ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT
FOR THE PROPOSED
ODEGALLA RESORT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
AT GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL
May 2019
Prepared for
Mohamed Ali Janah
Consultant
CDE Consulting, Maldives
EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...... i List of Figures ...... vii List of Tables ...... ix List of Abbreviations ...... xi Acknowledgement ...... xii Lead Consultant’s Declaration ...... xiii Proponent’s Declaration...... xiv Executive Summary ...... xv 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 2 1.1 Purpose of the EIA ...... 2
1.2 Project Title ...... 2
1.3 Project Proponent ...... 2
1.4 Project Scope Summary ...... 2
1.5 Project tasks completed ...... 3
1.6 Project Location ...... 3
1.7 Project Background ...... 8
1.8 Project Objectives and Rationale ...... 8
1.8.1 Rationale from the industry perspective ...... 8 1.8.2 Rationale from proponent’s perspective ...... 8 1.9 Consultants, Contractors and Government Institutions...... 9
1.10 Project Financing...... 9
1.11 EIA Scope and Terms of Reference ...... 9
1.12 Assessment Methodology ...... 10
1.12.1 General Approach ...... 10 1.12.2 The Study Area...... 10 1.12.3 Field Observations ...... 12 1.12.4 Desk Study Review ...... 15 1.12.5 Key Stakeholder Consultation ...... 16 1.12.6 Data Analysis ...... 17 1.12.7 Report Format ...... 17 1.13 Study Team Members ...... 17
1.14 Other Ongoing projects in the Vicinity ...... 17
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1.15 Potential Data Gaps and Limitations of the study ...... 18
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 20 2.1 Project Outline and Key Features...... 20
2.1.1 Project Features ...... 20 2.1.2 Concept Master Plan ...... 23 2.2 Detailed Description of Project Components ...... 23
2.2.1 Dredging and Land Reclamation ...... 23 2.2.2 Island Transport Infrastructure ...... 26 2.2.3 Coastal Protection ...... 27 2.2.4 Back-Of The-House and Administrative Infrastructure ...... 27 2.2.5 Guest Accommodation ...... 28 2.2.6 Guest Facilities ...... 28 2.2.7 Utilities – Sewerage, power and water infrastructure ...... 29 2.2.8 Construction Waste Management and Disposal ...... 39 2.2.9 Landscaping...... 40 2.2.10 Resort Operations ...... 40 2.3 Work Methodology ...... 41
2.3.1 Site Clearance...... 41 2.3.2 Dredging and Reclamation ...... 41 2.3.3 Mobilisation of Equipment and Materials ...... 41 2.3.4 Construction System ...... 42 2.3.5 Dewatering, Excavation and Pipeline Installation ...... 42 2.3.6 Construction Overwater ...... 42 2.4 Construction process and program ...... 44
2.4.1 Overall program ...... 44 2.4.2 Construction Sequence and Staging ...... 44 2.5 Work Force and Services ...... 45
2.5.1 Workforce ...... 45 2.5.2 Material Storage, Site Office and Worker’s Accommodation ...... 45 2.5.3 Services ...... 46 2.5.4 Hours of Operation ...... 46 2.5.5 Procurement ...... 46 2.5.6 Construction Waste Management and Disposal ...... 46 2.5.7 Pollution Control Measures ...... 47 2.5.8 Health and Safety Measures ...... 47 2.5.9 Fire Prevention ...... 47
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2.6 Demand on Infrastructure and Services ...... 48
2.7 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs ...... 48
3 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 51 3.1 Relevant Legislation ...... 51
3.1.1 Tourism Act (Act no. 2/99) ...... 51 3.1.2 Employment Act (2/2008) ...... 52 3.1.3 Immigration Act (1/2007) ...... 52 3.1.4 Anti-Human Trafficking Act (12/2013)...... 52 3.1.5 Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Act no. 4/93)...... 53 3.2 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines ...... 54
3.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012 ...... 54 3.2.2 Tourist resort operation regulation or guideline ...... 55 3.2.3 Regulation on provision of electricity ...... 55 3.2.4 Desalination Regulation ...... 55 3.2.5 Regulation on the Protection and Conservation of the Environment in the Tourism Industry ...... 55 3.2.6 Regulation on Sand and Coral Mining ...... 55 3.2.7 Regulation on Cutting Down, Uprooting, Digging Out and Export of Trees and Palms from One Island to Another ...... 56 3.2.8 Regulation on Dredging and Land Reclamation ...... 57 3.2.9 Regulation on Conservation of Old Trees ...... 57 3.2.10 Dewatering Regulation (Regulation No. 2013/R-1697) ...... 58 3.2.11 Waste Management Regulation 2013 ...... 58 3.2.12 Regulation on Migratory Birds (Regulation No. 2014/R-169) ...... 59 3.2.13 The Environmental Liability Regulation (Regulation 2011/R-9) ...... 60 3.2.14 Compliance ...... 61 3.3 Environmental Permits Required for the Project ...... 61
3.3.1 Approval of the concept and site plan ...... 61 3.3.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decision Note ...... 61 3.3.3 Registration of Desalination Plants ...... 61 3.3.4 Registration of Power Plant ...... 62 3.3.5 Domestic Wastewater Disposal Consent ...... 62 3.3.6 Dewatering Permit ...... 62 3.4 Responsible Institutions ...... 62
3.4.1 Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture ...... 62 3.4.2 Ministry of Environment and Energy ...... 62
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3.4.3 Atoll Council ...... 63 3.5 Guiding Policies and Documents ...... 63
3.5.1 National Environmental Action Plan II (NEAP II) ...... 63 3.5.2 Waste Management Policy ...... 64 3.6 International Conventions ...... 64
3.6.1 Convention on Biological Diversity ...... 64 3.6.2 International Plant Protection Convention ...... 65 3.6.3 UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol ...... 65 3.6.4 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety ...... 66 3.6.5 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (12th March 2013) ...... 66 3.6.6 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (including ratification of the 1989 London Amendments) ...... 66 4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 67 4.1 Physical Environment ...... 67
4.1.1 Meteorology ...... 67 4.1.2 Hydrology ...... 72 4.1.3 Beach ...... 79 4.1.4 Groundwater quality assessment ...... 86 4.1.5 Marine water quality assessment ...... 87 4.1.6 Bathymetry ...... 89 4.1.7 Odegalla Reef System ...... 89 4.2 Biological Environment ...... 92
4.2.1 Flora ...... 92 4.2.2 Terrestrial Photo Summary ...... 96 4.2.3 Marine Environment ...... 97 4.3 Natural Hazards and Disaster Risks ...... 108
4.1 Socio-Economic Setting ...... 110
4.1.1 Gaafu Alif Atoll Social setting ...... 110 4.1.2 Ga. Nilandhoo Island Socio-economic setup ...... 117 5 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION ...... 120 5.1 Boundaries of Affected Areas ...... 120
5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation ...... 120
6 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 127 6.1 Impacts on Natural Environment during Construction Phase ...... 127
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6.1.1 Noise Pollution and Vibration Impacts ...... 127 6.1.2 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...... 128 6.1.3 Groundwater and Soil Condition ...... 128 6.1.4 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna ...... 130 6.1.5 Marine Water Quality ...... 131 6.1.6 Marine Biodiversity ...... 132 6.1.7 Impact on Unique Habitats...... 135 6.1.8 Changes in Hydrodynamics ...... 137 6.1.9 Coastal Processes ...... 138 6.1.10 Impact on visual amenity ...... 139 6.2 Impacts on the Natural Environment during Operational Phase ...... 140
6.2.1 Coastal Processes ...... 140 6.2.2 Marine Water Quality ...... 140 6.2.3 Marine Biodiversity ...... 140 6.2.4 Ground Water Quality and Quantity ...... 141 6.2.5 Terrestrial Environment ...... 142 6.2.6 Ambient Noise Level and Air Quality ...... 143 6.2.7 Green House Gas Emissions ...... 143 6.3 Impacts on the Socio-economic Environment during construction ...... 144
6.3.1 Business and Employment Opportunities ...... 144 6.3.2 Health and Safety...... 144 6.3.3 Impacts on operation of The Residence Maldives Resort ...... 145 6.3.4 Demand for services from nearby islands ...... 145 6.4 Impacts on the Socio-economic Environment during operation ...... 146
6.4.1 Business and Employment Opportunities ...... 146 6.4.2 Impact on Society and Resource Use Conflict ...... 147 6.4.3 Impact on Other Economic Sectors ...... 147 6.4.4 Local Culture and Values ...... 148 6.4.5 Demand for Resources and Services ...... 149 6.4.6 Improved Environmental Protection ...... 150 6.5 Cumulative Impacts...... 151
6.5.1 Coral bleaching ...... 151 7 Recommended Mitigation Measures ...... 152 7.1.1 Noise Pollution ...... 152 7.1.2 Air Pollution and Green House Gas Emission ...... 152 7.1.3 Marine Water Turbidity and Sedimentation ...... 153 7.1.4 Marine Water and Groundwater and Soil Contamination ...... 154
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7.1.5 Groundwater Depletion ...... 155 7.1.6 Change in Coastal Processes ...... 156 7.1.7 Terrestrial Vegetation and Fauna ...... 156 7.1.8 Marine Habitat Destruction ...... 157 7.1.9 Occupational Health Impacts ...... 158 7.1.10 Increased Demand on Waste Disposal Facilities ...... 159 7.1.11 Guest Activities and Services ...... 159 7.1.12 Resource Conflicts ...... 160 7.1.13 Social Conflicts ...... 161 8 ALTERNATIVES ...... 162 8.1 “No-Project” Alternative ...... 162
8.2 Alternative project location ...... 163
8.3 Alternative site plan ...... 164
8.4 Alternative location for borrow site ...... 164
8.5 Dredging Alternatives ...... 168
8.6 Alternative Outfall Locations ...... 170
9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 173 9.1 Environmental Management System ...... 173
9.2 Management Structure and Responsibilities ...... 174
9.2.1 Project proponent ...... 175 9.2.2 Environmental Consultant ...... 175 9.2.3 Ministry of Tourism ...... 175 9.2.4 Environment Protection Agency ...... 175 9.3 Management Strategies and Actions ...... 177
9.3.1 Construction and Development Phase ...... 177 9.3.2 Operational Phase ...... 179 9.4 Non-Conformances and Corrective Action ...... 187
9.5 Reporting ...... 187
10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 188 10.1 Introduction ...... 188
10.2 Objectives of the Monitoring Plan ...... 188
10.3 Before Construction ...... 188
10.4 Monitoring during Construction Phase ...... 188
10.5 Monitoring during Operational Phase ...... 189
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10.6 Monitoring Report ...... 202
10.7 Cost of Monitoring ...... 202
11 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ...... 203 11.1 Introduction ...... 203
11.2 Key Stakeholders Identification ...... 203
11.2.1 Stakeholders Consulted ...... 205 11.3 Stakeholder Concerns ...... 206
11.4 Stakeholder Consultation Meeting Minutes ...... 208
12 CONCLUSIONS ...... 234 REFERENCES ...... 236 APPENDIX A – Terms of Reference ...... 238
APPENDIX B – Approved site plans ...... 239
APPENDIX C – Dredging and Reclamation Site Plan ...... 240
APPENDIX D – Work Plan ...... 241
APPENDIX E – Survey Locations...... 242
APPENDIX F – Water Quality Results ...... 243
APPENDIX G – Bathy Chart ...... 244
APPENDIX H – Beach Profiles ...... 245
APPENDIX I – CV of Consultants ...... 246
APPENDIX J – Commitment letter ...... 247
APPENDIX K – Stakeholder Meeting Attendance...... 248
APPENDIX L – Letter by Ga. Dhaandhoo Island Council...... 249
APPENDIX M – Statement by MoFMA ...... 250
APPENDIX N – Acknowledgement of receipt by Gaafu Alif Atoll Council ...... 251
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Location map of Odagalla Island ...... 5 Figure 1.2: Locality map of Odagalla Island ...... 6 Figure 1.3: Aerial Image of Odagalla Island ...... 7 Figure 1.4: Study Area boundary ...... 12
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Figure 2.1: Project Site Plan Summary ...... 21 Figure 2.2: Dredging and Reclamation Plan ...... 22 Figure 2.3: Cross-section of entrance channel ...... 27 Figure 2.4: Intake, brine outfall and sewage outfall location on the Island ...... 32 Figure 2.5: Typical borehole design ...... 33 Figure 2.6: The process of denitrification in the SBR system ...... 36 Figure 2.7: Construction stage activties site plan ...... 43 Figure 4.1: 24 Year Wind Frequency Recorded at Gan Meteorological Center ...... 68 Figure 4.2: Monthly Frequencies of Wind Direction in Gan Meteorological Center (1978-2004) ...... 69 Figure 4.3: Mean Daily Wind Speed and Direction Recorded at Gan Meteorological Centre (1978 – 2004) ...... 70 Figure 4.4: Mean Monthly Rainfall in Gan (1978-2004) ...... 71 Figure 4.5: Maximum Temperature by year in Hulhule’- 1975-2005 (Source: Hay, 2006) ...... 72 Figure 4.6: Estimated wave patterns of the site ...... 74 Figure 4.7: Plotted drogue tracking results ...... 77 Figure 4.8: Daily mean values of sea level for Hulhulé (1989 to 2005), relative to mean sea level. Also shown is the linear trend in sea level over the same period ...... 78 Figure 4.9: Medium-term shoreline changes at low tide ...... 81 Figure 4.10: Medium-term shoreline changes at vegetation line ...... 82 Figure 4.11: Seasonal Shoreline variations 2016 ...... 83 Figure 4.12: Beach on the western side ...... 84 Figure 4.13: Beach facing the north side ...... 84 Figure 4.14: Beach facing the south side ...... 85 Figure 4.15: Beach facing the eastern side ...... 85 Figure 4.16: Reef physiographic zones of Odegalla Reef ...... 90 Figure 4.17: Live Coral zones of Odegalla Reef ...... 91 Figure 4.18: Aerial image of Odegalla Island ...... 96 Figure 4.19: High abudance of Kurangi and Kirudhooni observed on the island ...... 96 Figure 4.20: Dug on the island for soil analysis ...... 96 Figure 4.21: The most common vegetation species on the island was Magoo ...... 96 Figure 4.22: Select imagess along Tow 1 ...... 98 Figure 4.23: Select images along Tow 3 (good live coral coverage) ...... 98 Figure 4.24: Left panel shows a sandy bottom with coral rubble, right panel shows live coral colonies in patches of dead rock (TS1) ...... 99 Figure 4.25: Shows an overview of shallow lagoon (TS2) ...... 100 Figure 4.26: Select imagss showing Transect 1 (Feb 2019) ...... 101 Figure 4.27: Benthic substrate composition along Transect 1 (Feb 2019) ...... 101
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Figure 4.28: Select images showing benthic substrate composition along Transect 2 ...... 103 Figure 4.29: Benthic substrate composition estimates using Photo Quadrat Method at Transect 2 (Feb 2019) ...... 103 Figure 4.30: Select images showing benthic compsotion along Transect 3 ...... 105 Figure 4.31: Benthic substrate composition estimates using Photo Quadrat Method at Transect 3 ...... 105 Figure 4.32: Population by Locality, Gaafu Alif Atoll, 2014 ...... 110 Figure 4.33: Percentage of the population by locality, Gaafu Alif Atoll, 2014 ...... 111 Figure 4.34: Projected mid-year resident population, Gaafu Alif Atoll ...... 112 Figure 4.35: Sex Ratio by Locality, Gaafu Alif Atoll, 2014 ...... 112 Figure 4.36: Population Pyramid for Gaafu Alif Atoll, Census 2014 ...... 113 Figure 4.37: Population Density by Locality, Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Census 2014 ...... 115 Figure 4.38: Employment by Locality, Gaafu Alifu Atoll, HIES 2016 ...... 116 Figure 4.39: Income distribution by sector, Gaafu Alifu Atoll, HIES 2016 ...... 116 Figure 4.40: Population pyramid of Nilandhoo (census-2014) ...... 117 Figure 4.41: Proportion of employment by economic activity ...... 118 Figure 5.1: Estimated Affected Area – Combined for both seasons ...... 122 Figure 6.1: Marine impact footprint...... 136 Figure 8.1: Alternative potential project locations map...... 165 Figure 8.2: Mathtidhuvaa Island Satellite Image ...... 166 Figure 8.3: Heenaamaagalaa Island Satellite Image ...... 166 Figure 8.4: Dhevvalaabadhoo Island Satellite Image ...... 167 Figure 8.5: Baavandhoo Island Satellite Image ...... 168 Figure 8.6: Alternative intake and outfall location ...... 172 Figure 9.1: Environmental Management Strategy flow diagram...... 174 Figure 9.2: Environmental Management Plan for construction and operation phase ...... 176
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Summary of key information about the proposed Odagalla Island ...... 3 Table 1.2: Estimated percentage cover score ...... 14 Table 1.3: Fish abundance category...... 14 Table 1.4: Summary of recently completed, ongoing and planned project in the vicinity ...... 17 Table 1.5: Limitation of the study...... 19 Table 2.1: Proposed design details for reclamation ...... 23 Table 2.2: Borrow area specifications ...... 24 Table 2.3: Summary of Guest Accommodation Facilities ...... 28
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Table 2.4: Borrow area specifications ...... 28 Table 2.5: Characterization of wastewater influent ...... 37 Table 2.6: Treated waste water quality requirements ...... 38 Table 2.7: Major Project Inputs ...... 48 Table 2.8: Major Project Outputs...... 50 Table 4.1: Key Meteorological Information of the Maldives ...... 67 Table 4.2 Summary of General Wind Conditions from Gan Meteorological Centre ...... 69 Table 4.3: Probable Maximum Precipitation for various Return periods in Gan ...... 71 Table 4.4: Wave regimes in neighbouring Fuvahmulah Atoll ...... 73 Table 4.5 Tidal Variations at Hulhule International Airport ...... 76 Table 4.6: Design tide levels and tide ranges with different recurrence intervals in tide station of Hulhule Island ...... 76 Table 4.7: Groundwater quality test results ...... 86 Table 4.8: Marine water quality test results ...... 88 Figure 4.9: Flora inventory of Odegalla Island (Feb 2019) ...... 93 Figure 4.10: Fauna inventory of Odegalla Island ...... 95 Table 4.11: Summary of Manta Tow Survey at Odegalla Reef ...... 97 Table 4.12: Percentage live coral cover and fish species richness at T1, T2, and T3 ...... 100 Table 4.13: Summary of Fish Census survey along Transect 1 ...... 102 Table 4.14: Summary of Fish Census survey along Transect 2 ...... 104 Table 4.15: Summary of Fish Census survey along Transect 3 ...... 106 Table 4.16: Predicted disaster risks in Odagalla ...... 108 Table 4.17: Summary of climate change related parameters for various hazards...... 109 Table 4.18: Average Annual Growth Rate, Gaafu Alif Atoll, 2014 ...... 114 Table 4.19: Population data for 2006 and 2014 for Nilandhoo Island...... 117 Table 4.20: Energy profile of Ga. Nilandhoo ...... 119 Table 5.1: Impact Identification Matrix for Resort Construction Phase ...... 123 Table 5.2: Impact Identification Matrix for Resort Operations Phase ...... 125 Table 8.1: Summary of no project alternative ...... 162 Table 8.2: Summary of Dredging Alternatives for reef entrance ...... 168 Table 8.3: Summary of Dredging Alternatives for sand sourcing ...... 169 Table 10.1: Monitoring Schedule for Pre-construction Stage (if required) ...... 190 Table 10.2: Monitoring Schedule for Construction phase ...... 191 Table 10.3: Monitoring Schedule for Operation phase ...... 196 Table 11.1: Stakeholder identification ...... 203 Table 11.2: Summary of stakeholder consultation findings ...... 206
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List of Abbreviations
COADS Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set CSD Cutter-Suction Dredger DO Dissolved Oxygen EIA Envrionmental Impact Assessment GPS Global Positioning System IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPC International Plant Protection Convention IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KWp Kilowatt peak MoE Ministry of Environment MoT Ministry of Tourism MoFMA Ministry of Fisherues, Marine Resources and Agricuture MSL Mean Sea Level MWSC Maldives Water and Sewerage Company NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NE North East NEAP II National Environmental Action Plan II NW North West PV PhotoVoltaic SAP Strategic Action Plan SE South East SW South West TDS Total Suspended Solids THSD Trailing Hopper Suction Dredger ToR Term of Reference UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
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Acknowledgement
The lead author of this report is Dr. Ahmed Shaig
Additional assessments and field assistance were provided by the following team members.
Ms. Mariyam Hana Saeed (Stakeholder consultations) Ms. Fathimath Yamna Mohamed (Introductory chapter write-up) Mr. Ali Moosa Didi (Bathymetric survey) Mr. Ali Nishaman (Terrestrial environment specialist) Ms. Asma Saeed (Stakeholder consultations) Mr. Ahmed Aiham Niyaz (Stakeholder consultations and Socio-economic profile) Ms. Fathmath Shuhaina (Marine environment assessment) Mr. Mohamed Ali (Marine Environment assessment)
The curriculum vitae’s of the EIA consultants are attached in Appendix I of this report.
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Lead Consultant’s Declaration
I certify that statements made in this Environment Impact Assessment are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and available information.
Dr Ahmed Shaig
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Proponent’s Declaration
This page is intentionally left blank.
(See Appendix J)
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Executive Summary
The purpose of this document is to fulfil the requirements to get necessary environmental clearance from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to carry out the proposed resort development project on Odegalla Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll. The EIA Regulations published on 2012 has been used as the basis for preparing this document.
This project has been proposed to develop and operate a resort on Odegalla Island. The island is a small 1 Ha island located close to the eastern rim of Huvadhoo Atoll. It’s nearest inhabited islands are Nilandhoo and Maamendhoo and the nearest resort is The Residence, Maldives. The concept master plan encompasses expanding the island area to 2.3 Ha and to develop 116 beds with stand- alone facilities to operate the resort.
The project proponent is Mr. Mohamed Ali Janah, who currently has business interests in two resorts operating in Gaafu Alifu Atoll.
The main rationale for the project from the industry perspective is to increase the tourism bed capacity in Maldives and their contribution to the local and national economic growth. From the proponent’s perspective the rationale for the project is purely based on business potential. Proximity to the Kooddoo Airport, existing tourism facilities in the atoll, relatively untouched Huvadhoo Atoll and a healthy reef were the main reasons for considering the proposed site for development. The aim of this project is to develop a successful and profitable resort on the island.
The project involves three phases or components: (i) dredging, reclamation and access construction; (ii) development of guest accommodation, guest service facilities, island transport infrastructure, back-and of-the-house (BoH) facilities, and; (iii) resort operations. Guest accommodation involves constructing villas on land and in the lagoon. An access channel is to be dredged to reach the arrival jetty.
Dredging technology considered for island reclamation is using excavators mounted on sand beds. Dual turbidity protection measures covering sand bunds and silt screens have been proposed.
The project is designed to be completed in 24 months from construction approval. Project is currently in the detailed design phase. The first stage will involve land reclamation. Construction of the resorts will begin once reclamation is completed.
All project designs are in conformance to the laws and regulations of the Maldives, and relevant international conventions that Maldives is party to. The key laws and regulations applicable to this project are: Environmental Protection and Preservation Act, Decentralization Act, Tourism Act, tourism resort development regulations, Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012,
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Waste Management Regulation, Regulation on Dredging and Reclamation, Regulation on Cutting Down and Uprooting Trees and Dewatering Regulation. Among these the project will not be able to comply with the Dredging and Reclamation regulations, as it restricts dredging within 200 m of a sensitive environment. The whole island and its reef is designated a Sensitive Environment by EPA. Approvals have been granted for the concept by the Ministry of Tourism. Further approvals are required before construction and operations.
The proposed site is a small island about 320 m in length and 160 m at its widest point at low tide. The length of the reef is 2600 m and width at its widest point is 1450 m. The vegetated area is less than 0.07 Ha and contains only small bush vegetation. The islet is known as a bird roosting site and is a listed Sensitive Environment. The reef environment is in pristine condition but the site has been affected by the bleaching event of 2016. The reef surrounding is known as a major bait fishing ground. There is an operating resort to the east about 2 km from the site. There are known dive sites in the vicinity. There are no marine protected areas within the vicinity.
The assessment shows that the proposed developments involve significant positive and negative impacts on the marine, coastal, terrestrial and social environment. The main impacts from on the marine environment are due to dredging and reclamation related turbidity, sedimentation and revegetation. Reef areas within proximity to dredging sites and within the foot print of overwater construction areas will be severely affected. All areas outside the reef, particularly the atoll reef pass are likely to flush with tidal currents and recover quickly. Operational stage impacts are those typically associated with resort island operation including socio-economic benefits, potential impacts on the reef due to guest activities, increase in waste production and demand for plastic and potential impacts on ground water, to name a few. The amount of energy required for the resort operation is a concern due to the heavy use of fossil fuel and resulting carbon emissions.
A key concern for marine environment is the coral bleaching in Maldives in 2016 and ongoing bleaching in 2019. If the dredging works are undertaken at the time of bleaching without adequate mitigation measures the stress on coral reef may be unbearable and could cause long-term damage.
Of particular concern is the loss of an important bird roosting site and significant bait fishing ground for the locals. Bird roosting is important for the atoll economy as fisherman use birds to determine the location of fish schools. It will also lose its designation as a sensitive environment. These impacts are reversible in the long term but the intermediate environmental impacts due to loss of bird roosting site and economic losses to fisherman due to closure of an important bait fishing ground is expected to be moderately significant.
Negative social impacts are also expected to higher than a normal resort development project. The loss of access to bait fishing ground, impacts on sea bird roosting, loss of a picnic island and loss of a potential picnic island for local tourism activities are a major concern for the local public and
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The key mitigation measures proposed for the construction stage focuses on reducing the most significant environmental impacts. These include deploying stringent sediment containment measures to minimise sedimentation and turbidity, timing the works to avoid biological events related to the reef and fish life, mitigating potential severe erosion, avoiding construction stage impacts from spillage, minimizing physical and biological impacts of transporting trees from one island to another, minimizing impact from waste and reducing damage from worker actions.
Alternative options were evaluated for the activities that are identified to have significant impacts on the project. The main concern is with the project itself due to the high level of resource use conflict, negative social impacts and impact on the terrestrial environment. Based on these impacts, the authors of this report are of the opinion that the ‘No project’ option should be preferred at the site and that the project should be shifted to another nearby island. Four islands in close vicinity have been suggested but one of them is already leased for resort construction. Additional, alternative options have been proposed to mitigate erosion and preference has been given to shore protection and consideration to undertake beach replenishment. Alternatives are also considered for reclamation designs, reef entrance channel, and outfall locations, borrow site location, sedimentation control measures, shore protection and erosion mitigation.
Stakeholder Consultations were held with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE), Health Protection Agency (HPA), Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, Ministry of Defence and National Security (MNDF), Maamendhoo Island Council, Nilandhoo Island Council, Dhaandhoo Island Council, Viligilli Island Council, Atoll Council, local fisherman and guest houses. All local stakeholders, with the exception of Maamendhoo Council have strong objections to developing a resort on the island. EPA and MEE also objected. The main concerns of locals were related to resource use conflicts from bait fishing, bird roosting, local tourism and use as a picnic island.
Environmental Monitoring and management plan is designed to assess any changes to the physical environment as well as operational aspects of the resort. The total cost of mitigation and monitoring are estimated between US$10,000 per year during construction stage and US$8,000 per year during operation stage.
Based on the negative terrestrial and social impacts from this project, the main recommendation of this report is not to proceed with the project as planned and to shift the project to another island. We recommend that the Odagalla Island be left as a protected island with access to bait fishing grounds and controlled access to the island for recreational activities. No physical developments including construction of huts should be allowed on the island. As
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However, it has to be noted that, such an action will be detrimental to the contract made by the Government and long-term Government revenue from Tourism. In light of the findings of this report, it is recommended that the Government intervene and take a decision on the project, bearing in mind the potential compensations required for affected parties.
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the EIA
This Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) report is an evaluation of the potential environmental impacts of the proposed tourist resort development project on Odagalla Island, Gaafu Alif Atoll.
This document is submitted by Mr. Mohamed Ali Janah to Environmental Protection Agency to fulfil the requirements for an EIA under the Regulation on EIA reporting (2012/R-27).
This report provides the background to the proposed project components as well as an assessment of their likely environmental and social impacts, both beneficial and adverse. The proposed enhancement and mitigation measures are outlined where necessary together with an environment management plan and a monitoring programme.
1.2 Project Title
The project is called proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project.
1.3 Project Proponent
The proponent of this project is Mr. Mohamed Ali Janah. The project is funded and initiated by the proponent. Proponent details are as follows:
H.Seaside, Boduthakurufaanu Magu Tel: +960 332 5602
1.4 Project Scope Summary
The project mainly involves the construction and operation of a stand-alone 116 bed (50 rooms) resort island.
The proposed project covers eight main components: 1. Coastal works covering dredging entrance channel and reclamation
2. Construction of island transport infrastructure
3. Construction of the back-of-the-house and administrative infrastructure
4. Construction of over water guest rooms
5. Construction of land based guest rooms
6. Construction of guest facilities
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7. Construction of utilities – Sewerage, power and water infrastructure
8. Landscaping
9. Resort operations
See Project Description chapter for more details.
1.5 Project tasks completed
No physical developments have been undertaken. The concept master plan has been completed and approved.
1.6 Project Location
The proposed project site is located close to the eastern rim of Gaafu Alif Atoll. Site location map and aerial image is presented in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.3 respectively. Figure 1.2 shows the sensitive environments with in the vicinity. The table below summarizes some key information on the proposed reef.
Table 1.1: Summary of key information about the proposed Odagalla Island
Reef Name Odagalla Island Location 73°25'6.642"E 0°39'45.714"N Area Over all Reef area (within visible depth) 88 Ha Within shallow reef 34 Ha Within Low Tide Line 0.98 Ha Within Vegetated Area 0.07 Ha Island Length About 160 m Island Width at the widest point About 75 m Distance to Velana Int. Airport About 390 km Distance to Koodoo Domestic Airport about .57 Km Distance to Male’ City About 388 km Distance to nearest resort About 2.3 km to The Residence Maldives Resort Distance to nearest inhabited island Nilandhoo (3.5 km) Maamendhoo (5.8 km) Dhaadhoo 6.3
Existing Site Conditions
Ga. Odegalla is a relatively small island of less than 0.75ha which has been declared as an environmentally sensitive site and a terrestrial protected site due to bird roosting. The proposed site has been used for bait fishing activities, snorkelling and picnic visits. The site is deemed an important environmental site by EPA and locals due to the importance of birds roosting and as a
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|3 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project bait fishing ground. It is unclear how the island was allocated for resort development while it was on the list of Environmentally Sensitive Islands.
There are a total of 11 environmentally sensitive sites listed in Gaafu Alif Atoll of which the nearest areas are Kuredhu Kandu and Nilandhoo Kandu. The closest inhabited island is Ga.Nilandhoo which is within 5 Km of the project site. The closest resort is The Residence Maldives which is within 2 Km of the project site.
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Figure 1.1: Location map of Odagalla Island
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Figure 1.2: Locality map of Odagalla Island
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Figure 1.3: Aerial Image of Odagalla Island
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1.7 Project Background
The Government of the Maldives (GOM) in its efforts to enhance the economic potential of the country has been trying to speed up the planned increase in tourist bed capacity in order to meet the steady increase in tourist arrivals. So far, the construction of resorts has lagged behind and there is a need to introduce more beds as soon possible. This project forms part of the overall effort to increase bed capacity in South Maldives. The proximity of Koodoo Airport to Ga. Odegalla offers an advantage for resort development. The GOM decided to lease Ga. Odegalla to Mr. Mohamed Ali Janah. The proposed concept plan for resort development has been approved by the Ministry of Tourism. The island was leased during 2018.
1.8 Project Objectives and Rationale
The aim of this project is to develop a resort in Gaafu Alif Atoll by reclaiming the existing small island on Odegalla Island. The proponent aims to use the proximity to Koodoo Airport and continued growth in tourism arrivals in the Maldives to establish a successful and profitable resort.
1.8.1 Rationale from the industry perspective
The proposed project is part of the overall plan to increase the bed capacity in the Maldives under the Third Tourism Master Plan.
The proposal to develop a resort in Gaafu Alifu Atoll comes from the need to increase the bed capacity in south Maldives to target specific markets which can be served away from the main international airport. The investment by the proponent represents an opportunity for the Maldives to expand tourism in the outer atolls.
1.8.2 Rationale from proponent’s perspective
The close proximity to the Kooddoo Airport, existing tourism facilities in the atoll, relatively untouched Huvadhoo Atoll and the beauty of the island and surrounding reef were the main reasons for considering the proposed site for development.
The provision of high quality international standard accommodation and entertainment facilities within the beautiful physical environment setting of Maldives offers an unparalleled advantage over other similar destinations.
For the proponent, the justification is purely business benefits from a unique opportunity. Mr. Janah also have a number of tourism related investments in the atoll, which provides him substantial advantage in achieving economies of scale.
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1.9 Consultants, Contractors and Government Institutions
All the EIA related work was undertaken by consultants from CDE Consulting. The contractor for the project is Hotels and Resort Construction Pvt Ltd (HRC). Initial design concepts were prepared by HRC.
The Government agency relevant to this development is the Ministry of Tourism and EPA.
1.10 Project Financing
The project is financed by Mr. Mohamed Ali Janah through privately arranged bank loans and equity. The project will be executed by project management team selected by Hotels and Resort Construction Pvt Ltd.
1.11 EIA Scope and Terms of Reference
The scope of this EIA is broadly based on the Regulation for EIA Reporting (2012). The assessment more specifically adheres to the Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by the Environmental Protection Agency on 27th January 2019. The ToR is based on scoping meetings held at EPA on the same day. A copy of the ToR is attached in Appendix A.
The EIA report contains the following main aspects:
A description of the project including the need for the project, how the project will be undertaken, full description of the relevant parts of the project, methodology used in the assessment, implementation schedules, site plans and summary of project inputs and outputs (Chapter 1 and 2).
A description of the pertinent national and international legislation, regulations and policies that are relevant and applicable to the project and a demonstration of how the project conforms to these aspects (Chapter 3).
Information about the exiting baseline environmental conditions of the site. These include coastal and marine environment of the site and natural hazard vulnerability of the site (Chapter 4).
An assessment of the potential impacts during both construction and operational stages of the project (Chapter 5 & 6).
Evaluation of potential mitigation measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts during both construction and operation stages of the project (Chapter 7).
Assessment of alternatives for the proposed project (Chapter 8)
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Environment Management Plan (Chapter 9)
Details of the environmental monitoring plan (Chapter 10).
Main conclusions (Chapter 11)
1.12 Assessment Methodology
1.12.1 General Approach
This EIA is broadly guided by the EIA Regulations 2012 issued by EPA.
This report has been prepared to ensure that the significant environmental and social impacts of the proposed project at the preconstruction, construction, operation and demobilising stages have been considered and assessed at the project planning phase.
The process followed in the preparation of this EIA report consists of six parts. These are: scoping consultations; literature review; field surveys; stakeholder consultations; analysis of results; and compilation of the assessment in the form of a report.
In order to conduct a broad based and inclusive study, the proponent and the consultant have from the onset ensured the exercise is participatory. As such, discussions have been held with community members in the projects area and relevant stakeholders with the assistance and coordination of the proponent.
1.12.2 The Study Area
The area impacted by projects like these can be quite wide particularly when the socio-economic impacts are considered. The study area of this project considers that the entire reef system of the island will be affected by the development and that the nearby inhabited islands will experience the bulk of the socio-economic change.
The closest inhabited islands in the vicinity of the project site are Nilandhoo, Dhaandhoo and Maamendhoo and the closest resort is The Residence Maldives. Among these, Nilandhoo and The Residence Maldives will be treated as highly sensitive receptors.
There are numerous environmentally sensitive areas near the project site (see figure 1.4), including the project site which is an environmentally sensitive area that has been listed as a bird roosting site. Odegalla is also a commonly used as a bait fishing and picnic area. Other environmentally sensitive sites within 10Km include Kurendhoo Kandu, Dhoragella Thila, Nilandhoo Kandu and Villigili Kandu. The closest environmentally protected area near the island is Hithaadhoo Island, at approximately 28 Km from Ga. Odegalla.
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Based on the results of the initial scoping of potential environmental impacts and the identification of sensitive aspects of the environment we have identified the following geographical areas likely to be affected at the various stages of the Project:
During construction temporary and permanent impacts will occur primarily in Odegalla. The most direct physical impact will be on-site in the area of the actual physical interventions; particularly the dredging and reclamation sites and over water construction. To ensure the impacts are fully covered the entire area within a 2 km radius from the site is studied.
Secondary impacts are likely on the The Residence Maldives (Falhumaafushi Island), particularly noise, visual, sedimentation and turbidity impacts.
During operation of the resort most impacts will be confined to the area that will be affected by construction impacts.
There will also be induced development impacts due to the project. This can be positive socio-economic benefits to the nearby islands, atoll and region due to employment and business opportunities. However, if fisherman are prohibited from bait fishing in that area due to resort development it may have negative impacts on the fisheries industry of the atoll. Study area boundary is presented in Figure 1.6 and survey locations map for the project is attached in Appendix E.
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Figure 1.4: Study Area boundary
1.12.3 Field Observations
Field assessments were undertaken on the site between 22 and 24 February 2019. Field visits mainly covered reef system, bathymetry, lagoon physiography, wave conditions assessment, water quality and fauna assessment of the proposed project site. In addition, public and stakeholder consultations were carried out in nearby islands and stakeholders, specifically for this EIA.
Coastal Processes
Beach profiles were taken from designated locations around the island using standard levelling techniques. These profile locations are marked in Appendix E. The measurement of beach profiles involves standard practice of surveying with a staff and a dumpy level. Measurements were taken along the beach profile line at different intervals, wherever there occurred a distinctive morphological feature, such as beach ridge, high water mark, an erosion scarp, dip, rise, or other significant break in the beach slope up to a minimum distance of 30 m from the Benchmark. Other beach attributes such as beach rock were marked using handheld GPS.
Lagoon currents were measures using drogue method. About 3 measurements were undertaken from every site and an average value is determined.
Tide data has been taken from Male’ International Airport Tide Gauge.
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Wave patterns have been estimated using secondary studies and visual field assessments.
Terrestrial Flora and Fauna
Terrestrial fauna was not surveyed in detail as the occurrence fauna was found to be minimal during the brief survey period.
The main methodology used for vegetation assessment was vegetation transect method and remote sensing. The vegetation transect method involves recording the species and their abundance along specific lines across the island. There were a number of footpaths across the island, which made the assessment relatively easy. Transects are used mainly to record species abundance and occurrence.
The second method used was remote sensing technology. A high resolution aerial image and satellite were used to classify the island vegetation. An extensive grid of ground truthing data were established and manual classification was carried out based variations in colour band combinations. The classification system used was devised for small coral islands by CDE Consulting and has been tested in other similar assessment.
Marine Assessments
Marine assessments were undertaken at the reef around Odegalla on the 23 February 2019. The sea was calm and the sky was clear during the surveys. The main objectives of this assessment were:
1. to determine the general status of the reef associated to the project site 2. to assess the condition of the marine environment which will be directly impacted by the project 3. to determine the fish species abundance and composition of the reef system
Manta Tow Survey
Manta tow survey was conducted to determine the general benthic cover and reef condition along the study area. Two snorkelers (observers) were towed behind a slow moving boat, along the reef edge for a series of set periods of 2 minutes. At each stop the observer noted down the estimate percentage coverage of Live Coral, Rock, Coral Rubble, Sand, Dead Coral with Algae (DCA), and general fish life at these sites. The percentage estimates were given following scores (Table 1.2).
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Table 1.2: Estimated percentage cover score
Score Est. % Cover 1 0 – 10 % 2 11 – 30 % 3 31 – 50% 4 51 – 75% 5 76 – 100%
Fish census
Fish and invertebrates species assemblages and abundance was surveyed using 50 m line transects, whereby the monitor swam along transect and recorded the number and the different species of fish and invertebrates observed within 2.5 m either side of the transect line. A category-based methodology was adopted to estimate fish abundance and the mean number of fish per category and observation was extracted to estimate species and family abundance. The categories used to estimate abundance is displayed in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3: Fish abundance category
Category Number of fish 1 1 2 2 - 4 3 5 - 16 4 17 - 64 5 65 – 256 6 256 – 1024 7 1025 – 4096 8 4097 – 16384
Photo Quadrat survey
Benthic composition was assessed by taking ten high-resolution images every 5 m (pictures covering 0.5 m2, of the seabed) on the side of the transect line used for the fish surveys. These were later analysed using CPCe. CPCe, or Coral Point Count with excel extension, developed by the National Coral Reef Institute, is software designed to determine coral community coverage and diversity using transect photographs. Underwater photographic frames are overlaid by a matrix of randomly generated points, and the fauna/flora of species or substrate type lying beneath each point is identified. 20 random points per picture were analysed to characterize the substrate composition (sample size: 200 points per transect).
Visual Survey
Visual surveys were carried out at select locations of the lagoon, and reef. General status of these sites were recorded, special attention was given to types of corals and fishes present at these sites
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Water Quality
Water quality was assessed from MWSC laboratory. Water quality samples were taken on the 25th of February 2019 at different locations selected based on proposed developments. One ground water sample and three sea water samples were taken. Detailed assessments were undertaken in the primary project boundary.
Parameters measured include pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD). Water samples were collected at mid depth.
Bathymetry and topographic survey
Bathymetry survey of the site was carried on 22 February 2019. A small boat (19 feet in length) with a very shallow draft was used for the bathymetric survey data collection. The equipment’s used in the survey were:
a. Trimble high precision GPS b. Echo sounder, frequency 200 KHz. c. Aerial drone for oblique photography
A custom made mount was used to mount the sonar mite echo sounder on the boat and the offset distance from the water level and transducer was measured by tape.
The GNSS positioning and echo sounding data was directly logged to the data logger. The boat is navigated over the planned survey lines at a slow speed.
No permanent bench marks were established on the island. Data is corrected to MSL data from Gan international airport tide station.
1.12.4 Desk Study Review
A literature review was conducted to acquire background information on the site and its environment as well as to identify possible environmental impacts of similar developments in island settings. In this context, the EIA Regulations of August 2015, best practices from similar development activities, scientific studies undertaken in similar settings around Maldives and previous documents/historical publications was considered.
The literature review comprised of, but is not limited to, the following:
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Master plan concept submitted by the proponent to Ministry of Tourism.
Relevant regulations, including Tourism regulations, dredging and reclamation regulation, Dewatering Regulation and Regulation on cutting down and uprooting trees.
Sensitive areas database of EPA
Environment Impact Assessment Report for the resort development on GA. Falhumaafushi Island
Environment Impact Assessment Report for the resort development on GA Dhigurah Island
Environment Impact Assessment Report for the airport development in Kooddoo Island.
1.12.5 Key Stakeholder Consultation
Stakeholder consultations were undertaken with the following stakeholders:
Ministry of Environment
Ga. Maamendhoo Island Council
Fisherman in Ga. Maamendhoo
MNDF Fire & Safety Services
Guest houses and divers in Ga.Maamendhoo
Ga. Villingili Island Council
Ministry of Tourism
Ga. Atoll Council
Ga. Nilandhoo Island Council
Ga. Nilandhoo fisherman
Ga. Nilandhoo Guesthouse
Health Protection Agency (HPA)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Ga. Dhaandhoo Island Council
Ga. Dhaandhoo fisherman
Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture
Maldives Energy Authority
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1.12.6 Data Analysis
The EIA experts used their experience and knowledge in their respective fields to analyse the data from the previous studies and field visits in order to determine the potential impacts of the proposed projects, the severity of effects arising from these impacts and how any adverse impacts can be best mitigated and positive impacts enhanced. This analysis provides the framework for the recommendations on corrective actions and remedial measures and provides the basis for the formulation of the environmental management plan which forms part of this repo EIA
1.12.7 Report Format
The report format and structure presented here follows the report formatting guidelines issued by Environmental Protection Agency.
1.13 Study Team Members
The team members of this EIA are: Dr. Ahmed Shaig (EIA and coastal environment Specialist) Ms. Mariyam Hana Saeed (Stakeholder consultations) Ms. Fathimath Yamna Mohamed (Introductory chapter write-up) Mr. Ali Moosa Didi (Bathymetric survey) Mr. Ali Nishaman (Terrestrial environment specialist) Ms. Asma Saeed (Stakeholder consultations) Mr. Ahmed Aiham Niyaz (Stakeholder consultations and Socio-economic profile) Ms. Fathmath Shuhaina (Marine environment assessment) Mr. Mohamed Ali (Marine Environment assessment) The curriculum vitae’s of the EIA consultants are attached in Appendix I of this report.
1.14 Other Ongoing projects in the Vicinity
A review of ongoing and recently completed projects within a 10 km radius, their status and main tasks are summarised in Table 1.4 below.
Table 1.4: Summary of recently completed, ongoing and planned project in the vicinity
Site / Project Summary of project components Status Implications Dhigurah Project involves beach Beach works is Cumulative impacts Island Resort replenishment, shore protection, being of dredging within Development harbour development, guest completed and the vicinity. Project accommodation, facilities and resort resort is infrastructure.
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Site / Project Summary of project components Status Implications schedule to be opened in 2019
1.15 Potential Data Gaps and Limitations of the study
The environment of Maldives is generally poorly understood. This is due to the lack of detailed studies on the Maldives. Much of the literature on coral islands is derived from studies done in the Pacific which unfortunately has very different climatic and geologic settings.
Detailed environmental analysis for an EIA is often required to be undertaken in a relatively short period of time. Give the seasonal climatic variations in Maldives and the differences in local geomorphologic and climate settings in individual islands such a short time frame is often too little to assess selected aspects of the environment. This problem is compounded by the absence of long-term studies in other parts of Maldives. Hence, most EIA’s end up being based on an environmental snapshot of specific point in time. However, experienced EIA specialists can deliver a close match to reality based on a number of similar assessments.
Project information and planning and background data were not fully prepared or decided during the conduct of this study. Table 1.5 below provides a list showing data gaps in the study. Available documents in connection with data provided particularly the concept plan, experiences of CDE in other islands, particularly in the numerous resorts development assessments were used as the basis for preparation of this document. Therefore, it will be possible to analyse, implement mitigation and suggest monitoring measures to the most relevant negative impacts.
Environmental impact prediction also involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphological or social conditions in a particular place. As noted earlier, there is also no long term data and information regarding the particular site under consideration, which makes it difficult to predict impacts. However, the level of uncertainty is partially minimised due to the experience of resort and operation in similar settings in the Maldives. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that there will be uncertainties and voluntary monitoring of natural processes as described in the monitoring programme is absolutely essential.
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Table 1.5: Limitation of the study
Issue/Item Required Information Current Status / action Resort Final Master Plan, discussed with and At present, there is a concept plan Detailed approved by Ministry of Tourism but the details can be worked out Master Plan after the EIA approval. Detailed Design for water, power, sewerage and Based on consultations with the design waste management systems Proponent, typical designs used in information similar resorts are used. The actual missing for specifications installed may differ utilities but the technology is unlikely to change. If technology for power production, water production and STP is changed an EIA addendum will be required. Natural Hazard Detailed modelling of flooding and storm Data not available at local level; use Risks damage risks broad level studies undertaken for Maldives Environmental Historical and long-term records on reef Baseline snapshots of the site taken baseline data and lagoon environment. to design mitigation measures Detailed data on geology, hydrogeology Estimated based on other similar and soil. studies in Maldives Long-term site specific or even regional Snapshot data for currents taken; data (at least 2 years). Most critical data wave studies in other atolls used include current and wave. Air quality measurements Assumed as pristine Socio-economic data Primary date collection will be time consuming; Secondary sources will be used Environmental Environmental Standards for specific USEPA and GBRMPA standards Standards environmental features such Air and followed Noise Quality
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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Project Outline and Key Features
2.1.1 Project Features
The proposed project involves the land reclamation, development and, operation of a tourist resort at Odegalla Island. Details of the proposed project components are outlined in the next section. Figure 2.1 and Appendix B shows the site plan.
The project can be divided in to the following components:
COMPONENT I – Preliminary work
1. Mobilization of equipment and setting up the site 2. Clearing vegetation 3. Constructing a jetty to allow access to the island 4. Dredging a reef entrance 5. Reclamation COMPONENT II – Resort construction
6. Island access infrastructure construction 7. Construction of temporary accommodation and utilities including power, water, sewage and waste management 8. Construction of back-of-the-house facilities and administrative infrastructure 9. Construction of overwater villas 10. Construction of land based villas 11. Construction of staff accommodation and guest facilities 12. Revegetation and landscaping 13. Demobilization COMPONENT III – Resort operation
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Figure 2.1: Project Site Plan Summary
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Figure 2.2: Dredging and Reclamation Plan
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2.1.2 Concept Master Plan
The master plan concept is based on operating a resort with majority of the infrastructure constructed over water. The resort is planned to have 3 beach villa units and 47 overwater villa units. Additional facilities for guests on the island include a restaurant, beach club and a spa. Staff will be provided with an accommodation unit, staff mess and mosque.
Additional infrastructure that will be constructed/ installed on the island include a powerhouse, RO plant, STP, workshop, laundry, waste management site, incinerator, water tank, fuel tank, bunds and a petrol store.
2.2 Detailed Description of Project Components
2.2.1 Dredging and Land Reclamation
At present the island of Odegalla has a land area of 0.32 Ha within High Tide Line, and reclamation is planned to expand the island to a total area of 2 ha.
2.2.1.1 Reclamation Design
Taking into account the presently occurring water levels, existing island elevation and natural hazards in the area and the relatively high-value tourism, the design level of the reclaimed land is planned at +1.5 m MSL. Much of the island is below high water mark and hence requires reclamation on existing island as well. A new beach is to be formed at 1:4 slope as per the existing drawings.
Table 2.1: Proposed design details for reclamation
Elevation Estimated Site Area (sq. m) (m MSL) Volume (cbm)
Main Island (flat area) 7,800.00 1.50 27,750.00
New Beach 5,200.00 1.50 6,500.00
Total 13,000.00 34,250.00
2.2.1.2 Dredging
Dredging method
Dredging will be undertaken using excavators mounted on temporary sand beds (See section 2.3 for more details).
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Sand Borrow Area and Quantity
The proposed location for the sand borrow areas are as specified in Figure 2.4 and Appendix B. Table below summarizes the details of the borrow sites.
Table 2.2: Borrow area specifications
Dredge Depth Estimated Area (sq. m) Site (m MSL) Volume (cbm)
Reef Entrance D1 8,000.00 -4.00 24,000.00
Borrow Area A 6,500.00 -3.00 13,000.00 14,500.00 37,000.00
Among these, dredge waste from Reef Entrance site is being used for reclamation while the Borrow Area A has been designated to source the remaining material.
The final figure of dredged material depends on the percentage of reclamation quality sand available on the site. At the moment the useable material is estimated at 90%. Should there be a need for more material, the larger borrow areas will be deepened up to 1 extra meters without expanding the foot print of the site A. Additional such dredging can yield 8,000 cbm.
The coarser material is suitable for reclaiming the island but only moderately coarse to fine sand is suitable for beach development. The top layers may have to be stored for beach development while the deeper layers would be best used for overall island reclamation. Hence most dredge waste are likely to be useable for reclamation.
The overall percentage of fine material is lower in the samples analysed using cursory methods, which may reduce turbidity rate over longer distances and increase sedimentation rate closer to the reef.
Transportation
Dredged material will be transported to site using trucks. Material will be loaded by excavators on to trucks which will transport the dredge waste to site on temporary sand beds connecting the borrow site to reclamation site. Temporary sand bed locations are summarized in Figure 2.7.
Positioning the dredging zones
All dredging and reclamation sites will be marked using survey marks established prior to commencement of works.
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Sediment Containment and discharge control
Enclosed reclamation with in sand bunds will be undertaken for the main reclamation areas while beach will be formed as open reclamation without bunds.
Need for and Location of Temporary Stockpiles
Temporary stockpiles may be required to retain fine sand for beach construction. It is expected that much of the initial material removed will be material suitable for beach development. Thus, these materials can be stored on a specific location on the reclaimed area within the bunds. No specific location within the island has been identified yet.
Stability of Reclamation
Rate and volume of reclamation will be faster than the rate of erosion. Sediment will be highly mobile within the first 10 m from the shoreline and erosion will be prevalent in the zone. Given the small size of reclamation no protection has been proposed during reclamation.
Additional Waste Disposal
The proposed dredge site has been carefully selected to minimise coral rubble and coral boulders. Hence, over 90% of the material is expected to be of the required quality for land reclamation. Any excess larger material will be buried on the island, used for future resort construction activities or as base material for the shore protection measures.
Justifications
Need for reclamation
The need for reclamation stems from the proponents plan to develop 116 beds on the island. The island is very small and not suited for such a large development. The option practical is to reclaim land to achieve the required built-up area percentage.
Location
The location of reclamation is based on the location of the island. Reclamation is proposed around the island. The location of borrow site is based on the proposed channel and additional space within the lagoon where no development is proposed. The location of the channel has been pre- determined by the Proponent.
Design
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The reclamation design follows a mix of the existing shape of the island and architects requirement to have a wider area for back-of-the-house facilities. The elevations are based on typical island elevations in atoll lagoon for Huvadhoo Atoll.
Equipment
Excavators mounted on sand beds have been proposed due to the small size of the project.
2.2.2 Island Transport Infrastructure
2.2.2.1 Reef Entrance
An entrance channel is proposed to be created on the South East side of the island.
Reef Entrance Design
The design criteria for reef entrance dredging are as follows:
Entrance channel shall be dredged to a minimum depth of -4.0 meters below Mean Sea Level (MSL).
Layout shall ensure minimum sediment accumulation at the entrance channel to allow for a maintenance dredging period of not less than 5 years.
The channel should allow two way traffic for light crafts used in the Maldives for passenger and cargo; a width of 30 m has been specified.
Channel profile should be sloped on the sides and shall be as shown in the drawing (in Figure 2.3).
The cross-sectional area for the reef entrance is 75 sq. m.
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-3.0 m
5 m 20 m
Figure 2.3: Cross-section of entrance channel
2.2.2.2 Guest and Service Jetty
The property will have one jetty for guest access and service. The jetty is located on the SE corner and a small basin will be dredged along with a reef entrance (see above). The jetty will be constructed on stilts.
2.2.3 Coastal Protection
The project proposes to monitor the site after reclamation before determining the final shore protection measures. The Proponent intends to use small sand filled geo-textile sand bags to control erosion in the time being.
2.2.4 Back-Of The-House and Administrative Infrastructure
Back-of-the-house facilities for staff include accommodation and mess as well as a mosque, workshop and laundry. This resort will also have a power house, Reverse Osmosis plant and a Sewage Treatment plant. Additionally, it will have a specific area for waste management and an incinerator. A water tank, fuel tank, bunds and a petrol store will also be kept on the island.
Staff accommodation
One block of staff accommodation will be developed in the middle of the island. For a resort with 116 beds it is estimated that the minimum number of staff required would be 174. This is calculated assuming that each guest would require 1.5 staff.
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Staff services
Staff services available on this island include a staff mess and mosque.
2.2.5 Guest Accommodation
Fifty units of guest accommodation will be developed on the island. This includes one bedroom beach villas, one bedroom over water villas and 2 bedroom grand over water villas. Total number of rooms add up to fifty eight and the total number of beds is assumed to be 116. Table below summarises the guest accommodation and their numbers for the island.
Table 2.3: Summary of Guest Accommodation Facilities
Type No. of units Beach Villa (1Br) 3 Over Water Villa (1Br) 39 Grand Over Water Villa (2Br) 8 Total 50
The beach villas will be constructed on a simple pad footing, concrete structure and sand-cement block masonry.
All over water structures will be constructed on concrete stilts with a pad footing. All utility services are supplied to the villas under the service jetty.
2.2.6 Guest Facilities
A number of guest facilities will be developed on the island as the island is intended as a stand- alone self-sufficient property. The following facilities are proposed on the island.
Table 2.4: Borrow area specifications
Facility Area (sq. m) Location and construction features Arrival pavilion 50 Over water on the access jetty Beach club with main 1000 Restaurant and Bar on land with a decking constructed restaurant pool and on pad footing. Pool in the intertidal zone and Bar constructed as an overwater structure. This is the main guest facility on the island. Speciality restaurant 476 Located over water and constructed on concrete stilts Spa 222 Located over water and constructed on concrete stilts
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2.2.7 Utilities – Sewerage, power and water infrastructure
Construction stage power sourcing
Power for the construction and operation stage will be provided using synchronised prime fuel oil generation sets. During construction stage it is expected that generator sets with a total capacity of 600 kVA will be used. These gensets will be introduced gradually and as needed. Power will be switched to the main generators and to the new power grids two-thirds of the way into construction stage.
Operations stage power sourcing
Electricity generation machineries will primarily be based on the island with 2 generator sets of 1,000 kVA will be installed. It is expected that the peak power generating capacity of the entire development will be approximately 900 kVA.
Under the Guideline for Power System Approval of the Maldives Energy Authority, power generation plants have to be registered. The environmental considerations and compliance will be addressed later in this report but the technical specifications of the generators will be provided during the application for registration.
This EIA is being produced based on a conceptual master plan, during which time the detailed Mechanical and Electrical Plan has not been developed. Thus, the details of the number of generators and actual capacity are not certain at this stage.
Power house
The powerhouse of the island is located next to the staff accommodation block. The structure is specially designed to be noise and vibration proof as much as possible with floor padding and wall insulations, among other measures.
Power Distribution
The planned power distribution network was not finalised at the time of this report submission. However the following information can be derived from the existing concept drawings.
Power distribution for the development will be a combination of 11kV (HV) and 240V (LV) systems. The HV distribution network will link in a single chain in the island. The voltage will be stepped down at transformer substations for local distribution at low voltage.
Power supplies to the beach villas and guest facilities the island will follow the main footpaths and supply to the water villas will follow the water villa access jetty. The land areas will require
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 29 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project excavation up to 600 mm. All cabling and connections will conform to the Maldives Electricity Regulation.
Fuel storage
Fuel storage requirements of the resort includes diesel. Diesel fuel will be primarily stored in steel tanks, about 6 m high and 6 m in diameter the island. It is estimated that about 2 tanks of 165 tonnes will be constructed in each island. Given the long distance form Male’, the Proponent would like to retain the larger storage capacity on the island. A separate 15 m2 purified fuel storage tanks will also be constructed. In addition, the facility will have separate pump stations for each fuel type and diesel oil purifier room.
The fuel tank will be bunded by solid concrete walls and will rise to at least 1600 mm above ground level. All underground tanks will also be bunded by concrete structures before placing the steel tanks.
Fuel transportation
Fuel transportation from the service jetty to the fuel tanks will be using appropriately sealed piping. Pipes will be placed 600 mm below ground level and will have safely valves and pipe line condition monitoring setups at designated locations around the island.
2.2.7.1 Water
Construction stage water sourcing
Water for the construction stage will be provided using one 200 m3/day reverse osmosis desalination plant located on the island. It may require sometime before the 200 m3 plant can be installed. Temporary 50-100 m3 /day plants may also be used.
Ground water will not be extracted for consumption or otherwise, except while dewatering for construction. Thus all water has to be sourced from desalination plants. Much of the demand for water is particularly through the demands arising from processes such as earthworks construction and concrete production.
Operation Stage Desalination Plant Design
Desalination plant will consist of one building that houses the pumping station, the pre-treatment and post-treatment line and desalination units. Additional facilities include product water tanks, elevated tanks and workshop. The desalination plant will be working with an energy recovery system.
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Desalination Plant House
The RO plant is located in the same building as the powerhouse, STP, workshop and laundry. The structure is specially designed to be noise and vibration proof as much as possible with floor padding and wall insulations, among other measures.
Water Demand
The total water demand, operating at full capacity of the resort (360) people including guests and staff, has been estimated at 175 m3/day. Some of these staff will not be resident on the island so the actual demand is expected to be about 20% less.
Desalination Plants
It is proposed to install two 200 m3 per/day reverse osmosis plants on the island, with one plant acting as a back-up. Both units will come with energy recovery system.
In addition to desalination plants, water supply will be supplemented by recycled greywater.
Water intake
Water intake will be boreholes located near the desalination plant house (see figure 2.5). A borehole is preferred over a direct pipeline to the lagoon, since water obtained from the borehole has better water quality (lower TDS and temperature), and is completely free of clogging. This allows a much longer lifetime for membranes and other equipment that use the feed water, and produces better quality product water.
The borehole will be drilled up to a depth of 30 metres with an internal diameter of approximately 20 centimetres. The screen pipes will be located along the length of the borehole. The sides will be protected using reinforced concrete, gravel packing and Bentonite clay seal. The gravel packing will start from 10 m and the pump will be located at a depth of 10 m. However, the PVC strainer top will be located at 20 m. The essential pumping zone will be between 20 and 30 m. The typical borehole design established by Maldives Water and Sewerage Company, the most likely contractors for the job, is presented in Figure 2.4.
Brine outfall
The plants will operate on an estimated 45% product water recovery, hence, with 55% brine output. The brine outfalls are proposed to be located on the northern side of both islands 1 about 240 m from the shoreline and emergency brine outfall is located in the southern side under the service jetty about 150 -160 m from the building (Figure 2.4). The pipeline will be made of
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Figure 2.4: Intake, brine outfall and sewage outfall location on the Island
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 32 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project uPVC. Brine outfall will also be combined with sewage outfall either through a single pipe or a separate pipe constructed together.
The current flow around the proposed area is eastward during SW monsoon is westward during NE monsoon. The proposed outfall site provides the moderate flushing and mixing throughout the year. Best flushing can be achieved if used with the emergency sewage outfall pipe.
Figure 2.5: Typical borehole design
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Water distribution
Water distribution within each island will be by underground pipes or by underneath elevated walkways to the water villas.
There will be three distribution pipe systems in islands where RO plant is installed. The first will transfer the water from the intake to the RO unit using a 100 Ø UPVC pipes. The second will be the main distribution line for the treated water using 80 Ø UPVC pipes. Distribution to individual rooms and facilities will be using 40 Ø UPVC pipes within the island. The third pipe system will transfer the recycled water around the island for irrigation usage.
Quality control and water quality standards
The product water will be according to standards defined by EPA Maldives. Where standards are not defined for specific parameters the product water will meet EU standards applicable to water intended for human consumption.
The proposed desalination plants can produce fresh water from sea water pumped at 16 m3 per hour with TDS of 45,000 ppm at 25°C. The water produced from the plants will have a quality TDS <500 ppm at a pressure of less than 2 Bar. The system efficiency is rated at 45%. The brine outfall can handle a TDS of 60,000 at 9 m3 per hour.
Water security logistics will be elaborated during detailed designing.
Hot water supply
Hot water may be produced from solar water heaters. All guest rooms, staff accommodation, kitchens and other required areas will be supplied with hot water. Groups of 5-6 units each will be connected to 600 ton capacity units, with all hot water piping made from PP-R piping.
Other water sources
Rainwater will be collected from the back-of-house-area roofing and conveyed to be mixed with the first stage reverse osmosis treated water. The mixed water will then pass the second stage of the reverse osmosis for potable water production. Alternatively excess water can be used for irrigation.
Water storage
Water storage will be steel/plastic/fibreglass tank which are located on each island. The capacity on each island will be sufficient for 7 days’ worth of water at normal operation consumption. The total capacity for the development is expected to be between 1225 m3. The storage tanks will be
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 34 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project located next to the desalination plant building. Specification details of the storage tanks were not available at the time of this report preparation.
2.2.7.2 Sewerage Management System
Construction stage sewage management
Sewage during the construction stage will be managed using temporary septic tanks.
Operations Stage Sewerage System Design
The proposed sewerage system for the island is the conventional gravity system. It is based on constructing a system of sewers, which allows the sewage to flow downhill under gravity to a central point which are pump stations. The proposed sewerage system consists of the following main components:
Pipelines
Manholes
Pump stations
Building connections
Sewerage Treatment Plant
Emergency outfall The details of the sewerage network were not completed at the time of the survey. The conceptual plan of the network comprises of pressure pipes about 800Ø mm in diameter collecting material from the ocean villas and private residences and gravity pipes for beach villas and lines connecting to pressure pipes. Pump stations will transfer material for the over water structures. There will be 2-3 pump stations located across the island.
The sewage will be collected via pipe work into a tank – the raw effluent collection sump. All the wastewater will be treated and recycled. The resort will not discharge directly to the sea as this has the potential of damaging the reef ecosystem as well as degrade aesthetics.
Sewerage Treatment Plant Design and System Processes
The resort plans to use a 300 m3/day Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) System for sewage management. The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a fill-and draw activated sludge system for wastewater treatment. In this system, wastewater is added to a single “batch” reactor, treated to remove undesirable components, and then discharged. The system works by oxidization and mixing active biomass, thereby creating a condition for bacteria to flourish and breakdown organic
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 35 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project matter. This system may be operated to achieve denitrification as well as BOD reduction. The system is controlled by sensors connected to timers and clocks that control the aeration. Treated effluent or recycled water will be reused for irrigation. The sludge can be reused after disinfection and drying. This system has been successfully used in the small resorts of Maldives where space is limited.
The proposed plant designed for a peak flow of 175 m3/day and will operate at a normal flow rate of 5-10 m3/hour.
The systems have five steps that are carried out in a timed sequence: (1) fill, (2) react (aeration), (3) sedimentation, (4) decant the supernatant, and (5) idle.
Figure 2.6: The process of denitrification in the SBR system
The process flow diagram of the proposed system is unavailable at the time of this report preparation as the contractor and model for SBR system had not been decided. Under the EIA processes for tourism development projects, detailed designs are only required after the EIA has been approved. It is assumed that Odegalla will have a system similar to other resort islands in Maldives. Hence, the process flows in similar units are as follows:
First the screening of incoming sewage is under taken at the receiving tank, after which the storage and initial lifting will take place. A fine screening process follows before biological and denitrification and nitrification occurs in the main reactor. A stage of reaction follows before the purified water is drained with pumps. Post-disinfection treatment will be given by dosing sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid as the effluent is going to be used for watering plants. Periodic discharge of excess surface sludge is undertaken automatically but seasonal disposal of excess sludge, preferably with dehydration plastic bags is required. The system is also connected to the emergency outfall (see following sections).
Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) House
A purpose built building will house the STP system and will be constructed next to the powerhouse.
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Emergency Sewage outfall
The emergency sewage outfall is proposed to be located outside the reef, at a depth of 5 m on the southeastern side of the island, and at a distance of about 265 m from the shore (see Figure 2.4 above). The piping will be buried 0.6 m below the seabed and anchored using concrete weights on the reef slope.
Wastewater Influent
No historical data is available for the nature of sewage likely to be available at the proposed wastewater treatment plants. Treatment will, therefore, be based on assumptions, international standards and referenced Maldives information as in Table 2.5.
Table 2.5: Characterization of wastewater influent
Parameter Design Value/Units Reference/Notes Flows Average Daily Flow 100 l/person/day Based on resorts with similar (ADF) facilities Peak flow to treatment ~ 300 l/person/day (i.e. 3.0 x Assumed for up to 5 hrs per day (PFT) ADF) Concentration/loads BOD 220 mg/l COD 580 mg/l Refer footnote 1 TSS 240 mg/l Refer footnote
NH4-N 14 mg/l Refer footnote TKN 50.5 mg/l Refer footnote Total Phosphorous 9 mg/l Refer footnote Fats Oils & Grease 87.5 mg/l Refer footnote Total coliforms 5.5 x 108 / 100 ml Refer footnote Faecal coliforms 5.0 x 108 / 100 ml Refer footnote Other parameters pH 6.5 – 7.5 Assumed Wastewater temperature 20 – 30 ͦC Assumed Based on the above calculations, the maximum flow is expected to be 300 m3 per day, which can be handled with the proposed system.
1 National Wastewater Quality Guidelines, Maldives, MWSA-NWWQG 2006, 1st Ed
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Treated Wastewater Quality
The treated water quality at the outlet of the tertiary treatment plant after treatment will have the following quality.
Table 2.6: Treated waste water quality requirements
Parameter Standard pH 6.0 – 8.0 BOD < 10 ppm COD < 30 ppm Total Suspended Solids < 3 ppm Oil and Grease < 5 ppm Turbidity < 0.2 NTU
The treated water will be reused for irrigation. This will assist in recharging the aquifer and in the conservation of freshwater in the island.
2.2.7.3 Waste Management Infrastructure
A waste management block and incinerator has been included in the concept drawings for the resort. The waste management area will be used to segregate the waste into metals, plastics and glass.
The following equipment for treatment and disposal will be installed on the resort:
Waste incinerator
Metal can compactor
Glass and bottle crusher
Plastic waste shredder
Green waste shredder/wood chipper
Earth tub for composting kitchen waste Waste incinerator will meet the Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Housing and Environment specifications. The aim will be to meet the following emission limits:
Particulate matter 197 mg/dscm
Carbon monoxide 40 ppmv
Sulphur dioxide 55 ppmv
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Nitrogen oxides 250 ppmv Details of the waste management system are presented under the Environmental Management.
2.2.7.4 Waste Management
The resort will have a Solid Waste Management Plan. Combustible matter will be incinerated on site and the rest of non-combustible matter taken away from the island to designated disposal grounds, to Thilafushi waste site. The incineration plant will employ heat recovery to reduce energy demand. Spillage during transportation will be minimized by using appropriate technology and handling of wastes.
The following waste management procedures are proposed to ensure minimum environmental impact from solid waste in the resort.
Incinerator, bottle crusher, compactor and other appropriate machinery used shall be fuel- efficient. Packaging of all imported supplies and materials will be controlled to ensure that the majority of items will be either organically degradable or recycled. Other materials would be incinerated or shipped to Thilafushi. Organic waste from kitchen and toilets will be processed by means of anaerobic digestion, which will ensure that the process is odourless and that the resultant sludge can be used (odourless) for improving the quality of the soil on the island.
Government is planning to establish a waste management centre on Hithadhoo Island and to transfer waster from Huvadhoo Island using collector vessels. If this plan comes into effect, the designated waste management centre will become Hithadhoo Island Waste Management Centre and transportation will be undertaken by a Government designated waste management company.
2.2.8 Construction Waste Management and Disposal
Waste would be general domestic waste arising from material consumption by construction workforce. These will be managed according to Waste Management Plan and it would be the Contractor’s responsibility to dispose of all construction-related waste during demobilisation along with any other waste. The Contractor will be required to clear all areas of work.
Once the resort is in operation, the designated regional waste site for this project is Thilafushi Waste Management Centre.
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2.2.9 Landscaping
Landscaping and revegetation will be undertaken on the island during construction There are three sources for vegetation: (i) smaller trees from the nursery to be developed on the island; (ii) coconut palms and other trees imported from Hulhimendhoo Island and Dhigurah; and (iii) imported varieties from countries, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore. Some trees will have to be brought from other nearby islands but no islands have been identified yet. The trees to be transported from GA. Hulhimendhoo and GA. Dhigurah Island will be covered in separate EIAs relating to resort development on those islands. Landscaping plan is not finalised yet and is not covered in this EIA. In the absence of a landscaping plan, it is estimated that the island may require between 100-150 coconut palms and 600-800 smaller plants. All approvals required under the tree felling regulations will be obtained before proceeding including a separate EIA for the activity.
2.2.10 Resort Operations
2.2.10.1 Transportation
Transport of tourists will be mainly by speedboats from Koodoo domestic airport. Cargo to and waste from the island will be transported using boats that will use the jetty for unloading and transport via truck. Regular boat transfers are expected to transfer staff to nearby islands, reducing the need for onsite accommodation.
2.2.10.2 Guest and Staff Activities
Snorkelling, diving and recreational fishing will be the main tourist activities. These will be carried out with extreme care for the environment. Guests will also be made aware of areas of high currents, eddies and rips for their personal safety. Other recreation and sports facilities on-site will include billiard/table tennis and darts, library and spa.
Staff will be provided with their own recreation areas for sports and will be provided with a TV and Internet facilities for their entertainment and education.
Guest activities will be carried out with emphasis on guest education and awareness on the fragile nature of the Maldives ecosystems. Staff awareness programmes will also be conducted and good environmental practice established.
2.2.10.3 Landscaping
There will be an ongoing land scaping programme on the island, which may require replanting of new trees. The vegetation source for this programme will be a small nursery built on the island.
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Some overseas varieties may be imported to develop the nursery and will be done according to the floral and faunal import regulations of Maldives.
Additional replanting of trees may be required from other islands but at this stage it is unclear how many trees will be required and from where it will be sourced. All approvals required under the tree felling regulations will be obtained before proceeding.
2.3 Work Methodology
2.3.1 Site Clearance
Site clearance will be one of the first activities during the construction stage of the resort. Clearance will be mainly in the form of minor vegetation clearance on the island. The island only has about 70 sq. m of vegetation. An area of 30 sq. m of vegetation may be affected and will need to be relocated. There are only coastal bush trees on the island. Vegetation removal is addressed in more detail in the impacts section.
Marine areas to be cleared include the proposed stilt and borrow area foot prints.
2.3.2 Dredging and Reclamation
As noted in the previous section dredging will be undertaken using excavators mounted on a sand bed. Dredging will begin by constructing a sand bund around the main reclamation site. A sand bed will be constructed from the island towards the borrow site. Dredged material will be transported to the site on trucks via the sand bed. The material will be deposited at the reclamation site and will be levelled by a loader.
Beach will be constructed last and may require sieving before placement. Sieving will be done on the reclaimed area. Additional material may be stockpiled on the island for use in construction and backfilling.
2.3.3 Mobilisation of Equipment and Materials
Site mobilisation involves the mobilisation of construction equipment, materials and workforce to the island and providing necessary storage for materials and site access and services for the workforce. This activity has its environmental consequences including transport-related impacts, site-access related impacts and workforce related impacts. These will be considered in detail in Chapter 5 of this report. All site mobilisation and construction related activities would be undertaken in a planned manner in order to avoid excessive cost and environmental implications.
Initial mobilization will be using a landing craft directly onto the island
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2.3.4 Construction System
All land based buildings will be constructed using traditional block and steel placed on concrete platforms supported by concrete piles where required. There is no information available currently on the requirements for space and equipment for the proposed manufacture of piles on the site.
2.3.5 Dewatering, Excavation and Pipeline Installation
Pipeline for the proposed water, power and sewage network is proposed to be installed at a depth of 0.6 m to 0.8 m on the sides of the footpaths. Excavation to a maximum depth of 1.0 m may be required. A mini excavator will be used to trenching works. Where instability of the sand/soil conditions is experienced, trench shoring is to be used to maintain the vertical integrity of the sidewalls.
It is expected that only minor dewatering will be required in low areas during construction and installation of pipe networks. The water tables lie on average between 0.8m below ground level.
All water removed during dewatering will be discharged onto the ground for re-percolation back into the water table as outlined in the EPA guidelines.
2.3.6 Construction Overwater
All overwater structures will be constructed on concrete stilts with the appropriately sized footings. The stilts or piles will be pre-casted on land to designated lengths and will be placed in the water using excavators or cranes. The foundations of the stilts will be placed on the seabed after manual excavation up to 0.5 m.
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Figure 2.7: Construction stage activties site plan Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 43 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
2.4 Construction process and program
2.4.1 Overall program
The project is designed to be completed within 24 months and work is scheduled to begin on the 2nd quarter of 2019. Resort construction works are expected to be completed by the mid-2021. Preliminary detailed work plan is provided in Appendix D. The actual details will vary as the project details are worked out.
The project is currently in the detailed designing phase. The initial concept master plan have been approved. Work is ongoing to refine the master plan and to prepare the detail drawings. Focus is now placed completing the EIA process and contracting for dredging and reclamation works. Further approvals including this EIA approval, construction approval for dredging and reclamation, detailed drawings approval from MoT is required to implement the project construction stage.
2.4.2 Construction Sequence and Staging
The project work will be divided into two main phases: dredging and reclamation, and resort construction phase.
Dredging and Reclamation Phase
Given that the expansion of island is necessary before a resort can be constructed, this phase will focus on establishing the island. Works in this stage include reclamation, access infrastructure construction and temporary infrastructure establishment. Revegetation, while desirable, may not be implemented immediately as time is required for the soil system to establish. The dredging and reclamation phase, is expected to be completed in 2-3 months.
Project contracting and mobilisation for the project will begin after the EIA is approved. Site setting out and setting the mitigation measures such as bund wall construction and silt screen deployment will the first tasks completed.
Resort Construction Phase
During the initial stage of resort infrastructure construction, temporary facilities will be set up. This includes temporary accommodation and temporary service facilities. At this stage some source of temporary services for power, water, sewerage and telecommunications will need to be established before the actual equipment arrives. These will be on a very temporary basis for a period of about three months.
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The first activities relating to permanent construction include the desalination plant/power house and staff accommodation. Construction of some of the staff facilities and building works for some services would commence prior to the guest villas and the public areas. This will ensure that some of the services could be used during the construction stage as well.
The construction of the guest villas and public areas are expected to take the longest duration of the construction program. Of these the majority of time will be spent on finishing details of the built structures. Mock-up guest villas would be made at an early stage to use it for marketing as well as to refine the design.
Simultaneously, work on completing the final aspects of the services will be carried out. The timing for completion of this activity will be such that individual connection to the bungalows can be made without disrupting the services to the staff facilities that will be used to some extent by the construction workers. Once the service connections are made, testing and commissioning of the completed services lines will be carried out.
Aspects of landscaping would be an important consideration. A nursery would be set up on the island at an early stage to prepare plants and planting material.
During the final stages, in addition to completing the guest villas and public areas, refurbishment of the jetty, service facilities and staff facilities will be carried out. This will be done at the same time as the final landscaping is done.
Demobilisation and site clearance will be the final activity of the construction program.
2.5 Work Force and Services
2.5.1 Workforce
It is projected that the total number of employees during the peak construction stage is expected to be around 800. The workforce requirement in the initial few months while dredging is ongoing is expected to be below 100, increasing gradually after completion of Island.
Workforce will reach over a thousand when resort construction works begin, peaking around 2020
2.5.2 Material Storage, Site Office and Worker’s Accommodation
Temporary accommodation facilities and a site office will be constructed for workers and administrative purposes. In locating temporary accommodation as well as material storage and other construction-related infrastructure and services on the island, special attention would be
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 45 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project given to ensure there is minimal impact on the environment. Temporary accommodation facilities will be built over water due to lack of space.
It is also possible that local subcontractors may accommodate their staff in Nilandhoo or Maamendhoo Island and shuttle for work on boats.
The employees will be procured through local media advertisements and foreign recruitment agents following screening. Approximately 20% of the workforce is estimated be locals, while the remaining 80% are expected to be foreign workers.
2.5.3 Services
The contractor will be responsible for providing meals and services for the workers and it will be provided on site. The details of this component are unclear at this stage.
2.5.4 Hours of Operation
Construction activity will be undertaken during normal working hours for construction. The proponent understands that the conduct of construction activities outside normal construction industry hours will be required to conform to the duty of care to not cause an environmental nuisance with respect to noise, vibration or air quality, Waste Management, Logistics and Safety Measures.
2.5.5 Procurement
Materials for construction will be outsourced to local and foreign parties who are capable in providing them on a needed basis. Bulk materials will be shipped from India and other countries directly to the site. Barges will unload from the large cargo vessel close to the site. Cargo boats may have to be anchored in the vicinity of the site. Other materials will be shipped to Male’ ports and sent to site on local vessels. Furniture will be imported at the later stages of the project, approximately 8 month prior to completion of the project.
2.5.6 Construction Waste Management and Disposal
Construction waste would be general domestic waste arising from material consumption by construction workforce. There will also be These will be managed according to Waste Management Plan and it would be the Contractor’s responsibility to dispose of all construction- related waste during demobilisation along with any other waste. The Contractor will be required to clear all areas of work.
The designated regional waste site for this project is Thilafushi Waste Site, until Hithadhoo Regional Waste Management Centre becomes operational.
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2.5.7 Pollution Control Measures
The following measures will be taken to ensure minimal pollution during construction stage.
Machinery will be properly tuned and maintained to reduce emissions and minimize risk of spills/leaks.
Fuel storage will be bunded
Spill kits will be maintained around island to handle any liquid spills
Septic tanks will be utilized for sewage and wastewater disposal during construction period
All paints, lubricants, and other chemicals used on site will be stored in secure and bunded location to minimize risk of spill
2.5.8 Health and Safety Measures
The following health and safety measures will be implemented during the construction stage.
Contractor would ensure that Health and Safety procedures are complied.
Construction activities would be carried out under the supervision of a suitably experienced person.
All reasonable precautions will be taken for the safety of employees, and equipment will be operated by competent persons.
Health checks will be administered before work commences
Warning signs, barricades or warning devices will be provided and used.
Necessary safety gear will be worn at all times.
Fire extinguishing equipment would be readily available and employees will be trained in its use.
Oxygen, acetylene or LPG bottles will not be left free-standing.
First aid kits will be made available on site
The construction site will be properly closed to unauthorised personnel
2.5.9 Fire Prevention
Fire extinguishing equipment would be readily available and employees will be trained in its use. In general, water-based fire extinguishers would be used.
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Oxygen, acetylene or LPG bottles will not be left freestanding. All welding and cutting will be done in accordance to high safety regulations by experienced personnel.
2.6 Demand on Infrastructure and Services
The construction and operation of the Resort will create demands on the following national and local infrastructure:
a. Port services
The large scale importation of construction material during the construction stage will require increase services from port facilities at Male’ Commercial Port and Hulhule International Airport.
b. Marine transport
The workforce during construction will increase the demand for local transport marine transport service providers and local boat owners ranging from cargo boat operators, passenger service vessels and speed boats.
c. Waste management
There will be increased supply of waste to Thilafushi Island or Hithadhoo Regional Waste Management Centre, particularly during operation.
2.7 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs
The types of materials that will go into the development and from where and how this will be obtained are given in Table 2.7 and the type of outputs (products and waste streams) and what is expected to happen to the outputs are given in Table 2.8.
Table 2.7: Major Project Inputs
Input resource(s) Source/Type How to obtain resources Construction workers Local and foreign, mainly foreign Recruiting agencies, etc. Operational Staff Mainly Maldivians Advertise in local papers, social networks, etc. Construction material Timber; Thatch for roof, electrical cables and Import and purchase wires, DBs and MCBs, PVC pipes, light weight where locally concrete blocks, reinforcement steel bars, sand, available at cement, aggregates, telephone cable CAT 5, competitive prices – PVC conduits, floor and wall tiles, gypsum boards, calcium silicate boards, zinc coated
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Input resource(s) Source/Type How to obtain resources corrugated metal roof, paint, varnish, lacquer, Main Contractor’s thinner, geo textile, etc. responsibility. Maintenance material Similar to above Import or purchase locally where available Water supply (during Desalinated water 50-100 m3/day construction) desalination plant Electricity/Energy Diesel 450 kVA generator (during construction) Water supply (during Desalinated water 2x200 m3/day RO operation) plant Electricity/Energy Diesel 2x1000 kVA (during operation) Solar generator Diving and sports gear Air Compressor Import Nitrox Enabled Air Compressor Nitrox Membrane System High Pressured Air bank (for Nitrox Membrane System) Electrical Energy efficient machinery and lighting; ozone- Local suppliers appliances/machinery friendly refrigerators Telecommunications Hotel Phone Systems, Fax Machines, E-mail and Local telecom internet facilities company to provide telecom service Transport (air and sea) International air travel, domestic air and sea transport Food and Beverage Mainly imported sources except a few locally Import and purchase available products. Preference will be given to locally locally produced food items
Laundry chemicals Detergent, All Purpose Cleaners, Glass Cleaners, Local resort suppliers Bathroom Cleaners, Destainer Bleach, Oxygen Bleach, Softener, Alkali Neutraliser, Builder C Detergent, Detergent Plus, Starch, Stain Spots Remover, etc. NOTE: All Chemicals are Bio- degradable compounds
Paper Products Tissue Roll, Tissue Boxes, Hand Tissues, Guest Local suppliers In-room Paper Amenities/ Brochures Office Use Paper Products Insecticides, pesticides, Imported pesticides Local suppliers etc.
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Input resource(s) Source/Type How to obtain resources Firefighting equipment Fire Pumps, Fire Protection System, Smoke Local suppliers Detectors, Carbon Dioxide and Foam Fire Extinguishers, etc. Fuel, Kerosene and LPG Light Diesel, LPG Gas, Petrol, Lubricants Local suppliers
Table 2.8: Major Project Outputs
Output Source/Type Quantity How it will be dealt with Outputs during construction stage Green waste from site Small quantity Relocated to other areas of the clearance island Construction waste Small quantities Combustibles: Burnt/incinerated (general) Others: Sent to designated landfill Outputs during operational stage Potable water bottles >2,5000 Plastic bottles per month Plastic Bottles – compacted and and >150 Glass bottles per month sent to designated landfill; Glass – Reused or Returned to manufacturer; rest crushed and send to designated landfill Non-potable water 2000 litres per day Recharge the aquifer (plantation, gardening, landscaping, etc.) Sewage and wastewater About 100 litres/person/day Treated wastewater reuse and Grey water/laundry excess pumped to sea, bio- wastewater degradable chemicals General/domestic waste >300x60L rubbish bags per month Combustibles: incinerated Others: Sent to designated landfill Food and kitchen waste >1550800 kg per day Bio-degradable: deep sea disposal, non-biodegradable: incinerated Waste oil and grease 1,000 litres per month Incinerated Sealed in barrels and transported to designated land fills Scrap metal/cans/plastics >50 kg per day Made available for locals to reuse Paper and cardboard >50 boxes per day Sent to designated area Glass and glass bottles >50 bottles per day Sent to designated area Hazardous waste >100 litres of diesel and oils per Barrelled and sent to designated month landfill (Thilafushi) Garden wastes Moderate quantities Composted on site and used as fertilizer where possible or sent to designated land fill.
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3 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
These legal and policy provisions have to be fully respected in carrying out the proposed development. All contractors and sub-contractors will be informed of these requirements. This project conforms to all relevant laws and regulations of the Maldives.
3.1 Relevant Legislation
3.1.1 Tourism Act (Act no. 2/99)
The main law on tourism in the Maldives (Act no. 15/79) was passed by the Citizen’s Majlis in November 1979, outlining the basic regulations for the resorts on registration and operation, and tax policies. The original law had seven clauses in it and amendments were made to the original law through law no: 11/80, 14/80, 4/82, 6/83 and 2/87. The present law (2/99) came into force on the first of November 1999.
The project shall comply with the Tourism Act in terms of its title to build and operate a resort on the lagoon, development concept and operational standards.
With the Tourism Law as the basis, a number of regulations, standards and controls have been specified by the Ministry of Tourism, for operations within the tourism sector. The book of tourism regulations comprises of important regulatory measures including Building Standards, Sanitation Standards, Disposal of Garbage, Carrying Capacity, Electricity Code and Tourist Behaviour.
The project shall comply with all the relevant Tourism Regulations with regard to its concept designs, construction and operation.
The Tourism Related Environment Impact Assessment Regulation (regulation 2015/R-157) was gazetted on 3rd August 2015. This regulation addresses all issues related to the EIA process for all tourism related development activities.
The project shall comply with this regulation, and further information about this regulation is provided in the next section.
A tourism planning permission has to be obtained from the Ministry of Tourism, before undertaking any tourism related project. Such permission often requires a study of the environment and the likely impacts.
Accordingly, the concept design of the proposed tourist resort development in Odagalla Island has been approved by the Ministry of Tourism. Reapplication required as the reclamation shapes have been updated.
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3.1.2 Employment Act (2/2008)
The Employment Act is the legal framework to govern the rights and responsibilities of the migrant workers in the Maldives is included in the Employment Act (2/2008) that was ratified and signed into law in May 2008. The Employment Act provides for the creation of a Labour Relations Authority, an Employment Tribunal and an Advisory Board on wages.
To date, four amendments have been brought to the Employment Act (2/2008). All contractors shall be required to undertake ethical recruitment and responsible employment of workers during the construction stage of the project.
During the operation stage an ethical recruitment and responsible employment policy and system will be developed and implemented. Amendments were made through the following Acts: 14/2008; 12/2010; 3/2014; 14/2015.
All contractors shall be required to undertake ethical recruitment and responsible employment of workers during the construction stage of the project.
During the operation stage an ethical recruitment and responsible employment policy and system will be developed and implemented.
3.1.3 Immigration Act (1/2007)
The Maldives Immigration Act (1/2007) lays down the rules for entry, departure and deportation of foreign nationals. Article 15 of the Act provides for work visa: the permit to remain in the Maldives for the duration of a work permit granted to a foreign national visiting the Maldives for the purpose of working, where a work permit has been obtained by that foreign national consistent with the regulations of the concerned Government authority.
It is anticipated that a very high number of foreign migrant workers will be employed both during construction and operation stage of the project. Special emphasis will need to be given to ensure that all workers have the relevant work visas and proper documentation while working in the Maldives.
3.1.4 Anti-Human Trafficking Act (12/2013)
The Anti-Human Trafficking Act passed by the parliament on 03 December 2013 and ratified on 08 December 2013 makes trafficking in persons a criminal offence in the Maldives. The purposes of the Act are to: prevent trafficking of persons through and across the Maldives; establish the crimes of trafficking in persons and prescribe punishments; provide for prosecution of perpetrators of trafficking in persons; provide protection and assistance to victims of human trafficking;
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The Act defines the crimes of trafficking, exploitation, and debt bondage. According to this Act, forced labour and fraudulent recruitment are considered human trafficking. The Act specifies the penalties for perpetrators of trafficking. The penalty for trafficking offence is a jail imprisonment up to 10 years that can be extended to 15 years if children are involved.
A very high number of foreign migrant workers are anticipated during the construction stage of the project. It is important to ensure that all contractors abide by stringent measures to ensure there is no exploitation of foreign migrant workers. Special attention shall be given to ensure wages are paid in full and on time; the travel documents of workers are not held by contractors against the will of the workers, foreign migrant workers are not required to pay recruitment fees, there is no forced labour and all workers are treated with dignity and respect.
3.1.5 Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Act no. 4/93)
The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (4/93) enacted on 19 March 1993 is the framework law related to environment protection in the Maldives. The authority responsible for the Environment Act is the Ministry of Environment and Energy.
Articles 2, 4, 7, and 8 of the law are relevant to the resort development Project.
Article 2 states that the concerned government authorities shall provide the necessary guidelines and advise on environmental protection in accordance with the prevailing conditions and needs of the country. All concerned parties shall take due considerations of the guidelines provided by the government authorities.
The project developers and contractors shall abide by any guidelines or advice given by the concerned Government authorities for the project.
Article 4 states that the Ministry of Environment shall be responsible for identifying protected areas and natural reserves and for drawing up the necessary rules and regulations for their protections and preservation.
The project developers and contractors shall ensure that there is no negative impact from the proposed project on any protected areas.
Article 7 of the EPPA (4/93) states that any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substances that may have harmful effects on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives. In cases where the disposal of the substances becomes absolutely necessary, they shall be disposed only within the areas designated for the purpose by the government. If such waste is
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to be incinerated, appropriate precaution should be taken to avoid any harm to the health of the population.
All project contractors shall comply with the Environmental Management Plan presented in this report, which specifies how the wastes, oil and gases generated by the project will be disposed.
Article 8 of the EPPA (4/93) states that Hazardous/ Toxic or Nuclear Wastes that is harmful to human health and the environment shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country.
Any hazardous wastes that may be generated from this project shall be transferred to the designated waste site in Thilafushi for disposal according to Government regulations and standards. It should not be disposed on the Island, as it does not have the necessary facility.
3.2 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines
3.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012
Environmental Impact Assessment regulations were issued by Environment Ministry on 8 May 2012. The first step in environmental assessment process involves screening of the project to be classified as one that requires an EIA or not. Based on this decision, the Ministry then decides the scope of the EIA, which is discussed with the proponent and the EIA consultants in a “scoping meeting”. The consultants then undertake the EIA starting with baseline studies, impact prediction and finally reporting the findings with impact mitigation and monitoring programme. This report follows the principles and procedures for EIA outlined in the EIA regulations.
The EIA report is reviewed by MEE following which an EIA Decision Note is given to the proponent who will have to implement the Decision Note accordingly. As a condition of approval, appropriate environmental monitoring may be required and the proponent shall have to report monitoring data at required intervals to the Ministry. The project proponent is committed to implement all impact mitigation measures that are specified in this EIA report. Furthermore, the proponent is committed to environmental monitoring and shall fulfil environmental monitoring requirements that may be specified in the EIA decision note as a condition for project approval.
This report complies with the EIA regulations.
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3.2.2 Tourist resort operation regulation or guideline
A tourism planning permission has to be obtained from the Ministry of Tourism, before undertaking any tourism related project. Such permission often requires a study of the environment and the likely impacts.
The concept design of the proposed tourist resort development is approved by MoT.
3.2.3 Regulation on provision of electricity
All power plants operated in the Maldives to supply electricity to public homes and commercial purposes would have to be registered with Maldives Energy Authority (MEA).
The proponent is required to submit completed application forms with all technical details of the power plant. A licensed engineer is required to complete all the documents needed by MEA for the registration.
3.2.4 Desalination Regulation
According to Desalination Regulation of the Maldives, all desalination plants operating in the Maldives catering for public water supplies and commercial purposes would have to be registered with EPA.
The desalination plants to be installed will have to be registered with EPA. For this, the Proponent will be required to submit the EIA Decision Note for this EIA report, completed application forms with all details of the plant to be registered. A copy of the relevant section of this EIA may be appended to the forms as justification for the desalination plants.
3.2.5 Regulation on the Protection and Conservation of the Environment in the Tourism Industry
With the Tourism Law as the basis, the Ministry of Tourism has released environmental regulations for tourist resort development and operation in 2006.
In the design, construction, and development of the resort, the environmental regulations issued by the Tourism Ministry will be adhered to.
3.2.6 Regulation on Sand and Coral Mining
Regulation on sand mining covers sand mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased; sand mining from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands; and aggregate mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased and from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands.
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Coral mining from house reef and atoll rim has been banned through a directive from President’s Office dated 26 September 1990.
Sand should not be mined from any part of the resort’s beach (when reclaimed) or any beach. Sand should also not be mined from within 100 ft. of the shoreline. Please see regulation on dredging and reclamation for further controls.
3.2.7 Regulation on Cutting Down, Uprooting, Digging Out and Export of Trees and Palms from One Island to Another
Pursuant to the Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives 1993, the Environment Ministry made a by-law with the purpose of educating developers about the importance of trees including best management practices for maintaining trees and provide standards for preservation of trees in the Maldives and set down rules and regulations to be adhered to prior to commencing felling, uprooting, digging out and exporting of trees and palms from one island to another in Maldives.
The by law states that the cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another can only be done if it is absolutely necessary and there is no other alternative. It further states that for every tree or palm removed in the Maldives two more should be planted and grown in the island.
The by law prohibits the removal of the following tree types;
The coastal vegetation growing around the islands extending to about 15 meters into the island
All the trees and palms growing in mangrove and wetlands spreading to 15 meters of land area;
All the trees that are in a Government protected areas;
Trees that are being protected by the Government in order to protect species of animal/organisms that live in such trees; and
Trees/palms that is abnormal in structure. Given the small size of the island makes all the limited vegetation on the island coastal vegetation. Its removal will be restricted under the current regulation. However, given the island is being enlarged the coastal vegetation will be established anew.
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3.2.8 Regulation on Dredging and Land Reclamation
The regulation of Dredging and Land Reclamation was published on 2 April 2013 with the aim of minimising environmental impacts associated with dredging activities in islands and reefs across Maldives.
The regulation defines the rationales acceptable for dredging as those related to approved development activities on inhabited islands and economic islands. It defines that those activities should be if utmost necessity for dredging to be considered.
All dredging and reclamation activities must be approved by EPA in writing. The process includes the submission of project information to EPA along with a scaled before and after map. This process has now been transferred to the Ministry of Tourism following the amendments to Tourism Law.
The regulation defines rationales for reclamation as those absolutely necessary for social, economic or safety purposes.
Beach replenishment is restricted from 10 m of the registered shoreline in resort islands
Dredging is restricted in the following areas:
o 500 m from the ocean side reef edge o 50 m from any island vegetation line o An environmentally sensitive site
Land reclamation is restricted within 200 m of a sensitive area.
Land reclamation cannot exceed 30% of the house reef area This proposal at present does not have conceptual approval for the dredging and reclamation activities from MoT. Dredging and Reclamation Approval from EPA will be provided after the EIA is approved.
3.2.9 Regulation on Conservation of Old Trees
This regulation aims at identifying ways to manage protected trees in the Maldives. The reason for the formulation of the law is due to the increased cutting down of trees resulting in the loss of the islands natural, biological wellness and greenness. And due to the extinction of some types of trees at island level and rapid reduction in the amount of certain types of trees at national level and also to comply with the convention on biological diversity
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There are no old trees on the island that fits within this regulation. Some trees may have to be imported from other islands. The project shall not bring any significant old tree from another island.
3.2.10 Dewatering Regulation (Regulation No. 2013/R-1697)
This regulation is drafted under the Act number 4/93 (Maldives Environment Protection and Preservation Act) and issued on 31st December 2013. The main purpose of the regulation is to minimize the impact of dewatering activities on ground water table and also to decrease the impacts on the receiving environment of the disposed water. The regulation encourages prevention of contamination and damage to ground water table, protect the living organisms as well as the environment from the negative impacts due to dewatering activities. This regulation is to be enforced by EPA of the Maldives. If dewatering is to be carried out for any development purposes in any of the islands in Maldives, it shall be done by gaining a written approval from the enforcing agency or an agency assigned by the enforcing body. However, dewatering done at individual level i.e., from a bore well or for the purpose of installing a bore well and water drawn for agricultural purposes are considered exceptions from the regulation. Dewatering can only be carried out after gaining approval by submitting “the dewatering approval form” in the annex 1 to the enforcing body for approval with all the required documents expressed and with an administrative fee of Rf500. Water quality tests results also have to be submitted as one of the required component. The regulation also guides on where and how the extracted water shall be disposed of, and how it has to be handled. According to the regulation, permission can be granted for dewatering at a stretch for a maximum of 28 days, for which a sum of Rf500 should be paid per day. This amount is liable to be increased with the number of days increased. A fine not exceeding Rf100 million may be charged for violation.
This project may require pumping water during exaction works. The proponent may require getting an approval from EPA before commencing excavation.
3.2.11 Waste Management Regulation 2013
Waste Management Regulation (WMR) was published on August 2013 and came into effect in February 2014. It is implemented by EPA. The aim of WMR is to implement the national waste policy, which contains specific provisions to:
- Implement measures to minimize impacts on human health
- Formulate and implement waste management standards
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- Implement an integrated framework for sustainable waste management
- Encourage waste minimisation, reuse and recycling
- Implement Polluter-Pays Principle
- Introduce Extended Producer Responsibility WMR contains four main sections:
- Waste management standards: Defines standards for waste collection, transfer, treatment, storage, waste site management, landfills and managing hazardous waste.
- Waste management Permits: Defines approval procedures for waste sites
- Waster transfer: Standards and permits required for waste transport on land and sea, including trans-boundary movements.
- Reporting requirements: Defines reporting and monitoring requirements and procedures.
- Enforcement: Defines procedures to implement WRM and penalties for non-compliance. This project is designed to be in compliance with the Ministry of Tourism standards for waste management, which requires the island to manage most of its waste. Any waste taken out of the island and the receiving waste management site shall be in compliance with this regulation. Thilafushi is the designated waste disposal site until the Hithadhoo Waste Management Centre becomes active.
3.2.12 Regulation on Migratory Birds (Regulation No. 2014/R-169)
This regulation is drafted under the Act number 4/93 (Maldives Environment Protection and Preservation Act) and issued on 21st August 2014. Birds which migrate to the Maldives during different monsoon periods are considered as an integral part of the Environment of Maldives and the main purpose of this regulation is to protect migratory bird species by deterring any activities that may harm their population levels. Under this regulation, all birds found in the Maldives with the exception of the following are considered as Migratory birds;
Dhivehi Kambili Huvadhoo Raa’Bondhi Dhivehi Raa’Bondhi Medhu-Raajetherey Raa’Bondhi Dhivehi Koveli Kaalhu
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And, for such migratory birds, it is illegal to carry out any activity that involves;
Rearing in captivity, Trade of birds or their eggs, Poaching birds or their eggs, Eating bird meat or their eggs, and Harming birds or their nests.
This regulation is to be enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the Maldives, and if any such activity is to be carried out for any research purposes in any of the islands in Maldives, it shall be done by gaining a written approval from the enforcing agency or an agency assigned by the enforcing body. A fine not exceeding Rf50,000/- may be charged for violation with an incremental Rf1,000/- for repeat offenses. The proposed Odagalla Island is reported as an important roosting site for sea birds, including some migratory birds. There is not enough information to determine this status in the short time frame for this EIA preparation
3.2.13 The Environmental Liability Regulation (Regulation 2011/R-9)
This law is pursuant to Article 22 of national constitution that states that protection, preservation and maintenance of the Maldivian natural environment, the richness of the living species, the natural resources and the beauty of the Maldives for the present generations as well as for the future generations is a basic obligation of the Maldivian government. The government shall enforce that the activities conducted in order to gain economic and social development should be of sustainable nature that protect the environment and such activities shall not deteriorate the environment, endanger any species, damage the environment, and shall not waste any natural resources.
This regulation is also pursuant to Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (4/93). The regulation is aimed at maintaining equal standards for reprimanding and enforcing environmental liabilities, fines for those who violate the rules and regulations and give guidance to those who are involved in the implementation process of the regulations pursuant to Preservation Act of Maldives (4/93).
One of the key objectives of the environmental liability regulation is also to practice polluter-pay- principles in the Maldives.
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All project developer and contractors shall be aware of this provision and contractors shall take all practical measures to ensure that all relevant laws and regulations, and the EMP proposed in this EIA is followed.
3.2.14 Compliance
In general, the proposed developments are in compliance with the laws and regulations described above. Where there is a special requirement to comply, the EMP identifies measures and mechanisms required to comply.
3.3 Environmental Permits Required for the Project
3.3.1 Approval of the concept and site plan
The Ministry of Tourism will have to approve the concept plan and site plan for the proposed project before the EIA could be approved. This project has approval from Ministry of Tourism (See Appendix B).
3.3.2 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decision Note
The most important environmental permit to initiate project work would be a decision regarding this EIA. It will be issued by the Ministry of Tourism. The EIA Decision Note, as it is referred to, shall govern the manner in which the project activities must be undertaken. This EIA report assists decision makers in understanding the existing environment and potential impacts of the project. Therefore, the Decision Note may only be given to the Proponent after a review of this document following which the Ministry may request for further information or provide a decision if further information is not required. In some cases, where there are no major environmental impacts associated with the project, the Ministry may provide the Decision Note while at the same time requesting for further information.
3.3.3 Registration of Desalination Plants
According to Desalination Regulation of the Maldives, all desalination plants operating in the Maldives catering for public water supplies and commercial purposes would have to be registered with EPA, the former Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority (MWSA). Therefore, the desalination plants to be installed on Odagalla Island will have to be registered with EPA. For this, the Proponent will be required to submit the EIA Decision Note for this EIA report, completed application forms with all details of the plant to be registered. A copy of the relevant section of this EIA may be appended to the forms as justification for the desalination plants.
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3.3.4 Registration of Power Plant
According to the regulation on local provision of electricity, power plants operating in the Maldives providing electricity supply to public and commercial purposes would have to be registered with Ministry of Energy Authority (MEA). For this the proponent will be required to submit completed application forms with all details of the plant. A licensed engineer will be required to complete all the documents needed by MEA for the registration.
3.3.5 Domestic Wastewater Disposal Consent
The General Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal issued by the EPA former MWSA in 2006 requires wastewater disposal to be undertaken with written consent of the Agency. A copy of the guidelines can be obtained from the EPA.
3.3.6 Dewatering Permit
A dewatering permit may be required for the project during excavation works. A separate application will have to be made to the EPA to get the permit. Permission can be granted for dewatering at a stretch for a maximum of 28 days, for which a sum of Rf500 should be paid per day. This amount is liable to be increased with the number of days increased.
3.4 Responsible Institutions
The main government institutions that have roles and responsibilities relevant to this project are summarised below.
3.4.1 Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture
The Ministry of Tourism is main agency responsible for approving and overseeing the development of a resort property on Odagalla Island. The concept for the resort development has been approved by the ministry. Detailed drawings for the resort need to be submitted to the ministry once the EIA has been approved by the Environment Ministry and the project is initiated.
3.4.2 Ministry of Environment and Energy
The Ministry of Environment is mandated for the effective implementation of the Environmental Protection Act of the country and has the statutory power over issues related to the environment. It has the central control over the environment protection, management, conservation and environmental emergencies. The Ministry operates mainly at a policy level and the more regulatory and technical assessment activities are mandated to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In this respect EPA has now been mandated to manage all issues relating to Environmental Impact Assessment of individual projects.
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The Ministry of Environment also seeks the advice of National Commission for the Protection of Environment (NCPE) on all significant environmental matters. The commission is appointed by the president and is mandated to advice the Minister of Environment on environmental matters such as environment assessment, planning and management, and political decisions with regard to the protection of environment.
3.4.3 Atoll Council
Under the Decentralization Act, Gaafu Alifu Atoll has elected Atoll Council comprising representatives from the islands within the atoll. Gaafu Alifu Atoll Council is located in Villingili Island. The Council Office is the main focal point of Government Ministries in Gaafu Alif Atoll. They co-ordinate and liaises with Government Ministries and elected island councils on all issues relating to the Atoll.
A copy of this EIA will have to be submitted to Gaafu Alifu Atoll Council.
3.5 Guiding Policies and Documents
3.5.1 National Environmental Action Plan II (NEAP II)
The aim of NEAP II is to protect and preserve the environment of the Maldives and to sustainably manage the country’s natural resources for the collective benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations.
Accordingly, the key strategies of the NEAP II are:
Continuous assessment of the state of the environment in the Maldives, including impacts of human activities on land, atmosphere, freshwater, lagoons, reefs and the ocean; and the effects of these activities on human well-being
Development and implementation of management methods suitable for the natural and social environment of the Maldives and maintain or enhance environmental quality and protect human health, while at the same time using resources on a sustainable basis
Ensure stakeholder participation in the decision making process by consultation and collaboration with all relevant sectors of society
Preparation and implementation of comprehensive national environmental legislation in order to provide for responsible and effective management of the environment
Adhering to international and regional environmental conventions and agreements and implementation of commitments embodied in such conventions. Furthermore, NEAP II specifies priority actions in the following areas:
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Climate change and sea level rise; coastal zone management;
Biological diversity conservation; integrated reef resources management;
Integrated water resources management;
Management of solid waste and sewerage;
Pollution control and management of hazardous waste;
Sustainable tourism development;
Land resources management and sustainable agriculture
Human settlement and urbanization.
3.5.2 Waste Management Policy
The aim of the waste management policy is to formulate and implement guidelines and means for solid waste management in order to maintain a healthy environment. Accordingly, the key elements of the policy include:
Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction of waste generated;
Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce such guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration;
Ensure safe disposal of chemical, hazardous and industrial waste.
The proponents of this project must be aware of the policy and all solid and hazardous waste produced in this project should be disposed according to the Environmental Management Plan for the project, which reflects the principles of the Waste Management Policy.
3.6 International Conventions
3.6.1 Convention on Biological Diversity
The Maldives is a party to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The objective of the convention is “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”. The proposed development activities outlined in this project does not fall on any area recognised for its ecological value. Therefore it is unlikely there will be a major loss of biodiversity. The loss is not going to be significant at atoll or national level. Yet, it is recommended
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3.6.2 International Plant Protection Convention
The Maldives has become a party to the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) as a step to protecting native plant species in the Maldives from the risk of diseases introduced by imported plant varieties. The Maldives adhered to the IPPC on 3 October 2006 and the Convention requires that certificates of phytosanitary condition and origin of consignments of plants and plant products be used for import and export of plants and plant materials. Contracting parties have the full authority to regulate entry of plants and plant products and may prescribe restrictions on imports or prohibit importation of particular plants or plant products. Thus it is advisable that the proponent be aware of the requirements of IPPC and obtains the necessary phytosanitary certificates if any plants are to be imported to stabilise the beach or for landscaping.
3.6.3 UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol
The Maldives is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. The objective of the Convention is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.
The IPCC defines mitigation “as an anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.” The greenhouse gas inventory of the Maldives forms an integral part of the First National Communication of the Maldives to the UNFCCC. In March 2009, the President of the Maldives has announced the target to make Maldives carbon neutral by 2020. Hence, in the implementation of the project, careful attention needs to be given to ensure energy efficiency and reduce transport related fuel consumption. Furthermore, planting of beach vegetation would help in mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from the project.
The IPCC defines adaptation “as an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects.” Various type of adaptation include anticipatory and reactive adaptation; private and public adaptation; and autonomous and planned adaptation. The adaptation policies and strategies of the Maldives are given in the Maldives National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). The replenishment of the beach can be considered as a long-term adaptation measure against beach erosion caused by rising sea levels.
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3.6.4 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
The objective of the Protocol is to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, and specifically focusing on transboundary movements.
3.6.5 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (12th March 2013)
CITES is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
3.6.6 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (including ratification of the 1989 London Amendments)
Import of CFCs have been banned since January 2008. Other ODS including Methyl Bromide, Bromochloromethane, Halons and Methylchloroform have also been banned. Import of equipment dependant on CFC gas and vehicles older than 5 years have also been banned since 1 January 2004. And all imports of Refrigerant gases are monitored through a licensing system coordinated by the Environment Research Centre and the Maldives Customs Service.
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4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
4.1 Physical Environment
4.1.1 Meteorology
4.1.1.1 Climate
The climate in Maldives is warm and humid, typical of the tropics. The average temperature ranges between 25C to 30C and relative humidity varies from 73 percent to 85 percent. The annual average rainfall is approximately 1,948 mm. As Maldives lies on the equator, Maldives receives plenty of sunshine throughout the year. Significant variation is observed in the climate between the northern and the southern atolls. The annual average rainfall in the southern atolls is higher than the northern atolls. In addition, greater extremes of temperature are also recorded in the southern atolls. On average southern atolls receive 2704 hours of sunshine each year. Table 4.1 provides a summary of key meteorological findings for Maldives.
Table 4.1: Key Meteorological Information of the Maldives
Parameter Data Average Rainfall 9.1mm/day in May, November; 1.1mm/day in February
Maximum Rainfall 184.5 mm/day in October 1994 Average air temperature 30.0 °C in November 1973; 31.7 °C in April
Extreme Air 34.1 °C in April 1973;17.2 °C in April 1978 Temperature Average wind speed 3.7 m/s in March; 5.7 m/s in January, June Maximum wind speed W 31.9 m/s in November 1978 Average air pressure 1012 mb in December; 1010 mb in April
4.1.1.2 Monsoons
The climate of Maldives is characterised by the monsoons of the Indian Ocean. Monsoon wind reversal significantly affects weather patterns. Two monsoon seasons are observed in Maldives: the Northeast (Iruvai) and the Southwest (Hulhangu) monsoon. The parameters that best distinguish the two monsoons are wind and rainfall patterns. The southwest monsoon is the rainy season while the northeast monsoon is the dry season. The southwest monsoon occurs from May to September and the northeast monsoon is from December to February. The transition period of southwest monsoon occurs between March and April while that of northeast monsoon occurs from October to November.
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4.1.1.3 Winds
The winds that occur across Maldives are mostly determined by the monsoon seasons. The two monsoons are considered mild given that Maldives is located close to the equator. As a result, strong winds and gales are infrequent although storms and line squalls can occur, usually in the period May to July. During stormy conditions gusts of up to 60 knots have been recorded at Male’.
Wind has been uniform in speed and direction over the past twenty-plus monsoon seasons in the Maldives (Naseer, 2003). Wind speed is usually higher in central region of Maldives during both monsoons, with a maximum wind speed recorded at 18 ms-1 for the period 1975 to 2001. Mean wind speed as highest during the months May and October in the central region. Wind analysis indicates that the monsoon is considerably stronger in central and northern region of Maldives compared to the south (Naseer, 2003).
Winds recorded at Gan Meteorological Center indicates that heavy windy conditions occurred during south-west monsoons (see Figure 4.1). Wind gusts of 35 mph to 45 mph were occasionally recorded when effects of cyclones from Arabian Sea were felt in the country. Direction of wind changes predominantly from north-east in the northeast monsoon to west and south-west in the southwest monsoon and variable direction of wind are experienced in the monsoon transition periods (see Table 4.2).
Figure 4.1: 24 Year Wind Frequency Recorded at Gan Meteorological Center
In terms of severe events, data from 1978 to 2001 reports a maximum of 63 km/h. The data also shows that there were four similar events - albeit of smaller intensity - over this period. The reports for the period 2001 to 2007 provide a different picture, however. During this period, individual events reaching 70 km/h or more have been report for each of the 7 years (DoM, 2005).
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Table 4.2 Summary of General Wind Conditions from Gan Meteorological Centre
Season Month Wind NE - Monsoon December Predominantly from NW-NE. January High Speeds from W February Transition Period 1 March From all directions. Mainly W. April High Speeds from W. SW - Monsoon May Mainly from W. June High Speeds from W. July August September Transition Period 2 October Mainly from W. November High Speeds from W
Figure 4.2 and 4.3 shows the description of wind speeds and predominant monthly directions for the period between 1978 and 2004. The monsoonal wind speeds in the south are generally known to be weaker and more uniform in yearly distribution (Naseer, 2003). However, the occasional strong monsoonal activity or localised low depressions generate wind speeds capable for causing substantial damage to vegetation and weak housing structures.
Figure 4.2: Monthly Frequencies of Wind Direction in Gan Meteorological Center (1978-2004)
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Figure 4.3: Mean Daily Wind Speed and Direction Recorded at Gan Meteorological Centre (1978 – 2004)
The Disaster Risk Profile of Maldives (UNDP, 1006) reports 11 cyclonic events over the Maldives in the last 128 years and only one event over the central Maldives. All of these events were of Category 1 cyclones. There have been no cyclonic events since 1993. Odagalla Island is located in the zone with the least risk from cyclone-related hazards (UNDP, 2006).
The project site is expected to receive regular annual strong winds during the peak SW monsoon.
4.1.1.4 Rainfall
The annual average rainfall for Maldives is 2,124mm. Southern atolls on average receive 2299.3 mm while northern atolls receive 1,786mm of rainfall annually. Lowest annual rainfall recorded in the last 30 years is 1346mm in 2002 at Hanimaadhoo Airport in Haa Dhaalu Atoll and the highest rainfall is 3185mm in 1978 at Gan Airport in Addu Atoll. The highest rainfall recorded within 24 hours to date is 220 mm on 9 July 2002 at Kaadedhdhoo Airport, in Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll (Meteorology, 2006).
Odagalla Island is located in the highest rainfall region of the Maldives. The mean annual rainfall in Gan Meteorological Station, as noted above, is 2299.3 mm with a Standard Deviation of 364.8mm and a mean monthly rainfall of 191.6mm. Rainfall varies throughout the year with mean highest rainfall during October, December and May and lowest between February and April (See Figure 4.4).
Year to year variation in Gan is very large and it varies from +38.5% in 1978 to –32.6% in 1999. There have been 4 specific years in the recorded meteorological data where rainfall has deviated
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Mean Monthly Rainfall in Gan 300
250
200
150
100 Mean Rainfall MeanRainfall (mm) 50
0 J F M A M J J A S O N D Month
Figure 4.4: Mean Monthly Rainfall in Gan (1978-2004)
Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) for a 24 hour period is an important parameter for designing drainage system or development activities that may alter the topography. The Disaster Risk profile of Maldives (UNDP, 2006) gives the PMP values for Gan as provided in Table 4.3, which is the highest for any part of Maldives.
The Disaster Risk Profile Report calculates the PMP by fitting a theoretical distribution to the extreme daily rainfall for three stations using Gumbel’s type I extreme value distribution (EVD) function. The EVD is then used to estimate the probabilities and the return period of rainfall for 50-, 100-, 200- and 500-years.
Table 4.3: Probable Maximum Precipitation for various Return periods in Gan
Station Return Period Name 50 year 100 year 200 year 500 year Gan 218.1 238.1 258.1 284.4 Source (UNDP, 2006)
It would be possible to identify threshold levels for heavy rainfall for a 24 hour period in Odagalla Island, which could cause flooding or disruptions to operations. However, it does require observation of historic, daily rainfall data which at present is unavailable.
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4.1.1.5 Temperature
Daily temperatures of Maldives vary little throughout the year with a mean annual temperature of 28C. The annual mean maximum temperature recorded for Male’ during the period 1967-1995 was 30.4C and the annual mean minimum temperature for the same period was 25.7C. The highest recorded temperature for Male’ was 34.1C on 16th and 28th of April 1973. The hottest month recorded was April 1975 with a maximum monthly average temperature of 32.7C, the next highest being 32.6C in April 1998. The lowest minimum average temperature of 23.7C was recorded in July 1992.
There is considerable inter annual variability in extreme temperatures for Hulhule as shown in Figure 4.5. A maximum temperature of at least 33.5oC is rare at Hulhule and has a return period of 20 years (Hay, 2006).
Figure 4.5: Maximum Temperature by year in Hulhule’- 1975-2005 (Source: Hay, 2006)
4.1.2 Hydrology
4.1.2.1 Waves
There are two major types of waves observed along the islands of Maldives. The first type is waves generated by local monsoon winds with a period of 3-8 seconds and the second type is swells generated by distance storms with a period of 14-20 seconds [Kench et. al (2006), DHI(1999), Binnie Black & Veatch (2000), Lanka Hydraulics (1988a & 1998b)]. The local monsoon predominantly generates wind waves which are typically strongest during April-July in the south- west monsoon period. Wave data for Male and Hulhulé between June 1988 and January 1990
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(Lanka Hydraulics 1988a & 1998b) shows that the maximum significant wave height (Hs) recorded for June was 1.23 m with a mean period (Tm) of 7.53s. The maximum recorded Hs for July was 1.51 m with a Tm of 7.74s. The mean wave periods were 5.0 – 9.0 s and the peak wave periods were within 8.0 – 13.0 s.
Maldives experiences occasional flooding caused by long distance swell waves that are generated by South Indian Ocean storms (Goda 1988). The swell waves of height 3 m that flooded Male’ and Hulhulé in 1987 are said to have originated from a low pressure system off west coast of Australia (refer the next section for more detail). In addition, Maldives have recently been subject to earthquake generated tsunami reaching heights of 4.0 m on land (UNEP, 2005). Historical wave data from Indian Ocean countries show that tsunamis have occurred in more than one occasion. Most notable has been the 1883 tsunami resulting from the volcanic explosion of Krakatoa (Choi et al., 2003).
There are two major types of waves reaching the coasts of Odagalla Island. Long distance swells waves and monsoonal wind waves. Detailed studies undertaken in Fuvahmulah provide an insight into the wave regimes around the region (see table below).
Table 4.4: Wave regimes in neighbouring Fuvahmulah Atoll
Season Total Long Period Short Period Predominantly from Mainly E-NE. High NE - Monsoon E-S. High Waves From S-SW waves from W from W Transition Period 1 Mainly from SE-E From S-SW Mainly from NE-SE From SE-SW. Mainly Mainly from SE-S. SW - Monsoon from S. High Waves From S-SW High waves from also from W West From SE-W. Higher Transition Period 2 As SW monsoon From S-SW waves from West
The local monsoon waves generated mainly during the NE monsoon affects the eastern and northern rims of the reef and corresponding shorelines of the island. These waves are generally with a period of 3-8 seconds, sometimes at 1.5 m high in Open Ocean. The estimated wave conditions around the island are presented in the map below (Figure 4.7).
Waves studies around Maldives have identified the presence of swell waves approaching predominantly from a southwest to a southerly direction [Kench et. al (2006), Young (1999), DHI(1999), Binnie Black & Veatch (2000) and Naseer (2003)]. The long distance swell waves approach mainly from S-SW direction and are dominant throughout the year. These waves come with a wave period of 14-20 seconds with a maximum height of 3.0 m in Open Ocean. The eastern rim and to some extent the northern rim is expected to receive refracted waves and residual swell waves.
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Figure 4.6: Estimated wave patterns of the site
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However, the swells approaching from the SE direction between May and November will reach the eastern rim of the atoll and penetrate the reef passes.
During the SW monsoon winds generated within the atoll can create strong wind waves within Huvadhoo Atoll due to its wide fetch with a wave period of 2-5 seconds and with wave heights at 0.7-1.0 m.
Waves generated from abnormal events could also travel against the predominant swell propagation patterns (Goda, 1998), causing flooding on the eastern and southern islands of Maldives (UNDP, 2009).
In addition to swell waves, islands of the Maldives are also exposed to storm surges associated with localised storms and cyclonic events (UNDP 2009). However, the Disaster Risk Assessment report (UNDP, 2006), reported that Funadhoo Atoll is located in the very low storm surge hazard zone, owing to the low cyclone hazard estimated for the southern atolls.
Hence, the proposed site is generally protected from NE monsoon wind waves but is exposed to monsoonal wind waves from the west during the SW monsoon and swells waves diffracting through the reef pass.
4.1.2.2 Currents
Long term monitoring of currents are required to establish a meaningful pattern for coastal change analysis. In the meantime, the following general characteristics could be derived from studies elsewhere in Maldives.
Currents that affect the reef system of the proposed site can be caused by tidal currents, wind- induced currents and wave-induced currents.
It is presumed that generally current flow through the country is defined by the two-monsoon season winds. Westward flowing currents are dominant from January to March with the change in current flow pattern taking place in April and December.
In April the westward currents become weak while the eastward currents start to take over. In December the eastward currents are weak with the westward currents becoming more prominent.
Currents at the time of survey were highest on the northern and southern end. Currents in the central parts of the lagoon were slow moving and generally in a south easterly direction during high tide.
Figure 4.7 below presents the estimated current flow pattern around Dhigurah. The strength of the currents on the oceanward reef flat is likely to be strongest during the NE monsoon and transition
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Current measurements in the project site showed fairly constant speeds of between 0.1 and 0.2 m/s during ebb. The currents flowed in an easterly to a south easterly direction during the surveys. Currents are generally weak in the lagoon.
4.1.2.3 Tidal Pattern
Water levels at the site vary mainly in response to tides, storm surge or tsunamis. Tides in the Maldives are mixed and semi-diurnal/diurnal.
Tidal variations are referred to the standard station in at Gan Island. Typical spring and neap tidal ranges are approximately 1.0m and 0.3m, respectively (MEC, 2004). Maximum spring tidal range in Gan is approximately 1.1m. There is also a 0.2m seasonal fluctuation in regional mean sea level, with an increase of about 0.1m during February to April and a decrease of 0.1m during September to November. Table 4.5 summarizes the tidal elevations reported at Hulhule, which is representative of tidal conditions at the project site.
Table 4.5 Tidal Variations at Hulhule International Airport
Tide Level Referred to Mean Sea level Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.64 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.34 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.14 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0.00 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.16 Mean Lower Low Water (MHLW) -0.36 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.56
The simulated tidal levels based on the tidal data from Hulhule’ are presented in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6: Design tide levels and tide ranges with different recurrence intervals in tide station of Hulhule Island
Recurrence interval (years) High tide level (m) Low tide level (m) Tide range (m) 300 0.78 -0.83 1.30 200 0.77 -0.82 1.29 100 0.76 -0.80 1.27 50 0.74 -0.78 1.25 20 0.72 -0.75 1.22 10 0.70 -0.72 1.19 2 0.63 -0.63 1.12
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Figure 4.7: Plotted drogue tracking results
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4.1.2.4 Sea Level Rise
There is large inter-annual variability in sea level as well as a long term trend of increasing relative sea level (Figure 4.8) The observed long-term trend in sea level is 1.7 mm/yr (Hay, 2006). This value is towards the upper end of the predicted global sea level rise values as described in the IPCC report (IPCC, 2007). Extreme sea levels are also present in the mean hourly sea-level data from Hulhulé’ which shows a long term trend of 7 mm/yr (Hay, 2006). These values suggest abnormal storm or swell activities which has the potential to cause flooding in low lying islands.
Figure 4.8: Daily mean values of sea level for Hulhulé (1989 to 2005), relative to mean sea level. Also shown is the linear trend in sea level over the same period
(Source: Hay, 2006)
For Hulhulé, an hourly sea level of 70 cm above mean sea level is currently a 100-year event. It will likely be at least an annual event by 2050, based on the current sea level rise predictions.
Global level models compiled by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that the mean sea level will rise by 0.32 m by 2050 and by 0.98 m by year 2100. These figures are considered medium level predictions
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4.1.3 Beach
4.1.3.1 Beach erosion and coastal changes
Historical changes and long-term erosion
Analysis of historical changes to beach was undertaken using remote sensing technology by comparing aerial photographs from 2004 against shoreline data from 2008, 2014, 2016, and GPS surveys from 2019.
The results show that the island is highly mobile and has undergone substantial shifts over the last 15 years (See Figure 4.9). The island should be considered a sand bank subject to periodic shifts depending on monsoonal wind and SE swell intensity. Historical data shows that island had no vegetation in the early 2000s but earlier records show that periodically the island had young and pioneer vegetation. The fact that the island does not have a well-established vegetation system also points to the fact that island is highly mobile.
The island shifted its position entirely between 2004 and 2008. In 2004 records the island had no vegetation. The substantial shift in the island position is usually associated with a change in hydrodynamics. Natural changes can result due to periodic changes in intensity of the monsoon and changes to shallow reef growth on the reef flat.
Between 2008 an present day the sediment accumulation forming the island has remained in a fairly stable position with minor periodic shifts allowing young vegetation to form and partially stabilize during the period (See Figure 4.10). At the moment, the vegetation is possibly at the largest extent the island has had over the last 15 years.
Predicted short-term beach changes
The island is by no means stable. Seasonal shoreline changes observed based on data from 2016 shows that the seasonal movement was small (See Figure 4.11). Minor changes to hydrodynamics, particularly related to increasing wave energy associated with coral bleaching, can cause substantial shifts in the island position. The island should be treated as highly volatile with potential for severe erosion any given year.
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4.1.3.2 Beach Characteristics
Beach characteristics could be usefully determined by two main features: i) beach composition; ii) beach profiles.
Beach composition and sediment characteristics
The beach material right around the island comprise mainly of fine sediments (See Figure 4.12 to 4.14). The size of the island sediment footprint marked by a sandy outline around the island shows that there is substantial sediment movement around the island, given the wide footprint of the moat around the island. There is evidence that the island has shifted along the reef flat. No beach rock was observed.
Beach Profiles
Beach profiles provide invaluable information about the sediment volume, beach slope and changes to volume and slope over time. In addition the slope, height and width are good indicators of wave and wind conditions, and erosion dominant areas. In general, gentler slopes and wider widths indicate an accreting area with generally lower wave energy and erosion at the time of the survey. Steeper slopes indicate stronger wave energy particularly if the beach material is composed of coarser material. Steeper slopes are also associated with severe erosion, in other areas.
Beach profiles for the island are presented in Appendix H.
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Figure 4.9: Medium-term shoreline changes at low tide
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Figure 4.10: Medium-term shoreline changes at vegetation line
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Figure 4.11: Seasonal Shoreline variations 2016
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Figure 4.12: Beach on the western side
Figure 4.13: Beach facing the north side
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Figure 4.14: Beach facing the south side
Figure 4.15: Beach facing the eastern side
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4.1.4 Groundwater quality assessment
The primary objective of the groundwater quality sampling was to determine the baseline conditions of the marine water around the project site. Water samples were collected from one location. Samples were collected on 25th February 2019 and all water quality tests were done at the MWSC laboratory.
The sample was slightly basic, and showed very low salinity. In addition no significant indication of nutrient enrichment was observed. The sample showed very high turbidity level, as this was collected from a freshly dug well.
Table 4.7: Groundwater quality test results
Optimal Results Parameter Range GW1 (EPA) Physical Appearance Cloudy with particles pH 8.0 – 8.3 8.09 Temperature (oC) - 22.9
o Salinity ( /oo) - 0.74
Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) - <5 (LoQ 5mg/L)
Turbidity (NTU) - 399
Nitrate (mg/L) - 2.0
Nitrogen Ammonia (mg/L) - 0.15
Sulphate (mg/L) - 122 Phosphate (mg/L) - 0.06 Biological Oxygen Demand- (mg/l) <2 18 Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L) - 65.0
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4.1.5 Marine water quality assessment
The primary objective of the lagoon water quality sampling was to determine the baseline conditions of the marine water around the project site. Water samples were collected from three locations. Samples were collected on 25th February 2019 and all water quality tests were done at the MWSC laboratory.
The investigations of marine water revealed that the quality of majority of the parameters tested is at acceptable levels for seawater. pH level for all of the tested locations were found to be between 8.03 to 8.06 which is within the specified range provided by EPA. Nitrates count for the tested is also below the specified limit of 5 mg/L. Similarly, phosphate count was also very low (0.05 – 0.7 mg/L). Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of all the locations tested is within the optimal limit of not exceeding 2 mg/L.
Turbidity level and Total Suspended Solids of all the locations tested is within optimum range indicating that the clarity of the water body.
The following table shows (see Table 4.10) the test results of the marine water samples collected. Laboratory results are attached in Appendix F.
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Table 4.8: Marine water quality test results
Optimal Results Parameter Range SW1 SW2 SW3 (EPA) Physical Appearance Clear with particles Clear with particles Clear with particles pH 8.0 – 8.3 8.06 8.05 8.03 Temperature (oC) - 22.9 22.9 22.9
o Salinity ( /oo) - 35.14 34.35 34.18
Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) - <5 (LoQ 5mg/L) <5 (LoQ 5mg/L) <5 (LoQ 5mg/L)
Turbidity (NTU) 3-5 0.138 0.142 0.124
Nitrate (mg/L) <5 4.0 4.0 3.8
Sulphate (mg/L) - 2600 2500 2450 Phosphate (mg/L) - 0.05 0.07 0.07 Biological Oxygen Demand- (mg/l) <2 1 1 2
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4.1.6 Bathymetry
A bathymetry assessment was undertaken by CDE Consulting. Results are also presented in Appendix G.
The results show that the reef system is a fairly consistent shallow reef flat with elevation between -0.5 to -1.1 m MSL. The reef system has a narrow strip extending westward with a shallow flat. The SW corner of the reef system contains series of deep and shallow reef patches.
Reef slope is gentler on the SE corner and western end and steeper in other areas.
4.1.7 Odegalla Reef System
Odegalla reef is a small sized reef system with a surface area of about 40 ha, shaped like a tadpole. Reef system is oriented in east-west direction, with the head featuring small highly mobile island (<1 ha) facing east and tail towards west.
The depth of the shallow lagoon surrounding the island varies -0.5 m and -1.9 m MSL, with depth increasing away from the island. The shallow lagoon bottom is mainly comprised of sand and coral rubble, few isolated coral colonies occur within this area (See Figure 4.17)
The physiographic features of the lagoon system including live coral cover zones around the project site are summarized in Figure 4.16 and 4.17. The reef system is characterised by gentle reef slopes, and majority if live corals occur on the reef crest and upper reef slopes around the reef.
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Figure 4.16: Reef physiographic zones of Odegalla Reef
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Figure 4.17: Live Coral zones of Odegalla Reef
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4.2 Biological Environment
4.2.1 Flora
General Characteristics
The island of Odagella is a relatively small island (<0.75ha) with a very young vegetation system. The most dominant species on the island is Magoo (Scaevola taccada) along with a few other shrubs such as Boashi (Heliotropium foertherianum) and Kuredhi (Pemphis acidula). Additionally, a few small palm trees (Cocos nucifera) was also observed along the periphery of the shoreline vegetation, indicative of some recent plantings on the island.
No unique trees, (very old trees or vegetation groups) were observed at any of the proposed site(s).
An inventory of the flora found at Odagella is presented in Table 4.9.
4.2.1.1 Vegetation Types
For the purposes of this assessment, the major groups of vegetation can be classed into the following categories of vegetation and land use. The main reason for this adoption is the specific nature of vegetation in small coral islands. However, due to the relatively small area of the proposed project, the entire area can be classified as one vegetation system as following:
1. Coastal Vegetation: Dominated by Magoo (Scaevola taccada) along with other shrub species such as Boashi (Heliotropium foertherianum) and Kuredhi (Pemphis acidula)
Vegetation classification was undertaken using remote sensing and GIS software based on the methodology outlined at the start of this section. Ground-truthing along with treks in the area were used to do an exact count of the species and their numbers
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Figure 4.9: Flora inventory of Odegalla Island (Feb 2019)
Distribu IUCN Categor Name Ethnobotanical Aspects tion Red List # ies (ACFO (Categor Family Scientific English Dhivehi General Uses Medicinal Uses Potential Uses R) y) Timber, firewood, Unlisted 1 Malvaceae Hibiscus tilaceus Sea Hibiscus Dhiggaa rope making, - - R (proposed erosion control LC) Heliotropium Beach Unlisted Boashi Handicrafts, 2 Tree Boraginaceae foertherianum heliotrope - - R (proposed dyeing, timber LC) Timber, edible Unlisted Dhivehi 3 Arecaceae Cocos nucifera Coconut palm fruit, firewood, Multiple uses Coconut oil R (proposed ruh thatch-making LC) roofing, Unlisted consumption Swellings, eye 4 Goodeniaceae Scaevola taccada Sea Lettuce Magoo - A (proposed during food reddening, LC) shortage Shrub Good associate Timber, carving, mangrove 5 Lythraceae Pemphis acidula - Kuredhi tools, handicrafts, - species to R LC firewood prevent beach erosion NOTE: ACFOR: A: Abundant; C: Common; F: Frequent; O: Occasional; R: Rare IUCN: EX: Extinct; EW: Extinct in the wild; CR: Critically endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; LC: Least Concern; DD: Data deficient; NE: Not evaluated
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4.2.1.2 Fauna
General Characteristics
Ga Odagella had a high level of faunal biodiversity present during the field visit, especially in terms of bird species, due to its remoteness, large reef and large beaches.
As the occurrence fauna was found to be minimal during the brief survey period, faunal survey was carried out based on similar conditions found elsewhere in the Maldives, and local accounts on species found at the location during the visit.
An inventory of the fauna found at the proposed project site in Ga Odagella is presented in Table 4.10.
Birds
Some of the sea-faring and migratory birds known to frequent the island include; Maakanaa (Ardea cinerea), Dhandifulhu dhooni (Phaethon lebturus), Findhana (Actitis hypoleucos), Gaa dhooni (Thalasseus bergii), Kirudhooni (Sterna sumatrana), and Kurangi (Anous tenuirostris). The highest numbers recorded during the field visit was for Kirudhooni (Sterna sumatrana) and Kurangi (Anous tenuirostris) at approximately 100+ for each species.
However, due to the short amount of time that is usually spent during field visits, the number and type of species recorded may not be completely accurate to study avian fauna of the island. In order to complete a detailed study of birds found on this island, it will require several months of observation.
Reptiles and Mammals
Records of reptiles were minimal while no terrestrial mammals were recorded. The only reptile species recorded on the island was the Common garden lizard (Calotes versicolor).
No turtle sightings or nesting sights were observed on the island.
Crustaceans and Amphibians
The only crustaceans observed on the island were the Little Ghost crab (Ocypode cordimana) and the Variable Land Hermit Crab (Coenobita variabilis) found on the beach.
No amphibians were observed during the field visit.
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Figure 4.10: Fauna inventory of Odegalla Island
Name(s) Distribution IUCN Red List Remarks # Category Class Order Family Species English Dhivehi (ACFOR) (Category) Ocypode - 1 Ocypodidae Little ghost crab Kiru kakuni A Unlisted (proposed LC) cordimana Crustaceans Malacostraca Decapoda Coenobita Variable land - 2 Coenobitidae Baraveli A Unlisted (proposed LC) variabilis hermit crab Sterna Black-naped Protected 11th July 3 Sternidae Kirudhooni A LC sumatrana tern 1999, 10-C/99/24 Actitis Common Protected 11th July 4 Scolopacidae Findhana F LC hypoleucos sandpiper 1999, 10-C/99/24 Charadriiformes Thalasseus Greater crested Protected 11th July 5 Gaa dhooni F LC bergii tern 1999, 10-C/99/24 Birds Aves Laridae Anous Protected 11th July 6 Lesser noddy Kurangi A LC tenuirostris 1999, 10-C/99/24 Protected 11th July 7 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Ardea cinerea Grey heron Maakanaa F LC 1999, 10-C/99/24 Phaethon White-tailed Protected 11th July 8 Phaethontiformes Phaethontidae Dhandifulhu dhooni O LC lebturus tropicbird 1999, 10-C/99/24 Calotes Common garden - 9 Reptiles Reptilia Squamata Agamidae Bondu C Unlisted (proposed LC) versicolor lizard 10 Amphibians Amphibia ------
NOTE: ACFOR: A: Abundant; C: Common; F: Frequent; O: Occasional; R: Rare IUCN: EX: Extinct; EW: Extinct in the wild; CR: Critically endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near Threatened; LC: Least Concern; DD: Data deficient; NE: Not evaluated
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4.2.1.3 Pest & Diseases
Due to the small size of the island and the relatively small area of vegetation present on it, there was no significant pest or diseases observed on the island
4.2.2 Terrestrial Photo Summary
Figure 4.18: Aerial image of Odegalla Island Figure 4.19: High abudance of Kurangi and Kirudhooni observed on the island
Figure 4.20: Dug on the island for soil analysis Figure 4.21: The most common vegetation species on the island was Magoo
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4.2.3 Marine Environment
4.2.3.1 Manta Tow Survey
Manta tow method was used to qualitatively determine the condition of the reef around the Odegalla. Sky was clear and the sea was calm during the survey. Depth at upper reef slope varied between 1.5 m and 4 m.
The reef crest surrounding the reef system was poor in terms of live coral coverage. Signs of dead corals colonies (majority belonging to family Acroporidae) were observed covered in algae. However live coral coverage was very good (31% - 50%) especially along the upper reef slope on the south eastern side towards the south western side of the reef. Live coral coverage was estimated around 11-30% along the north-west towards the north-eastern upper reef slope. The dominant coral species observed to family Acroporidae.
High abundance of Surgeonfishes were observed across all tows. Surgeonfishes are mainly algal grazers, and help create more space on the reef for coral larvae to settle.
Table below summarize the results of manta tow surveys; the numerical values in the table for each substrate category refer to percentage estimate benthic cover: 1 = 0-10%, 2 = 11-30%, 3 = 31-50%, 4 = 51-75% and 5 = 76-100%.
Table 4.11: Summary of Manta Tow Survey at Odegalla Reef
Score Tow Fish Hard Coral no. Rock Sand DCA Abundance coral rubble 1 2 2 1 1 2 Low 2 3 2 1 1 2 Low 3 3 2 2 1 2 Low 4 3 2 2 1 1 Low 5 4 1 2 1 1 Low 6 4 1 1 1 1 Low 7 4 1 1 1 2 Low 8 4 1 1 1 2 Low 9 3 1 1 1 2 Low 10 4 1 1 1 2 Low 11 3 1 1 1 2 Low 12 3 1 1 1 3 Low 13 2 2 1 1 3 Low 14 2 2 1 1 4 Low 15 1 1 1 1 4 Low 16 2 2 1 1 3 Low 17 2 2 1 1 3 Low 18 2 2 1 1 3 Low 19 2 2 1 1 3 Low 20 2 1 1 1 4 Low 21 3 1 1 1 3 Low 22 2 2 1 1 3 Low
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Score Tow Fish Hard Coral no. Rock Sand DCA Abundance coral rubble 23 2 2 1 1 3 Low 24 2 1 1 1 4 Low 25 2 2 1 1 3 Low 26 2 2 1 1 3 Low 27 3 2 1 1 2 Low
Figure 4.22: Select imagess along Tow 1
Figure 4.23: Select images along Tow 3 (good live coral coverage)
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4.2.3.2 Visual Surveys
Visual snorkelling surveys were carried out at select locations of the lagoon.
Site 1 – TS1 (proposed entrance channel, and guest pavilion)
Visual snorkelling survey was undertaken along the shallow lagoon (depth ranging from 0.5 m and 1.9 m) on the south-eastern side of the island. An entrance channel for vessels and a guest pavilion is proposed at this location.
The shallow lagoon close to the island is predominantly made up of a sandy bottom and coral rubble. Given the shallow depth and sandy bottom no significant live coral colonies closer to the island. Closer to the reef edge, few isolated old dead rock and dead corals covered in algae were observed. Few digitate type corals (Acropora sp.) and massive type (Porites sp.) occurred closer the reef edge. Main fish families observed were Wrasses and Parrotfishes.
Figure 4.24: Left panel shows a sandy bottom with coral rubble, right panel shows live coral colonies in patches of dead rock (TS1)
Site 2 – TS2 (proposed overwater villa and walkway)
This is located to the south of Odegalla Island, overwater walkway and rooms are proposed at this location. Water depth ranged between 0.5 m and 1.6 m.
This area was predominantly made up of a sandy bottom, interspersed with rocky patches covered in algae. Few coral colonies (mainly Acropora sp. and Pocillopora sp.) were observed growing on the rocks. Main fish families observed were juveniles Parrotfishes, and Surgeonfishes.
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Figure 4.25: Shows an overview of shallow lagoon (TS2)
4.2.3.3 Benthic Substrate and Fish Survey
Quantitative coral reef surveys were carried out at select locations on the top reef area around Odegalla Island. As shown in the manta tow survey live coral coverage was poor on the top reef area. Highest live coral cover was measured at southern side (T1 - ~18%) and lowest on the northern side (T2 - ~11.5%).
Table 4.12: Percentage live coral cover and fish species richness at T1, T2, and T3
Transect (Direction) % Live Coral Cover Fish Species Richness T1 (South) 18.29%±4.52SE 28 T2 (North) 11.53%±2.68SE 25 T3 (South-Western) 16.70%±3.89SE 33
The following sub-sections provide details of each site.
Transect 1
This transect was deployed at 2.5 m depth, along the reef edge to the south of Odegalla Island. The reef edge was predominantly made up of a rocky bottom (37.23%±5.95SE), and coral rubble (17.86%±3.41SE).
Live coral made up 18.29%±4.54SE of the transect area. The dominant coral genera observed at along the transect site was Acropora sp. and Pocillopora sp. followed by Porites sp (massive type). In addition few Porites rus patches also occurred along the survey area.
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Figure 4.26: Select imagss showing Transect 1 (Feb 2019)
50
45
40
35 SE
± 30
25
20 % Mean cover cover %Mean 15
10
5
0 Live Coral Turf Algae Dead Coral Old dead Pavement Rubble Sand CA (coralline (MA) with Algae coral alage)
Figure 4.27: Benthic substrate composition along Transect 1 (Feb 2019)
A total of 28 fish species belonging to 9 different fish families were recorded during the fish census. Highest number of fishes was recorded from families Labridae (7 species) and Pomacentridae (6 species).
Members of Labridae (Wrasses) mainly feed on benthic invertebrates, skin parasites and zooplanktons. While members of Pomacentridae (Damselfishes) mainly feeds on benthic invertebrates, algae and zooplankton.
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Table 4.13: Summary of Fish Census survey along Transect 1
Family Species Common Name Abundance T1 Serranidae (Groupers) Cephalopholis argus Peacock Rock Cod 2 Nemipteridae Scolopsis aurata Golden Spinecheek 2 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifasciatus Pinstriped Butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon triangulum Triangular Butterflyfish 2 Pomacanthidae Pygoplites diacanthus Regal Angelfish 2 Centropyge multispinis Many-spined angelfish 2 Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites forsteri Forster's Hawkfish 2 Pomacentridae Chromis dimidiata Two-tone Puller 2 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Scribbled Damsel 2 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 2 Pomacentrus chrysurus White-tail Damsel 2 Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Jewel Damsel 2 Plectroglyphidodon dickii Narrowbar Damsel 2 Labridae Halichoeres hortulanus Checkerboard Wrasse 2 Labroides dimidiatus Blue-streak Cleaner Wrasse 2 Labrichthys unilineatus Tube-mouth Wrasse 2 Gomphosus caeruleus Bird Wrasse 2 Thalassoma hardwicke Six-bar Wrasse 3 Cheilinus trilobatus Triple-tail Maori Wrasse 2 Oxycheilinus digrammus Cheek-line Maori Wrasse 2 Scaridae Scarus frenatus Bridled Parrotfish 2 Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish 3 Scarus scaber Five-saddle Parrotfish 2 Scarus niger Dusky Parrotfish 2 Acanthuridae Acanthurus leucosternon Powder-blue Surgeonfish 2 Ctenochaetus striatus Fine-lined Bristletooth 3 Zebrasoma desjardinii Sailfin Surgeonfish 2 Zebrasoma scopas Brown Tang 2
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Transect 2
This transect was deployed at 2.5 m depth along the reef edge, on northern side of the island.
Transect area was mainly composed of macro-algae (28.93%±3.68SE) and old dead corals (21.44%± 6.43SE). Overall coral coverage was fair along this transect (11.53%±2.68 SE). The dominant coral genera observed was Pocillopora, followed by juvenile Acropora sp., Porites (Massive type) and Porites rus.
Figure 4.28: Select images showing benthic substrate composition along Transect 2
35.00
30.00
25.00
SE ± 20.00
15.00 % Mean Cover Cover %Mean 10.00
5.00
0.00 Live Coral Turf Algae Dead Coral Old dead coral Pavement Rubble CA (coralline (MA) with Algae alage
Figure 4.29: Benthic substrate composition estimates using Photo Quadrat Method at Transect 2 (Feb 2019)
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A total of 25 fish species belonging to 9 fish families were recorded during the fish census. Similar to transect 1, the highest number of fishes was recorded from Labridae (7 species).
Table 4.14: Summary of Fish Census survey along Transect 2
Family Species Common Name Abundance T2 Scolopsis bilineata Monacle Bream 2 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifasciatus Pinstriped Butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon citrinellus Citron Butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon falcula Double-saddle Butterflyfish 2 Forcipiger flavissimus Long-nose Butterflyfish 2 Pomacanthidae Pygoplites diacanthus Regal Angelfish 2 Centropyge multispinis Many-spined angelfish 2 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Scribbled Damsel 2 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 3 Amblyglyphlyphidon batunai Green Sergeant 2 Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Jewel Damsel 3 Labridae Halichoeres hortulanus Checkerboard Wrasse 2 Labroides dimidiatus Blue-streak Cleaner Wrasse 2 Labrichthys unilineatus Tube-mouth Wrasse 2 Gomphosus caeruleus Bird Wrasse 2 Thalassoma amblycephalum Two-tone Wrasse 2 Thalassoma hardwicke Six-bar Wrasse 2 Epibulus insidiator Sling-jaw Wrasse 2 Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish 3 Scarus scaber Five-saddle Parrotfish 2 Scarus niger Dusky Parrotfish 3 Blennidae Meiacanthus smithi Smith's Venomous Blenny 2
Zebrasoma scopas Brown Tang 3 Naso lituratus Orange-spine Unicornfish 2 Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish 2
Transect 3
This transect was deployed at 3 m depth, south west of Transect 1, along the reef edge.
Analysis of the photos shows that the dominant benthic substrate at this site was old dead coral (14.43%± 4SE) followed by turf algae (25.77%±5.19SE).Overall coral coverage was fair along this transect. Live coral made up about 16.70%±3.89 SE of the transect line. The most dominant coral genre observed on the transect line was Acropora sp.
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Figure 4.30: Select images showing benthic compsotion along Transect 3
45
40
35
30
SE ± 25
20
% Mean cover cover %Mean 15
10
5
0 Live Coral Turf Algae (MA) Dead Coral with Old dead coral Rubble CA (coralline Algae alage
Figure 4.31: Benthic substrate composition estimates using Photo Quadrat Method at Transect 3
A total of 33 fish species belonging to 14 fish families were recorded during the fish census. Highest number of fishes was recorded from families Labridae (7 species) and Scaridae (5 species). Members of Scaridae (Parrotfishes) are algae grazers.
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Table 4.15: Summary of Fish Census survey along Transect 3
Family Species Common Name Abundance T3 Holocentridae Myripristis murdjan Crimson Soldierfish 2 Haemulidae Plectorhinchus vittatus Oriental Sweetlips 2 Nemipteridae Scolopsis aurata Golden Spinecheek 2 Scolopsis bilineata Monacle Bream 2 Lutjanidae Lutjanus bohar Red Bass (Red Snapper) 2 Aphareus furca Small-tooth Jobfish 1 Chaetodon guttatissimus Spotted Butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon triangulum Triangular Butterflyfish 2 Pomacanthidae Pygoplites diacanthus Regal Angelfish 2 Centropyge multispinis Many-spined angelfish 2 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Scribbled Damsel 2 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 2 Amblyglyphlyphidon batunai Green Sergeant 4 Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Jewel Damsel 2 Gomphosus caeruleus Bird Wrasse 2 Thalassoma amblycephalum Two-tone Wrasse 3 Thalassoma hardwicke Six-bar Wrasse 2 Hemigymnus fasciatus Banded Thicklip Wrasse 2 Bodianus axillaris Coral Hogfish 2 Oxycheilinus digrammus Cheek-line Maori Wrasse 2 Stethojulis strigiventer Silver-streaked Wrasse 2 Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish 4 Scarus scaber Five-saddle Parrotfish 2 Scarus niger Dusky Parrotfish 2 Scaridae quoyi Green-blotched Parrotfish 5 Scarus tricolor Three-colour Parrotfish 2 Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol 2 Acanthuridae Acanthurus leucosternon Powder-blue Surgeonfish 2 Ctenochaetus striatus Fine-lined Bristletooths 2 Zebrasoma scopas Brown Tang 2 Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish 2 Tetraodontidae Canthigaster valentini Saddled Pufferfish 2 Monacanthidae Oxymonacanthus longirostris Long-nose Filefish 2
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4.2.3.4 Marine Protected Areas and Sensitive Sites
There are no Marine Protected Areas (MPA) but 11 Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) listed for Gaafu Alif Atoll including (See Figure 2.4).
Nearest ESA’s are Kuredhu Kandu (located approx. 3 km SE), and Nilandhoo Kandu (located approx. 5 km SE). Given that the predominant ocean current movements are in either easterly or westerly direction, the project is not expected have any significant impact on these or any environmentally sensitive areas in Gaafu Alif Atoll.
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4.3 Natural Hazards and Disaster Risks
According to the UNDP Disaster Risk Assessment Report (UNDP, 2006) of Maldives, the proposed lagoon is located in an area exposed wind storms, storm surges, swell waves and tsunamis. The following parameters can be deduced for the Male’ Region based on Disaster Assessment Report and the Detailed Island Risk Assessment Reports (UNDP, 2009).
Tsunami: Maximum probable wave height range 3.2 – 4.5 m
Cyclone or storm (wind): Probable maximum wind speed 84.2knots
Storm surge: predicted storm surge height – 0.00;
Rainfall: probable maximum daily rainfall for Male’ for a 500 year return period 284.4 mm
Based on these parameters, field surveys and planned design parameters of the island, the methodology for risk assessment identified in the Detailed Island Risk Assessment Reports (UNDP, 2009) and findings from Ali (2005) was used to assess the hazard risks on the site. However, the results should be treated with caution as this is a preliminary risk assessment. A more comprehensive assessment will require a longer time frame and more data, which is beyond the scope of this study.
The table below summarises the key findings from the assessment.
Table 4.16: Predicted disaster risks in Odagalla
Hazard Max Impact thresholds Probability of Occurrence Predictio (based on UNDP 2009) (based on UNDP 2006) n Low Moderate Severe Low Moderate Severe Impact Impact Impact Swell Waves/storm 0.0 m < 1.3 m > 1.3 m >1.8 m Low Low V. Low surge Tsunami 4.5 m < 1.3 m > 1.3 m >2.2 m Moderate Low V. low SW monsoon high 0.5m < 1.8 m > 1.8 m >2.3 m High Very low Unlikel seas y Heavy Rainfall 284 mm <60mm > 60mm >160 High Moderate Low (For a 24 hour mm period) Wind storm 60 knots <30 > 30 knts > Moderate Low Low knts 45Knts Earthquake I < IV > IV > VI Very Unlikely none (MMI value) Low
Climate change impacts, particularly the associated sea level rise is predicted to play a role in hazard exposure at the site and other climatic factors such as temperature and wind exacerbate the
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Table 4.17: Summary of climate change related parameters for various hazards.
Element Predicted Predicted change (overall rise) Possible impacts on Hazards rate of Best Case Worst Case facing Odegalla change SLR 4.1-5.0mm Yr 2050: +0.2m Yr 2050: +0.4m Tidal flooding, increase in swell /yr wave flooding, reef drowning Yr 2100: +0.4m Yr 2100: +0.88m Air Temp 0.5°C / Yr 2050: +2.15° decade Yr 2100: +4.65° SST 1.1°C / Yr 2050: +4.73° Increase in storm surges and decade swell wave related flooding, Yr 2100: +10.3° Coral bleaching & reduction in coral defences Rainfall +0.14% / yr Yr 2050: Increased flooding, Could affect (or +1204mm coral reef growth +28mm/yr) Yr 2100: +2604mm Wind gusts 5% and 10% Yr 2050: +3.8 Yr 2050: +7.7Knots Increased windstorms, Increase / degree of Knots in swell wave related flooding. Yr 2100: +16.7 warming Yr 2100: +8.3 Knots Knots Swell Frequency Increase in swell wave related Waves and flooding. intensity changes. (exact values not known)
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4.1 Socio-Economic Setting
4.1.1 Gaafu Alif Atoll Social setting
4.1.1.1 Demography
According to the preliminary results of Maldives Population and Housing Census of 2014, the total population residing in Gaafu Alifu atoll, including all industrial islands, administrative and non- administrative islands in the atoll is 10,862 people with males and females included. Out of the 10,862 people, 2,090 are foreigners accounting to 19.2% of the total atoll population.
Final population and housing statistical release of census 2014 shows that there are 9,221 people residing exclusively in the administrative islands. This includes 5,126 males and 4,095 females. The number also includes 887 foreigners living in the administrative islands indicating that the majority of foreigners in the atoll are residing in the industrial islands.
Gaafu Alifu atoll contributes to 2.7% of the total local population of Maldives according to the preliminary results of Census 2014. Figure 4.32 below presents the population sizes for all administered islands of Gaafu Alifu Atoll based on the preliminary results of Maldives Population and Housing Census of 2014.
Figure 4.32: Population by Locality, Gaafu Alif Atoll, 2014
Populations in the Administrative Islands of Gaafu Alif Atoll 3000 2,837
2500
2000
1500 1,223 1,137 1,077 958
1000 Population (number) Population 600 584 533 500 272
0
Source: Department of National Planning, 2014
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Among all nine administered islands in Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Vilingilli has the largest local population with a total of 2,837 people, contributing to 26.1% of the total atoll population. Gemanafushi and Maamendhoo are the main population centers with over 1,000 people in each island and together account to 21.7% of the total atoll population. Kondey has the smallest population in the atoll with 292 people contributing to 2.69% of the atoll population. The figure 4.33 below represents the population distribution within the administrative and non-administrative islands in Gaafu Alifu atoll as percentages based on the preliminary results of the Maldives Population and Housing Census of 2014.
Figure 4.33: Percentage of the population by locality, Gaafu Alif Atoll, 2014
PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION RESIDING IN ISLANDS Non Administrative Kolamaafushi Islands 9% 15%
Kandhuhulhudhoo 5% Villingili 26% Gemanafushi 11%
Kondey 3% Dhevvadhoo 5% Maamendhoo Dhaandhoo Nilandhoo 10% 10% 6%
Projected mid-year resident population
According to the ‘Maldives Population Projections 2014-2054’, the projected mid-year resident population for Gaafu Alif Atoll in 2019 is 14,084 people. This is expected to increase to 17,855 people by the year 2054.
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Figure 4.34: Projected mid-year resident population, Gaafu Alif Atoll
Projected mid year resident population of Gaafu Alif Atoll 20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000 Population (numbers)
10,000
8,000 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035 2037 2039 2041 2043 2045 2047 2049 2051 2053
Sex Ratio
According to the preliminary results of Maldives Population and Housing Census of 2014, the National Sex Ratio for the country shows that there are more males than females in Maldives with a sex ratio of 103 (103 males per 100 females). Sex ratio for the population residing in the atolls shows a slightly bigger gap between the number of males and females with a sex ratio of 106.
Sex ratio of Gaafu Alifu atoll shows that there are more males than females in the total population as well as in the population residing in its administered islands. The sex ratio for the atoll, including the industrial islands is 160 males per 100 females. In the administered islands the gap between the number of males and females is smaller with a sex ratio of 125 males per 100 females. This is mainly because the working populations in the industrial islands are mostly men as men often migrate to nearby tourist resorts and other industrial islands for work.
Eight of the nine administered islands in the atoll have higher number of males than females. These are Kolamaafushi, Vilingilli, Maamendhoo, Nilandhoo, Dhaandhoo, Gemanafushi, Dhevvadhoo and Kondey. The island with the biggest difference in sex ratio is Nilandhoo with a sex ratio of 149 males per 100 females. Majority of the administered islands in Gaafu Alifu atoll have a higher male population than female population. The island with the smallest difference in sex ratio is Kanduhulhudhoo with 96 males per 100 females.
The figure 4.35 below represents sex ratio by locality for the Gaafu Alifu atoll residing population based on the preliminary results of Maldives Population and Housing Census of 2014.
Figure 4.35: Sex Ratio by Locality, Gaafu Alif Atoll, 2014
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Source: Department of National Planning, 2014
Population Structure
Figure 4.36 below shows the population structure for GA Atoll based on census 2014.
Figure 4.36: Population Pyramid for Gaafu Alif Atoll, Census 2014
POPULATION PYRAMID FOR GA VILLINGILI, MAAMENDHOO, NILANDHOO AND DHAANDHOO
75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 250 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Female Male
Source: Department of National Planning, 2014
According to the figure, the most dominant age group for the islands is between 25-29 years. The dependent population is at 23.2% comprising 19,9% children and 3.3% elderly. The working age population comprises of more than half of the population with 73.4%.
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Annual Population Growth Rate
Inter-Censual average annual growth rate between 2006 and 2014 showed that Maldives as a whole, experienced a positive growth as the average annual growth rate for the country stood at 1.56. Similarly, Gaafu Alifu atoll also experienced a positive growth during this period with an average annual growth rate of 0.67. While Villingili, Maamendhoo, Dhevvadhoo, Kodey, Gemanafushi and Kanduhulhudhoo administered in the atoll experienced positive growth, Kolamaafushi, Nilandhoo and Dhaandhoo experienced a negative growth. Villingili had experienced the largest positive growth, with an annual growth rate of 3.02. Table 4.18 below shows the average annual growth rates for Gaafu Alifu atoll population between 2006 and 2014.
Table 4.18: Average Annual Growth Rate, Gaafu Alif Atoll, 2014
Average Annual Growth Locality Rate
Republic 1.56 Gaafu Alifu Atoll 0.67
Kolamaafushi -2.3 Villingili 3.02 Maamendhoo 0.63 Nilandhoo -0.75 Dhaandhoo -0.75 Devvadhoo 0.6 Kodey 2.3 Gemanafushi 0.82 Kandhuhulhudhoo 1.54
Population Density
According to Maldives Population and Housing Census 2014, Kodey is the biggest administered island in Gaafu Alifu atoll with an area of 116 hectares. The smallest administered island in the atoll is Dhaandhoo with an area of 18 hectares. Villingili has both the highest population and the highest population density in the atoll, with 50 persons per hectare. Figure 4.37 below shows population densities for all administered islands in the atoll.
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Figure 4.37: Population Density by Locality, Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Census 2014
Population Density by Locality, Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Census 2014 70 60 50 40 30 20
10 0
Source: Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2008
Tourism
According to the Ministry of Tourism (2015), currently there are 4 tourist resorts with a total bed capacity of 616 operating in Gaafu Alifu atoll. There are 12 guesthouses in Gaafu Alifu atoll, with a total bed capacity of 87. The guesthouses contribute to 12.4% of the total bed capacity in the atoll.
Employment
The figure 4.38 below shows the employment status of people from Maamendhoo, Nilandhoo, Dhaandhoo and Villingili, as well as people in non-administrative islands.
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Figure 4.38: Employment by Locality, Gaafu Alifu Atoll, HIES 2016
Employment by Locality, GA Atoll, HIES 2016
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% GA Viligili GA Maamendhoo GA Nilandhoo GA Dhaandhoo GA Non Admin island
in the Labour Force in the Labour Force Not In the Labour Force
According to figure 5.01, Vilingili has the largest workforce among the four administered islands, with a total of 2113 workers which accounts to 39% of the total workforce in the region, with the non-administrative islands included. The workforce in non-administrative islands consists largely of males. This is because more males opt towards working in resorts, factories or the airport, compared to females
The figure 5.01 shows the average monthly income for various occupations in Gaafu Alifu Atoll. The occupations listed in the figure 4.99 are the ones which bring in the highest income for the workers in the respective sectors.
Figure 4.39: Income distribution by sector, Gaafu Alifu Atoll, HIES 2016
Average Monthly Income by Sector
Agriculture
Fisheries 17% 11% 15% Manufacturing
20% Construction 13% Transport 24%
Tourism & food service
Source: HIES, 2016
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4.1.2 Ga. Nilandhoo Island Socio-economic setup
4.1.2.1 Population Structure
Total Population
The total enumerated population of Nilandhoo from Maldives population and housing census of 2014 is 501 (Department of National Planning, 2014). With a male-female sex ratio of 1.13. The total population of Nilandhoo has increased from 534 people in the year 2006 to 600 people by the year 2014, indicating possible inward migration.
Table 4.19: Population data for 2006 and 2014 for Nilandhoo Island
Census 2006 Census 2014 Total Population 534 600 Male 258 359 Female 276 241 Source: (Ministry of National Planning, 2006, Department of National Planning, 2014)
Figure 4.40: Population pyramid of Nilandhoo (census-2014)
Employment and occupational structure
According to Census 2014, the total number of economically active population is 341. Amongst these, 336 are employed and 5 are unemployed. The economically not active population is reported as 119 and the labour force participation rate is 73.8%. The unemployment rate is reported as 1.5%.
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Much of the voluntary unemployment is amongst the female population and young people aged 19 and under.
In terms of the employment structure, much of the employment is in fishing (21.4%) and agriculture (15.7%). Figure below shows the sectors with the highest labour force. The construction sector comprises 13.6% of the working population. Other non-basic service sectors comprise 34.8% of the working population.
Figure 4.41: Proportion of employment by economic activity
Source: (Census-2014)
There are noticeable differences in the employment structure with regard to sex. The total employed male population is 244 and female population is 92. There are variations in employment based on type of the economic activity. The fishery, transport, public administration and construction sectors are dominated by Males while agriculture, education and health sector is dominated by females. There is a high participation rate in the manufacturing sector by women.
Infrastructure and Services
Transport infrastructure: One of the key transport infrastructure on the island is the local harbour. The harbour infrastructure consists of a natural basin, quay wall and jetty.
The roads are unsealed and there are no facilities or machinery resident on the island to maintain roads.
Communications infrastructure: The two main communications infrastructure are the Dhiraagu and Ooreedoo (the two main communications companies of Maldives) site offices. These offices house communications equipment and antennas to service Nilandhoo and nearby islands.
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Health care: There is a health centre servicing the local community 8 hours per day. Additional health services are available from Vilingili.
Water supply: Drinking water supply is currently from rainwater. Ground water is also used as a source of potable water.
Sanitation: No sewerage system installed in the island.
Waste management: A waste management site has been established on the island but is yet to be fully functional. The island council has plans for upgrading the waste management system in the island
Power: Power to the island is provided by FENAKA using 4 diesel generators housed in a specially designed building. The power grid is laid under underground along the streets. Table below provides the energy statistics of Nilandhoo.
Table 4.20: Energy profile of Ga. Nilandhoo
GA. Nilandhoo Energy Statistics
Total installed capacity (kW) 770 Total daily peak load (kW) 150 Monthly average energy usage (kWh) 61,871.83 Yearly oil consumption (litres) 245,285
CO2 emission (tCO2) 653.05
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5 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION
Potential adverse and beneficial impacts of construction and operation stage of the proposed project components are identified and evaluated in this section. Significant impacts are identified and evaluated in two stages. The first stage identifies the environmental and socio-economic components that may be impacted from key project activities. The second stage determines the significance of impacts of each component. The following sections provide details of the evaluation of impacts.
5.1 Boundaries of Affected Areas
The estimated boundaries of affected areas are summarised in Figure 5.1 below. These boundaries are based on physical conditions and work methods proposed in the project without any mitigation measures. The extents shown are not absolute and should be treated as the best-guess scenario based on past projects.
It has to be noted that these extents do not represent figures derived from sediment dispersal modelling. It is based purely on past experience from similar projects.
5.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation
Environmental and socio-economic aspects that may be impacted by the project are identified in the impact matrices in Table 5.1 to 5.2. Assessments of the impacts are conducted based on the following criteria.
1. Magnitude: Refers to the quantum of change that will be experienced as a consequence of the impact. It is defined by the severity of each potential impact based on impact reversibility, irreversibility and potential rate of recovery. Impacts of high magnitude are those that cannot be mitigated substantially or involve substantial residual impacts.
2. Nature: Where the activity or component has direct, indirect or cumulative impacts from multiple projects or activities.
3. Duration: Refers to the temporal scale (i.e. duration, frequency) of the impact. It does not take into account the duration of the impact’s effects.
4. Distribution: Refers to the spatial scale of the area impacted. An impact can be site specific or limited to the project area; locally occurring within the immediate vicinity of the project locality; atoll level; or at a national level. The four criteria are detailed using the following scale and attributes given in table 5.2.
5. Significance: Refers to the importance of the impact’s consequence or implications (ecological social, economic). An impact of small magnitude could have a very high significance and vice-versa (e.g. siltation of a small reef area with rare coral species has
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|120 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project low magnitude but very high significance). Once an impact has been identified it needs to be evaluated using set of criteria. The key criterion considered in this study are:
a. The degree of reversibility of an impact (i.e. duration of its effects) is considered part of its significance.
b. Threats to sensitive eco-systems. For example, those leading to loss of key habitats and extinction of species, or those affecting Protected Areas.
c. Threats to key resources leading to depletion of resources or loss of livelihood associated with those resources.
d. Geographic extent of impact. For example, national or trans-boundary impacts
e. Duration and timing of the impact
f. Likelihood or probability of the impact occurrence
g. Reversibility
h. Resource use conflicts
i. Public views and complaints
j. Cumulative impacts on an area due to multiple projects
k. Uncertainty in impact predictions
l. Cost of mitigation
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Figure 5.1: Estimated Affected Area – Combined for both seasons
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Table 5.1: Impact Identification Matrix for Resort Construction Phase
Activity / Potential Impact Direction Nature Duration Distribution Magnitude Significance Pos Neg Dir In Dir Cumu Long Short Site Local Nat High Mod Low High Mod Low 1. Site preparation and construction Physical Impacts
Visual aesthetics X X X X X X X Air Quality X X X X X X Vibration X X X X X X
Noise levels X X X X X X Soil conditions X X X X X X Marine water turbidity (dredging, reclamation X X X X X X and over water construction) Ground water quality (extraction and X X X X X X accidental spills) Marine water pollution (dredging, over water X X X X X X X construction; waste water; brine discharge) Sedimentation (dredging, reclamation and X X X X X X over water construction) Hydrodynamics (dredging, reclamation and X X X X X X X X over water construction) Biological Impacts Impacts on coral communities Direct removal and burial (Dredging foot print, temporary sand beds, reclamation X X X X X X areas, within excavator movement zones, over water villa foot print) Indirect (smothering from sedimentation, X X X X X X turbidity) Invertebrate displacement X X X X X X Impact of avian fauna (noise levels and worker X X X X X X actions) Fish and marine life depletion (due to fishing X X X X X X and extraction by workers)
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Activity / Potential Impact Direction Nature Duration Distribution Magnitude Significance Pos Neg Dir In Dir Cumu Long Short Site Local Nat High Mod Low High Mod Low Loss of trees and terrestrial habitats in islands X X X X X X X from where vegetation is sourced Introduction of plant pests and diseases X X X X X X Introduction of exotic species (e.g during X X X X X X material import) 2. Construction workers Waste management X X X X X X Waste water management X X X X X X Water and energy production X X X X X X X Worker safety X X X X X X 3. Socio-economic impacts Local fisherman Reduced access to bait fishing ground X X X X X X Increase in demand for fish X X X X X X X Employment X X X X X X X X Local business opportunities X X X X X X X Island use as picnic island X X X X X X X X Demand on resources and services (e.g X X X X X X X Thilafushi, ports) The Residence Island resort operations X X X X X X
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Table 5.2: Impact Identification Matrix for Resort Operations Phase
Activity / Potential Impact Direction Nature Duration Distribution Magnitude Significance Pos Neg Dir In Dir Cumu Long Short Site Local Nat High Mod Low High Mod Low 1. General resort and marina operations
Physical Impacts
Visual aesthetics X X X X X X Noise X X X X X X Air emissions X X X X X X X Ground water quality X X X X X X Marine water pollution (e.g brine discharge & X X X X X X emergency outfall) Hydrodynamics X X X X X X X Biological Impacts Impacts on coral communities Direct damage (e.g stepping on corals) X X X X X X Indirect (brine discharge, boating) X X X X X X Impact of avian fauna (noise levels and tourist X X X X X X actions) Fish and marine life depletion (due to X X X X X X recreational fishing) 2. Utilities operation Waste management X X X X X X X Waste water management X X X X X X Water and energy production (Air emissions X X X X X X and fuel consumption) Fuel management (Accidental spills) X X X X X X 3. Socio-economic impacts Local fisherman Reduced access to bait fishing ground X X X X X X Increase in demand for fish X X X X X X X
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Activity / Potential Impact Direction Nature Duration Distribution Magnitude Significance Pos Neg Dir In Dir Cumu Long Short Site Local Nat High Mod Low High Mod Low Employment X X X X X X X X Local business opportunities X X X X X X X X Demand on resources and services (e.g X X X X X X X X Thilafushi and transport) The Residence Island resort operations X X X X X X Tourism bed capacity X X X X X X Island use as picnic island X X X X X X X X
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6 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
6.1 Impacts on Natural Environment during Construction Phase
6.1.1 Noise Pollution and Vibration Impacts
During the mobilisation of equipment and operation of heavy machinery, it is anticipated that significant noise will be generated. The following activities are expected to generate noise pollution.
a. Dredging and reclamation b. Concrete mixing c. Over water piling work d. General construction activities
The key sensitive receptors in the project vicinity and likely impacts on them are summarised in Table 6.1 below.
Sensitive receptor Nearest Expected disturbances Likely Impacts on sensitive distance due to high noise levels receptor and responses Odegalla Island - Disturbance to avian Some species of birds will fauna roosting stay away Disturbance to nesting Nesting may be Induce stress on permanently affected for workers the construction period. Potential hearing damage for workers The Residence 2 km Disturbance to Complaints from tourists to Maldives tourists who are island management (Falhumaafushi seeking low noise for Resort may in turn Island) relaxation during SW complain to contractors monsoon.
The highest noise impacts are expected to be felt in Odegalla Island. Noise levels exceeding 85 dBA are anticipated from operation of heavy machineries (e.g. Excavators and Concrete Mixers).
Thus, given the sensitivities of avian species to sound, construction activities will generate sound levels that will disturb them when work is undertaken on the island.
Nosie levels observed in The Residence is unlikely to exceed 60 dBA from all point sources based on distance from The Residence to high noise activity zones. However, noise levels may exceed
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 127 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project night time background level if dredging activity is undertaken during night during the SW monsoon when the wind blows from the west.
With proper mitigation measures, it is unlikely that noise pollution impacts will cause long term effects such as human health risks leading to increased public and private health costs. However, its impact on bird roosting will be significant.
6.1.2 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
While emitted greenhouse gases can persist in the atmosphere in the long term, the level of emission from the construction phase of this project is expected to be negligible.
6.1.3 Groundwater and Soil Condition
The construction activities on the island is expected to have some impact on the quality and quantity of the groundwater and soil condition. Impacts are expected to severe in the event of accidental spills.
The relatively narrow and small groundwater lens is of particular concern in terms of vulnerability to negative impacts.
During the constructional phase oil, paint or other chemicals will need to be handled properly. Mishandling of fuel has led to serious pollution of soil and groundwater aquifer in some of the other resort construction projects. There have also been reports of spilled oil near temporary generator sets and around fuel transport lines in other similar resort construction projects. This sort of pollution may sometimes have long-term irreversible effects, extending through the operations stage, since such contamination does not degrade itself and is expensive to clean up. The clean-up itself may require extensive groundwater extraction, which will cause impacts such as salt-water intrusion.
During the construction stage, civil works including excavation will be undertaken to make way for foundations for major infrastructure of the resort such as beach villas, swimming pool, restaurants, kitchen and other amenities. Erection of these structures will require removal of sand and possibly dewatering of groundwater for concrete foundations. Therefore, this stage of construction will affect the soil and groundwater and may potentially cause saline intrusion. The extent and level of salinization will depend on the location of the structure being built. In general, excavation and dewatering in areas close to the vadose zone or areas close to the beach makes the groundwater vulnerable to salinization.
Removal of vegetation for construction will expose the soil to wind erosion.
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Excavation for building foundations and utility pipelines can also expose groundwater and the deeper sections of the soil to more harmful contaminants such as oils and hydrocarbons from vehicles and other machineries used during the construction.
Although Tourism regulations in Maldives prohibit the use of groundwater for any activities during the construction stage, it is unlikely that the project will be managed without having to use some water from the ground. Even if groundwater is not used, it is still going to be affected by other activities. Therefore, in this regard, groundwater is likely to be affected in the following manner:
Increased chance of construction related accidental chemical and oil leaks in to the ground; the possibility of saltwater intrusion triggered by disturbances from excavation and other civil works.
Use of machinery and equipment has the potential to contaminate land.
Excavation and withdrawal of groundwater especially around the periphery of the island will increase the likelihood of “up-coning” of the water lens below any given point, thereby allowing salt water intrusion.
Solid waste and wastewater generation during the construction stage can also affect the groundwater, if they are mishandled and mismanaged during the construction stage. The risk is moderate as construction will be well supervised and managed by project staff to ensure that waste is handled and disposed properly.
Groundwater pollution can also occur as a result of poorly designed and poorly addressed wastewater treatment systems. Leaking sewerage systems such as septic tanks may pollute the soil. This in turn will lead to the formation and accumulation in the aquifer of hazardous gases such as hydrogen sulphide. Eventually, the immediate vicinity of the ground water aquifer may become polluted and cause hazards to human health in medium to long-term. Therefore, even temporary sewage and wastewater systems during the construction stage have to be designed and constructed properly so as to avoid leakages into the ground. The proposed reclamation around the island at +1.4 to +1.5 m MSL will alter the groundwater lens. During the initial months after the reclamation, the vadose zone will be adjusted increasing water salinity around the area where the newly reclaimed area and current island meets. However, after the initial rainy season, the water lens is likely to adjust and expand.
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6.1.4 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna
Construction at Odegalla Island would inevitably involve changes to the terrestrial environment, including flora and fauna. Structures are proposed to be built on approximately 12% of the land, in addition footpaths connecting these structures will be cleared.
One of the most significant impacts from the project is expected to be on the loss of the site as a major bird roosting site. The locals identify the island as an important site for seafaring bird and thereby fishing. Birds are traditionally used by fisherman as a guide to locate fish schools on the open ocean. There are other sites in the atoll used by birds for roosting but Odagalla Island is one of the closest location to the Indian Ocean off the eastern rim of Maldives. During site visit, there was not enough evidence to determine if the island was an important roosting site. Moreover, the island is being used as a picnic island and tourists were present on the island at the time of survey. This activity in itself would limit bird roosting to times when there were no visitors on the island. Nevertheless, in the absence of field evidence, local knowledge on the site needs to be considered in determining the impacts.
The island currently has limited vegetation and only comprise of young bush vegetation only a few years old. Hence, vegetation loss is expected to be easily reversible with replanting.
Influx of workers to the island would inevitably have negative impacts on the terrestrial environment. Lack of awareness or concern to preserve the environment may lead to deliberate or inadvertent damages to the trees in order to speed up their work. If proper attention is not paid, such a large number of workers on the island could easily disturb the island fauna.
The newly reclaimed area of the island will have no vegetation. Therefore, a substantial effort is required to revegetate these areas. It is estimated that the island may require at a minimum between 100-150 coconut palms and 600-800 smaller plants for revegetation. This number can vary based on the landscaping architect’s final designs.
Terrestrial impacts related to coconut palm or other species transplantation from inhabited or uninhabited islands is expected to be one of the major impacts of this project. As noted in Chapter 2, several options have been considered for sourcing trees. These are also explored in the alternative chapter. The main sources considered are:
1. Tree sourcing from nearby Hulhimendhoo Island, which is planned to be developed as a resort by the same developer. EIA for resort development on Hulhimendhoo Island details out the tree transplantation based on the number of trees to be removed. 2. Sourcing trees including palms from overseas. The option to bring coconut palms from overseas will be considered and discussed with the relevant authorities.
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Since this is the projects conceptual master planning stage, there is not enough information to determine the exact source island (s), except for Hulhimendhoo Island, for transplanting trees. Transplanting coconut palms from inhabited islands require a separate EIA and a study approved by EPA. Therefore, the EIA team, in consultation with the proponent, has decided to submit an EIA addendum for tree transplantation, if required, once more specific details are prepared by the landscaping architect.
Importing coconut palms is one way to reduce the strain on local island forestry due to demand created for transplantation in resort projects like these. Imported palm varieties could be detrimental to the local vegetation systems as they are likely to introduce new plant pests and diseases. The new specifies could also spread to other islands. Depending on the specific types of species it could lead to positive or negative effects on existing palm species. This raises a dilemma. On one hand, it would be beneficial to minimise tree transplantation from inhabited islands and there by retaining the forestry practices intact. On the other hand, importing also poses risks to existing biogeography of the islands.
Exotic ornamental and fast-growing species are now commonly imported to landscape resorts. The introduction of exotic species not only reduced the ability of the island vegetation to reach a natural state, but also the exotic species may outgrow local species or introduce new pests. There is also the issue of maintaining the natural perception of the island for marketing purposes. Whilst the palm is the most important vegetation feature on an island there are local plants that have historic and cultural importance and so have marketing value which imported exotics do not have.
Soil and fertiliser will be required for this project in large quantities. They will to be imported to improve the growth prospects of exotic imports as well as other salt intolerant varieties. Imports may also introduce soil-associated pests and diseases for which local plants have limited resistance.
6.1.5 Marine Water Quality
Construction activities will involve significant adverse impacts on the marine water quality. The most significant will be the turbidity and sedimentation impacts from the dredging and reclamation activities. Turbidity higher than certain threshold levels for longer periods of time will have significant impacts on marine life (see next section).
Suspended sediments are carried by water and/or accumulate in a loose unconsolidated form on the reef bottom. While large particles settle on the bottom of the water body, sediment particles less than 0.063 mm in size (mostly clay and silt) will remain suspended in the water column. Suspended sediment will be easily dispersed thereby causing sedimentation on the reef.
Construction activities require the use of chemical substances such as fuel, oil and paints. Accidental spillage of such substances, particularly during transportation or offloading, and the
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 131 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project construction of overwater structures, can lead to marine water contamination. The spillage of construction material during construction of the overwater villas is a particular concern, given the probable longer length of construction period.
The prefabrication onshore would reduce any possibility of spilling of cement and concrete into the water column during construction of overwater structures. However, there would be some degree of disturbance to the water column due to equipment mobilization and placement of prefabricated columns, particularly due to excavator operations. Sediment dispersal will occur at a moderate scale. The marine environment is likely to be moderately affected. Dredging and reclamation will also involve disturbances to bottom sediments, generating sediment plumes.
Furthermore, significant quantities of waste will be generated from all construction related activities where any mishandling of solid (non-biodegradable) waste and hazardous waste will also contaminate the marine water. Therefore, special care should be taken when handling oil, solid waste and hazardous waste to entirely avoid any accidental spills and leakage.
Since majority of the workforce will be housed on the island, marine water contamination through wastewater disposal is expected which will raise the nutrient content in the marine water. In addition, dredging exposes anaerobic layers of sediment, which also elevate the nutrient content in marine water. Increase in quantity of nutrients such as phosphorous and nitrates in marine water increase the rate of growth of aquatic plants and cause Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) to increase. When BOD levels increase, the water body is deprived of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and with less oxygen available fish and other aquatic organisms may not thrive.
6.1.6 Marine Biodiversity
This project involves dredging of 14,500 m2 area and reclamation of 13,000 m2 area within select locations of the reef (See Figure 6.1). Biota (e.g. coral colonies, sessile organisms, algae) associated with the seabed within these footprints will be lost, either due to physical removal during dredging or burial during reclamation works. Dredging of entrance channels, and sand borrow sites is estimated to directly affect about 5,000 m2 of live coral, or substrate that can potentially support coral growth. Reclamation foot print is not expected to bury any live coral cover (See Figure 6.1).
The construction of over water villas will require removal of lagoon bed to place the foot print and excavator(s) will need to move along the lagoon bed around the water villa areas to construct the stilts (See Figure 6.1). The total footprint for construction of overwater structures (overwater villas, walkways, and jetties) and work area foot print is approximately 45,000 m2. The footprint of the overwater structures on the east contains significant live coral colonies and will involve permanent loss of 8,000-10,000 m2.
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In addition to direct loss of corals and marine organisms, elevated levels of turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) of water column and sedimentation on the reef, due to dredging, reclamation and overwater construction works are major stressors to the coral reef ecosystem (Rogers, 1990). Given the scale of the proposed dredging, reclamation and overwater construction works, significant increase in turbidity, TSS, and sedimentation on lagoon, reef and surrounding area is anticipated.
Corals -with the exception of azooxanthellae corals- relies on symbiotic algae Symbiodinium to produce their energy requirements via photosynthesis. Elevated levels of turbidity and TSS reduce ambient light reaching the corals, decreasing the overall photosynthetic activity of zooxanthellae (Richmond, 1993). Prolonged periods of reduced photosynthetic activities may lead to malnourishment and starvation coral colonies. In addition, an increased level of suspended solid in water column is reported to reduce the survival rate of coral larvae (Gilmour, 1999).
Increased sedimentation and settlement of sediments on corals also prevents ambient light from reaching symbiodinium, and reduces the overall photosynthetic productivity. Sedimentation also triggers corals to expend more energy to clear sediment (e.g. by production and shedding off mucus sheets). Energy if otherwise, coral’s would utilize to grow, reproduce and carryout other metabolic activities (Riegl & Branch, 1995). Furthermore, increased sedimentation impedes successful coral reproduction, by preventing coral larvae settlement, and survival rates of recruit and juvenile corals (Fabricius, 2005).
A significant relationship exists between the coral morphology and their sensitivity to turbidity and sedimentation. The most sensitive coral types to turbidity are soft corals, gorgonians and massive corals, both falling into intermediate to sensitive range on sensitivity gradient. Turbidity level between 20 – 40 mg/L (14 – 16 NTU) is observed to have sub lethal effects (e.g. reduced growth, and increased mucus production bleaching, tissue damage) on these types of corals. Even for tolerant coral types, sub lethal effects are observed when turbidity levels raises to 40 – 100 mg/L (28 – 30 NTU). Above 100 mg/L most coral species shows mass mortality (Erftemeijer, Riegl, Hoeksema, & Todd, 2012).
Plate, tabular, columnar and digitate type corals are observed to be the most sensitive to sedimentation. Sub lethal effects such as bleaching and tissue damage is observed on plate and tabular type corals when exposed to sedimentation rates of 10 – 50 mg L-1 day-1, while the same effects are only observed on massive type corals only when exposed to 50 – 200 mg L-1 day-1. Most coral species shows mass mortality when exposed to sedimentation greater than 200 mg L-1 day-1 (Erftemeijer et al., 2012).
In addition to exposure to sedimentation, duration of exposure also plays a key role in determining the response of corals. Experiment on the impact of short-term sediment burial of corals by Wesseling et al. (1999), showed no discernible effect on Porites species after treatment with
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 133 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project sediment for 6 hours, but slight discolorations were recorded on Porities colonies for 20 hours, and bleaching was observed when burial period extended for 68 hours. Burial period also is key determinant whether the corals recover or not, from the same study it was observed that Porites colonies that were buried for 20 hours recovered to normal levels within 3 weeks, but those buried for 68 hours left large white patches.
As the proposed dredging, reclamation and overwater structures works are proposed to be undertaken in a rich, dynamic coral reef ecosystem environment, very strict sediment control measures will be required to minimize turbidity and sedimentation impacts on the corals.
Based on predominant current flows during NE and SW monsoons, it can be deduced that the sedimentation and turbidity impacts will be higher on the western reef slope during NE monsoon, and on the eastern reef slope during SW monsoon. To ensure effectiveness sediment containment measures should be placed based on prevailing current conditions.
As mentioned earlier, increased levels of turbidity and sedimentation inhibits corals ability to successfully reproduce. Hence, it is important to ensure that dredging and reclamation works do not coincide with mass coral spawning events. However it should be highlighted the difficulty in predicting the exact day and time of spawning events. Mass coral spawning events in the Maldives are usually reported to occur between March and May; and always occurs during night- time often around full moon days. It is important to keep watch for indication of coral spawning, and cease dredging and reclamation works, or take stricter sediment control measures during mass spawning events.
Furthermore, it is also important to avoid large-scale dredging and reclamation works during periods of mass stress on coral reefs (e.g. periods of high sea surface temperatures that leads to mass coral bleaching). As any additional stress on corals during such periods diminish their ability to recover. Stricter sediment control measures should be taken, if dredging and reclamation works are to be undertaken during periods of mass stress on corals.
Fishes, sea turtles and other marine life associated with reefs are also likely to be adversely affected by dredging and reclamation works. Study on the effects of suspended solids on a planktivores juvenile Damselfish species demonstrated that with prolonged exposure to high-suspended sediment levels, fishes took significantly longer to find food, and consumed less food, which subsequently declined their growth and physiological condition, and increased their mortality rate (Wenger, Johansen, & Jones, 2012). In addition gills of fishes may be clogged by sediment particles and sediment deposition may cover and suffocate eggs and larvae of benthic spawning fishes. Prolonged exposure to high sediment levels can lead to a decrease in fish immunity against parasites and diseases. As fishes can readily disperse they are likely to relocate to nearby reefs if high sediment conditions persist. Strict sediment control measures, and ensuring that dredging and
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 134 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project reclamation works are completed within the shortest time period is key to minimize adverse impacts on marine life.
Similarly, increased suspended solids in the water column during dredging and reclamation may impede foraging behaviour of sea turtles due to reduced visibility, and deter them away from the reef. Furthermore, risk of physical damage to turtles exists due to movement of vessels and dredging, reclamation and overwater structure construction machinery and equipment. In addition to sediment control measures, visual inspection of dredging and reclamation sites for turtles is important to minimize chances of direct physical damage to turtles.
Sedimentation is also likely to cause major shifts in invertebrate populations as sediment is deposited at the crevices/crannies blocking their habitat. This favours domination of invertebrate populations that are more tolerant of the condition. The overall population diversity, size and quality of reef ecosystem are likely to decline due to increased and prolonged sedimentation arising from the proposed activities. A 100 m radius from each of the dredging site is expected to be affected by sedimentation.
6.1.7 Impact on Unique Habitats
Odegalla has been identified as a major bird roosting site in the region by the EPA and is listed a Sensitive Environment. Field assessment undertaken in 2019 show that the site is also a breeding area for seafaring birds. This is most likely due to the remoteness of the island, and the large surrounding reef. Assessments to establish the exact importance of the island for avian fauna will require at least and yearlong study as the site does not have any published data. The only other island with similar biogeography is Mathidhoo Island to the west of Odegalla, which has also leased on Varuvaa.
The site has been identified as an import site fisheries due to the importance of birds in assisting finding fish schools.
The reef system has also been identified by local fishermen as an important bait fishing ground and is deemed crucial for the fisheries activities in the region.
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Figure 6.1: Marine impact footprint
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6.1.8 Changes in Hydrodynamics
During dredging and reclamation works and shore protection works there is a high likelihood of abrupt changes to coastal hydrodynamics. The two main changes are those associated with flow direction and speed on the reef flat and possible flow changes in atoll lagoon.
Changes within Odegalla lagoon
The present Odegalla Island is shaped and located based on a hydrodynamic balance resulting from available sediment, reef shape, wave propagation patterns, live coral cover and intensity of monsoons. The proposed development is likely to lead to the following changes and impacts within the lagoon:
a. Dredging on the south eastern of the reef system will increase the water depth and allow swell waves approaching through the reef pass (Niladhoo kanduolhi) to reach the access jetty and island beach with a higher wave height and intensity. This will result in difficulties in mooring and severe erosional pressure between June and November and possibly December when swells from the SE and NE penetrate the reef pass. b. Dredging on the northern side will also involve changes to wave height and energy on the northern side during the SW monsoon. The location will also cause wave diffraction around the borrow site to cause waves to follow a different propagation pattern that what existed before (propagation based on reef shape). c. The dredging and reclamation works, and marine construction works are expected to decrease the coral cover on the reef flat significantly. In turn the ability of the shallow reefs to absorb wave energy will be reduced and slight increase in wave energy may result over time. d. The presence of the reclaimed land will alter the wave propagation patterns by reducing wave rays travelling to the lee of the island and increasing current flow on either side of the island. e. The construction of stilts on the western side will reduce current flow towards east and west but will not have an effect on wave propagation due to the elongated nature of the reef.
The main concerns for the property based on the above hydrodynamic changes are the potential inability to use the SE corner jetty and substantial erosion during the initial years when the island tries to reach a balance based on the new conditions.
Changes in Atoll Lagoon
Given the small size of reclamation, there is unlikely to be a substantial change in the hydrodynamics outside the reef system.
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6.1.9 Coastal Processes
Land reclamation is almost always associated with varying degrees of changes to coastal processes. Any change in planform, shape or size will require the existing coastal processes to adapt resulting in changes both to the processes as well as the island or shoreline. As described above, the proposed reclamation is being undertaken in lagoon with pre-existing hydrodynamic conditions.
The changes in hydrodynamics will also result in the island shoreline to try and adapt by shifting material along the beach and adjusting its profile. If left unprotected, these processes will bring about significant changes to the shoreline until it could find an equilibrium. For a property, these changes will be manifested as severe erosion and accretion.
It is unlikely that the current island shape can be retained as natural processes taken over and due to reasons explained in Section 6.1.8.
At present, no shore protection measures are proposed with the developer opting to monitor the site before deploying shore protection measures. This is because shoreline change modelling was not completed for this project to estimate the beach sand movements. Introduction of shore protection measures in the future will cause further adjustments. If installed based on proper monitoring, the changes are expected to be mostly beneficial.
The overwater structures will be developed on concrete piles. The piles will be extended inland in order to accommodate potential future erosion in the areas. The piles will be prefabricated on shore and placed in the water using machinery. The structural design has considered the wave activity, and is designed to facilitate and withstand them.
The columns may cause wave scour at the bottom thereby affecting longshore movement of sand to some degree. The impact would be small and is likely to stabilise over time and is unlikely to affect the geomorphology of the island beaches in the long-term.
The proposed jetties where it connects to the island are subject to erosion and potential damage.
The proposed swimming pool located in the intertidal zone is particularly vulnerable to severe erosion. The structure will be constructed as an overwater structure on piles but because it is a pool it cannot be lifted too high. Hence, wave refraction off the structure can sour the beach around it affecting the decking behind the structure.
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6.1.10 Impact on visual amenity
The proposed project will affect the amenity value of this area due to the presence of vessels, excavators, construction machineries and associated activities. The operating resort at Falhumaafushi, located just 2.3 km from Island, maybe affected.
Another issue related to visual amenity is turbidity associated with dredging. It is likely that the sea separating Odegalla and Falhumaafushi may be affected by turbidity. There may also be limited effects of turbidity on nearby reef. The strong tidal flushing will clear the waters twice a day, allowing turbidity to clear quickly. Nonetheless, snorkelling and diving activities may be affected in this area during this period.
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6.2 Impacts on the Natural Environment during Operational Phase
6.2.1 Coastal Processes
As in the construction stage, it is clear that there will be considerable changes to hydrodynamics during the operation stage. The island and its beach will undergo rapid adjustment following reclamation. The first 15-20 meters should be treated as a buffer zone for the shoreline to erode and naturally adapt.
Erosion will affect all around the island due to its small size. Soft adaptation measures such as beach replenishment is unlikely to work and further shore protection may have to be introduced after monitoring. Coastal protection will be required before the resort goes into operation in order reduce disruption to resort operations.
During the operation phase, access jetty will be heavily used. The increased approach of mechanised vessels to the jetty will cause some disturbance to the currents and waves in the area speeding of sediment transport on the southern side. This has been experienced in a number of resort islands.
6.2.2 Marine Water Quality
Operational stage activities that can potentially lead to degradation of the marine water quality include improper disposal of solid waste into the marine environment (including waste generated on land and littering from boats), in adequate mixing and dilution of brine from the desalination plant and effluent from the sewage treatment plant.
The Environmental Management Plan presented in Chapter 9 of the report includes methods for proper disposal of solid waste, thereby mitigating the risk of marine environment degradation due to solid waste.
Adverse impacts due to sewage/ wastewater disposal are not expected during the daily operation of the resort, unless the system fails or due to a major natural hazard. If the system fails, wastewater will be pumped out directly into deep water via the emergency outfall location. The system will be repaired as soon as possible. Although temporary impacts on the reef are expected, they are likely to be minimal, given the location of the emergency outfall (ensuring thorough mixing). The locations of the wastewater effluent and brine outfalls are also proposed with consideration of the wave and current conditions in the area, in order to ensure good mixing and thorough dilution.
6.2.3 Marine Biodiversity
Guest recreational activities and operational activities of the resorts can have adverse impacts on the marine biodiversity, through physical damage and habitat degradation.
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Intensity of boating activities would be relatively high when the resorts are in full operation. Intense boating activities have proven chronically detrimental to marine environment especially coral reefs both resulting from direct and indirect impacts such as physical damage to the benthos especially to corals through anchor damage and littering by boat crew and indirectly through disturbances to the lagoon bottoms especially in shallow areas. Boat grounding and anchor damage to the reef are potential risks especially during bad weather conditions and boat operations after dark.
Recreational diving and snorkelling are increasingly becoming a potential damaging activity for the coral reefs due to the increase in sheer frequency of the activity. No detailed studies have been undertaken in the Maldives, but dive operators are increasingly reporting declining quality due to unusually high number of dives.
Given that most reefs are being shared by many resorts for diving, damage to corals should be considered significant in term of direct physical damage and indirect ecological deterioration by divers such as alteration of natural behaviour of reef organisms and boat activities such as wastes and oil spills from boat operation. Anchor damage from dive boats at dive sites are minimal as they do not anchor when the divers are under water and most dives are drifting dives.
Snorkelling is considered less damaging to coral reefs as it mostly involves floating on the surface. However, in many instances the reef flats are too shallow to swim and snorkeler-trampling damage may occur while they try to access the reef slope. Damage to reefs occurs when snorkelers kick or stand on coral colonies.
Recreational fishing is a very popular activity carried out in nearly all the resorts in the Maldives. Direct impacts of recreational fishing include, anchor damage and declining fish abundance in extensively fished reefs. The high demand from the resorts for reef fish species also lead to local fishermen to extensively fish known areas until the location’s reputation as ‘good fishing spot’ declines.
Degradation of the marine environment due to solid waste, sewage/ wastewater and brine discharge can affect the marine biodiversity in the area as well. However, these impacts are highly unlikely, given the measures taken to mitigate the risk of such impacts.
6.2.4 Ground Water Quality and Quantity
Usage of groundwater during operation of the resort may have dramatic impacts on the scarce ground water lens. Similarly groundwater can easily be contaminated due to any hazardous chemicals handled on the island.
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Fuel tanks within the island will have bund walls to contain at least 110 % of the tank capacity, in case of an accident. Other hazardous materials will have proper labels and material safety datasheets (MSDS) clearly labelled. Access and use of these substances will also be strictly controlled and monitored by specially trained personnel. Therefore, with these mitigation measures, the likelihood of any groundwater contamination is not expected.
Once the resort is in operation, no groundwater will be used for any resort activity other than gardening. Desalination plants will provide fresh water for most of the resorts activity including guest toilets, showers, cooking, cleaning etc. Therefore groundwater will be positively impacted in that the overall quantity will be maintained by not using it.
Furthermore, environmental technologies will be incorporated, so as to conserve water during operation. Water efficient taps will be installed at bathrooms and toilets and all operational areas such as kitchen and laundry. High quality water efficient showerheads will be installed in all guest showers. Low-flush and dual-flushing toilets will be used at bathrooms. Treated water from the wastewater treatment plant will be used for flushing toilets.
There exists the possibility of groundwater contamination from fertilisers used for landscaping. Fertilizers can easily seep into the groundwater lens when it rains and remain in soil and water for a long time.
6.2.5 Terrestrial Environment
The island is also expected to import all of its vegetation from, Hulhimendhoo Island, other islands, nurseries and overseas. The risk of diseases and accidental introduction of pests and dangerous species are very high. Moreover, since the soil will also have to be redeveloped, the chances of introducing soil-borne organisms and pests not suitable to coral islands are also high. These aspects need to be looked into detail in the specific EIA that will be undertaken for tree transplanting from other islands.
The main operational activities of the resort that are expected to have potential adverse impacts on the terrestrial environment are solid waste and waste oil generation, and gardening/ landscaping/ pest control.
Operational stage of the resort will generate large quantities of solid waste as almost all supplies will be imported. Likely types of waste generated include kitchen waste, packaging, green waste, cans, bottles, hazardous waste (chemicals used in laundry, used fuels etc.). The Environmental Management Plan includes measures to effectively manage solid waste and waste oil in a manner that is least harmful to the environment. Hence, major adverse impacts on the terrestrial environment due to solid waste and waste oils are not expected.
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Waste oil from the generators will be collected and will be incinerated. It is estimated that 2000 litres of waste oil will be generated per month. Storage and transport of waste oil involves of groundwater leakage or spill if mishandled.
Use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides for gardening/ landscaping purposes may also be of concern. The resort would require the use of pesticides and insecticides for rodent and vector control, especially mosquitoes. Introduction of such measures should consider its potential positive and negative impacts on the terrestrial flora and fauna. Environmentally safe products shall be used.
6.2.6 Ambient Noise Level and Air Quality
The resort is designed to provide a peaceful environment with low ambient noise for guests. Hence, guest accommodation and recreation facilities are located separate from the back-of-the- house infrastructure. Back-of-the-house activities that are expected to generate high noise levels are power generation; water desalination; carpentry and mechanical workshops, and, to a lesser extent, laundry. Road traffic along the link road can also generate high noise levels, but the impact on the ambient noise level within the resort boundary is likely to be insignificant.
Emissions from the power generation are expected to be the only significant source of air quality degradation, as motorised vehicles will not be used within the resort boundary. Electric buggy carts will be used for resort operations, and non-motorised vehicles will be available to guests for sightseeing excursions. Air pollution from road traffic along the link road can affect local air quality, but the effects are not expected to be significant.
The powerhouse will be designed with appropriate insulation to minimise the radiation of heat, soot filters at the chimneys and chimneys height appropriately to minimise the soot emission and effective dispersion outside the boundaries of the island environment. The powerhouse and desalination plant are proposed to be adequately sound proofed to achieve the allowable limits of 70 -75 dB(A) at 3 meters radius.
Hence, significantly excessive levels of noise and air pollution are not anticipated during operation of the resort.
6.2.7 Green House Gas Emissions
Power will be provided using one 450 kVA synchronised prime fuel generation set and one 450 kVA backup generator. The resort is designed to be self-sufficient in terms of power generation and would have 100% back-up capacity as well.
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The emission rating for power generation engines will be at US EPA/CARB Tier of 2. The specifications of the generators will be decided based on the quotations and technology assessments. These figures are preliminary and subject to come down during detailed design. GHG emission will be a concern.
In 2011, energy consumption contributed to about 1.04 million tonnes of CO2 in Maldives, which is approximately 0.003% of global emissions. In the absence of an alternative renewable source of energy, diesel powered generator sets in the resorts will result in a direct emission of Green House Gases (GHG) which will consequently contribute to local and global emission of GHG.
Maldives is currently in the process of reducing their dependency on oil and has committed to reduce GHG emission by 24% under a business –as-usual scenario by 2030. Hence, with the resort’s contribution to local GHG emission, it will have cumulative implications on the country’s commitment to reduce GHG emissions by 2030 and reduce fuel dependency.
6.3 Impacts on the Socio-economic Environment during construction
6.3.1 Business and Employment Opportunities
The proposed project has strong potential for beneficial impacts on the society and local economy, particularly for the communities nearest to the project site. The project requires a workforce, increasing direct employment opportunities for local contract workers. Workforce demand is expected to be the highest during resort construction stage, which is also the stage during which demand for skilled local workers such as carpenters, craftsmen, artists etc. is expected to be the highest.
Demand for resources such as food and accommodation for construction workers, equipment, machinery, vehicles and vessels hire will also likely benefit the local suppliers and businesses. Some construction workers will be accommodated on nearby islands. Local guesthouses, restaurants and other businesses in these islands will potentially benefit from this accommodation arrangement.
6.3.2 Health and Safety
Health and safety risks arising from construction work is high, especially due to the use of specialised equipment and machinery. Accidents related to equipment use can lead to injury, and fatalities. Materials used in construction, in addition to the equipment and machinery, also involve risks to health and safety. Accidental spills/ leakage of hazardous substances can contaminate the site and pose risks to human health, including workers on the site and the local population. The project activities include measures to minimize risks to health and safety of workers.
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6.3.3 Impacts on operation of The Residence Maldives Resort
Construction activities of the proposed project are likely to involve noise, visual, sedimentation and turbidity related impacts on operations of Residence Maldives Resort. Most significant impacts from dredging and reclamation activities are potential impacts on the marine biodiversity of and visibility of nearby reefs such as Boavaafaru and house reef of The Residence Maldives Resort. Dives to Boavaafaru reef and The Residence Maldives house reef are an important guest service provided by The Residence Maldives resort and a significant source of revenue for the resort. Low visibility at the dive sites will negatively impact the services and income of the resort. Operation of large construction machinery and equipment will be an eyesore for guests at Falhumaafushi. Noise impacts from activities like shore protection and reclamation will be moderately felt at Residence Maldives for a short duration. Noise impacts would be higher if construction activities are undertaken during nighttime or when the primary wind direction is from east to west. Sedimentation, turbidity, and noise impacts will be short term as the impacts will subside soon after the dredging and reclamation works are over.
6.3.4 Demand for services from nearby islands
As noted above, it is likely that some construction workers will need to be temporarily accommodated in nearby islands like Maamendhoo and Nilandhoo. One of the main impacts of workers accommodation on inhabited islands is the increase in demand for housing in these islands. It has to be noted that both are small islands with relatively few houses for lease. If temporary housing demand exceeds the supply of guesthouses and vacant buildings, it may likely result in local residents renting out rooms in their homes. This could potentially cause a number of social and family problems. For example if the financial benefit of short term renting is high, some residents may try to maximize the number of rental rooms by whole family moving into a single room or several family members sharing an inadequately small room or rooms. Impacts of families living in congested spaces are many including loss of privacy, lack of suitable study environment for students, family problems, and health and psychological impacts. Furthermore, there are potential dangers for sharing living space with strangers. Host islands need to prepare for potential shortage in housing by developing temporary worker accommodation facilities.
In addition to housing demand, accommodation of workers in inhabited islands would increase demand in other resources and services such as food, water, electricity and healthcare.
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6.4 Impacts on the Socio-economic Environment during operation
6.4.1 Business and Employment Opportunities
The development of the resort is likely to have positive impacts on the atoll community. Economic benefits anticipated from resort operation include,
Agriculture: opportunity to grow fruits and vegetables and sell to the resort Fisheries: opportunity to sell fish catch (both pelagic and reef fish) Employment: Many young people will be employed by the resort Trade: excursions, souvenir shops Manufacturing: Sataa, fangi, handicrafts h
Out of these benefits, employing the poor is the highest priority for the people of the atoll. Tourism is a labour-intensive industry and offers opportunity for private sector to provide additional paid employment to the poor. In order to successfully implement such a programme, attention needs to be given to proper awareness-raising as well as reliable and sustainable employment, and involvement of the people hired as much as possible.
Good examples of this kind of employment are found in other resorts of Maldives, where the women from neighbouring islands clean the beach and gardens of the resort. One other area that could be developed in this fashion is to involve the fishermen from the neighbouring islands to organize “traditional” fishing trips for the tourists. In order to successfully employ the poor for day-jobs it would be critical to have a daily bus/ ferry service between population centres in the atoll and the resort.
The second most important impact area identified by the public is the impact on trade of local goods. Reef fish, agricultural produce and handicraft items are potential products for trade.
Since most of the islands in the atoll are invested in fisheries sector, this opens up opportunities to supply fish to resorts as well. In addition, other islands which depend mostly on agriculture as the main economic activity like Nilandhoo, can supply their products to nearby resorts through a sustainable business model. Some resorts also conduct guest excursion activities whereby guests are taken to nearby inhabited islands, this enables the islands to offer services such as selling local souvenirs and food products. Therefore, it is anticipated there will be an overall positive impact on employment and services due to resort development.
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6.4.2 Impact on Society and Resource Use Conflict
Proposed project has the potential for resource use conflicts between different users of Odegalla Island and reef. One significant conflict is likely to arise from the permanent closure of Odegalla lagoon and reef, preventing access for fishermen to a commonly used bait fishing area.
Odegalla Reef system has been recorded as significant bait fishing and a reef fishing point where fishermen around entire atoll heavily rely on. It was also stressed during stakeholder consultations that the livelihoods of the people in the island are heavily dependent on the fisheries sector. Loss of access to Odegalla reef might require these fishermen to travel longer distances in search of baitfish and consequently spend more on fuel. While the fishermen would like continued access to Odegalla reef, the proponent might not be able to allow such access to their property and may even take measures to prevent and discourage fishing within the lagoon and the exclusive zone of the resort. Such practices may lead to hostility and bad relations between the resort management and local fishermen.
Odegalla Island has been used by the locals in the nearby island including Maamendhoo, Nilandhoo, Dhaandhoo and Villingili for picnic and leisure. It was reported that families and groups usually visit Odegalla every weekend and this is more common during the annual school break in December, when locals residing in Male’ visit. It was also stressed during stakeholder consultations that there is no alternative island in the area for locals to visit, as most of the islands have been leased for resort development. The locals will also be deprived of enjoying the house reef of Odegalla for their leisure activities such as snorkelling, diving and recreational fishing.
Other societal impacts are also expected due to the result of influx of workers in the resorts to the islands. The Atoll Council of Gaaf Alif highlighted that they have recorded an increased spread of contagious diseases when these foreigners visit the island for health check-ups.
6.4.3 Impact on Other Economic Sectors
6.4.3.1 Impact on Local Tourism
Local tourism is booming with the introduction of guesthouses in inhabited islands. There are a total of 07 guesthouses in Gaaf Alif atoll. Usually guesthouses use the nearby uninhabited islands for guest activities like for picnic and snorkelling.
Guesthouses in Nilandhoo and Maamendhoo use Odegalla as a picnic island and use the house reef for snorkelling. ‘Village Life’ guesthouse in Maamendhoo is reported to operate at maximum occupancy throughout the year and they take their guests to Odegalla 2-3 days a week. They also offer a snorkelling experience where guests are taken to Odegalla reef and other two reefs nearby
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 147 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project on a daily basis. One of the main selling for these guesthouses is the unique marine biodiversity in Gaaf Alif Atoll and especially at Odegalla reef.
If Odegalla is developed to a resort, existing guesthouses and upcoming guesthouses in other nearby islands will not be able to use the island or its house reef. This will be a significant impact to the local tourism as one of the key guest activities offered by these guesthouses will need to be stopped. The impact is high as there are no alternative uninhabited island in the proximity. Most of the uninhabited islands in the area are already been leased for resort development. Travelling to other distant uninhabited islands will be costly and it will not be financially practical for guesthouses.
6.4.3.2 Impact on Fisheries
Odegalla is a significant bait fishing and a reef fishing point where fishermen in the entire atoll heavily relies on. It was also stressed during stakeholder consultations that the livelihoods of the people in the island is heavily dependent on the fisheries sector. The development of Odegalla to a resort may cause challenges to the fishermen who use the area for bait fishing and reef fishing. Even at present fishermen are facing difficulties while fishing near The Residence Maldives and Park Hyatt. The resort management has raised complaints about fishing near the perimeters of the resort. If such issues persist, fishermen will be faced with challenges which in turn would reduce the demand of fish supplied to Kooddoo Fisheries Complex and MIFCO. The negative impacts of this may also be felt by the wider local economy as well, as fish products are one of the main exports. In addition, Odegalla area is used by fishermen in Gaaf Alif, Gaaf Dhaal and Addu City, the impact will be significant.
Challenges in accessing reef fishing and bait fishing points may also reduce the number of reef fish caught. While reef fish is now sold to few resorts nearby, the reduction in its supply can also impact this business.
6.4.4 Local Culture and Values
Guided tours to nearby islands will have to be well-regulated and moral standards in dressing by guests and accompanying staff shall be maintained. The resort would also have to avoid bias in selection of islands for excursions and have a policy of equity, in order to avoid conflict among the local population. On the other hand, tourism can increase socio-cultural tolerance within the community, from increased exposure to people from other cultures, and promote better understanding and acceptance of other cultures.
Drug abuse is an emerging concern in the atoll at the moment and every effort has to be made to ensure that this problem does not reach the staff of the resort. It also has to be ensured that there
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 148 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project is no contribution by the staff of the resort to the increase in use of drugs in the atoll. The management must ensure a zero-tolerance policy for sale or use of drugs by staff of the resort.
Influx of a large construction workforce, presumably with a high proportion of expatriates, can lead to conflicts between the local population and the workers.
The nature of resort operations is also known to have a cultural impact. During stakeholder consultations, it was highlighted that the foreign management in resorts has a negative impact on the cultural values of the society. It was noted that mosques in resorts are not maintained well and the ‘Imaam’ is usually a foreigner and sometimes those without the permit conduct the prayer.
6.4.5 Demand for Resources and Services
Once the resort is operational, there will be additional burden on the landfill site in Thilafushi. Most of the waste generated will be handled on site, but certain materials like non-combustible and hazardous waste will need to be handled at the waste management site at Thilafushi. There will be an overall long-term moderate impact as a result. It has been revealed that some of the vessels transferring waste to Thilafushi dump the waste into the ocean. This also has detrimental impacts on the marine biodiversity as sometime the waste is mixed with plastic.
The resort will not have additional burden on other utilities, since the resort will be developed as a self-sufficient entity with its own power supply, water desalination plant and sewerage system with treatment plan.
While the project does not have direct impacts on local utility supply services, provision of utilities on site requires a high supply of fuel since electricity is primarily generated from diesel. Due to the size of the proposed resort, this resort property will require a moderate supply of fuel. Additionally, the high dependency on non-renewable source of fuel increases the vulnerability of the resort to external shocks such as shortages in fuel supply and inflation of fuel prices, especially considering the impacts of global climate change. Furthermore, continued high use of fossil fuels may significantly contribute to Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Maldivian government has recently committed to a conditional 24% reduction in national greenhouse gas emission under a business –as-usual scenario by 2030 in Maldives Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) submitted to COP21. Therefore, the resort’s contribution to national GHG emissions may have policy implications for the country and likely affect the long-term strategic goals.
The transport infrastructure at Velana International Airport will be used by the resort. The volume of passengers using the airport is expected to increase, but it is not expected that the demand will exceed the capacity of the airport and airlines.
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6.4.6 Improved Environmental Protection
Employing the poor can be a means of reaching the dual goal of poverty reduction and environmental conservation. Direct full-time employment in the tourism industry has shifted many people from environmentally damaging occupations such as coral and sand mining and destructive commercial reef fisheries. Long-term livelihood opportunities for the poor may be integrated into plans for environmental management in the resort. Such opportunities would enhance appreciation of environmental resources by the poor and meet income poverty reduction goals as well.
Tourism industry in the Maldives is completely reliant on the natural environment of the islands, especially the marine and coastal environment. Likewise, the economic sustainability of the tourism industry depends on the sustainability of the natural ecosystems. This inevitably leads to greater consideration for the natural environment, and recognition of the need for improved environmental protection and conservation.
Since conservation of the environment requires large-scale measures, environmental conservation efforts cannot be limited to resort boundaries, and must include regional-scale programmes. Hence, resorts often conduct environmental conservation and awareness programmes with nearby local communities, leading to increased awareness on environmental issues among the public. Recognition of the need to ensure the sustainability of natural ecosystems for the sustainable development of the tourism industry (and the country’s economy) can also lead to improved legislative and institutional frameworks for environmental management.
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6.5 Cumulative Impacts
Majority of the impacts from the project within the project direct foot print and in the vicinity are explicitly due to this project. However, there are some pre-existing impacts and an ongoing activities on the island which are likely have cumulative impacts on the project. These aspects are described below.
6.5.1 Coral bleaching
In early 2016 there was a mass coral bleaching event in the Maldives. Coral reefs since have been showing signs of slow recovery and is expected to take long period to fully recover, even without additional stress. Large areas of the reef was affected by bleaching.
Since the survey a rise in sea surface temperatures in April and May 2019 prompted Marine Research Centre and Ministry of Tourism to issue an advisory on restricting dredging works in Maldives under the heat stress is over. Ongoing monitoring near GA. Villingili Island indicates that bleaching has hit at an unprecedented level in Huvadhoo Atoll.
Additional stress induced by the proposed works (e.g. increased suspended solids, turbidity, and sedimentation from dredging and reclamation works) will hinder recovery process.
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7 Recommended Mitigation Measures
This chapter describes the mitigation measures recommended for the project based on the main adverse impacts identified in Chapter 6.
7.1.1 Noise Pollution
1. Use equipment with low noise emissions as stated by manufactures. Key equipment to consider noise emissions include, excavators, power plants, desalination plants, concrete batching plants, concrete mixers and general construction tools. 2. Use equipment properly fitted with noise reduction devises such as mufflers, when working close to sensitive receptors, particularly in Odegalla Island. 3. Properly tune and maintain all vehicles and machinery 4. Conduct construction activities during daytime to minimize nuisance to humans and fauna. Limit works hours to 7 am – 7 pm when working in high noise activities. 5. Insulate power generator and desalination plant house with appropriate material 6. Monitor all occupational areas to ensure noise levels do not exceed WHO standards 7. Inform the neighbouring resorts of the work plan and changes to work plan so that they could inform their guest and plan their operations more efficiently.
The main cost would be for insulation of the power house and desalination plant house. This may cost between USD 10,000 – USD50,000.
7.1.2 Air Pollution and Green House Gas Emission
1. Keep ground damp to minimize dust/ topsoil erosion by wind, particularly between December and April. 2. Consider using renewable energy to reduce the use and reliance on diesel. A technology that has been tested in resort settings is solar PV technology. A solar-diesel hybrid system has been proven successful. As a guide, a target of at least 20-30% renewable energy should be considered. 3. Consider using energy reusing ventures. Heat recovery from power plants has been used as a successful option in many resorts and islands of Maldives. 4. Consider using heat recovery from incinerators and desalinated plants as an alternative source of energy.
The main cost of mitigation cannot be determined at this stage as solar photovoltaic system generally requires explicit calculations to determine how much can be produced or installed based on the space available and the power plants used. As a general rule, 1 Megawatt power plant
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|152 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project running entirely on solar energy is around $8-10 million dollars. Developing the property with 30 % renewable energy could cost around US$2.5 million.
The cost of heat recovery system and deep water cooling system cannot be estimated at this stage as these required specific calculations based on the requirement scale.
7.1.3 Marine Water Turbidity and Sedimentation
Dredging works are going to be undertaken in a highly sensitive marine environment. Preventing damage to marine biodiversity due to turbidity and sedimentation has been given a focus in environmental impact mitigation. This is due to the importance of the coral reef to the property and also as the reef is currently recovering from the mass bleaching event in 2016 and possibly during 2019.
1. All reclamation works should be undertaken behind bund or containment walls. The walls should enclose the overall reclamation area prior to filling. Bunds can be constructed to the planned island shape or following the shortest route covering the island shape. It can be constructed with sand using an excavator. Sand for the bund can be sourced from the immediate lagoon, preferably on the inside of the bund. If the sea conditions are bad (strong waves and currents) it will be difficult to maintain the bund. In such a scenario alterative protective material such as temporary sand filled bags (geotextiles or another durable bags) must be utilized. The bund width and elevation should take into account the wave conditions. The preliminary plan for bund walls is presented in Figure 2.16 and 2.17. This plan can be modified in consultation with the environmental consultant but the basic principle of containing all reclamation sites must be followed. 2. Fixed silt screens must be deployed in the lagoon before commencement of bund wall construction. Silt screens must also be deployed in the lagoon during dredging and reclamation activity. The objective of the silt screen is to contain material suspended during dredging, during bundwall construction and to capture any residual suspended material during filling. Silt screen can be deployed in sections, focusing on the dredging area. Fixed installations can involve driving GI pipes or similar material into the lagoon bed and anchoring the screen in place. Alternatively, anchors with weights could be used, as is commonly practiced. 3. If practical it is advised to restrict dredging during coral spawning periods. Predictions and visual observation should be undertaken by a qualified marine biologist to identify spawning events which usually takes place between April and May spring tides. The marine biologist should determine if spawning is going to take place, where it is taking place within the footprint of the project and advice the contractors. If practical it is advised to stop dredging and reclamation works at least for 12 days – 5 days before and 7 days
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after spawning. In case the date is missed, dredging can be ceased for 7 days after spawning event is detected. Daily monitoring by a marine biologist is recommended during this period. 4. Complete dredging and reclamation works in shortest time period possible; contingencies should be made available for the possibility of dredger failure as has been witnessed in some other reclamation projects in the Maldives. 5. Excavator movement should stick to predefined routes for travel along the reef. 6. All staff involved in dredging and reclamation works must be briefed on the sensitivity of the reef and the mitigation measures proposed in the EIA report. 7. Monitor the level of Turbidity and Sedimentation Rate on select locations to verify that the sediment containment measures are effective (see Monitoring section). 8. Supervise all construction activities to ensure that large vehicles and dredger do not move outside the project boundary and ensure the reef flat levelling is restricted to the required area only. 9. All dredging works should be completed within the defined timeframe including removal of bunds and temporary sand beds. Contingency measures for damaged equipment should be in place to avoid delays due to mechanical failure of equipment. 10. Place buoys to clearly identify reef edges as it may not be visible due to turbidity. 11. Where practical place a silt screen or a similar curtain to prevent damage to live coral cover. Construction of bund walls are usually part of the contractor fees. Separately, the cost of sand bunds can be between $35,000 and $50,000. Cost of placing the silt screen is estimated at $15,000- 20,000.
7.1.4 Marine Water and Groundwater and Soil Contamination
7.1.4.1 Construction Activities
1. Oil, solid waste & hazardous waste handled carefully & transported in sealed containers. 2. All paints, lubricants, and other chemicals used on site stored in a secure and bunded location 3. All raw materials stored away from the vicinity of the coastal areas 4. General refuse stockpiled in one central area 5. Keep spill clean-up materials readily available 6. Train workers in spill prevention and clean-up, and designate responsible individuals 7. Properly tune and maintain all machinery 8. Carry out construction activities user the supervision of a suitably experienced person 9. Pre-fabricate columns and footings away from shore
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10. The groundwater extracted from the excavation site could be recharged into the groundwater table through groundwater recharge wells, which could be built near the excavation site, to minimise discharges of groundwater into the nearshore water
Costs are to be included in the contract value and are mainly the responsibility of the contractor.
7.1.4.2 Wastewater
1. Maintain temporary septic tanks and avoid seepage of untreated wastewater into soil and groundwater 2. Undertake regular inspection of operation stage sewerage system for timely detection and repair of any leakages. 3. All the wastewater will be treated and recycled. The resort will not discharge directly to the sea as this has the potential of damaging the reef ecosystem as well as degrade aesthetics. 4. Effluent from toilets should not be discharged while boats are moored, anchored or close to the island. 5. All temporary accommodation vessels must have temporary sewage storage facilities or treatment plants. Sewage should not be released into the inner lagoon. If sewage has to be disposed periodically, it can be disposed on the ocean side 1 km from 500 m from the ocean side reef edge, preferable, 5 m below the water level. 6. All septic tanks must be safely deactivated. 7. Establish contingency plans for a ruptured or leaking sewage pipe linking the islands. This includes measures in the design to shut down the sewage grid temporarily and alternative diversion plans during repair works. 8. Where possible, reuse grey water after treatment for gardening and ground water recharge.
Mitigation measures mainly involve routine maintenance activities, and do not include additional costs.
7.1.5 Groundwater Depletion
Groundwater depletion can occur due to dewatering for construction of building foundations and excavation for laying utility pipelines. Groundwater is not planned to be used for any resort operations.
1. Discharge extracted water within the island to assist aquifer recharge 2. Discharge all treated water grey water into the ground water aquifer. It is critical that the treated water maintain strict quality control over the output water. This could be done as part of watering the plant or without the plants as well.
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These mitigation measures mainly involve routine activities, and do not include additional costs.
7.1.6 Change in Coastal Processes
As noted above the newly reclaimed island will undergo substantial changes as it tries to adapt to the prevailing currents and waves. It will require a few seasons for the island to stabilize to a sediment movement pattern.
1. Continuous monitoring to identify abnormal activity. 2. Maintain a stockpile of beach quality sand after reclamation on each island, during the resort construction stage as well as the first year of operation. The material should ideally be located close to a site accessible to the eastern side beaches. 3. Prepare a beach management plan for the resort highlighting emergency erosion response measures and medium-term solutions for various predicted changes. 4. Pre-fabricate columns and footing away from shore 5. Carry out work in low tide hours and in calm condition 6. Complete works in shortest time period possible to allow structures to adjust to prevailing wave conditions 7. Use manual methods as far as possible 8. Construction material and equipment will not be left in the beach or in the lagoon in a way that will cause any obstruction to the natural flow of sediments 9. Monitor the current speeds between the islands and place warning signs to warn guest about strong currents.
Construction activities are included in the contract value and are the contractor’s responsibility. Cost of monitoring activities is included in the monitoring plan presented in Section 9 of this report. Additional beach management costs will depend on the coastal protection solutions which will be developed after monitoring the coastal changes.
7.1.7 Terrestrial Vegetation and Fauna
1. Consider declaring the island a protected site due to its importance as a roosting site for sea faring birds and fishing industry. 2. Include Odegalla as a tree transplantation destination site in the Hulhimendhoo Island Resort development project EIA, where trees removed from land clearing are replanted in Odegalla. 3. Identify the islands for tree transplantation and prepare an EIA addendum to this report to source trees. 4. Identify other sources for trees, including those to be sourced from overseas, assess their compatibility to the newly reclaimed environment conditions.
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5. Signs to guide workers to proper environmental care 6. Use native species for landscaping as far as possible 7. Manage and monitor effects of any introduced species on local biodiversity 8. Carefully monitor incoming shipments and vegetation for pests 9. Monitor pest sightings and take action to control infestations 10. Contingency or emergency action plan must be prepared to deal with plant pest and disease out breaks. 11. Obtain plants for landscaping and nursery from established nurseries with health clearance certification. If not, the plant samples should be screened by specialists before transport to site. 12. Clear green waste to prevent pest infestations
The costs of most activities identified above are included in the contractor price as part of general site management and practices.
7.1.8 Marine Habitat Destruction
1. Clearly mark the dredging and reclamation boundaries, and ensure no dredging, reclamation or overwater structures are construction works are conducted outside these boundaries. 2. Instruct all construction workers to strictly restrict all construction activities within the marked boundaries. 3. Sand bund construction work should not start before the silt screens are installed. 4. Installing the silt screen is often associated with impacts on live coral cover. It is important to contour the silt screen by avoiding live coral zones. The bottom chain of the screen must not be placed on live coral cover zones if practical. Anchor blocks must also be placed away from the live coral areas. Worker actions during silt screen installation will play a major role in any reef damage. The must be briefed on the proper practices and sensitivity of the reef by the environment consultant. Screens must be firmly anchored. Bottom screens must not drag over live coral areas due to tidal movement. 5. There are large number of small coral colonies within the shallow lagoon and some of these falls within the dredging foot print. It may not be possible to save all these colonies but the approach should be to save as much as possible. There main challenge in coral relocation is the absence of a suitable site in the lagoon for relocation. Almost all areas within the inner lagoon is likely to be severely affected due to dredging. It is impractical to protect these colonies using silt screens as some of them are quite deep. The option to designate a certain area within the lagoon for intense protection was considered but the slopes are steep in areas not considered for dredging. The following options should be considered in sequence.
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a. Relocate all smaller colonies to the western undeveloped half of the lagoon to the same depths.
b. If relocation of corals that will be directly affected by the dredging and reclamation is not feasible/practical, proponent should discuss with the Ministry of Tourism to identify possible mechanisms to offset the loss. This includes contributing to research and protection activities of key marine protected areas.
c. A summary of key steps involved in relocation of corals are as follows:
. Small to medium sized live coral colonies within the direct footprint of the dredging and reclamation area will be carefully harvested, using tools such as chisel and hammer. . The harvested colonies, coral fragments will be placed in plastic flow through boxes. These boxes will be kept underwater, using floaters, and towed from the collection site to the relocation site. . Hard substrate (e.g. rock) at the site will be cleaned using a brush to clear the base onto which the corals will be reattached. . Coral colonies, and fragments collected will be attached onto the base using epoxy glue, or cement. . Once reattached, these colonies will be monitored periodically to ensure success rate of establishment. . Attempts could be made to move all moderately large coral colonies by attaching a steel frame or a steel chain mesh to the bottom of the colonies, and lifting them to about within 1-2 m from water level. An excavator mounted on a landing craft or barge can be used for the purpose. A purpose built pulley and frame system attached to a barge or a boat can also be used. The suspended coral laden frame can be transported to the site while attached to the vessel. The process should be assisted by experienced divers. This method will have to tried on a trial-and-error basis as it has not been tried in the Maldives before.
The costs of most activities identified above are included in the contractor price as part of general site management and practices. Cost of coral relocation activities are estimated at US$70,000- 100,000.
7.1.9 Occupational Health Impacts
1. All health and safety precautions described in Chapter 2 will be implemented. They include the following:
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a. Construction workers operating equipment that generates noise should be equipped with noise protection. As a guide, workers operating equipment generating noise of > 80 dBA should wear ear mufflers and workers experiencing prolonged noise levels > 70 dBA must wear ear plugs. b. Health checks will be administered before work commences. c. Warning signs, barricades or warning devices will be provided and used. d. Necessary safety gear will be worn at all times. These include safety gloves, construction boots, facemasks, earmuffs, etc. e. Fire extinguishing equipment would be readily available and employees will be trained in its use. f. Oxygen, acetylene or LPG bottles will not be left freestanding. g. First aid kits will be made available on site. h. The construction site will be properly closed to unauthorised personnel. 2. The building housing electricity generators and desalination plant will be properly insulated to mitigate noise pollution in the vicinity.
The costs of most activities identified above are included in the contractor price as part of general site management and practices.
7.1.10 Increased Demand on Waste Disposal Facilities
Solid waste generation during construction and operation will put extra burden on the existing waste management facilities in Thilafushi (or the nearest designated Waste Management Facility in Gaafu Alif atoll). Waste minimization and recycling ventures proposed are included in Environmental Management Plan (Chapter 9).
7.1.11 Guest Activities and Services
Guest recreational activities fishing, snorkelling and diving, as well as the use of boats for these activities and other resort operations can have adverse impacts on the marine ecosystems.
7.1.11.1 Boating
1. Provide mooring facilities at jetties and mooring buoys near reefs used for recreational fishing to avoid anchor damage to corals and benthic organisms 2. Formulate and implement Codes-of-practice for boating to avoid littering, oil spillage and any physical/ecological damage to coral reef systems
7.1.11.2 Recreational fishing
3. Ban recreational fishing from the reef areas for all construction workers and resort staff
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4. Maintain logs of fish caught. These logs should include species, size/weight, amount caught and location to avoid population collapse. 5. Regularly clean reefs used for fishing of broken fishing lines and any litter
7.1.11.3 Diving and Snorkelling
6. Dive boats should abide by the dive regulations “Maldives Recreational Diving Regulation” Section 14: set out by the Ministry of Tourism 7. Provide environmental briefing all snorkelers and divers before and after each session. These briefings should include aspects of coral biology, damage to coral reefs caused by divers and environmental conservation, as well as importance of controlling buoyancy, fins, weight, eye and equipment control while diving. 8. Maintain detailed logs of all the dives. These logs should include; reef/location, number of divers in each group, number of dives each day, average depths, and overall status of the reef, signs of coral bleaching, crown-of-thorn starfish infestation if any, and sighting of endangered and protected species and any other important attribute
The main cost would be for providing mooring facilities for boats, in order to avoid anchor damage to corals and benthic organisms. The estimated cost is USD 25,000.
7.1.12 Resource Conflicts
Conflicts over resources can occur due to:
Loss of bait fishing and reef fishing areas in the lagoon and reef Loss of access to dive sites in the reef Loss of a picnic island that can be used by nearby resorts and local guest houses. Loss of a local picnic island Loss of talent from other economic sectors to tourism Demand for reef fish by resort for consumption Requirement to preserve reef ecosystem as a tourism product
Mitigation Measures
1. Allow bait fishing in Odagella reef throughout the year once resort in operation OR declare the site a protected site for bait fishing purposes. This would mean the proposed resort cannot be developed at the site. 2. Identify a separate island exclusively for local picnic as is stated in the current Government Manifesto. 3. Inform nearby Guest House Operators about of the project.
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4. Establish links with other economic sectors, especially fisheries, agriculture and artisanal crafts 5. Establish sustainable procurement practices, especially for reef fish 6. Promote awareness on non-extractive value of ecosystems, and long-term benefits of ecosystem conservation and sustainable use
7.1.13 Social Conflicts
Social conflicts may arise due to the:
Influx of largely expatriate workforce Loss of job opportunity for locals in construction stage Disagreement regarding project components and their effects on locals Inaccessibility to the reef and lagoon around the resort Complaints from Falhumaafushi resort due to noise, and aesthetic impacts Complaints from divers due to poor underwater visibility.
Mitigation Measures
1. Employ local residents as far as possible 2. Provide proper orientation to all workers regarding local values and customs 3. Inform and consult all stakeholders at all stages of the project
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8 ALTERNATIVES
8.1 “No-Project” Alternative
The No Project option takes the following into account.
A resort will not be developed under this project
The proposed resort will be shifted to another site The comparison of benefits of each alternative is provided in Table 8.1 below.
Table 8.1: Summary of no project alternative
Options Advantages Disadvantages
No Resort Environmental problems related to Opportunity to utilise Odegalla Island development development can be avoided, for a more financially directly particularly damage to coral reef and beneficial use to the State missed impacts of terrestrial flora and fauna can be avoided. Loss of business to the proponent
Absence of reclamation activities keeps Loss of government revenue the lagoon and reef in good health Loss of additional employment Island and its reef system’s sensitive opportunities environments status is retained and continues to function as an important Government has to pay compensation site sea bird roosting site and its as the proponent has already paid contribution to fishing industry deposit money for the island
Resource use conflicts with nearby inhabited islands over the closure of Odagella Island is avoided
Resource use conflicts with nearby inhabited islands over the closure of Odagella Reef for bait fishing is avoided
No development costs to the Proponent
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Options Advantages Disadvantages
Potential losses to guesthouse businesses due to closure of Odagella Island can be avoided.
Resort project Avoids environmental damages Additional costs for the developer to will be shifted associated with sensitive environment redo the assessments and concept to another site Provides the economic benefits of designs. resort development to the atoll while Distance to the resort increases from avoiding sensitive environments inhabited islands increasing travel time Avoids Government compensation for staff. payments to the developer
Avoid business loss for the developer
Based on the extremely high resource use conflicts, social conflict, negative impacts on a critical sensitive environment, effects on a potentially major contributing environment for the fishing industry, the authors of this report are of the opinion that the project site should be shifted to another island. We recommend declaring the site as a protected site with managed areas restricting the use of reef and island, but allowing local fisherman to utilize the site for bait fishing.
8.2 Alternative project location
The project needs to be shifted to another location. Our recommendation is to shift the island to the nearest location, which is similar in size and not a listed sensitive environment. In this regard the four nearest islands are Maththidhuvaa, Heenaamaagalaa, Dhevvalaabadhoo and Baavandhoo (See Figure 8.1). Maththidhuvaa is an island similar in size of Odegalla (1.65 Ha) and is about an extra 2 km to Kooddoo Airport compared to Odegalla (See Figure 8.2). The island is listed as leased on Varuvaa.
Heenaamaagalaa is larger in size (2.60 Ha) but is listed as leased for tourism development (See Figure 8.3).
Dhevvalaabadhoo is a slightly larger island (4.0 Ha) and is listed as leased on Varuvaa (See Figure 8.4). It is about 20 km or more than twice the distance of Odegalla Island from airport.
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Baavandhoo is larger than the rest of the islands (5.80 Ha) and listed as leased on Varuvaa (Figure 8.5). It is about 25 km from the airport, furthest island from the Airport in this list.
Allocating islands for resort development is a mandate of Ministry of Tourism and has to be approved by the President’s Office.
While this EIA does have the authority to designate an island, our recommendation is to consider Maththiduvaa, followed by Dhevvalaabadhoo Island as potential islands. Maththidhuvaa is the closest site, leased on Varuvaa and has a similar size. This EIA has not assessed the conditions on Maththidhuvaa or Dhevvalaabadhoo as there is no concept developed by the Proponent to evaluate against.
8.3 Alternative site plan
There are numerous possible ways to devise a site plan for the island but a preference from an environmental perspective is to avoid reclamation and consider developing over water for such small islands.
8.4 Alternative location for borrow site
The proposed alternative borrow areas for sand sourcing is shown in Figure 2.2.
There is no specific need to replace a proposed site unless the site does not have the quality sand required. This will be determined before construction by undertaking geotechnical investigations. This will be done by the contractor. The lagoon does not have many options for borrow areas.
All the proposed and the alternative site has similar impacts on the marine environment and water quality. Thus, all these sites are useable as borrow areas.
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Figure 8.1: Alternative potential project locations map
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Figure 8.2: Mathtidhuvaa Island Satellite Image
Figure 8.3: Heenaamaagalaa Island Satellite Image
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Figure 8.4: Dhevvalaabadhoo Island Satellite Image
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Figure 8.5: Baavandhoo Island Satellite Image
8.5 Dredging Alternatives
Table 8.2 indicates the alternative methods for dredging the reef entrance.
Table 8.2: Summary of Dredging Alternatives for reef entrance
Dredging Method Advantages Disadvantages
Excavator on Most common method Smothering of corals and increased siltation due temporary sand bed practiced by contractors for to extra dredging for the creation of temporary (proposed option) small scale projects sand bed
Does not require specialized skill
Very cost-effective
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Dredging Method Advantages Disadvantages
Cutter Suction Dredging works can be Requires highly skilled operators Dredger completed within a short time frame Not suitable for small scale dredging works
High costs
Higher environmental impacts
Excavator on barge Environmentally friendly Difficult to operate in limited work space due to less siltation and avoidance of unnecessary Extra costs associated with additional dredging equipment such as a tug to haul the barge
The preferred option for the entrance dredging is to use excavator on barge initially and then excavator on temporary sand beds at shallow reef. This method is the most practical method for this project due to the small size of the project, location and the depth of the site. This method is most cost effective with reduced environmental impacts than cutter suction dredger.
Table 8.3 indicates the alternative dredging methods for sand sourcing.
Table 8.3: Summary of Dredging Alternatives for sand sourcing
Dredging Method Advantages Disadvantages
Cutter Suction Simple logistics Requires highly skilled operators Dredge (CSD) dredging sand and Less negative impact on the High costs coral material from ecology of the borrow area and the shallow reef flat nearby sensitive areas CSD takes more time in operation and and the lagoon area compared to THSD therefore timeframe for impact is within the reef relatively more Impact of the re-suspension from the CSD at the borrow Much higher visual impacts on nearby area can be better controlled resorts than from the THSD at the atoll lagoon.
Trailing Suction Relatively simple logistics. Large foot print as the TSHD Hopper Dredge transportation route will also be impacted (TSHD) dredging During overflowing with the due to turbidity. sand from the bed TSHD a large portion of the
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Dredging Method Advantages Disadvantages
of the lagoon of the fines will be returned to the Very high costs of mobilization; often atoll (away from borrow area. The dredged uneconomical for small projects unless reclamation site) material arriving at the combined with multiple projects. reclamation area therefore contains less fines compared to Not suitable for small projects the material from the CSD
Less negative impact on sensitive receivers around the reclamation area than the above option.
TSHD is currently available to the proponent, so reduced cost and time
Excavator on Most common method practiced temporary sand bed by contractors for small scale (proposed option) projects Smothering of corals and increased Does not require specialized siltation due to extra dredging for the skill creation of temporary sand bed
Very cost-effective
The best option for the project due its small size is to use excavators mounted on barge or a sand bed.
8.6 Alternative Outfall Locations
The proposed emergency sewage outfall extends from the island, towards the southern side of the island. This location has the good flushing, and moderate wave activity.
Alternative location is to locate the emergency sewage outfall on the southern eastern side of the reef (see Figure 8.6) .The distance from the STP, and the reef edge will be similar. Installation costs of the sewage outfall pipeline via this route are expected to be similar compared to the proposed route. However, the southern side will have better flushing compared to the alternative site.
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The proposed location for brine outfall location is towards the lagoon on the southern side of the island under the arrival. Two alternative routes can be considered: (i) to locate the brine outfall along the alternative sewage outfall location towards the southern side of the island or (ii) to locate it on the eastern side under the water villa.
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Figure 8.6: Alternative intake and outfall location
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an important component of the EIA process, needed to determine the accuracy of impact prediction, the adequacy of mitigation measures, and level of compliance with commitments regarding implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring of relevant environmental aspects.
The main objectives of the environmental management plan are to:
Produce a framework for managing anticipated impacts, including practicable and achievable performance requirements and systems for monitoring, reporting and implementing corrective actions. Provide evidence of compliance to legislation, policies, guidelines and requirements of relevant authorities.
9.1 Environmental Management System
The environmental management framework for the proposed project is based on applicable standards and policies set out by the Ministry of Tourism of the Maldives.
- Environmental Management Planning and establishment of key performance indicators: The EMP specifies environmental management measures and required performance standards. - Monitoring and corrective action: The implementation of EMP measures will be monitored. Any inconsistencies between the EMP and its on-site implementation will be identified and addressed through corrective actions. - Auditing, reviews and improvement: The EMP will be reviewed. Improvements to the EMP will be made as necessary to achieve desired environmental outcomes.
The environmental management strategy is demonstrated in the following figure.
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Commitment to environmental regulations, policies and guidelines
Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
Implementation of EMP
Improvements to Corrective and EMP preventative actions Monitoring EMP
Review of EMP
Figure 9.1: Environmental Management Strategy flow diagram
9.2 Management Structure and Responsibilities
The following parties are involved in the EMP of this project:
Project proponent Environmental consultant Ministry of Tourism (MoT) Environment Protection Agency
The roles and responsibilities of the parties involved are as follows.
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9.2.1 Project proponent
Execution of all project activities Preparation of EMP Detailed designs of resort Monitoring of the project activities Submission of annual environmental monitoring reports as required by EPA
9.2.2 Environmental Consultant
Preparation of EMP Monitoring of performance of project activities according to the EMP Auditing the EMP to ensure desired outcomes are achieved Making amendments to the EMP according to the results of the audits Preparation of environmental monitoring report as required by EPA (detailed in Chapter 9 of this report)
9.2.3 Ministry of Tourism
Approval of detailed drawings Approval for construction Site visit and inspection before resort opening
9.2.4 Environment Protection Agency
Review environmental monitoring reports Intervention in the event of a breach in environmental permit conditions Site visit and inspection before resort opening
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Figure 9.2: Environmental Management Plan for construction and operation phase
Environmental Protection Agency Project proponent Environmental consultant
Issues raised from periodic review of project Training of personnel Training of personnel Recording of complaints Environmental monitoring Environmental monitoring audits Recording of incidents Review of EMP Recording of complaints and follow up actions Review of EMP
Preparation of draft environmental report
Submission of report
Annual environmental monitoring report finalized
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9.3 Management Strategies and Actions
9.3.1 Construction and Development Phase
9.3.1.1 Construction Impact Management Plan and Awarding of Contracts
The most severe environmental impacts of resort development occur during the construction stage. Thus the proponent is committed to develop a Construction Environmental Impact Management Plan. The Construction Environmental Impact Management Plan will contain on-site guidelines for contractors specifying appropriate construction practices. The results of the existing environmental conditions assessment would be used in the Construction Impact Management Plan to clearly identify the areas that needs protecting and help mark the reef access, construction routes and work areas. The Construction Impact Management Plan and the results of the existing environmental conditions assessment would be used to educate the contractor and labourers on the value of each part of the island and to inform of their duty of care. The following are some of the other measures that would be implemented to ensure that construction practices have minimal site disruption.
In the construction, preference would be given to hire local labour from Malé Atoll. The use of local labour encourages community participation in resort development, provides opportunities for local artists and crafts people to exhibit their work and skills, and provides employment.
Technically competent personnel would be employed to supervise the activities of the workforce throughout the construction phase. Briefing or training sessions for all contractors and their employees, specifying the desired practices and consequences of non-compliance will be held.
Contractors would be asked to provide a performance bond or deposit which can be used to repair any environmental damage inconsistent with the Construction Environmental Impact Management Plan.
All construction workers and project management staff provided with information on general environmental issues, compliance with environmental permits and EMP.
9.3.1.2 Raw Materials, Energy and Residues
The main raw materials used for guestrooms, guest service areas and staff areas would include building construction materials (sand, gravel, concrete etc.). The construction materials would not cause any negative impacts on extraction sites in the Maldives as all of the construction material will be imported.
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The construction of the guestrooms and service buildings will generate substantial increase in water consumption for mixing of concrete and watering. The water required for construction will be provided through desalination. Desalination plants will be set up in accommodation barges for use during construction and groundwater will not be utilized for construction purposes.
The energy required for construction process would be provided through a temporary generator set to be installed for construction purposes only.
Solid waste is expected to be a significant residue from the development in construction phase. Waste will principally come from the construction site, staff kitchen and accommodation areas. All the waste will be separated categorically and stored for future waste management practices.
9.3.1.3 State of the Art Environmental Infrastructure
During the construction and development phase the proponent is committed to invest in the following state of the art cutting-edge environmental infrastructure:
Sewage and wastewater treatment
Heat recovery from power plant
Reverse osmosis desalination plant
Fuel efficient low emission generator sets as backups
LPG fired incinerator for waste burning
Bottle and glass crusher
Plastic Waste shredder
Green waste shredder/wood chipper
Can compactor
Earth tub for composting
Solar water heaters
The best available technology will be used to continuously reduce the negative impact of resort activities on the environment. The infrastructure development will particularly focus on solid waste disposal, sewage treatment and disposal, water production and conservation, energy generation and conservation.
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9.3.2 Operational Phase
9.3.2.1 Environment Department with Full Staff Complement
Without adequate human resources it will not be possible to achieve the goals and aims of environmental management. Therefore a team of environment staff who will be led by a highly qualified and experienced manager with the designation of Environment and Safety Manager will be recruited. An Environment, Safety and Maintenance Department headed by an Environment and Safety Manager with adequate staff complement will be established. The Chief Engineer and his support staff will also work with the Environment and Safety Manager. It will be the responsibility of the Environment and Safety Manager and his staff to implement the environmental management system.
9.3.2.2 Environmental Education
Environmental education and awareness is the key to the success of an environmental management system and thus will be an integral part of the total environmental management system. The education and awareness programme will be addressed to both staff and tourists.
9.3.2.3 Environmental Monitoring, Reporting and Audit
A regular environment monitoring programme will be conducted to observe any changes taking place in the resort environment and this programme would be mainly directed at continuously understanding and reporting the reef health, the beach line, lagoon water quality, ground water quality and terrestrial biodiversity.
An independent environmental audit will be conducted every year. The purpose of this audit is to check whether all the operations of the resorts conform to the standards set by the government authorities and to evaluate the success of the policies and programmes implemented by the resort and identify where improvements can be made.
9.3.2.4 Solid Waste Management and Disposal Plan
The Solid Waste Management programme will consist of the following activities:
Prevention and minimisation of waste generated
Collection and separation of solid waste
Intermediary storage
Treatment/recycling inside the resort area
Treatment/recycling outside the resort area
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Final disposal
Prevention and Minimisation
Within the integrated waste management plan importance will be given to the prevention and minimisation of waste. The first component of waste prevention and minimization is the green procurement policy. This policy will ensure to obtain goods and services that lessen the burden on the environment in their production, use and final disposition, wherever possible and economical. In this regard the proponent shall:
Buy only what is required
Buy quality
Buy locally
Buy in bulk
Buy for simplicity
Buy for energy efficiency
Buy recycled or recyclable products
Avoid disposable products
Minimise packaging
Favour products that are gentle on the environment The following specific priority measures for prevention and minimisation of waste are planned on the resort:
Instead of canned soft drinks returnable bottles and tetra-packed drinks will be used (e.g. soft-drinks from Maldives Coca Cola Company)
Draught beer will be served in the public area and mini-bars will be replenished with bottled beer, where possible.
Special soft drink dispensing systems will also be installed in the bars and restaurant. Maldives Coca Cola Company supplies soft drinks in bulk containers and provides technical services in installation of fountain systems.
Liquid soap, shampoo and conditioner will be supplied for guest rooms in specially designed ceramic containers to minimize domestic waste from guest rooms.
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Waste Management Infrastructure
As outlined in the project description, the following equipment for treatment and disposal will be installed on the resort:
Waste incinerator
Metal can compactor
Glass and bottle crusher
Plastic waste shredder
Green waste shredder/wood chipper
Composting machine for kitchen waste
Domestic Wastes (excluding kitchen waste)
The following measures will be undertaken to manage domestic wastes:
In order to achieve an appropriate level of waste segregation, three-bin system will be used in all areas. There will be colour-coded bins for compostable (green bin), recyclables (blue bin) and trash (black bin).
Guest rooms will have bins for compostable, recyclable and trash. For safety and hygienic reasons, waste in the trash bin will not be further segregated by the housekeepers and will be directly transferred to a larger trash bin.
Recyclables bin will be further segregated by material such as plastic, glass, metals, paper in the waste management facility.
For collection of the respective types appropriate appliances will be provided.
Special comfort and safety requirements of the resort (aesthetics, odour, fire protection) will be observed.
Waste bins inside the buildings will be easily accessible.
A high level of public relations and staff training will be necessary to reach a good system of waste separation at the resort.
Total amount of solid waste will be measured and composition will be determined on a regular basis.
Glass bottles from the Coca-Cola Company will be returned.
Non-returnable glass bottles will be crushed and reused for construction purposes or sold to recyclers.
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Cans (e.g. from canned peeled tomatoes etc.) will be compacted and sold to recyclers.
Combustible residual waste will be incinerated on the island according to the legal requirements and permissions.
The selection of valuable materials to be collected depends on the treatment and recycling facilities currently existing and planned for the future.
Kitchen Waste
Organic waste materials will be collected in special wet waste collection facilities or in separate bins. This waste stream must not be contaminated with packaging or other contaminating material. The pure organic waste will be picked up daily and used to make compost. Compost will be made in a state of the art composting earth tub. The homemade compost from all organic wastes will be used in the resort and the surplus will be disposed. Non-organic material will be separated and treated as domestic waste.
Hazardous Waste
A number of different types of hazardous wastes are generated at resorts, especially in technical areas. In the field of hazardous waste management high priority will also be given to prevention and re-utilisation. Measures to be taken are:
Rechargeable batteries will be used
Biodegradable cleaning agents will be used
Further possibilities of prevention and reusing will be investigated
A suitable area for the intermediary storage of hazardous waste will be provided. Dimension and location will be fixed after assessing amount of hazardous waste
Disposal of the hazardous waste material will not take place on the resort area or at sea.
All hazardous waste will be disposed at a designated waste site by the government.
Green Wastes
Green wastes are generated during site clearing and from green area maintenance during operation. Surplus wood will be shredded and used to cover the ground as part of gardening. Other green waste (e.g. leaves) from clearing will be composted in compost heaps and later used as fertiliser.
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Sewage Sludge
The non-odorous and anti-septic sludge resulting from the wastewater treatment process will be used as a fertiliser after appropriate treatment (dewatering, drying). Surplus sludge may be donated to the nearby local communities for the use as a fertiliser. Sludge will be periodically analysed according to international requirements.
9.3.2.5 Measures to Conserve Energy
Action Plan for Energy Efficiency
An action plan for energy efficiency will be implemented with the following priority activities:
Carry out annual energy audit for the resort to assess performance.
Compare the total and individual consumption figures with Maldivian benchmarks of resorts with same standard and bed capacity.
Prepare a summary of opportunities for energy conservation.
Seek the advice of experts for analysis, evaluation and recommendations
Using the energy audit results, establish realistic goals for each department and the entire resort.
Communicate management’s commitment to employees and explain objectives and goals clearly.
Appoint the Chief-Engineer as the energy co-coordinator and define departmental responsibilities.
Involve the entire staff.
Establish a monitoring and targeting system.
Provide training in efficient utility use.
Provide continued motivation.
Review current supply arrangements frequently.
Energy Conservation Measures
It is possible to organize an energy conservation programme in order of expenditure and urgency, and to start with action that will reap the greatest savings at the least cost. Guestrooms consume a major proportion of the resort’s energy, on average about 30 percent of the total. Consumption for air-conditioning changes with weather conditions, while lighting is directly proportional to
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 183 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project occupancy. The architects have incorporated the following design features to reduce energy consumption:
The proper orientation of the rooms to reduce the penetration of solar gains. This has been achieved by aligning most of the guestrooms to reduce exposure to the western sun as far as possible
Reduction of solar exposure is further enhanced by utilising the shade provided by the existing natural vegetation and will be complemented by selective landscaping
Providing ample sun shading for all guestrooms to reduce direct solar penetration into the interior of these buildings.
Providing ample cross ventilation in the design to minimise the need to use mechanical cooling and to enable rooms to cool rapidly during the night and passive cooling
Air-conditioning would be a major consumer of energy and thus the roof, ceiling and walls will be insulated and for construction special insulate materials will be procured.
Installation of solar water heaters for warm water production instead of electrical boilers Based on the energy use information and the lighting and amenities concept proposed by the architects, the following are specific energy conservation measures proposed:
Installation of key switches in guest rooms
Installation of energy saving light bulbs
Using sun screen film on windows
Using 24 V “Casablanca” type ceiling fans with a spring wound timer controller. These fans are 75% more efficient than conventional fans. The bathroom fixtures present significant opportunity for energy saving as they are switched on for nearly eight hours a day. It is proposed to install wall-pack occupancy sensors with an additional night light feature. The occupancy sensor will detect the presence of a guest and to reduce any inconvenience by such a detector, it will be set on a one-hour timeout so that it would not turn the light off in a short time. Bathroom lights are on for a 1-2 minute interval or around 16-32 minute intervals.
A special night light feature would enable the bathroom light to be operated at 10% of normal light output. This is designed as an energy efficient option for people who may want a low-level
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 184 EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project night light in their bathroom during the night. The light would stay in the ‘night light’ mode for ten hours or until the on/off switch was pressed again.
The following are the specific measures that will be used to conserve energy in the kitchen and restaurant:
Installation of energy-efficient appliances in kitchens
Reduce peak loading by scheduling equipment run times
Stagger turn-on times for heavy duty electrical equipment
Schedule food preparation wisely including cooking some items during resort electricity off peak times
Use microwave ovens where possible, microwave ovens use significantly less energy than other cooking equipment and can be used for thawing, partially cooking and reheating food
Energy saving light bulbs will be used in the kitchen and restaurants
Infrared remote control present dimming system will be used in restaurant
9.3.2.6 Measures to Conserve Water
Since seawater desalination is an expensive operation and to protect the ground water in the island a special water management programme will be implemented. Reducing water consumption will significantly lessen operational costs and to take advantage of saving the management will be investing in water saving devices.
To ensure that the groundwater is conserved and in good quality to maintain the natural island vegetation, groundwater will not be extracted at all. Even for watering plants the treated effluent from the sewage treatment plant will be used.
Specific water conservation measures include the following.
All kitchen and bathroom taps as well as showers will be equipped with percolators (spray taps) and flow restrictors, which reduce the amount of used water up to 50 % compared to conventional taps.
Dual-flush toilets will be used.
For toilet flushing treated wastewater will be used.
Freshwater in the swimming pool will be automatically filtered to reduce refilling intervals.
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For gardening purposes and irrigation, treated wastewater will be used.
Towels will be changed every second day and on request.
Bed linen will be changed twice a week and on request.
Special staff training programmes will be run to educate them on water conservation measures and this programme will pay special attention to laundry, restaurant and kitchen staff.
Guests will be given information about the resorts water conservation programme through leaflets and cards to be placed in guestrooms.
9.3.2.7 Fuel Storage and Handling
Diesel fuel will be delivered through an oil tanker (on a need basis) and pumped through a pipeline into the main diesel tank. The fuels used on the resort represent hazardous liquids, which may damage the environment in case of inappropriate handling and storage. The specific measures to avoid any pollution or contamination of the natural resources are provided in Section 6.4.
9.3.2.8 Management of Guest and Staff Activities
Codes-of-practice for boating should be formulated and implemented. Environmental awareness of boat crew and passengers should be raised on environment friendly practices.
Dive boats should abide by the dive regulations “Maldives Recreational Diving Regulation” Section 14: set out by the Ministry of Tourism
Environmental briefing given to all snorkelers and divers before and after each session should be based on various aspects of coral biology, damages to coral reefs caused by divers and environmental conservation and include importance of controlling buoyancy, fins, weight, eye and equipment control while diving.
Dive logs should include; reef/location, number of divers in each group, number of dives each day, average depths, and overall status of the reef, signs of coral bleaching, crown-of-thorn starfish infestation if any, and sighting of endangered and protected species and any other important attribute.
Logs of fish caught should include species, size/weight, amount caught and location to avoid population collapse.
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9.4 Non-Conformances and Corrective Action
All non-conformances to the environmental permit conditions, observed during monitoring will be documented.
Necessary corrective actions and preventative actions will be identified
Corrective actions will be implemented, with systematic follow-ups to ensure effectiveness of these measures.
9.5 Reporting
Reporting shall be undertaken to provide evidence of the ongoing implementation of the EMP and will cover any training activities, site conditions and operations, monitoring data, details of non- conformances, incidents, complaints and follow up action, results of audits and reviews. Reporting shall be undertaken by the project proponent and the Environmental Consultant.
The environmental reporting process is summarized in the Figure 9.2. All non-compliances and complaints during the execution of the project are to be reported to the EPA and MoT.
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10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
10.1 Introduction
This chapter will outline the monitoring plan for the proposed project. Environmental monitoring is essential because, although with proper mitigation measures, the overall environmental damage can be significantly minimized, an unforeseen impact may still occur. Furthermore, some of the impacts predicted may turn out to be far greater than predicted, making mitigation measures ineffective. Therefore, in order to avoid or reduce the chances of such events, regular and frequent environmental monitoring is vital.
10.2 Objectives of the Monitoring Plan
The main objectives of the monitoring plan are:
1) To identify whether the predicted impacts are accurate and mitigation measures taken are effective. 2) To identify any unforeseen impacts so that appropriate mitigation measures can be taken at the earliest. 3) To identify and resolve any issues of social unrest at the earliest. 4) To eliminate or reduce environmental costs.
10.3 Before Construction
The monitoring assessments prescribed in Table 10.1 are required before construction, if the construction activities begin 12 months after this EIA.
10.4 Monitoring during Construction Phase
Since dredging and reclamation is the main phase of this project, monitoring during construction phase has been divided into two components,
1) Dredging, reclamation and shore protection phase 2) Resort construction phase
Table 10.2 shows the details of the different monitoring attributes and parameters must be monitored during dredging, reclamation and shore protection phase and Table 10.3 shows the details of different monitoring attributes, objective of monitoring the particular attribute and parameters which must be monitored during resort construction phase.
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Additionally, the following aspects will be monitored during this phase to ensure that environmental impacts are minimized.
1) Daily monitoring to ensure that the construction processes are not creating any significant dust nuisance for the local environment. 2) Daily monitoring of vehicle refuelling and repair should be undertaken to ensure that these exercises are carried out on hardstands and to ensure that they are done properly. This is to reduce the potential of soil contamination from spills. Spot checks will be conducted by the site supervisor. 3) Daily inspection of site clearance activities to ensure that the proposed building plans are followed. 4) Weekly assessment to determine that toilets are in proper working order. This will ensure that sewage disposal will be adequately treated. 5) Monitor and ensure that approved suppliers and sources of local materials are used.
10.5 Monitoring during Operational Phase
With the completion of the construction, monitoring will be undertaken during the operational phase of the resorts. Table 10.4 below shows the details of different monitoring attributes, objective of monitoring the particular attribute and parameters which must be monitored during this phase.
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Table 10.1: Monitoring Schedule for Pre-construction Stage (if required)
Reference Est. Monitoring Guideline / Total Objective Indicator Methodology Locations & samples Frequency Attribute Standard Costs / USD Marine To assess the baseline pH, Salinity, Laboratory SW1, SW2, and SW3 Once prior to Great Barrier 270.00 Water condition of marine Temperature, analysis / commencement Reef Marine Quality water in all dredging Total Suspended Onsite testing One sample from each site at 1 m of construction sites including control Solids, depth activities Park, 2009 points Turbidity, (GBRMP Nitrate, 2009) Nitrogen Ammonia, UNESCO/ Sulphate, Phosphate, WHO/UNEP Biological 1996 Oxygen Demand
Coral Reef To determine the Percent of live Photo Quadrat All coral reef monitoring sites Once prior to Maldives EPA 900.00 Health general status of the coral cover, and and, Fish (T1,T2, T3) commencement standards reef and to determine fish species Census survey of construction the species abundance abundance and activities and composition of the composition reef system Terrestrial To determine the Number of Visual Odegalla island Once prior to NA 130.00 Fauna number of birds and species and their Observation commencement their species in the abundance of construction project site activities
* Costs are calculated excluding logistics and consultant fees
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Table 10.2: Monitoring Schedule for Construction phase
Reference Est. Total Costs / Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations & samples Frequency Guideline / USD Attribute Standard Marine Water To determine the pH, Salinity, Laboratory SW1, SW2, SW3 Once every four Great Barrier 270.00 per Quality during impacts on marine Temperature, analysis / months for the Reef Marine sampling general water around project Total Suspended Onsite testing One sample from each resort of the construction site Solids, site at 1 m depth project Park, 2009
Turbidity, construction (GBRMP Nitrate, 2009) Nitrogen Ammonia, UNESCO/ Sulphate, Phosphate, WHO/UNEP Biological 1996 Oxygen Demand
Marine Water To monitor the basic pH, TSS, and Laboratory SW1, SW2, SW3 Weekly during Great Barrier 100 per sampling Quality during condition of marine Turbidity analysis / dredging and Reef Marine dredging and water near the Onsite testing One sample from each reclamation works reclamation dredging and site at 1 m depth Park, 2009 reclamation sites (GBRMP 2009) UNESCO/ WHO/UNEP 1996
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Reference Est. Total Costs / Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations & samples Frequency Guideline / USD Attribute Standard Sedimentation To document the Sedimentation Sediment traps Three monitoring sites Every 14 days Water 750.00 sedimentation levels rate (T1, T2, and T3) during dredging Quality along reef area of the and reclamation Guidelines project site work for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (2010) Trigger value at maximum mean annual rate of 3 mg/cm2/day and daily maximum of 15 mg/cm2/day Water Depth To determine the Water Depth Sonarmite or Dredged areas (sand Two months after Maldives Included in dredged depth on handheld borrow sites and completion of the Land and contractor fees each island Echosounder entrance channels) dredging and reclamation work Survey Authority (MLSA Standard)
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Reference Est. Total Costs / Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations & samples Frequency Guideline / USD Attribute Standard Topographic To determine the Island elevation Total Station Odegalla Island Two months after Maldives Included in Survey land size and shape and area completion of Land and contractor fees of the islands after reclamation work reclamation and Survey check if they Authority conform to the (MLSA original concept Standard) designs. Marine Water To assess the marine Oil spills Visual All area where oil is Daily NA Included in Contamination water contamination (Surface layer of observation handled contractor fees due to oil spills and groundwater) leakage Maintenance Oil leakage and tuning of from machinery all machinery or vessels & vessels To determine the pH, Salinity, Laboratory Odegalla Island, GW1. On every four UNESCO/ 135.00 per impacts on ground Temperature, analysis / months during WHO/UNEP sampling water quality, Turbidity, Onsite testing Samples collected construction stage identify any Nitrate, from groundwater 1996 accidents of oil Nitrogen level on each island leakage or spillage Ammonia, Ground Water Sulphate, Quality Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand
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Reference Est. Total Costs / Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations & samples Frequency Guideline / USD Attribute Standard Noise To determine the Noise Logs NA Daily logs US EPA NA impact of noise on complaints resorts and on site received outside the project site Terrestrial To determine the Number of Permanent Odegalla Island Once every four NA 4,000.00 Fauna number of birds and species and their camera months during their species in the abundance recordings and construction project site site works observations Landscaping To identify and Number, type of Observation Odegalla Island Daily during NA 4,000.00 quantify the source trees and their landscaping of trees for source works landscaping List and quantity of To monitor the fertilizers and impact of fertilizers chemicals used on soil
To prevent and Incident of pest manage the and diseases occurrence of pest and diseases To quantify labour Project site Daily logs NA Included in Worker force and identity complaints contractor fees their accommodation
to monitor rent levels Logs Occupational and impacts on Labour Force health and housing safety
To prevent and Legal manage occupational conformance to health and safety
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Reference Est. Total Costs / Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations & samples Frequency Guideline / USD Attribute Standard national laws To ensure the and regulations workforce conform to the relevant laws External and regulations complaints
To ensure conflicts among workers and other external groups are avoided
Solid waste To quantify the Waste type and Logs Loading site and Weekly Waste Included in number and type of quantity disposal site Regulation contractor fees waste disposed and their method of 2013 disposal
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Table 10.3: Monitoring Schedule for Operation phase
Reference Est. Total Monitoring Locations & Objective Indicator Methodology Frequency Guideline / Costs / USD Attribute samples Standard Marine Water To determine the pH, Salinity, Laboratory SW1, SW2, SW3 Bi-annually Great Barrier 270.00 per Quality impacts on marine Temperature, Total analysis / during Reef Marine sampling water around the Suspended Solids, Onsite testing One sample from operation islands Turbidity, Nitrate, each site at 1 m phase for 5 Park, 2009 Nitrogen Ammonia, depth years (GBRMP 2009) Sulphate, Phosphate, Biological Oxygen UNESCO/ Demand WHO/UNEP
1996
Ground Water To determine the pH, Salinity, Laboratory Odegalla Island, Bi-annually Great Barrier 135.00 per Quality impacts on ground Temperature, Turbidity, analysis / GW1 during Reef Marine sampling water quality, Nitrate, Nitrogen Onsite testing operation identify any Ammonia, Sulphate, phase for 5 Park, 2009 accidents of oil Phosphate, Chemical years (GBRMP 2009) leakage or spillage Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen UNESCO/ Demand WHO/UNEP 1996
Desalinated To assess the quality pH, Temperature, Laboratory 3 samples from Bi-annually Maldives EPA 350.00 per Plant Intake of the intake water Conductivity, Salinity, analysis water intake site during desalination sampling Water quality sourced for Dissolved Oxygen, TDS, operations for desalination plant. Total Coliform, Feacal five years plant intake Coliform water standards
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Reference Est. Total Monitoring Locations & Objective Indicator Methodology Frequency Guideline / Costs / USD Attribute samples Standard Desalinated To ensure the pH, Temperature, Laboratory Storage Tank, Main Bi-annually Maldives EPA 670.00 per Plant Product quality of product Turbidity, Conductivity, analysis Kitchen, and Staff during desalinated sampling Water quality water from Total Dissolved Solids, Room (3 samples) operation for desalination plant Free Chlorine, Boron, five years product water conforms to the Copper, Fluoride, Iron, standards standards of potable Total Hardness, Iodine, water Nitrates, Nitrite, Ammonia, Phosphate, Sulphate, Sulphide, Total Coliform, Faecal Coliform Treated To determine the Faecal Coliform, Total Laboratory Treated Sewage Bi-annually National Waste 250.00 per Sewage Waste quality of treated Coliform, pH, Suspended analysis Water sample during Water Guideline sampling Water Quality waste water and to Solids, Free Chlorine, operation for ensure that it does Nitrates, Nitrogen five years not pollute Ammonia, Conductivity, /contaminate the Chemical Oxygen receiving body Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, Phenol, Phosphate, Floral To determine the Introduced trees, their Tree Census Island Once annually Maldives EPA 400.00 per composition status, quality and health and presence of for 5 years standards survey variety of the trees abnormalities. used for landscaping in the islands
To identify and Maldives EPA 400.00 per Faunal quantify the number Terrestrial biodiversity, Visual Once annually Island standards survey composition and variety of fauna abundance observation, for 5 years in the resort islands
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Reference Est. Total Monitoring Locations & Objective Indicator Methodology Frequency Guideline / Costs / USD Attribute samples Standard Coral reef To determine the Percent of live coral Photo Quadrat All coral reef Once annually Maldives EPA 2,000 health general status of the cover, and fish species survey; monitoring sites for 5 years standards reef and to determine abundance and Fish census (T1,T2, T3) the species composition abundance and Visual composition of the observation reef system
To map the shape of Beach Beach profiles P1 Maldives EPA 1500 per the islands following to P8 Quarterly profiles during standards year erosion and changes Surveying in hydrodynamics Beach profiles operations using level, annually (for 2 staff, compass years) Erosion and & D-GPS Coastal To assess sediment - Two months NA Changes movements by after coastal process and completion of to map changes in Drogue construction Long shore currents coastal dynamics method works and thereafter annually for 1 year. To identify Employment: employment - Types of contracts & procedures and employment Included in quantify local and - Number of employees Socio- daily foreign employee From Gaafu Alif Maintain NA economic Resort Once annually operations composition Atoll (Male and records Environment Female) costs - Employees from various atolls of Maldives
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Reference Est. Total Monitoring Locations & Objective Indicator Methodology Frequency Guideline / Costs / USD Attribute samples Standard - Employees from other nationalities - Dismissals from employment and causes
To determine the Trade in local goods impact of resort Type & Volume of operation on local agricultural products economy purchased by resorts from locals in the atoll Value of local agricultural products Maintain NA purchased Resort Once annually records Type, volume and source of fish purchased from Gaafu Alif Atoll Value of fish purchased from other atolls To assess the impacts Social Conflicts and occurrences of Reported incidences of social or resource social conflicts related to Maintain NA NA Once annually conflicts due to the resort development records resort operation and operation covered in the media NA 130 Landscaping To monitor the Number, type of trees and Once annually Observation Odegalla Island impact of fertilizers their source for 5 years on soil
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Reference Est. Total Monitoring Locations & Objective Indicator Methodology Frequency Guideline / Costs / USD Attribute samples Standard List and quantity of To prevent and fertilizers and chemicals manage the used occurrence of pest and diseases Incident of pest and diseases Waste To determine how Type and quantity of solid Logs Odegalla Island Once every Waste Included in Management waste is managed in waste collected, stored month Regulation 2013 daily the resort islands and and transported quantify the amount operations of waste generated Solid waste disposal costs methods
Quantity of hazardous waste generated and stored on site Water Audit To assess the status Number of hours RO Logs Odegalla Island Daily NA Included in of the RO plants and plants are in operation daily their efficiency General status of the RO operations plants costs
To assess the Quantity of water Monthly production and produced and consumed demand curve of from RO plants water consumption
To assess the status Total number of hours Odegalla Island Daily NA Included in of the generators and generator sets are in Energy Audit Logs daily their efficiency operation
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Reference Est. Total Monitoring Locations & Objective Indicator Methodology Frequency Guideline / Costs / USD Attribute samples Standard Peak hours of operation operations costs To determine the Electricity production and Monthly production and consumption data demand curve of energy usage Peak load consumption
To assess fuel Monthly demand and identify Quantity of fuel stored potential for alternative sources of Quantity of diesel energy consumed for power
Quantity of petrol consumed and purpose
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10.6 Monitoring Report
A detailed environmental monitoring report is required to be compiled and submitted to the EPA annually based on the data collected for monitoring the parameters included in the monitoring plan given in the EIA. This report may be submitted to the relevant Government agencies in order to demonstrate compliance. The report will include details of the site, strategy of data collection and analysis, quality control measures, sampling frequency and monitoring analysis and details of methodologies and protocols followed. In addition to this more frequent reporting of environmental monitoring will be communicated among the environmental consultant, project proponent, the contractors and supervisors to ensure possible negative impacts are mitigated appropriately during and after the project.
10.7 Cost of Monitoring
The cost of monitoring is estimated to be approximately US$ 10،000 annually during the construction period of 2 years. During operational stage cost of monitoring is estimated to be approximately US$ 8،000 per annum. Professional consultants will be hired to undertake the monitoring and the necessary equipment for monitoring will be procured.
For pre-construction and construction stage monitoring, individual parameter costs are provided in the relevant tables above.
Monitoring cost is calculated excluding logistics and contingency costs.
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11 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
11.1 Introduction
Stakeholder consultations are a pivotal component of the EIA to understand and capture the concerns from the stakeholders of the project. Prior to the start of the consultations, stakeholders who would be directly or indirectly impacted were identified according to the nature of the impacts, and the ability to influence the project. The stakeholders were mapped based on this assessment into external primary and external secondary stakeholders.
Table 11.1: Stakeholder identification
Type Category Stakeholder Governance Gaafu Alifu Atoll Council Regulator Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture Regulator Ministry of Tourism External Regulator Maldives Energy Authority Primary Policy Ministry of Environment Regulator Environmental Protection Agency Regulator Health Protection Agency Service provider MNDF Fire and Rescue Services Governance GA. Nilandhoo Island Council Governance GA. Dhaandhoo Island Council Governance GA. Villingili Island Council External Governance GA. Maamendhoo Island Council Secondary Business Local fishermen Business Guesthouses Business Nearby resorts
11.2 Key Stakeholders Identification
The main stakeholders that have roles and responsibilities relevant to this project are summarized below.
Ministry of Environment
The Ministry of Environment is mandated for the effective implementation of the Environmental Protection Act of the country and has the statutory power over issues related to the environment. It has the central control over the environment protection, management, conservation and environmental emergencies. According to Article 2 of the Environmental Protection and
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Preservation Act, Ministry of Environment is responsible to provide advice related to environment matters. According to Article 5, the Ministry decides on projects that require EIAs.
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for the EIA Regulations, Waste Regulations, Dewatering Regulations, Desalination Regulations and the Environmental Liability Regulations.
Councils
The Decentralization Act establishes the local councils as the highest political authority in the locality and who shall have executive powers to be exercised in accordance with the Act. The Act establishes Atoll Councils, Island Councils and City Councils.
Articles 24 (b) and 42 (b) of the Act mandate Island Councils and City Councils to provide adequate waste management services. According to Article 23 (h), (i) and Article 41 (g), Island Councils and City Councils are responsible for release of land for development according to the provisions of the Land Act, the Land Use Plan of the island, and any guidelines issued by the Ministry responsible for land. According to Articles 24 (e) and 42 (e) of the Decentralization Act provision of electricity, water, sewerage and other utility services in their jurisdictions according to the laws of the Maldives is the responsibility of Island Councils and City Councils respectively.
The Maldives is grouped into 20 administrative areas under the new governance system. Gaafu Alifu Atoll Council, Maamendhoo Island Council, Dhaandhoo Island Council, Nilandhoo Island Council and Villingili Island Council are key stakeholders for this project.
Maldives Energy Authority
Maldives Energy Authority is an independent regulatory organization with the mandate to regulate energy sector through the implementation of relevant regulations. MEA is the delegated authority for the Public Utilities Law 4/96 by presidential decree. It has the central control over approving service provider licenses, approving power purchasing agreements, approving plans for new powerhouse designs, and setting out regulations and fees for the service. MEA has also set a service providers code to outline the basic requirements and standards that have to be met by service providers in the Maldives.
Health Protection Agency
Health Protection Agency has mandate to establish policies to respond to public health emergencies; classify situations which may be harmful to health and establish methods to act in such a situation. HPA’s mandate also covers identifying health hazards, eliminating risk, reporting health hazards, and orders on things to be done or not done in relation to a building.
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Ministry of Defence and National Security & Fire and Rescue Services
According to Act 04/75, Substances Prohibited to be Brought into the Maldives Act: Chemical substances are under import, use and manufacture control unless accompanied with a special permission from the Ministry of Defence and National Security. These include hazardous chemicals and chemical based toxins.
Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF) Fire and Rescue Services has the mandate to implement all necessary regulations to prevent fire incidents and carryout steps to mitigate fire incidents and carry out firefighting and rescue operations in order to save lives and minimize damage to property.
Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture
Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture is responsible for the development and sustainable management of marine and agricultural resources of the country. The Ministry is responsible for policy formulation and regulation of fisheries and fisheries management and development in the Maldives.
Ministry of Tourism
The Ministry of Tourism is mandated to develop the tourism industry at a national level, and carry out long-term planning, development, monitoring, and regulatory functions to ensure a sustainable tourism industry for the benefit of the people of the Maldives. Any construction within the boundary of a tourist resort has to be approved by the Ministry of Tourism.
11.2.1 Stakeholders Consulted
Based on the above assessments and Tore, the following stakeholders were consulted for the development of a resort in Odegalla;
1. Ministry of Environment (ME) 2. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) 3. Maldives Energy Authority (MEA) 4. Health Protection Agency (HPA) 5. Ministry of Tourism 6. Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture 7. Ministry of Defence and National Security – Fire and Rescue Services 8. GA. Atoll Council 9. GA. Maamendhoo Island Council
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10. GA. Nilandhoo Island Council 11. GA. Dhaandhoo Island Council 12. GA. Villingili Island Council 13. Local Fishermen 14. Guesthouses
11.3 Stakeholder Concerns
Maximizing stakeholder value is a key principle of responsible management. The issues and recommendations highlighted by the stakeholders have been grouped in to their representative category and summarised in the Table 11.2 below. Both stakeholder consultations for this project and for the development of Hulhimendhoo to a resort were conducted during the same meeting. During consultations, stakeholders were asked about their opinions or concerns regarding the project and their recommendations to address the key issues. During each consultation, the stakeholders were provided with the information about the project. Attempts made to consult with The Residence Maldives at Falhumaafushi were not successful despite several follow up calls.
Detailed meeting notes for each stakeholder consultation are provided in Section 11.4 below.
Table 11.2: Summary of stakeholder consultation findings
Area Summary of Findings
Previous use of Odegalla island To collect firewood, toddy and for leisure
For picnic by locals visiting during weekends and most often during school holidays in December. Current use of Odegalla island Guesthouses in nearby islands and the resorts also use the island for guest activities. Usually guests are taken 2-3 days a week.
Snorkelling around the house reef by guests at guesthouses and resorts.Rich marine Snork biodiversityelling daily with(morning beautiful and afternoon).live corals and fish. Untouched reef area in Odegalla even during the coral bleaching event.
Biodiversity Whale sharks and tiger sharks are seen around channels near Odegalla.
Significant bird roosting site and seasonal turtle egg laying site
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Area Summary of Findings
Odegalla is a significant point for bait fishing by Gaaf Alif, Gaaf Dhaal, Fuvahmulah and Addu City as well. The area between Falhumaafushi and Odegalla is a critical point
Bait Fishing All types of bait available at this point and fishermen collect bait on an availability basis.
Baits are mostly available during the northeast monsoon
1. Impact on bait fishing and overall fisheries sector. Income to the atoll is mainly from the fisheries sector.
2. Impact on the natural environment, birds and the reefs due to reclamation and development.
3. Concerns about lack of monitoring following EIA. Identified Concerns cases where resort food waste is being dumped in the ocean on the way to Thilafushi.
4. Negative impact of resorts being managed by a foreign management, not prioritizing locals for jobs.
5. Cultural impacts due to foreign management.
Maamendhoo Island Council has no objection for resort development at Odegalla.
View on resort development at Other councils (Villingili Island Council, Gaafu Alifu Atoll Odegalla from locals Council, Dhaandhoo Island Council and Nilandhoo Island Council) and all fishermen highly object resort development at Odegalla. MEE and EPA object to the development as it is a listed sensitive environment.
View on resort development at Odegalla from Government
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Area Summary of Findings 1. Bait fishing to be allowed without any strict limitations. Fishermen in Maamendhoo willing to work at certain times if approved by the resort management.
2. To preserve Odegalla without any development and to preserve as a picnic island which can be used by the locals in nearby islands Recommendation 3. Consult with the Island Councils ad Atoll Council prior to leasing islands for resort development.
4. Dhaandhoo Island Council suggested to develop the lagoon in between Dhaandhoo and Vodamulla to a resort
11.4 Stakeholder Consultation Meeting Minutes
Ministry of Environment The biodiversity department in ME highlighted that Odegalla is an environmental sensitive area listed as a bird roosting site. It is also th 18 April 2019 known that this island is one of the most biodiversity rich island in the entire atoll. 1300hrs
Participants: The community of the nearby islands also use the area around the island for bait fishing, so consulting with the island and atoll council 1. Ahmed Anwar, is recommended. Assistant Director The atoll council may have standard procedure on bait fishing,
which needs to be checked. The EIA report should propose ways of addressing the concerns raised by the council regarding resource use and significance of the proposed island.
It is recommended to propose alternatives in developing the resort that would pose the least harm to the biodiversity in the island and minimise the impact on birds.
Another significant concern is waste management during construction stage. Often times, the contractor responsible for construction and waste disposal is unaware of the recommendations given in the EIA and waste is disposed irresponsibly. Therefore, to avoid careless disposal of hazardous chemicals, ensure the
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contractor is well aware of the management measures in the EIA report.
A log system is recommended whereby the type and quantity of waste generated and disposed is monitored and recorded on a regular basis. The system should also ensure that the waste is effectively disposed at Thilafushi in the proper manner.
Since there is no regional waste management centre established in Gaaf Alif at present, waste should be disposed at Thilafushi.
MoE also recommends to include measures in the EIA to protect any unique vegetation on the proposed island.
For landscaping, MoE encourages to have a nursery in the island.
Ga. Maamendhoo Island Previous use of the island: Council Previously, people used to go to Odegalla and Hulhimendhoo to 21 April 2019 collect firewood. However, this does not happen anymore, as all households have adopted gas cooking. 9:00 AM Current use of the island: Participants: Using the islands for picnic and leisure. However, people do not 1. Mohamed Zaeem, visit Odegalla now as the island has been leased and the council has Council President advised accordingly.
There is a barbeque area near the sandbank in Maamendhoo, so 2. Mohamed Saeed, Director people usually go there. Other than this, people usually visit Keredhdhoo, Kendheraa for picnic.
3. Sujau Mohamed, No other island for picnic, Keredhdhoo is also going to be Council Member developed as resort. Usually Odegalla and Maththidhoo,
Hinaamaagalaa, Kudahuttaa, Kendhera & Laabadhoo used for picnic islands.
Biodiversity:
Odegalla has nice corals and marine life, Hulhimendhoo does not have a rich marine biodiversity similar to Odegalla. There is a specific point near Kooddoo, where sharks are seen in the evening and morning. This is a dive point where big sharks including White and Tiger sharks are common.
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Kooddoo has a surf point which is rumoured to be used by guests in nearby resorts as well.
Economic Activities:
Main economic activity in the island is fishing, employment in resorts and agriculture. Women are mostly involved in agriculture. Papaya, watermelon. Bananas, breadfruit and cucumber are common the most common products in this island.
Thatching in the island was common, but not anymore as there is no demand. Reef fish caught by Maamendhoo fishermen is bought by Villingili. Maamendhoo does not get the opportunity to get anything.
Employment:
Most of the young people in resorts, not sure about the exact amount. But the resort operators usually prefer foreigners over locals for jobs.
There is an issue with the same company managing multiple properties. If one employee gets fired from one resort it is hard for this employee to get another job from a nearby resort, as most resorts in the atoll are managed or owned by the same company. In this case, they have to get a job from another resort like Jumeirah Dhevanafushi, Park Hyatt. There are 4 people employed in Jumeirah Dhevanafushi. This is one of the challenges faced by people.
Guesthouses in the island:
There are 4 operational guest houses, no dive school at the moment, but it is in the progress. Usually guest houses use Maththidhoo, as there is no access to Odegalla as it is leased to client. One of the challenges faced by the guesthouses is the absence of a bikini beach in the island, the island council have allocated an area but it is not finalized.
CSR from resorts:
No CSR provided by any resorts to Maamendhoo so far. The Island Council requested for sponsorships but there has been no positive response. The client had previously initiated some developments
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but nothing has materialised yet. He has provided a pickup once when the council requested.
Swimming track and outdoor gym also requested. These are things that can be done by resort CSR, but so far nothing has materialised. The Island Council would like more CSR from nearby resorts, since the council does not get much income.
Concerns:
One of the concerns of the employees is that they want to return back to the island at night. There is a demand for a ferry service, if this gets implemented there will be more incentive for people to join resorts.
Kooddoo has this ferry system where employees can return to their islands. There are 5 people from Maamendhoo working in Kooddoo resort and around 60 people in Kooddoo fisheries complex, who can return back to Maamendhoo at night.
Employees at The Residence Maldives pay themselves for the launch sometimes to come back to the island. Daily rate for a launch is MVR 350, and a group of 10 people spend MVR 25,000 – 30,000 per month for this launch service. As a result, bulk of the income is spent on this.
The Residence Maldives has an Indian management with Indian employees as department heads. They also prefer Indian, Nepalese & Pilipino employees over Maldivians.
They also have a very strict management style which does not provide enough flexibility.
In The Residence Maldives and in Mercure Kooddoo Resort, the ‘Imaam’ is a foreigner. There are also rumours that the ‘Imaam’ is not eligible or registered. There also incidence of careless management of mosques including poor cleanliness. Significant cultural impact through influx of foreign management.
Every year, there is a break-in at The Residence Maldives and the blame is put on local employees.
View on resort development:
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Island Council thinks developing both islands as a resort is the best way as it will create jobs and employment opportunities for locals in the island by providing a source of income.
Expectations:
The Council expects a percentage of the profit received by the resort to be given to the resort.
They also expect local people to be able to get jobs at the top management level in the resorts, as there is no need for foreign management.
There is a regulation not to have foreigners in service role, but The Residence Maldives has foreigners for these jobs including waiters, room boys.
Fishermen in Ga. Current Situation: Maamendhoo Odegalla is a significant point for bait fishing which is used by all 21 April 2019 islands in the entire atoll. If bait is available, fishermen go every night. Bait is mostly available during calm weather in North East 10:00 AM monsoon.
Participants: In between Falhumaafushi and Odegalla is another significant bait fishing point. Hulhimendhoo is also a bait fishing point. Ga. Atoll 1. Rafeeq 2. Asif has mainly good bait fishing points both during North East and 3. Zubair South West Monsoon. There are significant bait fishing points all 4. Rasheedh the way from Keredhdhoo to Maamendhoo. 5. Ali Rasheedh 6. Firaaq If bait is not available, the fishermen seek other locations. Usually 7. Mohamed Manik the fishermen spend 30 – 40 mins for bait fishing
Usually all types of bait are seen around this region, including Rehi, boadhi (all 3 types), miyaren, mushimas.
There are 3 fishing vessels in Maamendhoo and approximately 30- 40 fishermen in every vessel.
There is a requirement of 250 feet buffer zone as a boundary from the, however issues have been raised by The Residence Maldives due to bait fishing near the resort.
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Some resorts are very lenient and allow to conduct bait fishing after 11PM, but resorts managed by HRC does not allow this. In North East monsoon, fishermen go every night and the resort management has asked them to leave, which sometimes involves police as well.
The fishermen can do bait fishing smoothly in Gdh. Atoll as they only ask for certain time requirements and they are happy to oblige.
Recommendations:
Bait fishing to be allowed without any strict limitations.
Fishermen need a time interval to do their work and as long as this is provided, it is fine. Even after 11PM at night is fine. Fishermen also understand the privacy of guests and the resorts and they are ok to oblige, as long as they get the bait fishing done without any issue.
To clarify:
How far from the resort is it accepted for bait fishing as per regulation?
MNDF Fire and Rescue Ga. Odegalla and Ga. Hulhimendhoo Services - Regulations for fuel handling and fuel storage should be 21st April 2019 followed. - Petrol and diesel should be kept in separate bunds. Petrol 10:15 AM is flammable and diesel is combustible. - If more than 10,000 litres of fuel are going to be stored it 1. Muammar Mohamed, is recommended to have a drencher system / foam pouring Department of Fire system. Prevention - At all times, every resort should have at least seven people
who are trained in fire and life safety. About double this 2. Firushan Ahmed, number of people need to be trained. Safety Inspector - MNDF fire and life safety department will join Ministry of Tourism in conducting inspections before the resort opens. - The closest MNDF fire station to the resort is at GDh. Thinadhoo. - The resort should collaborate with nearby resorts in the event of fire. - All areas of the resort should have fire alarms in place. - Fire safety equipment that could be kept on the island include a hydrant system/ portable firefighting system. Of
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these, MNDF recommends a hydrant system as it is more efficient. - At least four sets of PPE should be kept at the resort at all times. The PPE should be ones that are approved by the Ministry of Defence. - Fuel storage bunds should be kept at a safe distance from other areas. The land use plan should be designed keeping fire safety in mind when placing RO plants and fuel storage areas. - Resorts should be careful to avoid oil spills. Other fire safety measures that can be taken include placement of fire extinguishers, fire blankets, keeping evacuation plans in place and having an emergency response plan. The best type of fire extinguisher to keep in kitchen areas that use a lot of oil is a wet chemical fire extinguisher.
Guest Houses and Divers in Guest Activities: Ga. Maamendhoo Used to offer house reef snorkelling around Hulhimendhoo 21 April 2019 previously. There are nice live corals and turtles around here.
10:30 AM Snorkelling conducted daily, morning 8AM to 11AM and afternoon 3PM to 5PM Participants: But now they are asked to leave by the people working in 1. Nazim Ahmed, Hulhimendhoo, so this service is not offered anymore. The point Owner of Village infront of Maamendhoo is not safe for snorkelling. Life
Odegalla is being used as a picnic island by guesthouses, but they 2. Rasheedh, Boat seek permission from The Residence Maldives to enter the island. owner Usually guests are taken 2-3 days in a week.
3. Shahid, Diver Village Life Maldives guest house offers Adventure snorkelling Safari for their guests where they take the guests to 3 different reefs, Odegalla, Boavaafaru and Keredhdhoo reef. This service is offered daily where guests hire the safari privately. On average 6 guests go on this trip daily.
Village Life Maldives has a strong hold in Ga. Atoll and they have won awards as well. They have 4 rooms and are in the progress of introducing diving.
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Biodiversity:
Best selling point of Ga. Atoll is fishing and diving. Reef sharks are also observed in the shark point near Kooddoo channel. Two white sharks found at this point.
50-60 safaris are usually present in the atoll lagoon during North East monsoon.
Approximately 70-80 divers dive at the shark point every day from 6AM to 6PM.
Near Hulhimendhoo, live corals, turtles, black corals, different types of fish are observed and it is a good diving point with caves as well.
Maamendhoo channel also has black corals, sharks and other colourful fish.
Concerns:
Majority of the staff, around 89% in The Residence are foreigners. The Residence Maldives charges $150 as an entrance fee for guests who wants to experience the bar. Mercure Kooddoo Resort does not charge anything.
For sports fishing, a buoy is required to fish. At present, they do not have access to a buoy.
Ga. Villingili Island Council Previous use of the island:
21 April 2019 Previously used to go Odegalla for picnic.
11:00 AM Current use of the island:
Participants: Now Odegalla is not really an island now mostly a sandbank. Fishermen in Villingili are also against Odegalla development for 1. Musthafa Moahmed, resort as they use the area extensively for bait fishing. Council President
Rarely used as a picnic island only in December every year during 2. Muzeed Abdulla, school break. Council Vice President The Residence Maldives uses Odegalla for snorkelling and as a picnic island. They also use Maththidhoo for daily snorkelling.
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3. Lugmaan Naeem, Biodiversity: Council member Odegalla reef is a notable reef and Boavaafaru reef as well.
4. Habeeb Hassan, Reef fishing is also very popular in the area. Loss of Odegalla reef Council member fishing point will be loss for the island.
Reef fish fished from Ga. Atoll are also supplied to all nearby 5. Wishal Mohamed, project Officer resorts.
Economic activities:
Main economic activity is fishing, which is the reason why the council objects for resort development at Odegalla.
Employment:
Only 2 people from Villingili work at The Residence Maldives, as a sweeper and launch attendant. Mostly Indians work at high ranking jobs.
Around 20 people from Villingili work in other nearby resorts.
Approximately 34 people went to Dhigurah for potential jobs recently (20 April 2019), but all high rank jobs were already taken. Only room boy jobs were available.
Guesthouses in the island:
There are 3 guest houses, but no guests are coming, so they are not technically operational.
CSR from resorts:
No CSR provided to any of the islands in the atoll by any resort in the region.
Concerns:
It is not good for young people when resorts are managed by the same company. If one person leaves or gets fired from one resort it is hard to get a job from another resort.
There are no way to get training for hospitality industry for school leavers in this region. Those who got trained at village college for
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hospitality industry are still jobless in the island. There are established colleges in the island including Polytechnic, Villa College, MA college and Mandhu College.
Maldivians are usually assigned for jobs like room boy or luggage boy, this also creates the perception that resorts only such jobs are available for Maldivians.
There is no proper health facility to treat divers in the island. Under emergency, patient has to be taken to Male’ at high cost. A depressurization chamber in the island is important for such cases.
View on resort development:
The Island Council does not want to support any initiative taken by the client (Janah), since the promises made previously was never materialised.
They cannot support for a resort development in Odegalla as the fishermen in Villingili heavily depend on bait fishing in that area.
They also do not think giving away the islands for resort development is the only source of income. Fisheries is a significant source of income too.
Fenehuttaa, Kedheraa, Hinaamaagalaa, Rinbudhuvaa are islands which are not leased to anyone and which does not provide any income to the government. So how about take these islands for resort.
We have no objection for resort development at Hulhimendhoo.
The Island Council’s request is to keep Odegalla as a protected island.
Ministry of Tourism - President’s office is responsible for leasing islands. Tourism Ministry does not have a say in which islands are st 21 April 2019 leased. There is no legal document which prohibits development 11:00 AM in environmentally sensitive areas. Participant: No public complaints have been received regarding the project. 1. Ibrahim Fikree, Existing vegetation should be kept on the island. Assistant Director
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80% of the resort should be vegetation and less than 30% should be built up area. A revised concept plan including reclamation and dredging, outfall areas and planned coastal protection measures need to be submitted to the Ministry. A permit from the Ministry is required for dredging and beach replenishment. Public consultations should be thorough and public opinion regarding the project should be included in the EIA.
Ga. Atoll Council Current use of the Island:
21 April 2019 Odagella is used as a picnic island by the people in Nilandhoo and Maamendhoo. 2:00 PM The resorts nearby also use Odagella for snorkelling. Guesthouses Participants: in Nilandhoo and Maamendhoo also use Odegalla for guest activities. 1. Ahmed Fuad, Council President Groups of locals go to Odegalla for picnics every weekend and most go during school break in December every year. Residents of the 2. Hussain Adam, Atoll islands living in Male’ return back home during school break and Councillor visit Odegalla for picnic.
Hulhimendhoo is not used for any purpose. 3. Mohamed Naseer Ali, Director Fisheries:
Odegalla is used for bait fishing by nearby islands. 4. Ahmed Hassan Didi, Assistant Director The area around Odegalla is also a significant reef fishing point. Reef fish caught are usually supplied to resorts by 4 parties. This is done on a weekly basis and sometimes twice a week. During every supply 4-5 tonnes of fish are supplied. Due to this demand the Atoll Council is attempting to supply reef fish to Shangri-La in Addu City as well, however at present they do not have the sufficient capacity and freezers to enable this.
Due to the significance of Odegalla area as a bait fishing point, the site is linked to fishermen in the entire Gaaf Alif and Gaaf Dhaal Atoll.
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Park Hyatt Maldives has issues with fishermen coming for bait fishing, they call police to stop this.
Biodiversity:
Whale sharks and tiger shark are seen around channels near Odegalla. The three reefs near Odegalla are notable, these include Odegalla reef, Boavaafaru reef and Muthigalla reef.
Economic activities:
The livelihoods of Villingili and other islands are mostly enhanced by the fisheries sector.
Villingili has 12 fishing vessel and over 250 fishermen.
During Northeast monsoon, 100 -200 safaris visit the area and the guests go for snorkelling around Odegalla. The Atoll Council highlighted that this is a better source of income to the islands.
Employment:
Approximately 80-90% of the staff in resorts are foreigners. Less than 1% of the workers in the nearby resorts are locals of Huvadhoo atoll.
Even during the resort construction at Maamuta, only 4 Maldivians are appointed while the majority are foreigners.
CSR from resorts:
The resorts nearby have not offered any assistance under their CSR component to any island in the atoll.
Concerns
Odegalla development and reclamation is a big concern, we have prepared an official statement in cooperation with other Island Councils to oppose the development in Odegalla in preservation of the fisheries industry and environmentally significant point.
Developing Odegalla will have a significant negative impact on fishermen in the southern 4 atolls, as they heavily depend on the area around Odegalla for bait fishing. If fisheries in the region is impacted, Kooddoo Fisheries will not get enough supply which
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would then have an impact on MIFCO and the overall country’s economy, as fish products are a main export.
Odegalla is also noted as a significant bird roosting site. The island is an environmentally sensitive site, the size of the island has evolved over time and has become smaller relative to its previous size. Hence, reclamation and development will impact the natural environment including the reef, which is heavily used by the fishermen in the entire atoll. The Atoll Council also noticed that there are less bids in the atoll compared to before.
The Atoll council also highlighted that since construction began at Vodamulla, less birds are seen around there.
Previously, Odegalla was under atoll council until later it was bought by another party and then went under the The Residence Maldives. Since this change, it has been difficult for the locals to visit the island for leisure. The magnitude of this impact is higher as there is no alternative island to go for picnics.
Council member representing Dhaandhoo highlighted that at present all the resources in the atoll are being solely used for tourism sector with little focus on developing the fisheries sector. Both fisheries and tourism sector should be developed in a sustainable model to ensure development without compromising one another.
They also do not agree that using lagoons and reef is the only way for tourism development. The Atoll Council have supported tourism development in the past, but not anymore as the industry has not brought any benefit to the islands.
Concerns were also raised on the poor management and monitoring of construction work activities following EIA. Issues of no monitoring body to ensure the recommendations given in the EIA are implemented were raised.
The supply vessels leaving resorts fish on their way back to Male’ and sells this back in Male’. They also have been reported to take bags of white sand. The supply vessels are also reported to dump the waste in mid ocean on their way to Thilafushi. This has been caught by some fishermen recently.
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There were also concerns about contagious diseases being spread when resort staff visit the island health centres and hospitals.
View on resort development:
The Atoll Council does not support resort development at Odegalla, they would prefer the island to be declared as a protected site and used as a picnic island instead.
They have no objection for resort development at Hulhimendhoo.
The Atoll council does not support resort development in lagoons inside atolls. They have no objection for developing resorts in islands or lagoons located on the outer rim of the atoll.
Expectations:
As a CSR, it would be really good for tourist resorts to train and encourage or sponsor the young locals on hospitality industry.
Ga. Nilandhoo Island Island profile: Council There are 120 houses with a total registered population of 1,090 and 22 April 2019 resident population of 480.
9:00 AM 3 restaurants and 4 shops which can generate approximately MVR 5,000 every night. Participants: Households use rainwater for drinking and cooking. Every house 1. Jihad Mohamed, has 2 rainwater storage tanks. Assistant Director
Groundwater is used for irrigation in farms. 2. Nasih Ibrahim, Council President There is no sewerage system in the island, so groundwater is contaminated.
3. Ahmed Shaneez, Waste management centre is in the process of being upgraded. The Council Member Island Council collects waste from houses for MVR 150. The wastes
are sometimes burnt. IWMC in progress of upgrading. There are 4 staff and 2 pickups.
Education is up to Grade 10.
Previous use of the island:
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Villingili people used to mine sand from Odegalla. Now after the island has come under the lessee sand mining has also stopped.
Current use of the Island:
Odegalla is closer and sometimes used for picnics but mostly used for bait fishing. Often groups go to Odegalla for picnic every week.
Odegalla has evolved the island over the years due to sand mining as the island eroded drastically.
Guests in The Residence Maldives often go to Odegalla for leisure.
The Kolhu faru near Odegalla is an important transport route.
Hulhimendhoo is not used by Nilandhoo.
Fisheries:
Odegalla area is a significant site for bait fishing. Reefs around the island often used for reef fishing.
There are 2 fishing vessels and 1 vessel in maintenance. About 40 fishermen in the island.
Biodiversity:
Odegalla is a beautiful sand bank and a significant bird roosting site as well.
Economic Activities:
Main economic activity is agriculture with 207 farms, 2 farms for every house. Each house is given a farm with an area of 10,000 sq. ft. Nilandhoo farmers grow eggplant, pumpkin, cucumber, watermelon, bitter gourd, bananas mostly. There are about 90 women farmers and just 4-5 male farmers.
Ideally the island council would like to supply agricultural products to nearby resorts. But the Island council has had struggles to develop a sustainable business model to cater the demand of the resorts relative to our overhead cost. Farmers demand for a cooperative, but the Island Council is unable to come up with a sustainable model.
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A few resorts buy reef fish, but mostly sold to Kooddoo. The resorts require a certain standard and requirement during fish supply which the fishermen are unable to cater for. Hence, reef fish is only supplied for staff use in resorts.
Awareness programs needed to see the development activities in the island to materialize effectively. The Island Council have initiated a program to plant trees in the island to combat the heat during north east monsoon.
Employment:
There are 3 people from Nilandhoo working in The Residence and 01 in Park Hyatt.
People often leave jobs in resort, the reason maybe due to the slow life in resorts and not finding the job at resorts entertaining.
Resorts do not announce jobs officially. The Island Council is hoping for a positive outcome following Keredhdhoo resort development.
But the challenge is if the management or General Manager is from another atoll who might not relate to Nilandhoo and may not give importance to hiring locals in the region.
Government administrative jobs are common in Nilandhoo. Most of the youth in Male’, some in government jobs in the island, or resorts.
Youth are mostly involved in sports activities and gambling games (poker) which is a huge concern. Maamendhoo and Villingili youth are also involved in this. Mental health is also becoming an issue due to this.
Guesthouses in the island:
Only 01 guest house in this island. They also use Odegalla for guest leisure activity.
CSR from resort:
The Residence Maldives has been open for 4 years, but they have not provided any CSR to any of the islands.
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Concerns:
If resort is developed at Odegalla, major impact on bait fishing. Even at present, fishermen cannot get near the resorts like The Residence Maldives for bait fishing.
Thatch weaving is not so common in this island, recently resorts do not buy this from the island as the concept of the resort development also changed, and they use readymade fiber. The resorts also prefer to buy from another atoll rather than from Nilandhoo as may they have contacts/agreements in other atolls.
The Residence Maldives dumps food waste and plastic waste into the ocean on their way to Thilafushi. This is a huge concern as they impact the reef fish and other marine life. Reef fish also ingesting these wastes. The Island Council notices the fish are usually very oily now.
It would be better to hand over the waste to an island nearby instead of dumping into the ocean. This could be an income for the island as well.
View on resort development:
The Island Council prefers Odegalla to be preserved as a picnic island. They believe the island needs to be protected to conserve its natural beauty.
If developed as a resort, there will be challenges in people accessing the island. If preserved people can enjoy the natural beauty.
But if resort is developed, the island might profit or might become an income source, would prefer if preserved as a picnic island.
Hulhimendhoo is in a resort line and the Island Council have no objection for resort development in this location. If Maamendhoo has no objection, Nilandhoo is fine since they do not use Hulhimendhoo for any purpose.
Ga. Nilandhoo Fishermen Current Situation:
22 April 2019 During bait fishing at nearby resorts, the management complains about being closer to the resort. 10:00 AM
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Participants: Bait fishing daily around Odegalla. Bait fishing usually starts from 6AM until sunrise the next day. Those who dive won’t stay for too 1. Nadeem Ahmed, long, 3-4 hours maybe. They light and then dive. Local fishermen & diver Sometimes 3-4 fishing vessels can be there at the same reef simultaneously.
Biodiversity:
Boaddu, near Maththidhoo has Whale sharks, sometimes 8-9 spotted.
Not much birds in Odegalla now as there is not much vegetation.
Recommendations:
Odegalla to be preserved as a picnic island.
Ga. Nilandhoo Guesthouse Current Situation:
22 April 2019 Guest house in Nilandhoo snorkel and go to picnics in Odegalla.
10:30 AM Snorkelling around Odegalla, Nilandhoo reef and Dhandhoo Dhoragella reef. Participants: Biodiversity:
Odegalla has very nice corals and colourful fish around the area. 1.Simaaz Ali, Owner of Peal Turtles around Nilandhoo reef. Sharks as well; Longfin Mako shark Beach View (Voshimas miyaru) and Tiger sharks
Even if a resort is developed, do not think it will have any impact on bait fishing or bait population near the islands.
Concerns:
Development for resort will definitely impact the local tourism, there is no other island to go nearby for picnic.
Almost all islands nearby are being developed as resorts.
Maththidhoo and Keredhdhoo also going to be developed as resorts.
Recommendations:
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Odegalla must be preserved as a picnic island.
Health Protection Agency Ga. Odegalla and Ga. Hulhimendhoo
22 April 2019
10:00 AM Regulations for food establishments should be followed. Members from HPA will be involved in routine
inspections carried out by the Ministry of Tourism. Participants: Construction workers should be provided with adequate basic facilities and mosquito prevention measures should 1. Aminath Shaufa, be taken on the construction site. Health centers have Director gotten a lot of cases of mosquito borne diseases from 2. Moosa Haneef, construction workers. SPHPO Vector Control Guide should be followed to prevent mosquito breeding. Resorts usually conduct mosquito fogging daily. HPA recommends that more environment friendly ways of mosquito prevention be carried out. Any chemicals that are used should be approved by HPA. This is important because if very strong chemicals are used then mosquitos can become resistant to it in the future. Workplace safety needs to be monitored carefully. PPE should be worn at all times, especially when working on water villas. Work permit medicals of construction workers need to be approved by HPA. Refer to the section on recreational water in the Public Health Act, swimming pools should be managed according to this. They are currently in the process of drafting a regulation on recreational water standards. Lifeguards posts should be established with qualified personnel. The resort should have signs indicating areas that are safe/ too dangerous to swim in. Ministry of Health will assess health facilities on the resort. The ministry’s quality assurance department should be asked about the standards that they follow. If any infectious waste / sharps are being discarded the appropriate guidelines should be followed.
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Air pollution levels from the powerhouse should be monitored carefully. Paint that is used should be lead free. Natural fertiliser should be used. Turf that is used on sports facilities should be safe because if not selected carefully it could have negative impacts.
Environment Protection Ga. Odegalla Agency EPA does not support the development of a resort in this 22 April 2019 area. Resort development should not take place if another island 11:00 AM of the same standard is not developed. Recommended that the proponent leave this island as it is and request for another island from Ministry of Tourism. Participants: If protected bird species use the site then their habitats should be protected as well. 1. Mahid Abdul According to the Dredging and Reclamation Regulations, Rahman, Senior GIS sensitive areas cannot be reclaimed. officer. Refer to the Tourism Ministry guidelines on incinerators. Nearby islands Mathidhoo and Boaddoo are also 2. Yazeed Ahmed, frequented by many bird species. Director. The concept plan needs to be amended to include details of any dredging and reclamation and it needs to be resubmitted. 3. Mohamed Hamdhaan Ensure that the area is properly surveyed to check if it is a Zuhair, Assistant bait fishing area. Director Clarify where land for reclamation will be sourced from. EPA can only stop projects once the work starts. If the 4. Ibrahim Naeem, work is stopped at that point it would result in huge losses Director General to the proponent and the proponent would not be able to go to court and request for another island. That is why it is important to advise the proponent at this stage that this 5. Aminath Mohamed, area should be left as it is without development. Environment Analyst EPA does not believe that there is any point in doing this
EIA as they believe the project will be stopped. EPA thinks that CDE should be blacklisted, they questioned why CDE has accepted such a project and accused CDE of not caring for the environment. It was mentioned that CDE is an organisation that would do whatever they could to bend the laws and regulations to
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enable clients to carry out development work. EPA also believes that senior consultants should attend these meetings.
Ga. Dhaandhoo Island Previous use of the island: Council & Fishermen Odegalla used to be big island previously with coconut trees and people used for toddy collection, and preparing toddy sugar, but the 22 April 2019 island got eroded and it is now evolving as a sandbank. 1:00 PM Current use of the island:
Participants: There is a resident population of 1,400 in Dhanndhoo with a total registered population of 2,057. Island Council Locals in Dhaandhoo go to Odegalla for picnic every weekend, this 1. Faaris Mohamed, is also more common during school holidays. Even guests from Vice President nearby resort, The Residence Maldives also take their guests to Odegalla for leisure.
2. Shamheedh Ibrahim, Fisheries: Council Member, Dhaandhoo fishermen have faced difficulties during bait fishing near Park Hyatt where the resort asks them to leave. 3. Mohamed Ali, Director There are 3 reefs near Odegalla which are crucial for bait fishing. These include Odegalla reef, Boavaafaru, and Kolhu Faru.
The area near Park Hyatt Hadahaa has been a significant bait fishing 4. Mohamed Ageel, Assistant Director area for a long time.
Hulhimendhoo area is used for bait fishing. The south eastern side Odegalla is usually not used for bait fishing as the current is strong. 5. Shaheen Ahmed, Project Officer The fishermen in Dhaandhoo mostly stay at the north western side of Odegalla. The fishermen mentioned any area with a 45 m depth if available, 6. Mohamed Naseer, will be used for bait fishing, regardless of a resort in vicinity. Assistant Finance Officer Some fishermen stay for 12hrs for bait fishing, but fishermen in
Dhaandhoo usually stay for 9hours. When lit, bait from other locations also arrive at the point. Fishermen The fishermen stressed that if the islands are developed as a resort, 1. Ali Rasheed they will still continue to bait fish around that area. They also 2. Shahid Moosa highlighted that if they are restricted from entering near the resorts, 3. Mohamed Abdullah guests should also be limited from snorkelling or diving at fishing 4. Ibrahim Mohamed points. 5. Ahmed Ashfaq
Biodiversity:
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There are beautiful corals and unique sharks found in Keredhdhoo including Black Tip, Grey Reef, Leopard shark, Bull shark, White Tip. These are seasonal sharks usually seen around January and February.
Odegalla reef has rich marine biodiversity and even during 2015 coral bleaching event where the top reef in most of the atolls were bleached, Odegalla reef remained intact. The area where the water villas are planned to be constructed in resort concept plan has very nice live coral.
There is an untouched coral reef at 9m-35m near Matththidhoo, which is good dive site.
Dhoragella reef near Dhaandhoo at 5m depth is also a notable reef.
Economic Activities:
Fishing is the main economic activity in Dhaandhoo. The people who have previously worked in resorts are now working as fishermen. Most of the school leavers are also joining this profession.
There are approximately 300 fishermen in Dhanndhoo with 9 fishing vessels.
Employment:
The closest resort to Dhaandhoo is Park Hyat Hadahaa and there are 13 people from Dhaandhoo working in this resort.
At The Residence Maldives, there used to work approximately 10 people. But now this has reduced to 2-3 people.
Average salary is approximately $250 for those working in Kooddoo and the employees face issues with food and accommodation.
Dhaandhoo Island Council also highlighted that the locals often get low ranking jobs even with a high qualification such as a Degree. The resorts also do not announce for jobs on an official basis so there are also challenges in finding a job from the resorts nearby.
Guesthouse in the island:
There is only 01 guesthouse in the island. But no guests brought so far.
CSR from resorts:
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The Island Council highlighted that they have a poor connection with resorts. There has been no activity under CSR provided by any resort. The Island Council had sent requests for jetty development in Vodamulla, but there was no response.
But they hear some assistance were provided to Maamendhoo and Villingili for waste management facilities.
Concerns:
Odegalla resort is on a main transport route by most fishing vessels travelling to and from Koodoo, therefore developing the island as a resort can cause impacts as guests also may be disturbed by the increased noise.
As per tourism regulation, the boundary line is 300m which is a long distance, thus not providing any area for fishermen as they use the area around Odegalla for bait fishing.
Odegalla is also a significant bird roosting site, developing a resort can disrupt the natural environment for birds as well. There are only few sites in the atoll for birds, which includes Odegalla, Maththidhoo, Miniyamessa and Kodeimathi.
Development of Odegalla will result in a loss of a picnic island for locals, as there is no alternative picnic island in the atoll. All islands are being taken for resort development. Locals used to go to Vodamulla for picnic, but this island is also not available for use by the public as it is leased for resort development.
Bait fishing is a quiet activity and the fishermen do not anchor to resort lagoon. They are located further away from the resort lagoon. However, all resorts around the area have asked the fishermen to leave while bait fishing, once police also intervened.
One of the island council who previously worked in Park Hyatt Hadahaa mentioned that this usually when the guests in the resort complain about the fishing vessels.
Concerns were raised that there are less bird eggs are in Odegalla since people started using the island. One of the divers and a fishermen also noted that turtles also lay eggs in Odegalla seasonally.
The Island Council also noted that there is no monitoring during construction. The construction waste generated during the development of Mercure Kooddoo Resort have been buried in the ground.
The area between Maamanedhoo and Hulhimendhoo is a dangerous spot where people proficient in swimming has also died from
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drowning due to a strong current in the area. The Island Council suggests if the area is reclaimed to some degree, this issue may be fixed.
View on Resort Development:
It is ideal to conduct stakeholder consultations before leasing the island
The Island Council highly objects the development of Odegalla as the area is a significant area for bait fishing by most of the fishermen in this atoll and other atolls as well including Ga, Gdh and Addu City.
The Island council has also issued an official statement on the concerns of resorts being developed near significant fishing points and the impact this will have on their fisheries sector. The letter is attached in the Appendix L.
We do not believe that there should be only resort development in the atoll. There should be initiatives to develop fisheries sector as well
The Island Council have no objection for Hulhimendhoo development.
Expectations:
The Island Council expects resort to act on their CSR component and assist the nearby islands.
They also expect to get a percentage of the profit received by the resort to be shared with the islands. some level
Recommendations:
The Island Council and the fishermen would like Odegalla to be preserved.
Dhaandhoo council also recommends to develop the area near Dhaandhoo and Vodamulla as an alternative location for resort development.
The Island Council suggests introducing guest leisure activities involving watching how bait fishing is done which could also be a way of promoting fishing. This could also be a source of income for the fishing vessels as well a mechanism for guest to understand the importance of the fisheries sector.
To clarify:
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Both the Island Council and the fishermen questioned why the government is not promoting or developing fisheries sector similar to tourism.
The fishermen also would like to clarify how long of a distance from the resort is allowed for bait fishing in the regulation? Fishermen is not clear about this boundary line
There are enough islands on the outer rim of the atoll for resort development, so the Island Council questioned why these islands cannot be considered for resort development. They questioned on what basis was Odegalla chosen.
Maldives Energy Authority For Odegalla and Hulhimendhoo
All the requirements for powerhouse facilities in resorts are clearly identified in the regulations and guidelines in Energy Authority. 25 April 2019 The most important requirement is a licensed engineer needs to assess the powerhouse in the resort and have it approved by MEA. 10:30 AM And as long as there is the evidence of an EIA, MEA requirement is achieved. Participant: Other than this, there are no further comments by MEA. 1. Muawiyath Shareef, Director Ministry of Fisheries, If the area is a popular bait fishing site it can cause difficulties for Marine Resources and the fisherman. The Ministry suggested that they would discuss the issue with the policy section and give a response. It was requested Agriculture to share any maps that the ministry has which shows bait fishing areas in Maldives. 30 April 2019
12:30 PM Fisherman are not allowed to fish within the boundary of the tourist Participants: resort. However, the ministry has received complaints from The Ministry of Tourism and from resorts even when the fisherman are 1. Hussain Faisal, fishing outside the boundary. There is not much that the ministry Assistant Director can do when such issues arise because the fisherman have the right to fish as long as it is not within the boundary of a resort.
2. Aminath Lubna, There is a plan for opening a bait hatchery in Ga.Maanagalaa. Milk Assistant Director fish is planned to be grown in this area and sold to fisherman. However, there the success of the project is uncertain as this type of fish has not yet been tested in the Maldives. The Ministry suggested that resorts collaborate with them on such projects as a part of their CSR.
The Ministry also highlighted that the Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure have set certain islands to be picnic islands. A
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picnic island has also been set in Gaafu Alif atoll. This has not officially been announced yet.
Resort development is inevitable once the island has been leased for development. Therefore, the only measures that can be taken are managing the existing resources.
The Ministry has also released an official statement on their stand on the development of Odegalla to a resort. The statement is attached in Appendix M.
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12 CONCLUSIONS
This project has been proposed to reclaim, build and operate a resort on Odegalla Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll. The initial component of the project involves expanding the island from 0.98 Ha to 2.3 Ha by reclaiming land. The project will require about 37,000 cbm of sand to be dredged from the same reef system using an excavator mounted on sand beds, revegetate the island and build all relevant resort infrastructure. The key components of resort development are construction of guest accommodation, guest service facilities, island transport infrastructure, back-and of-the-house facilities. Guest accommodation involves constructing villas on land and in the lagoon.
The proposed developments are generally in conformance to the laws and regulations of the Maldives. Non-conformance to Dredging and Reclamation Regulation due to the site being a designated Sensitive Environment was noted. Additional approvals are required for the following before commencement of project activities. They are:
Detailed drawings approval from the Ministry of Tourism
Dewatering application and approval before commencement of any dewatering activities. The following approvals will be required before commencement of operations
Registration of the power plants with Maldives Energy Authority
Registration of desalination plants
Registration of waste facility and waste transport vessels
Licence or approval to operate seaplane landing platform
Resort operations licence The assessment shows that the proposed developments involve significant positive and negative impacts on the terrestrial, coastal, marine and social environment. The most critical impacts on the physical environment are on the fauna and marine environment. Significant damage is anticipated on the surrounding areas due to sedimentation and turbidity. Major concerns have been identified in relation to the importance of the site to the fishing industry of the atoll, local recreation and local guest house tourism. This site has also been identified as an Environmentally Sensitive Site by EPA as it is a known bird roosting and bait fishing area.
Erosional pressures will have an impact on the operation of the island and may require future erosion mitigation measures. Operational stage impacts are those typically associated with resort island operation including socio-economic benefits, potential impacts on the reef due to guest activities, increase in waste production and demand for plastic and potential impacts on ground water, to name a few.
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A key concern for marine environment is the ongoing coral bleaching in Maldives in 2016 and ongoing high temperature impacts in 2019. If the dredging works are undertaken at the time of bleaching the stress on coral reef may be unbearable and could cause long-term damage. The Marine Research Centre (MRC) has also issued a circular recommending delaying all dredging works. It was advised to the proponent to consider delaying reclamation activities until advised by MRC. They welcomed the suggestion and agreed to consider delaying reclamation as much as possible within the agreement with the Government and financial constraints. However, upon review of the contract with the Government, the proponent is required to complete the works before certain date and the circular does not provide leverage on adjusting the contract. Moreover, the financial aspects of the project are already being processed and the implication of any delays is substantial. A solution will need to be reached with the Government and Proponent if this project is to go ahead.
The social impacts from this project are substantial. There are major positive socio-economic benefits associated with resort development on the surrounding community, but the negative impacts on fisherman and local community recreation was flagged as a key concern. This site will involve major resource use conflicts as the lagoon is heavily used by fisherman for bait fishing and they consider bird roosting as essential in assisting in fishing activities. It is also used by locals for recreational use. We anticipate strong social discontent from the affected groups to the extent that it may lead to social conflicts between the developers/operators and local communities.
Based on the faunal, marine, economic and social impacts from this project it is of the opinion of the authors that the project should not be implemented as planned on Odegalla Island. We also do not recommend abandoning the project as development of resorts provides numerous economic benefits to the Atoll and the country. Instead we recommend shifting the project site to another island in the vicinity. We have identified Maththidhuvaa and Dhevvamaagalaa as potential sites for the Ministry of Tourism to consider. We also recommend EPA to consider protecting Odegalla from physical developments on the island but designating the site as a Marine Managed Area where special provisions are given to the local fisherman for bait fishing and measures are taken to conserve the island as a bird roosting site.
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BINNIE BLACK & VEATCH 2000. Environmental / Technical study for dredging / reclamation works under Hulhumale' Project - Final Report. Male': Ministry of Construction and Public Works.
Erftemeijer, P. L., Riegl, B., Hoeksema, B. W., & Todd, P. A. (2012). Environmental impacts of dredging and other sediment disturbances on corals: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin , 64, 1737-1765.
Fabricius, K. E. (2005). Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin , 50, 125-146.
DHI 1999.Physical modelling on wave disturbance and breakwater stability, Fuvahmulah Port Project. Denmark: Port Consult.
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KENCH, P. S., BRANDER, R. W., PARNELL, K. E. & MCLEAN, R. F. 2006. Wave energy gradients across a Maldivian atoll: Implications for island geomorphology. Geomorphology, 81, 1-17.
Lamer (2011) EIA Report for Resort Development at Kudavillingili, Kudavillingili Development Pvt Ltd.
Ministry of Tourism (2013a), Fourth Tourism Master Plan 2013 – 2017; Volume 1: Strategic Action Plan, Ministry of Tourism, Male’
Ministry of Tourism (2013b), Fourth Tourism Master Plan 2013 – 2017; Volume 2: Background and Analysis, Ministry of Tourism, Male’
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MEC 2004. Maldives: State of the Environment 2004, Male', Ministry of Environment and Construction.
NASEER, A. 2003. The integrated growth response of coral reefs to environmental forcing: morphometric analysis of coral reefs of the Maldives. PhD, Dalhousie University.
Richmond, R. H. (1993). Coral Reefs: Present Problems and Future Concerns Resulting from Anthropogenic Disturbane. American Zoologist , 33, 524-536.
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Rogers, C. S. (1990). Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation. Marine Ecology Progress Series , 62, 185-202.
UNDP 2006. Developing a Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives, Male', United Nations Development Programme and Government of Maldives.
UNDP (2009).Detailed Island Risk Assessment of Maldives. Male': UNDP, Maldives.
Water Solutions (2015), Technical & Environmental evaluation of developing “Maa Falhu” coral reef in North Male’ Atoll, Maldives: WATG, Singapore
Wenger, A. S., Johansen, L. J., & Jones, G. P. (2012). Increasing suspended sediment reduces foraging, growth and condition of a planktivores damselfish. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 428, 43-48.
Wesseling, I., Uychiaoco, A. J., Alino, P. M., Aurin, T., & Vermaat, J. E. (1999). Damange and recovery of four Philippine corals from short-term sediment burial. Marine Ecology Progress Series , 176, 11-15.
YOUNG, I. R. 1999. Seasonal variability of the global ocean wind and wave climate. International Journal of Climatology, 19, 931–950.
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APPENDIX A – Terms of Reference
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EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX B – Approved site plans
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EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX C – Dredging and Reclamation Site Plan
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|240 322900.000000 323000.000000 323100.000000 323200.000000 323300.000000 323400.000000 323500.000000 323600.000000 323700.000000 323800.000000 323900.000000 324000.000000 324100.000000 324200.000000 324300.000000 324400.000000
Reclamation Areas 0 0
0 Site Area (Sq m) Elevation (m MSL) Estimated Volume (cbm) 0 0 0 0 0
0 - 0 0 0 . Main Island 7,800.00 1.50 19,500.00 2 . 0 0 0 0 0
8 - 8
3 1 3 7 Existing Beach Slope 1.50 8,250.00 5 7 New Beach 5,200.00 1.50 6,500.00
Total 13,000.00 34,250.00 0 0 2 1 0 0 5 - 1 0 0 2 - 0 0 - 7 - 0 0 5 - 1 0
0 1 0 . - 3 . 0 - 0 0 9 0 7 Sand Borrow Areas 7 3 9 3
7 - 7 - 5 - 2 7 1 Dredge Depth (m - 8 - - 8 2 - Site Area (Sq m) MSL) Estimated Volume (cbm) - 3 - -
1 0 3 0 0 0
5
0 0 0
0 Reef Entrance D1 8,000.00 - 4.00 24,000.00 2 0
0 - - 0 0 0 . -4 8 . 0 - 0
0 Borrow Area A 6,500.00 - 3.00 13,000.00 0 3 6 6 3 3 7 7
6
Alternative Borrow Area 6,114.63 - 4.00 18,343.89 -
6
4 - 1 20,614.63 55,343.89 - Legend - 8 0 0 0 0
0 0 Contour1m 0 0
0 - 0
0 7 0 . 5 - . 0 0 1 2 0
0 - 1 0
5 - 5 - 2
3 3 Alternative Site Plan 1 B-orrow Area A - 7 8 7 4 Alternative Borrow Dredge Area - Area - 2 1 0 0 0
0 - 0 0 7 - 0 Reclamation Area 0 1 0
0 3 0 0 0 . .
0 - 0
0 9 0 - 4 4
3 1 - 3 Vegetation Line 7 4 7 - - 1 1 5 1 - High Tide Line 1 8 4 -
1 8 0 0
-
0 - 0 0 0
0 0 Low Tide Line
0 0 5 0 0
. . 1
0 - 0
2 - -
0 6 0 -
- 1 3 3 1 - 3 3 InnerReefLine 5 7 3 -1 7 Reclamation Area -1 OuterReefLine -15 7 -1 - 3
- 0 0
- 7
0 2 0 8
-
0 0 - 0 0 0 0
0 1 0
0 . . - - 0 0
1 1 0
0 1 0 - -
2 - 2
3 2 3
7 0 7
7
-
7 - - 1 1 5
1
- - -1 0 0
6 0 - 0
- 8 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 3 5 0 0
1 - 0 0 . . - - Reef Entrance D1 0 1 - 0 0 8 0 1 1
3 2 3 7 -1 7
1 -13 - Project 4 - 13 -1 -4 1 -3 1 -15 - 0 -7 -1 0 0 0 Odagalla Resort Development
0 5 0
0 - 2 0 - 9 -1 0 - -7- - 0 -14 0 0 0 9 8 1 -1 20 0 . 0 4 - 2 . Project 0 0 -8 - - 0
0 - 0 1 - -1 - -1 9 0 5 0 1 9 -11 0 4 0 3 - 6 -7 - 2 3 7 - - 7 -5 -9 -8 -9 6 Odagalla Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll - 5 -6 4 -1 5 - 8 -1 - Map Title 14 5 0 0 - - -2 0 0 0 2 - 0 12 0
3
1 0 0
-
- 0 -2 0
0 0 0 . . 3 0 0
0 1 0 Bathymetry 0 6
9 - 9 1 - 2 2
7 - 7
7 - Client: Odagalla Reosrt 2 - 7 - - - 0 6 8 0 3 0 3 - 0 - 0 3 - 0 0 - - -
3 0 2 0 0 Scale and Projection: 1:4,892 1 -
1
0 8 0 0 - -9 9 1
- 0 2 - 1 - 0 . -7 11 -9 -1 -1 - 9 . 0 - - 1 0 - 6 9 5 9 0 1 - 0 1 - 8 1 - 8 Meters 8 4 0 3 2 1 2 1 -1 -1
- -
0 7 5 -8 7 - - -
1 2 1 1 4 -1 - - 0 4 -8 1 2 1 - - 1 -4 3 0 25 50 100 5 1 - -8 - - 5 -3 -9 1 - 3 6 -11 3 µ 7- 13 -8 8 0 - - 0 - -1 8 - 0 1 -9 0 3 - PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); 0 2 -7 -8 0 0 1 - 0 0 - 4 -6 1 2 0 0 - 0 0 HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; . 1 - -1 -9 . 0 5 1 0 0 0
7 7 VERTICAL DATUM: Hulhule Tide Gauge 2 2
9 7 7
- Map No: Revision
0 0 V-BATHY-1-01 01 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 Map version: 02/06/2019; Prepared By: Shaig 0 0 . . 0 0 0 0
6 6 CDE Consulting 2 2 7 7 4th Floor, Orchidmaage Ameer Ahmed Magu
322900.000000 323000.000000 323100.000000 323200.000000 323300.000000 323400.000000 323500.000000 323600.000000 323700.000000 323800.000000 323900.000000 324000.000000 324100.000000 324200.000000 324300.000000 324400.000000 Male' Maldives (+960)3312514; [email protected] EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX D – Work Plan
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|241
EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX E – Survey Locations
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|242 73°24'30"E 73°24'40"E 73°24'50"E 73°25'0"E 73°25'10"E 73°25'20"E N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 4 4 ° ° 0 0
W2 C10 !. T2 A! C01 A!
C09 N N
" ! " 0 A 0 Legend 5 5 ' ' 9 9 3 3 ° ° 0 0 profiles
3 P0 0 2 P ! 2P0 A Currents C11 P01 4 1 G1 ! P305 A P0 #0 #0 Ground Water Samples 8 3 P06 C02 7 0
P A! !. Marine Water Samples !
C07 ! Beach Profiles C12 ! ! T
! C08 A ! S1
N N
"
A " !
0 Marine Transects 0
4
4
'
! '
! 9 !
A 9
3 !
! 3
°
! S2 °
! T 0 0 !
! ! ! ! Timed Swims
T1 ! W1 !. C03 Vegetation Line A! High Tide Line C04
Low Tide Line
! ! !
! A
! 3 ! TS
! InnerReefLine C05 T3
N OuterReefLine N " ! " 0 A 0 3 3 ' W3 ' 9 9 3 3 ° ° 0
!. 0 C06 A! µ Dhigurah
73°24'30"E 73°24'40"E 73°24'50"E 73°25'0"E 73°25'10"E 73°25'20"E Falhumaafushi Odagallaa Currents Water Samples Reef Transects Beach profiles Kuredhdhoo Site ID X Y Site ID X Y Type Site ID X_Start Y_Start X_Start Y_Finish Site ID X Y
C01 73.4199 0.66557 G1 73.4185 0.66264 Ground Water T1 73.4203 0.66059 73.4199 0.6605 P01 73.4184 0.66278 Nilandhoo C02 73.4216 0.66216 W1 73.4203 0.66033 Sea water T2 73.4165 0.66601 73.4161 0.66569 P02 73.4186 0.66296 C04 73.4177 0.65944 W2 73.416 0.66599 Sea water P03 73.4186 0.66296 C05 73.4147 0.65857 W3 73.4148 0.65821 Sea water P04 73.4186 0.66296 Odagalla Resort Development Project C06 73.4104 0.65762 P05 73.4188 0.66262 Odagalla Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll C07 73.4191 0.66156 P06 73.4184 0.6624 Survey Locations C08 73.4171 0.66121 P07 73.4184 0.6624 C09 73.419 0.66413 P08 73.4184 0.6624 PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; C10 73.4157 0.66573 VERTICAL DATUM: Hulhule Tide Gauge C11 73.4142 0.66274 Map version: 02/06/2019 C12 73.411 0.66142 Surveyed and Prepared by: CDE Consulting, Maldives EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX F – Water Quality Results
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|243
EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX G – Bathy Chart
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|244 322900.000000 323000.000000 323100.000000 323200.000000 323300.000000 323400.000000 323500.000000 323600.000000 323700.000000 323800.000000 323900.000000 324000.000000 324100.000000 324200.000000 324300.000000 Legend 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 Contour1m 0 0 . . 0 0 0 0 8 8 3 3
7 7 Vegetation Line
High Tide Line 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 Low Tide Line 0 0 0 0 . . 0 0 0 0 7 7
3 3 m MSL 7 7
-0.9 - -0.5 0 0
0 0 -1.9 - -1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . 0 0
0 0 -2.9 - -2.0 6 6 3 3 7 7 -3.9 - -3.0
0 0 -4.9 - -4.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .
0 0 -5.9 - -5.0 0 0 5 5 3 3 7 7 -6.9 - -6.0
-7.9 - -7.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .
0 0 -8.9 - -8.0 0 0 4 4 3 3 7 7 -9.9 - -9.0
-14.9 - -10.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. . -19.9 - -15.0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 7 7 -24.9 - -20.0
-29.9 - -25.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 -30.8 - -30.0 . . 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 7 7
Project 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 Hulhimendhoo Resort Development 0 0 . . 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 3 Project 7 7 Hulhimendhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll Map Title 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . 0 0 0 0 9 9 2 2
7 7 Bathymetry
Client: Dhigurah Resort 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 Scale and Projection: 1:4,693 . . 0 0 0 0 8 8 2 2
7 7 Meters 0 25 50 100 µ 0 0 0 0
0 0 PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; 0 0 0 0 7 7
2 2 VERTICAL DATUM: Hulhule Tide Gauge 7 7 Map No: Revision
0 0 V-BATHY-1-01 01 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 Map version: 02/06/2019; Prepared By: Shaig 0 0 . . 0 0 0 0
6 6 CDE Consulting 2 2 7 7 4th Floor, Orchidmaage Ameer Ahmed Magu
322900.000000 323000.000000 323100.000000 323200.000000 323300.000000 323400.000000 323500.000000 323600.000000 323700.000000 323800.000000 323900.000000 324000.000000 324100.000000 324200.000000 324300.000000 Male' Maldives (+960)3312514; [email protected] EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX H – Beach Profiles
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|245
EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX I – CV of Consultants
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|246 Ahmed Shaig Phone: (+960) 77 88 758 [email protected]
Personal Details Date of Birth: 19/02/1976 Nationality: Maldivian Gender: Male Marital Status: Married Permanent Address: Maldives Present Address: M. Muleege, Orchid Magu, Male’, Maldives.
Education PhD, Environmental Science, 2009 James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
Research degree on ‘Settlement Planning for Natural Hazard Resilience in Small Island States: The Population and Development Consolidation Approach’
BSc Land and Spatial Information Studies/Information Science. (double major), 1999-2001 University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Diploma in project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, 1995 ILO training Centre, Turin, Italy
Employment History
Director, Environmental Services 2008 to present CDE Consulting Supervisor: Dr. Simad Saeed Republic of Maldives Phone: +(960) 7777445 Head of environmental wing
Assistant Under-secretary, Spatial Planning 2002-2004 Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Hon. Hamdun Hameed Republic of Maldives Phone: +(960) 332-3919 Head of Spatial Planning Unit. Relevant Tasks include: ♦ Oversee environment related projects and application of environmental guidelines for planned projects. ♦ Plan, implement and oversee the development of a National GIS; ♦ Aid/facilitate/oversee urban planning, housing, land use planning, natural resource planning and environment related projects; Provide assistance in project planning (includes urban and regional planning, natural resources planning)
Project Manager, National Digital Mapping Project 2005 (8 months) Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Hon. Hamdun Hameed Republic of Maldives Phone: +(960) 332-3919 ♦ Project involved aerial photography and satellite imagery of entire Maldives, ground surveying of key settlements, digital conversion of data and setting up a Mapping Unit.
Assistant Planning Officer/Planning Officer 1994-1999 Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Mr. Mohamed Hunaif Republic of Maldives Phone +(960) 331-3040 Relevant tasks involved: ♦ Assisting in the National GIS Development Programme (Junior GIS developer) ♦ Facilitate urban planning, housing, land use planning, natural resource planning and environment related projects.
Ahmed Shaig page 1
Experience in Consultancy
. September 2002: Member of the team appointed for environmental surveying and carrying capacity assessment of islands for tourism development in the southern atolls of Maldives for Ministry of Tourism Maldives. . October 2002: Developed the Census GIS for United National Population Fund . December 2002: Developed the Maldives Protected Areas Systems GIS for Maldives Home Affairs Housing and Environment. . February 2003: Participated in the preparation of Royal Island and Spa Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report for Royal Island and Spa. . April 2003: Member of the team selected for developing town plans for urban centres in Northern and Southern Regional Development Zones, looking specifically into environmental control measures, for Ministry of Planning and National Development. . April 2003: Participated in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statement for Coastal Modifications on Rihiveli, South Malé Atoll, Maldives. . April 2003: Participated in the surveying and preparation of Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed coastal improvements to address coastal erosion concerns on Royal Island Spa Resort, Baa Atoll, Maldives. . May 2003: Participated in the bathymetry survey and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for Deepening of Existing Entrance Channel to Service Jetty, Soneva Gili Resort and Spa, North Malé Atoll, Maldives . May 2003: Participated in the preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for development of an access channel into the natural inner lagoon (Vilu) of Mayafushi resort, North Ari Atoll. . May 2003: Participated in the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment for Landaa Giraavaru Pvt. Ltd. for the development of a Four Season’s Tourist Resort on the island of Landaa Giraavaru in Baa Atoll, Maldives. . June 2003: Participated in survey and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for the Development of a Mooring Area and Associated Beach Replenishment in, Boduhithi Club, North Malé Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in the surveying and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for Short- term and Long-term Shore Protection Measures at Alimatha Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Conducted shoreline and vegetation line of Alimatha Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in the surveying for Initial Environmental Examination for Short-term and Long- term Shore Protection Measures at Dhiggiri Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Fun Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Sun Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Holiday Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . August 2003: Developed the Initial Environmental Examination for the construction of Sun Decks along the southern beach of Kudarah Island Resort. . September 2003: Participated in surveying and preparation of Fonaddoo Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the development of fisheries complex, Fonaddoo, Maldives. . October 2003: Participated in surveying and preparation of Kuda Rah Erosion Study and recommendations for shore protection and erosion prevention . November 2003: Conducted vegetation and shoreline survey of Dhonveli Beach and Spa and Four Seasons Report for the Boundary Delineation between the two islands. . December 2003: Contributed to the Landuse Planning Guidelines of Maldives (environmental aspects) for Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. . December 2003: Contributed to the Development of a Building Code of Maldives for Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. . January 2004: Co-author to the Environmental Guidelines for the Development of Resort Islands in Maldives, Ministry of Tourism. . February 2004: Developed the Baa Atoll Spatial Development Plan for Ministry of Planning and National Development.
Ahmed Shaig page 2
. April-July 2004: Participated in the preparation of the Environmental aspects of the 8 bid proposals for resort Development for various proponents. . November 2005: Participated in the preparation of EIA for L.Gan Resettlement Project for Ministry of Housing. . December 2005: Participated in the surveying and preparation of EIA for Gn Fuvahmulaku Tourist Hotel Development . November 2005: Developed a GIS for strategic planning to select islands for tourism development for Ministry of Tourism. . January 2006: Local consultant for the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Maldives Regional Development Plan, for AGRIFOR Consult Consortium, Belgium. . June 2006: Developed the Baa Atoll Resource Management GIS for Ministry of Environment and Energy. . August 2006: Consultant to the Integrated Climate Change System (ICCS) project – Assessment of vulnerability of Maldives Islands and Beaches to climate change . September 2006: Consultant to the ICCS project – Assessment of vulnerability of Maldives Infrastructure to climate change . November 2006: Consultant to the preparation of National Adaptation Programme of Action in Maldives for Ministry of Environment. . December 2006: Environmental Consultant to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Project: Disaster Risk Assessment of Selected nine Safe Islands in Maldives. . April 2007: Prepared the Coastal Erosion Assessment and Management Report for Ga.Meradhoo Island. . May 2007: Participated in the preparation of EIA for N. Randheli Resort Development Project, I&T Management group. . June 2007: Participated in the preparation of Millennium Development Goals, Maldives Country Report. . October 2007: Natural Hazard Assessment consultant to the UNDP Project: Disaster Risk Assessment of Selected Safe Islands in Maldives. . November 2007: Prepared the EIA for proposed coastal protection, beach replenishment and access improvement of Elaa, Thaa Atoll, for Mr Abbas Mohamed, H. Merry Rose. . May 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for sand sourcing and beach replenishment project of Viligilli Island, Addu Atoll, for Shangri-La at Viligilli.. . April 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for N. Maafaru Airport Development Project for Noonu Hotels Pvt Ltd. . May 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for resort development in Huvandhumaavattaru, Noonu Atoll . June 2009: Prepared a status of the environment report Randheli Island, Noonu Atoll. . July 2009: Prepared the Environmental EIA for harbour development in Fiyoari, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll. . July 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for Jetty and arrival lounge development project in Gan, Addu Atoll, for Island Aviation Services Private Limited. . July 2009: Team Leader for the socio-economic risk assessment of Selected Safe Islands in Maldives. . August 2009: Coastal erosion data synthesis for selected islands of Maldives, for World Bank Maldives Environmental Management Project. . September 2009: Prepared the beach management plan and development control measures for Reethibeach Island Resort, Baa Atoll. . September 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for agricultural island development in Felivaru, Noonu Atoll, for Fantasy Private Limited. . September 2009: Consultant to review the safer islands programme and cost benefit study of mitigation measures in three islands in the Maldives for UNDP. . October 2009: Consultant to the Maldives Environmental Management Project for waste management technical assistance for World Bank. . December 2009: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Randheli Island, Noonu Atoll. . January 2010: Prepared the beach management plan and development control measures for Shangri-La Island Resort, Addu Atoll. . January 2010: Consultant to the Atoll Ecosystem Conservation project conservation component defining conservation areas and development controls. . February 2010: Prepared the environmental audit of Thunbafushi Island, Kaafu Atoll, for Champa Brothers Private Limited.
Ahmed Shaig page 3
. March 2010: Prepared the beach management plan and development control for Herathera Island Resort, Addu Atoll. . March 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for power plant upgrading project in Palm Beach Island in Lhaviyani Atoll. . April 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for Seagrass removal and beach replenishment project in Olhuveli Island Resort and Spa, Kaafu Atoll. . April 2010: Prepared an EIA addendum for resort development in Gaakoshibee Island, Shaviyani Atoll. . May 2010: Consultant to undertake island environmental scoping studies in 30 islands in North Maldives to determine islands with resort development potential for GMR Group of India. . May 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for harbour development project in Madidhoo Island, Shaviyani Atoll. . June 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for deep piling project in Olhuveli Island Resort and Spa, Kaafu Atoll. . July 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for the development of an aquaculture site in Kanduoigiri, Kaafu Atoll. . July 2010: Environmental planning consultant for Shangri-La at Viligilli Maldives, Addu Atoll. . July 2010: Environmental planning consultant to the Addu Land Use Planning project (including defining development controls) in Addu Atoll Maldives for South Province Office. . August 2010: Environmental Consultant for the Atoll Ecosystem Conservation Project to declare Baa Atoll as a UNESCO Biosphere reserve. . September 2010: Lead author in the EIA for Seagrass removal and beach replenishment project in Herathera Island, Addu Atoll. . September 2010: Lead author in the EIA for resort redevelopment in Vilamendhoo Island Resort, Ari Atoll. . September 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for Gulhifalhu land reclamation project in Gulhifalhu, Male’ Atoll, for Capital Investment and Finance Limited, UK. . September 2010: Participated in the preparation of EIA for sewerage system development project in Miladhoo, Noonu Atoll. . October 2010: Consultant to undertake the coastal adaptation survey of 40 islands in Maldives for Ministry of Housing and Environment. . November 2010: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Maamigili Island, Raa Atoll . January 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Hithadhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . February 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Maradhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . March 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Feydhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . April 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Maradhoo-Feydhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . May 2012: Coastal erosion mitigation assessment and planning for Six Senses Laamu, Laamu Atoll . January 2012: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Fuvahmulah Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . February 2012: Coastal erosion mitigation assessment and planning for Fushivelavaru Island . March 2012: EIA for the proposed resort redevelopment project in Conrad Rangali Island for Champa and Crown Resorts . March 2012: EIA for the proposed resort redevelopment project in Gasfinolhu Island Resort, Champa and Crown Resorts . May 2012: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Gasfinolhu Island, Male’ Atoll . June 2012: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Nakachchaa Huraa Island, Male’ Atoll . April 2012: Member of the consultant team that prepared the Tourism Opinion and Profile Survey 2011, Ministry of Tourism. . October 2012: Environmental consultant to the preparation of 4th Tourism Master plan for Ministry of Tourism, Maldives. . November 2013: Environmental consultant for advising on land reclamation, resort development and development control measures in Dhiffushi Island Reef, Male’ Atoll.
Ahmed Shaig page 4 . January 2013: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Hankede Island, Addu Atoll . January 2013: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Hankede Island, Addu Atoll June 2013: Local Environment consultant to the WCCM project, HIDRIA and Aquatica, Spain. . June 2015: Environmental consultant for Nasandhura Palace Hotel Redevelopment EIA, 15-storey building, Male'City . June 2015: Environmental consultant for Male-Hulhule Bridge, Borehole Drilling EIA, Male' City . July 2015: Environmental consultant for Male-Hulhule Bridge EIA, Male' City . September 2015: Environmental consultant for Development of Tertiary Hospital in Hulhumale . July 2015: Environmental consultant for Development of 9-Storey Building for ADK, Male'City
Ahmed Shaig page 5
Membership of Professional Bodies . Member of Building Code Committee, Maldives . Member of Commission on Sustainable development . Member of the Technical Committee for Developing Spatial Plans for conducting tourism related activities in Ari Atoll. . Member of Climate Advisory Council to the President of Maldives 2009- to present. . Registered EIA Consultant in Maldives Environment Protection Agency roster.
Major Publications
SHAIG, A. (2001) "An Overview of Web Based Geographic Information Systems". In Proceedings: Thirteenth Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre. P.A. Whigham (ed). 2 - 5 Dec, Dunedin, New Zealand. University of Otago, pp.255-264.
SHAIG, A. (2006). Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of the Coastal Infrastructure of Maldives. Technical Paper submitted to Maldives National Adaptation Plan of Action for Climate Change. Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, Male', Maldives.
SHAIG, A. (2006). Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of the Land and Beaches of Maldives. Technical Paper submitted to Maldives National Adaptation Plan of Action for Climate Change. Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, Male', Maldives.
SHAIG, A. (2007) Land Study of Maldives, 2006. Ministry of Planning and National Development, Male’ Maldives.
SHAIG, A. and Aslam, M (2007) Detailed Island Risk Assessment Maldives Volume I to Volume IV – Natural Hazard Assessment (Final Draft). UNDP, Male’ Maldives
SHAIG, A. (2007) Detailed Island Risk Assessment Maldives Volume I to Volume IV – Environmental Vulnerability Assessment (Final Draft). UNDP, Male’ Maldives.
Academic Achievements
2001 Critchlow Associates Prize in Surveying, New Zealand. Prize awarded annually by University council for the highest standard of Achievement in Spatial Information Studies in University of Otago. 1994 Certificate for best results in General Certificate of Examinations, Advanced Level. Science Education Centre, Male’, Maldives
References
Hamdun Hameed David King, Dr. Member of Parliament Associate Proffessor Male’, Maldives James Cook University Tel: (+960) 3323414 Townsville, QLD,Australia, 4811 [email protected] Tel: (+61) 747 81 4441 ,Fax: (+61) 747 81 5581 Email: [email protected] Simad Saeed, Dr Managing Director, Peter Valentine CDE Consulting Head of School, TESAG Department Male’, Maldives James Cook University Tel: +960 777 7445 Townsville, QLD,Australia, 4811 Email: [email protected] Tel: (+61) 747 81 4441 ,Fax: (+61) 747 81 5581 Email: [email protected]
Ahmed Shaig page 6
Clarification
I, the undersigned, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, this CV correctly describes myself, my qualifications and my experience. I understand that any willful misstatement described herein may lead to my disqualification or dismissal, if engaged.
Signature Date: 15 July 2013
Ahmed Shaig page 7 CURRICULUM VITAE
Fathmath Shuhaina NID: A166795 Date of Birth: 30 April 1988 Contact No#: 7989967
Career Objective: To utilize my education, experience and become a progressive person who can take higher responsibilities in the future Experience Marine Survey Assistant (October 2017 – till Present) CDE Consulting
Marine Center Supervisor (April 2011- January 2017) Baros Maldives
Education and Certificates Ongoing studies: Bachelor of Environmental Management at Maldives National University Cambridge GCE O-level, IGCSE Examinations PADI dive master Emergency first responder
Referees Elisa Fini Resident Marine Biologist (Baros Maldives)
Verena Wiesbauer Marine Biologist, Zoologist, EIA Consultant
Mohamed Ali
ID #: A 094918 Nationality: Maldivian Languages: English, Sinhalese, Dhivehi Date of Birth: 13/09/1983 Telephone: 960-790-6007 Email: [email protected]
Experience Marine Environmental Specialist June 2011- Present CDE Consulting
Marine Environment Officer July 2008 – May 2011 Banyan Tree Vabbinfaru
Freelance Lobster Hunter, Shark Fisherman Jan 2007 - July 2008 Laamu Atoll
Dock Assistant Sep 2006 - Jan 2007 Tourist Submarine Maldives
Education and Certifications PADI Rescue Diver June 2011 PADI Enriched Air Diver June 2011 Emergency First Responder May 2011
Basic Computer Science 2001 - 2006 Singapore Informatics, Colombo Sri Lanka
Profile I am very passionate about protecting the marine environment. After having worked as both a fisherman and a marine environment officer I am aware of the impact that human activity has on our fragile marine environment. My favorite activities are reef monitoring and planting coral gardens. With my undying passion for the underwater world and also with my vast experience diving all over the Maldives, educating people on the marine environment is my greatest mission, to ensure the preservation and protection of our most valuable treasure. Furthermore, I have got the opportunity to work besides the greatest marine experts in the world namely Prof. J.E.N. Veron,Dr. Norman Queen and Dr. Daphne G. Fautin.
References
N.D. Abdul Azeez Abdul Hakeem Former Director of Conservation Mobile: + 960 7784263 Banyan Tree Maldives
Dr. Steve Newman Former Marine Lab Manager at Banyan Tree [email protected]
Robert James Former Marine Lab Manager at Banyan Tree
MARIYAM HANA SAEED
ADDRESS CONTACTS NATIONALITY
G. Quest, Alikilegefaanu Magu 960 797 0022 Maldivian Galolhu, 20118, Malé Republic of Maldives [email protected] [email protected]
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS
2014 Bachelor of Environments University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria December Recipient of Australia Awards Scholarship Majored in Environmental Geographies, Politics and Culture
Higher Secondary Education, Edexcel A’ Level 2010 Centre for Higher Secondary Education, Male’ Maldives June Achieved Fourth Place among the National Top 10 Achievers in 2010
Maths (Mechanics) A Biology B Chemistry A Physics B Islam A Dhivehi B
Secondary Education, GCE O’ Level 2007 Aminiya School, Male’ Maldives November Achieved First Place among the National Top 10 Achievers in 2007
Maths A Physics A English (IGCSE) B Biology A Computer Studies A English (GCE) A Chemistry A Dhivehi A Islam A
LANGUAGES SKILLS
English ÉÉ Excellent customer service skills ÉÉ Experience in communicating Fluent ÉÉ Expert knowledge in environment and effectively with key decision development field makers and clients Dhivehi ÉÉ Familiar with the concept of ÉÉ Ability to learn quickly and Fluent environmental psychology understand complex work ÉÉ Knowledge on coastal landforms and ÉÉ Excellent organisation skills processes ÉÉ Excellent computer skills ÉÉ Familiar with risk assessment projects EXPERIENCE
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
ÉÉ EIA for the proposed development of a tertiary hospital at Hulhumale’
ÉÉ EIA for the proposed Test Drilling For Hulhule’-Male’ Bridge Construction project
ÉÉ EIA for the proposed redevelopment of Nasandhura palace Hotel, Male’
ÉÉ EIA for the proposed Hulhule’-Male’ Bridge Project
ÉÉ EIA for the proposed construction of a 9-storey building at the compound of ADK Hospital, Sosun Magu, Male’, Maldives
ÉÉ EIA for the proposed tourist development project at Madivaru Island, Kaafu Atoll
ÉÉ EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort development project in Ithaafushi Reef, South Male’ Atoll
ÉÉ EIA for the proposed resort development in Bodukaashihuraa, Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives
Water
Completed Desalination Plant Registration in the following resorts
ÉÉ Mirihi Island Resort
ÉÉ Conrad Maldives Rangali Island
Energy
ÉÉ Gasfinolhu Energy Audit 2015
ÉÉ Tourism Adaptation Platform - conducted energy audit of the following resorts to under- stand the risks to and vulnerability of energy sector to climate change in tourist resorts
Bandos Island resort Embudhu Village
Kurumba Maldives Irufushi Beach & Spa
Vilamendhoo Island Resort and Spa Shangri-La’s Vilingili Resort & Spa
Monitoring Projects
ÉÉ Environmental and Social Performance Annual Monitoring 2014 for Shangri-La’s Vilingili Resort & Spa, Addu Atoll, Maldives
Survey
ÉÉ IFES Maldives Democracy Survey 2015 EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
March 2015 to Present
Sustainable Development Consultant | CDE Consulting, Malé, Maldives
Specialised Work Areas | Renewable energy, Water, Sewerage and Housing
Duties
ÉÉ Involved in cross-business, community and regulatory agencies
ÉÉ Contribute to development plans, policy analysis, institutional and sectoral reviews, project appraisals and designs
ÉÉ Planning and designing of strategies and programs of intervention on key social issues, major economic sectors and environmental issues
ÉÉ Conduct consultation, education and outreach programs
ÉÉ Prepare baseline, suitability analysis, due diligence, consultation, impact assessment, moni- toring and evaluation and audit reports
ÉÉ Research and maintain up to date knowledge about current policies, best practices and potential future policies.
February 2011 to January 2012
Administrative Assistant | The President’s Office, Malé, Maldives
Duties
ÉÉ Monitored the policies under governance section in the Policy Office
ÉÉ Organised meetings of Narcotics Control Council board and updated the progress of the policies and actions under the council
ÉÉ Managed all admin-oriented work in the section, updating minutes of each council meeting, updating databases, and filing
ÉÉ Led administrative work to organise the 17th SAARC Summit in November 2011 and worked in coordination with other government bodies, private agencies and key decision makers to organise meetings and circulate information ASMA SAEED
960 7346900 [email protected] Unimaa Villa, 20256, Male', Maldives
On completing my A'levles in 2015, I have been employed and working on research related projects. My primary job as a research officer is to collect data, analyze and prepare key note presentations. I undertake data collection using survey questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, phone interviews, online data searches and industry data reports and analyse and present data using multiple softwares. My work relates to key industries such as tourism, housing, public service and environment. I want to develop my career with higher education and be able to enhance my skills and knowledge and apply in meaningful ways.
EDUCATION WORK
Foundation: Environment Management 2018 Research officer 2017-Present
The Maldives National University (MNU) CDE PVT. LTD.
Cambridge A' level 2013-2015 Project assistant 2015-Present
Villa International High School VESHI
Cambridge O' level 2010-2012
Hiriya School SKILLS & SOFTWARES
Drone flying Photography LANGUAGE GIS Keynote Microsoft Excel English Adobe Photoshop Adobe Premier Pro Dhivehi QuickTapSurvey
PASSION & INTERESTS
Animals | Reading | Travelling | Swimming | Diving | Art | Photography | Videography
/asmasaeedh _asmasaeedh_ asma.saeedh WORK EXPERIENCE
CDE PVT LTD
Waste audits of resorts in Maldives Visited tourist resorts of Maldives and undertook audit of 2018 - 2019 restaurant and kitchen waste. Analysed data and assisted in report writing
Energy data of resorts in Maldives Telephoned 80 tourist resorts and collected energy 2018 - Present production and consumption data. Processed data using excel
Maldives Democracy Survey Visited survey islands and undertook face-to-face Transparency Maldives interviews for data collection using iPads 2018
Collect and regularly update information on tourism Maldives Tourism Research establishments. Researched on social media accounts 2018 - Present relating to Maldives and prepared presentation
Sea Cucumber Market Study Travelled to selected survey islands and undertook face- Ministry of Fisheries & Agriculture to-face interviews. Assisted in data cleaning 2017 and analysis
Regularly collect data online, undertake face-to-face Rent data Greater Male' Region, Maldives interviews, clean and analyse rent data and 2017 - Present update presentation
Maldives Visitor Survey Collected data at airport from visitors to Maldives. Assisted Ministry of Tourism in data entry, cleaning, analysis and preparation of 2016 - 2018 presentation to industry stakeholders
Climate data of Maldives Cleaned and analysed over 40 years climate data of 2014 - 2018 Maldives. Prepared presentation using analysed data
VOLUNTEERS FOR ENVIRONMENT, SOCIAL HARMONY & IMPROVEMENT (VESHI) Compiled information about A.Dh. Atoll hospital in Green Healing Hospital Concept Mahibadhoo. Researched about plants most suitable for Global Environment Facility SGP - UNDP hospital greening. Visited Mahibadhoo island to assist 2015 - Present the team to undertake an energy and waste audit of the hospital, organised solar panel installation works and prepared communication materials using photos and videos. Made a presentaion about project insights in a lessons sharing meeting with Hulhumale' hospital. Participated in a workshop with GEF grantees.
Energy audits of resorts Assisted in compiling collected data on energy Tourism Adaptation Project - UNDP consumption in resorts. Developed a keynote presentation 2015 using analysed data. Participated in a workshop with TAP grantees. Ali Nishaman Nizar G. Dhoores Villa, 20132 06th March 1988 (00) 960 778 5767 [email protected]
A strategic and creative thinker who has effective communication and writing skills, and is ready and willing to use my skills and knowledge to add significant value to aid in your organization’s development and enhance its values.
EDUCATION
Cyprus Forestry College (2006 - 2008) Ø Adv. Diploma in Forestry
Center for Higher Secondary Education (2004 - 2006) Ø Edexcel - G.C.E. A’levels (Statistics, Business, Accounts) Ø Cambridge - Certificate in Advanced English
Majeedhiyya School (2001 - 2003) Ø Cambridge - O’levels (Mathematics, Economics, Commerce, English, Accounts)
EXPERIENCE
Terrestrial Environment Consultant – CDE Consulting, (July 13 – Present) Ø Provides technical assistance to various national and international projects, specifically providing input in areas such as; wetlands, agriculture, forestry, vegetation mapping, mangroves, waste management, composting…etc. Ø Working on and contributing to several Environmental Impact Assessment studies. Ø In charge of sourcing/developing innovative tools and methodologies for improving teamwork and cohesion at the office. Ø Lead designer for iPad based surveys and in charge of the Data Management System for surveys.
Local Consultant – Vegetation Expert – Hidria, Spain, (May 13 – Aug 13) Ø Worked as a local consultant for Hidria, on developing the Wetland Management Plan for Addu Hithadhoo Eidhigali Kilhli and Gn.Fuvahmulah Bandaara & Dhandimagu Kilhi. Ø Specifically on the areas of terrestrial biodiversity and vegetation mapping.
CSR Consultant – Secure Bag Maldives Pvt Ltd (Jan 12 – Jan 13) Ø In charge of all activities of the company to improve its CSR image. Ø In charge of handling all the activities carried out on the company owned Private Island. This includes doing various agricultural activities such as hydroponics, goat keeping, poultry, orchid farming, land-based agriculture and agro-tourism. The task involves leading staff personnel of 13 employees on the island. Ø Developed a home-based CSR project to organize and reduce household waste. Ø Developed a school program to increase awareness of recycling.
Agriculture Implementation Officer (AIO) – Project Implementation Unit, MOFA (Oct 10 – Jun 13) Ø Worked on the “Post-Tsunami Agriculture and Fisheries Rehabilitation Programme” & the “Fisheries and Agriculture Diversification Programme” Ø In charge of planning, organizing and implementing all the activities under the agriculture component of the project. Ø Planning and coordinating all agriculture and cooperative related training programs. Ø Focal point for forming and mobilizing agriculture cooperatives in island based communities. Ø Lead instructor for conducting Enumerator Training Programs and the Team leader for conducting baseline surveys for FADIP project Ø Established 5 agricultural cooperatives in the Maldives and working closely towards the formation of several additional cooperatives.
Head of Agriculture Research & Extension – Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture (Jan 10 – Sept 10) Ø Lead a team of 5 staff at the Agriculture Research and Extension Section in the Capital city and an additional 15 staff at our regional research centers in the North and South Ø Devised agricultural research programs that develop and improve agriculture in a sustainable manner in the country. Ø Conducted training programs, workshops and awareness session at various venues.
Marketing Manager – BCube Signage Pvt Ltd (Aug 08 – Present) Ø In charge of handling all marketing and client relations for the company. Ø Designed layouts and concept notes for various publications and marketing campaigns. Ø Lead focal point for all communications with the company’s foreign suppliers and local clients.
Agriculture Officer – Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture (Aug 08 – Dec 09) Ø Handled the “Training & Extension Unit” (Agriculture Division). Ø Planned and coordinated all agriculture related training programs in the Maldives on a daily basis according to the staff availability. Ø Promoted general agriculture and other related activities using modern extension methodologies. Ø Conducted training programs, workshops and awareness session at various venues.
National Project Assistant – F.A.O, United Nations (Aug 06 – Oct 06) Ø Worked on a Post-Tsunami forest rehabilitation project. Ø Worked with international consultants on several aspects of Maldivian forestry, agriculture and especially focusing upon Maldivian Mangrove ecosystems. Ø Worked closely with community members, local officials and visiting consultants in understanding local environments. Ø Studied the different vegetation types in the Maldives (30 islands, mostly including wetlands).
Graphic Designer – BCube Signage Pvt Ltd (Jan 04 – Oct 06) Ø Designed various logos and graphics for several clients. Ø Created layouts and concept designs for several clients Ø Create routine layouts for signboards. Ø Design graphic advertisements ready for print, billboard and signboards.
WORKSHOPS / SHORT-TERM TRAININGS ATTENDED
Ø 2009, § Workshop on Strengthening Plant Quarantine and Inspection, Male’, Maldives, 15-16 July 2009 § “Awareness of Food Security” Workshop, Male’, Maldives, 22nd October 2009 § Workshop on Updating and Finalization of the Agriculture Development Master Plan (ADMP), Male, Maldives, 21st December 2009
Ø 2010, § Fisheries & Agriculture Diversification Programme, Financial, Procurement & M&E Training, Male’, Maldives, 26-28 January 2010 § Team Leaders Meeting, 8th Virtual University for Small States of the Commonwealth’s (VUSSC) International Training and Materials Development Workshop, Singapore, 14-20 April 2010 § Prevention, Control and Management of Forest Invasive Species in South Asia, (by APFSIN), Male’, Maldives, 29th April 2010 § 8th Virtual University for Small States of the Commonwealth’s (VUSSC) International Training and Materials Development Workshop, Male’, Maldives, 15-31 March 2011 § Loan Administration Training, Hdh.Kulhudhuhfushi, Maldives, 3-8 July 2010 § Workshop to Finalize the Draft Pesticides and Plant Protection Bill, Male’, Maldives, 12-13 July 2010 § International Workshop on Climate Change Extreme Events Adaptation Practices and Technological Solutions, New Delhi, 16-18 August 2010
Ø 2011, § FADIP “Rolling Baseline Survey” Workshop, Male, Maldives, 2-3 March 2011 § Knowledge Sharing in Asia Workshop #3: Participatory Techniques in the Field, Godavri, Nepal, 30th March 2011 – 2nd April 2011 § Knowledge Sharing in Asia Workshop #2: Writing to Share Knowledge Effectively, Godavri, Nepal, 3-6 April 2011 § Consultation Workshop for Facilitators on Cooperatives and Business Development, UNDP Building, Male, Maldives, 21st April 2011 § AFE’s Workshop on “Value Chain Program Design”, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 12-16 September 2011 § Training of Trainers Workshop on Systematization, Nepal, 8-10 December 2011
Ø 2012, § Workshop on Knowledge Management, tools and techniques (as a trainer for the programme), Maldives, 29th November 2012 – 02nd December 2012 § Partnering 4 Development Forum, UNDP, Paradise Island Resort, 2nd December 2012
Ø 2013, § Consultative Workshop on ICRAF’s Capacity Development Strategy & ICRAF’s South Asian Partner’s Capacity Needs Assessment, BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee) Centre, 30-31 January 2013 § Certificate in Co-operative Poverty Reduction, Co-operative College of Malaysia, Malaysia, 3-21 March 2013
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT WORK Ø Was a member of the team, and provided contributions to both the field work and report writing of the following EIA’s: Ø Tourism Development Projects: § Adh. Bodukaashihuraa Resort Development EIA § B. Dhigufaruvinagandu Resort Development EIA § K. Madivaru Resort Development EIA § Lh. Fushifaru Resort Development EIA § N. Thanburudhuffushi Picnic Island Development EIA § K. Gasfinolhu Addendum EIA (Palm transplanting) § K. Taj Vivanta Resort Shore Protection EIA Ø Agricultural Development Projects: § Sh. Madidhoo Agricultural Development EIA § Lh. Maduvarri Agricultural Development EIA Ø Airport Development Projects: § R. Ifuru Airport Development EIA § N. Maafaru Airport Development EIA Ø Major public/ private sector Projects: § Tree Top Hospital Development EIA § Nasandhura Palace Hotel Redevelopment EIA § Male-Hulhule Bridge, Borehole Drilling EIA § Male-Hulhule Bridge EIA § Addu and Fuvahmulah ESIA for Wetland Project
ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS
Cyprus Forestry College (2006 - 2008) Ø Highest Overall Performance: Presidential Prize (2nd prize) Ø Best Academic Performance: Nature Conservation Ø Best Academic Performance: Ecology Ø Best Botanical Collection Ø Best Fire Protection Project Ø Best Forest Management Project Ø Best Nursery Management Project
Center for Higher Secondary Education (2004 - 2006) Ø 10th place in the national Top Ten.
Majeedhiyya School (2001 - 2003) Ø 8th place in the national Top Ten. Ø A Prefect
PROFESSIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS Ø Designed and structured an online system to coordinate training programs and staff travel plans. This lead to an overall increase in the number of trainings by 400% from 2008 to 2009. Ø Played active roles in the planning and organizing of key events and workshops such as; § Agriculture Fair 2009, Hdh.Kulhudhuhfushi § Farmers Day 2009, F.Nilandhoo § Food Security Workshop 2009, (In collaboration with Department of National Planning) Ø Worked with a team from the Sultanate of Oman on a research program focusing on the local mango variety “Dhivehi Anbu”. The discovery of the Maldivian mango variety having a polyembryonic seed structure was one of the key findings of the research. Ø Co-director and technical advisor for the Agriculture TV program, “dhanduveriya” for a full season, featuring over 13 episodes. Ø Group leader in a materials development workshop for a course titled “Diploma in Sustainable Agriculture for Small States” for the Commonwealth of Learning, collaborating with 20 other experts from different parts of the world. My work was focused on writing specifically the chapters of “Agriculture Production Systems” and the “Importance of Working Together (CBPO’s)”. Ø Team leader for the “Fisheries and Agriculture Diversification Program” (FADiP) baseline survey on the RIM’S Impact Questionnaires and the Project Questionnaire which included over 450 households in 4 different islands. Ø Introduced an iPad-based real-time data entry system in 2014, that eliminated the need for paper- based questionnaire forms, reduced survey times, improved security features and provided real-time partial analytics on the data for our clients, at CDE. This system has since been replicated in over 5 separate surveys carried out by CDE.
SKILLS Ø ICT Competent (MS Applications, Corel Suite…etc) Ø Flexible to travel at any time Ø Able to Multi-task and work in stressful conditions Ø Able to co-ordinate and work with CBPO’s / Co-operatives / NGO’s Ø Decision Making Skills Ø Logistical Planning Skills Ø Good Interpersonal Skills (Community Consultation Expert, specifically on participatory approaches and conflict resolution exercises) Ø Training Skills in “Agri-Business”, “General Agriculture”, “Hydroponics”, “Agro-Forestry”, “Home-gardening”, “Baseline Surveys” and “Co-operatives”.
MEMBERSHIPS IN PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Ø Bluepeace - an Environmental NGO o Advisor on environmental and agricultural issues since the year 2009. o Participated in several beach and reef cleanup programs. o A member since the year 2008. Ø United Artists of Maldives - an association focusing on Maldivian Art and Artisans o Sits in the Steering committee of UAM as the Media Coordinator, since January 2013 o Participated in the International Hay Festival Activities held in the Maldives in 2010. o A member since the year 2008. Ø UN Global Compact Maldives Network - a network of local private sector parties o Representative for Addu Meedhoo Cooperative Society o Representative for CDE Consulting
REFEREES Ø Dr. Ahmed Shaig, Director of Environment, CDE Consulting, [email protected] +9607788758
Ø Dr. Aminath Shafia, Former State Minister, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, [email protected] +9607792458
LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY Ø Fluent in both writing and reading of Dhivehi (mother tongue) Ø Fluent in both writing and reading of English Mohamed Najih Waleedh
National ID No: A313523 | DOB: 13th December 1996 | Nationality: Maldivian
Current address: M. Dhonalhamaage, Male’, Maldives (20366) Permanent address: Fehi Asseyri, L. Maavah, Maldives (15072) Phone: 9913666, 9111233 E-mail: [email protected]
Qualifications - Time Management - Geographic Information System - Decision Making - Communication - Research Writing - Database Management - Environmental Lab Assistant - Adaptability
Work History June 2017 to Current, Environmental Laboratory Assistant (Part Time), Aurinko Pvt. Ltd. Job Responsibilities
• Collection and preparation of specimens and samples. • Water quality monitoring, noise spot reading, air quality monitoring for Environmental Impact Assessments and Environment Management Plans. • Water quality sampling for Power and RO plant registrations. • Collection of field data, and tests. • Research and keep abreast of relevant topics and gather information. • Record, file and maintain field tests and results. • Maintain work area and equipment. • Disseminate laboratory test results to respective clients. • Develop and maintain a filing system. • Data base management. • Sedimentation monitoring, testing and results compilation. • Updating Environmental Monitoring Reports.
October 2017 to November 2017, Internship, Water and Sanitation Department, Ministry of Environment and Energy. Mohamed Najih Waleedh
National ID No: A313523 | DOB: 13th December 1996 | Nationality: Maldivian
Education
• 2010 to 2012, General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level, Maavashu School • 2010 to 2012, International General Certificate of Secondary Education, Maavshu School • 2010 to 2012, Secondary School Certificate, Maavashu School • 2013 to 2015, Higher Secondary School Certificate, Villa International High School • 2013 to 2015, Edexcel International Advanced Level, Villa International High School • 2016 to 2018, Bachelors of Environment Management, Maldives National University
Languages
• Fluent English • Native Dhivehi
Activities
• National Dialogue for Youth Entrepreneurship event. • Earth Hour Maldives’ Advocacy Training.
Interests - Chemistry - Football
- Researching - Spatial analysis - Geography - Computer coding - Forestry - Oceanography
Computer Skills
• Proficient with Microsoft Excel, Word, PowerPoint, Access • Versed in Geographic Information System • Basic Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop • Basic R Programming ALI MOOSA DIDI 4th floor, MA. Rose Villa • Dhevina Magu • Male' • Maldives • 00 960 791-2001• [email protected]
A highly motivated individual with a hardworking attitude and over ten years of experience in the surveying industry of the Maldives.
Personal
Name: Ali Moosa Didi Date of Birth: 18th June 1985 Gender: Male Marital Status: Single NID No: A-154179
Education
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (JAN 1997) Madharasthul Islamiya School Male’, Rep of Maldives
Employment
SURVEYOR (FULL TIME) (January 2010 – PRESENT) CDE Pvt Ltd Male', Rep of Maldives Conducting field based surveying activities; including shoreline mapping exercises, vegetation assessments, topographic surveys and hydrographic surveys. Work duties also include the consequent data processing and mapping activities of all the surveys conducted at the office.
HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICER (FULL TIME) (January 2010 – PRESENT) Ryco Investment Pvt Ltd Male', Rep of Maldives Assisted the Office Manager in handling all the human resources related duties of the Office, including Payroll processing.
ASSISTANT SURVEYOR (FULL TIME) (January 2010 – PRESENT) CDE Pvt Ltd Male', Rep of Maldives Assiting field based surveying activities; including shoreline mapping exercises, vegetation assessments, topographic surveys and hydrographic surveys. Work duties also included the consequent data processing and mapping activities of all the surveys conducted at the office.
俀A Skills
Competent in using Surveying Equipment and Accessories Intermediate in Microsoft Applications Intermediate in ArcGIS application
俀A
Work Experience
• Travelled to all 20 atolls of the Maldives • Over 100+ islands in the Maldives; including 20+ Resorts, 50+ Inhabited islands and 30+ Uninhabited islands and their associated reef systems Some of the EIA’s that I have worked on as a member of the team, or contributed to the field surveying work (Past 5 years only); • Tourism Development Projects: . Adh. Bodukaashihuraa Resort Development EIA . B. Dhigufaruvinagandu Resort Development EIA . K. Madivaru Resort Development EIA . Lh. Fushifaru Resort Development EIA . N. Thanburudhuffushi Picnic Island Development EIA . K. Gasfinolhu Addendum EIA (Palm transplanting) . K. Taj Vivanta Resort Shore Protection EIA . Lh. Maabinhuraa Resort Development EIA . Aa. Maagaa Resort Development EIA . Aa. Madivaru Finolhu Resort Development EIA . Olhuveli Lagoon Reclamation EIA . Dh. Aluvifushi Resort Development EIA . Lh. Huruvalhi Resort Development EIA • Agricultural Development Projects: . Sh. Madidhoo Agricultural Development EIA . Lh. Maduvarri Agricultural Development EIA . N. Minaavaru Agricultural Development EIA • Airport Development Projects: . R. Ifuru Airport Development EIA . N. Maafaru Airport Development EIA • Major public/ private sector Projects: . Tree Top Hospital Development EIA . Nasandhura Palace Hotel Redevelopment EIA . Thilafushi Harbor Development EIA . Male-Hulhule Bridge, Borehole Drilling EIA . Male-Hulhule Bridge EIA . Addu and Fuvahmulah ESIA for Wetland Project
References
Simad Saeed, PhD Ahmed Shaig, PhD Managing Director Director CDE Pvt Ltd CDE Pvt Ltd 4th Floor, Orchidmaage, Ameeruahmed Magu, 4th Floor, Orchidmaage, Ameeruahmed Magu, Male’Maldives Male’Maldives [email protected] [email protected] Tel: +960 331 2514 Tel: +960 331 2514 Fax: +960 331 5926 Fax: +960 331 5926
Fathimath Yamna Mohamed
Permanent address: M. Niyandhurumaage Contact no.: +960 9995153 Alimas Magu, Male’ E-mail: [email protected]
Date of Birth: 24th December 1994
Present address: M.Uniya, Fareedhee magu, Male’ ______
Education History:
v Double degree in Economics / Environmental Science from Queensland University of Technology (2018)
GPA: 6.438
Dean’s list of academic excellence Member of College of Excellence QUT Science and Engineering Dean’s Scholars program QUT International Merit Scholarship QUT Natural Resource Society QUT Leadership and Development program
v London GCE A’ Level (2013) Biology: A Mathematics with Statistics: A Chemistry: B
v Cambridge (2013) Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE): B
v HSC Examinations (2013) Islam: B Dhivehi: B
v IELTS (2013) Score of 8.5 out of 9.0
v Certificate two in Information Technology (2011) Merit level
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v London GCE O’ Level (2010) English as a second language: A* English language: A Biology: A* Chemistry: A* Physics: A* Economics: A* Mathematics: A
v SSC examinations (2010) Islam: B Dhivehi: B
Trainings and Workshops: v International Organisation for Migration training program (Male’, Maldives) Counter trafficking, legal aspects, victim identification and investigation techniques v Labour inspection training (Male’ Maldives) v Workshop on safe roads by Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment (Male’, Maldives)
Work Experience:
CDE consulting, Male’, Maldives January & December 2017 & February 2018, Intern Ø Environmental and social consulting
National Bureau of Statistics, Male’, Maldives September 2014, Enumerator Ø Population and Housing Census surveying experience
Labour Relations Authority (LRA), Male’, Maldives September 2013 to October 2014, Assistant Labour Relations Officer Ø Inspection of work places to check whether they are in compliance with the Employment Act. Ø Planning and carrying out awareness programs.
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Ø Write reports and recommendation letters after inspection. Ø Follow-up of inspections. Ø Investigations into cases submitted by employees and employers. Ø Carrying out mediation processes. Ø Managing the inspection database. Ø Other on hand administrative work.
Ministry of Youth and Sports, Male’, Maldives March 2011, enumerator Ø Surveying experience
Ministry of Health and Gender, Male’, Maldives January 2011, intern Ø Creating and updating a database regarding allowances for people with disabilities
Leadership Academy, Male’, Maldives November 2011, volunteer Ø Volunteer at a camp for children aged 4 to 12 teaching them essential life skills
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EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX J – Commitment letter
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|247
EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX K – Stakeholder Meeting Attendance
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|248
EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX L – Letter by Ga. Dhaandhoo Island Council
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|249
EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX M – Statement by MoFMA
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|250 ރިޒޯޓު ތަރައްޤީކުރުމަށް ހުށައަޅާފައިވާ ދެރަށަކީ ހުވަދު އަތޮޅު އުތުރުބުރީގެ ދޮށީގެ މަސްވެރިންނަށް، އެންވެރިކަމަށް ނުހަނު މުހިއްމު ސަރަހައްދެއްކަން ފާހަގަ ކުރަމެވެ. ހުވަދު އަތޮޅު އުތުރުބުރީގެ މަސްވެރިންގެ އިތުރުން، ހުވަދު އަތޮޅު ދެކުނުބުރި، އަދި އައްޑޫ އަތޮޅާއި ފުވައްމުލަކުގެ ދޮށީގެ މަސްވެރިންވެސް، މި ސަރަހައްދުން އެންވެރިކަން ކުރާ ކަމަށް މި މިނިސްޓްރީއަށް މަޢުލޫމާތު ލިބިފައިވެއެވެ. މީގެ އިތުރުން، އޮޑެގައްލާ އަކީ ތިމާވެށީގެ ގޮތުން ނާޒުކު ތަނެއްކަމުގައި އެންވަރަމަންޓަލް ޕްރޮޓެކްޝަން އޭޖެންސީ އިން ލިސްޓުކޮށްފައިވާ، ކަނޑުމަސްވެރިކަމަށް މުހިއްމު، އައިންމަތީ ދޫނި، އާލާވާ ފިނޮޅެއް/ރަށެއް ކަމުގައި .ެވެއެވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ
މަސްވެރިކަމަކީ ދިވެހިންގެ ސަގާފަތާއި އާދަކާދައާއި ގުޅިފައިވާ، ދިވެހިންގެ ކާނާގެ ޔަޤީންކަން ދެމެހެއްޓުމުގަޔާއި އަދި އާމްދަނީ އާއި ވަޒީފާގެ ބާޒާރުގައި މުހިއްމު ދައުރެއް އަދާކުރާ ސިނާޢަތެކެވެ. އަދި ހަމަ އެހެންމެ، ުރާހިމ ިއަގުރަވްނެފ ެގޭޔިނުދ ްށަފާލިޚ ިއާމަކިރެވްސަމ ާރުކ ިއަގުކަތުމުއަޤ ްނެހެއ ީކަމަކިރެވްސަމ ެގީށޮދ ާރުކ ިއަގޭޖްއާރިހެވިދ ފާހަގަކޮށްލެވޭ ތިމާވެއްޓާއި ރައްޓެހި ސާފު މަސްވެރިކަމެކެވެ. ނަމަވެސް، ދިރޭ އެމާއި ނުލައި، ދިވެހިންގެ ދޮށީގެ މަސްވެރިކަން ނުކުރެވޭނެކަމީ ހަގީގަތެކެވެ. މަސްވެރިކަމަށް ފުދޭ ވަރަށް އެން ނުލިބޭކަމުގެ ޝަކުވާތައް ދިވެހި މަސްވެރިން، ޚާޢްސަކޮށް އެންމެ .ެވެއެޖްއެވ ުރަހައ ްއެކަތެއ ާތާރުކ ްނިރެވްސަމ ެގުކަތުޅޮތައ ެގުނުކެދ ާވުތިބާސ ްނުކަތުޑޯކިރ ްށަމަކާނާބ ްސަމުޑނަކ ްނިއަނިގ މީގެ ސަބަބުތައް އެންމެ ތަފްސީލުކޮށް ހޯދިފައިނުވިއަސް، މަސްވެރިންގެ މި ޝަކުވާތަކަކީ، މަސްވެރިކަމުގެ ސިނާޢަތު ތަރައްޤީވެ، ޭދެފުއ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުމުވުރުތިއ ްށައަނުގ ްއެކަތެއ ުރަވްނިމ ެގުމެއ ާވްނުނޭބ ާރަހަފްއެއ ްނެގިޅުގ ިއާމުވިތެޑޮބ ްއަތުދނަޅުއ ިރެވްސަމ ޝަކުވާތަކެއްކަމުގައި ކޮންމެވެސް މިންވަރަކަށް ޤަބޫލުކުރެވެއެވެ. އެހެން ނަމަވެސް، އައްޑު އަތޮޅާއި، ފުވައްމުލަކު އަތޮޅަކީ، އެ ދެ އަތޮޅު އުފެދިފައިވާ ގޮތުން، ހުވަދު އަތޮޅުފަދައިން އެންވެރިކަން އެންމެ ރަނގަޅު ނޫން ދެ އަތޮޅެވެ. އެހެންކަމުން، މި ދެ އަތޮޅުގެ މަސްވެރިންނަކީ ޒަމާނުއްސުރެ ހުވަދު އަތޮޅުން އާއްމުކޮށް އެންވެރިކަން ކުރާ މަސްވެރިންނެވެ. މީގެ އިތުރުން، މިހާރު ބޭނުންކުރާ ޒަމާނީ މަސްވެރި އުޅަނދުފަހަރުގައި ގިނަ ދުވަހު ކަނޑުމަތީގައި އުޅުމުގެ ފުރުސަތު އޮތުމުން، ދުރު ސަރަހައްދުތަކުގެ މަސްވެރިންވެސް، ދެކުނުގެ ސަރަހައްދުގައި މަސްވެރިކަން ކުރަމުން ދެއެވެ. މި ހުރިހައި މަސްވެރިންވެސް، އާއްމުގޮތެއްގައި އެންވެރިކަމަށް ބަރޯސާވަނީ، ހުވަދުއަތޮޅުގެ އެންވެރިކަން ރަނގަޅު ސަރަހައްދުތަކަށެވެ.
މަސްވެރިންނަށް ބޭނުންވާ މިންވަރަށް އެންލިބުމުގައި ހުރިދަތިތަކުގެ އިތުރަށް، ތިމާވެއްޓަށް އަންނަ ނޭދެވޭ ބަދަލުތަކާއި، ކަނޑުގެ ހޫނުމިން މަތިވުމުގެ ސަބަބުން ގައު ހުދުވުން )ކޮރަލް ބްލީޗިން(، އަދި، އެހެނިހެން ގުދުރަތީ ކަންތައްތަކުގެ ސަބަބުން، ފަރުތަކުގެ ސިއްޚަތު ދަށްވެ، ފަރުތަކުގައިވާ ދިރުންތައް، ޚާއްސަކޮށް އެމުގެ ބާވަތްތައް ކަހަހަލަ ނާޒުކު ބާވަތްތައް، ގިނަ ފަރުތަކުން މަދު ވަމުން އަންނަ ކަމުގައި ފާހަގަކުރެވިފައިވެއެވެ. މީގެ އިތުރުން، ފަތުރުވެރިކަން ފުޅާވެ، ގިނަ ރަށްތަކާއި ފަޅުތަކުގައި ރިޒޯޓުތައް ތަރައްޤީކުރުމުގެ ސަބަބުން ޒަމާނުއްސުރެ މަސްވެރިކަން ކުރަމުން އައި ފަރު، ގިރި ފަޅު ފަދަ ްނަކިރެވްސަމ ެވިނަހ ުތަޞުރުފ ެގުމުރުކ ްނަކިރެވްސަމ ްނުބަބަސ ެގީމ .ެވެއަފެވުދްނަބ ްށަންނިރެވްސަމ ީނަވ ްނަތްނަތ ްށަކަތްތަލީޞަވ ެގުމަކިރެވްސަމ ެގުކަތުދްއަހަރަސ ެއ ެވިތަމ ްއެނަތ ްއަތެއ ުރަވްނިމ ެގުމަކިރެވްސަމ ޭވެރުކ ިއަގުނަތްނަތޭވެރުކ ބާރުބޮޑުވެ، ދެމެހެއްޓެނިވި މިންވަރަށްވުރެ މަތިން މަސްވެރިކަން ކުރެވުމުގެ ފުރުސަތު ފުޅާވެއެވެ. އަދި ޓުއަރިޒަމް އިތުރަށް ފުޅާވަމުންދާ ވަރަކަށް، މުސްތަޤުބަލުގައި މިކަން އިތުރަށް ގޯސްވެގެންދާނެކަމަށް ޤަބޫލުކުރެވެއެވެ. ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ދޮށީގެ އަދި ްނުބަބަސ ެގުމަކިމ .ެވެމުވުޑޮބ ުދަރަޚ ެގުމުރުކ ްނަކިރެވްސަމ ީކަމުހެޖްނޮގ ުޑޮބ ެމްނެއ ްތޮއުތުގަވިމ ްށަމަކިރެވްސަމ ެގުނަނުތައ ްނުކަތިނުފްނުކ ްސަމ ިހެވިދ ްށަމުރުކަދާވ ިއަގްއެރާޒާބ ްއެއ ިއާހަމ ާނާބ ިއަގުމަކިރެވްސަމ ެގުލަދުޑޮބ ާދްނުމަރުކ ްނުކަތުމުއަޤ ްނެހެއ
ްނިރެވްސަމ ްށަމަކުބަބަސ ްއެއ ުޑނަގިއަމ ާވާމިދ ްށަމުވުޑޮބ ުދަރަޚ ެގުމަކިރެވްސަމ .ެވެންނުމަލުފުއ ްއަތަރުބ ިތެޑޮބ ީނަދ .ެވެތުގަވ ިއާދަރަޚ ާދ ްށަމުވްއުދ ޭހެޖ ްނަވްއުދ ްށަމުދޯހ ްނެއ ީނަރުކަގަހާފ
ިމ ީކަމުޔިދްނެގެވުދްނަބ ްށަންނިރެވްސަމ ުދްއަހަރަސ ޫދްނެމިޅުހ ިދައ ާލްއަގެޑޮއ .އގ ްނުމަކްނެހިމ ސަރަހައްދުގެ ދޮށީގެ މަސްވެރިންނަށް އެކަމުން ބޮޑު ގެއްލުމެއް ލިބިގެންދާނެކަމެކެވެ. މީގެ އިތުރުން، ގއ. އޮޑެގައްލާ އަކީ .ެވެއެވާވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ިއަގޭއ.ިއައ.ީއ ުނުޅެއަށުހ ްށަމުރުކީޤްއަރަތ ުޓޯޒިރ ިއަގާލްއަގެޑޮއ ިއަގުމަކްއެނަތ ުކުޒާނ ްނުތޮގ ެގިށެވާމިތ ވީމާ، އެރަށުގައި ރިޒޯރޓު ތަރައްޤީ ކުރުމަކީ ތިމާވެށީގެ ގޮތުން އެންމެ ރަނގަޅު ކަމެއް ނޫން ކަމުގައި މިމިނިސްޓރީއިން ދެކެމެވެ. އަދި، ދެންނެވުނު މަޝްރޫޢުގެ ސަބަބުން މަސްވެރިންނަށް ގެއްލުން ވެދާނެކަމަށް، އަދި މަސްވެރިންނާއި ރިޒޯޓާއި ދެމެދު .ެވެއެވެރުކުލޫބަޤ ްށައީރްޓްސިނިމ ިމ ްސެވ ްށަމަކޭނާދިއަގނިހ ްނެގިހެޖަލަސްއަމ ްށަރަވ ޭވެރުކުނުލްއަހ ިދެފުއ ްނަކްސަވަނަތުނ މިހެންކަމުން މަތީގައި ދެންނެވުނު ކަންކަމަށް ރީޢާޔަތްކޮށް، ގއ. އޮޑެގައްލާ އަދި ހުޅިމެންދޫގައި ރިޒޯރޓު ތަރައްޤީކުރުމަކީ އެންމެ .ެވެމަވަންނަދ ިއަގުމަކާރުކުލޫބަގ ްނިއީރްޓްސިނިމިމ ިއަގުމަކްނޫނ ްއެމަކ ުޅަގނަރ
EIA for the proposed Odegalla Resort Development Project
APPENDIX N – Acknowledgement of receipt by Gaafu Alif Atoll Council
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|251 13/06/2019 CDE Consulting Mail - EIA Report - Proposed Resort Development at Odegalla
Mohamed Faizan
EIA Report - Proposed Resort Development at Odegalla 3 messages
Mohamed Faizan
To whom it may concern,
Kindly follow the link for the EIA report for the proposed Resort Development project at Odegalla Island.
Kindly acknowledge receipt of the report by filling the slip attached with the cover letter (attached below)
Kind regards,
Mohamed Faizan Senior Environmental Consultant
CDE Consulting, 4th Floor, H.Orchidmaage, Ameeru Ahmed Magu, Malé 20095, Maldives. T: (960) 3312514, F: (960) 3315926. E: [email protected] W: http://www.cde.com.mv
Atoll Council Letter.pdf 158K
Mohamed Faizan
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Atoll Council Letter.pdf 158K
Mohamed Faizan
To whom it may concern, https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0?ik=e53ff46a4e&view=pt&search=all&permthid=thread-a%3Ar1252520651571909146&simpl=msg-a%3Ar-8267439347338466097&simpl=msg-a%3Ar-88312441157402… 1/2