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Glyphosate and Dicamba

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Glyphosate and Dicamba Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology Pesticide Safety Education Program GLYPHOSATE & DICAMBA Today’s Topics • What’s up with glyphosate? • Status of cancer findings • New research • What’s up with dicamba? • The story behind the national debate • Lessons we can learn in the northwest OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 1 Glyphosate Dicamba Non-selective Selectively targets broadleaves, not grasses Glyphosate sticks to soil strongly. Half-life near the surface = 8-9 days on average, up to 197 days Half-life at deeper levels = ? It doesn’t reach deeper levels. Most forms of dicamba turn into acids + CO2 • Half-life less than 14 days near the soil surface with rich organic matter • Persists longer under dry conditions • Persists longer deep underground where oxygen/microbes are missing • One study with realistic field conditions found a half-life of 4.4 days in loam sand OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 4 Glyphosate Dicamba Binds to soil strongly Weakly binds to soil Immobile in soil Moderately mobile in soil Does it become vaporous? No. Glyphosate Does it become vaporous? Dicamba Not much (salts) ... and OMG Yes (acid) Soybeans damaged 65 yards away… They applied dicamba products to corn, using lower-volatility forms • dimethylamine salt, diethanolamine, or trimethyl 1-3-diaminopropane One hour later, they placed untreated soybeans downwind Every 24 hours, they replaced the untreated soybeans • Soybeans showed injury when exposed even four days after the application, but not after rainfall. Behrens, R.; Lueschen, W. E. Dicamba Volatility. Weed Sci. 1979, 27 (5), 486-493. OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 8 https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/compound_listing.phpOREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 9 https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/us age/maps/compound_listing.php OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 10 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 11 • “Known to the state of California as a carcinogen” • Curtailed use in public spaces • Monsanto facing lawsuits http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/glyphosate-cancer-data/ OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 12 2014 Fonofos, terbufos, malathion, and aldrin OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 13 2015 Lindane and DDT OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 14 2016 atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, paraquat, pendamethalin, and permethrin Organophosphate insecticides OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 15 2016 or OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 16 2017 fonofos, carbaryl, chlorimuron mancozeb, maneb, glyphosate, ethyl, toxaphene and atrazine solvents and chemical fertilizers OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 17 2017 chlordane OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 18 Recently In Europe • The EU voted in November, 2017 to extend registration for glyphosate until 2022 (instead of the typical 15-year re-registration) • In a tweet after the vote, French President said he will order a ban on the use of glyphosate in France "as soon as alternatives are found, and within three years at the latest" EPA Draft Risk Assessment • In December, 2017, USEPA concluded that “…glyphosate is not likely to be carcinogenic to humans. The Agency’s assessment found no other meaningful risks to human health when the product is used according to the pesticide label.” Glyphosate Resistance Dicamba 1,968 actively registered products • Trimec, Tri-Power, Triple, Triplet, Three-way, Trillium • Weed & Feed, herbicides for use on turf/lawns • Broadleaf Weed Killer • Horsepower, Banvel, Clarity, Engenia, Xtendimax, FeXapan OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 23 https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/compound_listing.phpOREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 24 https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/us age/maps/compound_listing.php OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 25 http://www.agriculture.com/crops/soybeans/technology/roun dup-ready-2-xtend-soybes-so-far-yes_143-ar52639 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 26 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 27 https://www.agweb.com/article/new-details-in-fatal-dicamba-drift- dispute--naa-sonja-begemann1-naa-sonja-begemann/ OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 28 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 29 …by mid-July 2017 in Missouri OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 30 31 • Physical drift • Sprayer error • Failure to follow guidelines • Temperature inversions • Generic dicamba usage • Contaminated glufosinate products • Improper sprayer clean out • Not volatility? OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 32 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 33 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 34 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 35 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 36 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 37 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 38 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 39 Glyphosate OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 40 Dicamba drift investigations Glyphosate as of 10/4/2017 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 41 42 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 43 In 2017: 20 million acres of dicamba- tolerant crops were planted 3.6 million acres of off-target damage In 2018: 40 million acres of dicamba- tolerant crops are expected to be planted https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=829e34a2-719f-463a-a4e0-c9ff62ac848b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 44 http://inthesetimes.com/rural-america/entry/20628/dicamba-drift- OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 45 epa-herbicide-regulation-monsanto-xtendimax-agribusiness OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 46 Glyphosate OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 47 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 48 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 49 November 8, 2017 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 50 November 3, 2017 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 51 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 52 53 June 20 cutoff date for applying the herbicide, and prohibited applications when the forecasted high temperature for the day is 54 above 85 degrees. The state’s additional requirements are: • No applications may be made after June 30 or after first bloom • No applications may be made using 80-degree or less spray nozzles • No applications if air temperature exceeds 85 degrees F. • Applications during the day, not within one hour of sunrise or sunset. • Applicators must maintain a speed of 12 mph or less. • Prior notification must be given to NDDA, includingOREGON the STATE UNIVERSITY 55 applicator’s name and the time date and location of the WHAT IT MEANS FOR US… Kaci Buhl, Associate Professor of Practice [email protected] Pesticide Safety Education Program (PSEP) GLYPHOSATE & DICAMBA.
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