theory, chapt 4. “Adolf Bastian” Note the “unifying” patterns posited by “elementargedanken” and psychic unity vs. evolution with implied hierarchal variation WHR Rivers & A. C. Haddon: the Torres Straits Expedition; Spencer & Gillen G. Stocking, Jr. After Tylor: Brit. Social Anthropology 1888-1951, chapts. 3, 5 BACKGROUND Week 2 (Sept 5 & 7) European Intellectual History and Concepts of Structure, Process, and Relationship Debt to Ancient, Medieval and Renaissance Thought and Writing: Reading selections, history of Anthropology: A. O . Lovejoy. The Great Chain of Being, chapt. 1 (selections) * F. W. Voget. A History of Ethnology, chapts. 1 and 2 M. Harris. The Rise of Anthropological Theory, chapt.. 2 * R. Darnell. Readings in the History of Anthropology, chapt. 5, “The Renaissance Foundations of Anthropology,” John Howland Rowe Unity of Natural & Social Thought/Patterns of Anthropological Thinking & Worldview: * Loren Eisley. “An Evolutionist Looks at Modern Man” European “Culture History” traditions: E. B. Tylor and Consolidation of the Pattern R. H. Lowie. The History of Ethnological Theory, chapt. 7, “E. B. Tylor” G. Stocking, Jr. After Tylor: British Social Anthropology 1888-1951, Prologue 19th Century French Functionalist Thought Following Comte: *Fustel de Coulanges. The Ancient City, (Intro.; chapt. 1, plus TBA) *Emile Durkheim, E. The Rules of Sociological Method. (selections; concept and definition of “social fact”) Durkheim, E, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, (selections) *Durkheim & Mauss. Primitive Classification. (Trans: Rodney Needham) *“Introduction.” Needham, R. 19th Century British and American “Stages of Evolution:” rise and fall; impact on the development of modern perspectives of Anthropology; separation of Social Anthropology in England; critical overview: * G. Lienhardt. Social Anthropology, chapt. 1 (emphasis pp. 20-32) SIR JAMES FRAZER: ANTHROPOLOGY CLIMBS “OUT OF THE BOX” Week 3 (Sept 12 & 14) Social Anthropology in Frazer * Frazer. The Golden Bough, chapt 3, “Sympathetic Magic” G. Stocking, Jr. After Tylor: Brit. Social Anthropology 1888-1951, chapt 4 Sir James Frazer was the first to hold a university Chair in Social Anthropology. He was also the first great popularizer of Anthropology. Impact of The Golden Bough and the concept of “divine kingship” * M. Wilson “Divine Kings and the ‘Breath of Men’,” Frazer Lecture 1959 EMERGENCE Weeks 4 & 5 (Sept 19- 28) *Morgan’s League of the Iroquois, (1) Introduction and (2) Book II “The Spirit of the League” Ethnography Invented; NB collegial role of Ely S. Parker and foundational infusion of Native American (Seneca-Iroquois) categories, thought and associations; “whole systems” thinking and the study of social institutions; this all “counts” even if it is a bit circuitous - as Morgan is the acknowledged “Father of British Social Anthropology” - and there is a strong, easily identified (proto-) functionalist strand in all of his thought and writing, based in his vision as a legal scholar Lewis Henry Morgan. Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, Part I, chapt II, “General Observations upon Systems of Relationships” *Sir Henry Sumner Maine. Ancient Law Description vs. Classification; Social Structure *R. Needham, “Introduction,” Primitive Classification. Durkheim and Mauss, Introduction and Translation by Rodney Needham *Sir Henry Sumner Maine. Ancient Law, (Introduction, chapts. 1 & 2; 5 & 6) Compare this with Morgan (also trained in the law) for an emergent and powerful understanding of social life, process and structures; cf. role of “comparison” Comparative Legal Systems: England vs. India; for Morgan: Roman vs. Iroquois rules *Universitas Juris, Patria Potestas and concepts of Social Person and Social Corporation *Fictive Kinship and the Concepts of Social Adaptation and Perpetuity *- ponder the structural relation of these to the principles axiomatic to “rites of passage” and “prestation” (i.e., rules for transforming transition into permanence and difference into oneness - both of which are fundamental, cognitively and organizationally, to the whole human social enterprise) BRITISH SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY: PARADIGM ORIGINS Weeks 6 & 7 (Oct 3 & 19) *Marcel Mauss, M. The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies Contributions of Bronislaw Malinowski Ethnography of the Trobriands (1922): the extended field study method B. Malinowski. Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays Contributions of A. R. Radcliffe-Brown Ethnography of the Andaman Islands (1922) the (unacknowledged) entrance of Durkheimian functionalist sociological insights into Anglophone anthropology Theoretical Contributions: Structure & Function; “Natural Laws of Society” Radcliffe-Brown. Structure and Function in Primitive Society. Introduction; chapts. 1, 4, 5, 7-11 BRITISH SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY: PARADIGM EXEMPLIFIED Weeks 8 & 9 (Oct 17 - 26) Political and legal systems analysis in Social Anthropology Kinship systems analysis in Social Anthropology Ritual and religious systems analysis in Social Anthropology E.E. Evans-Pritchard
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